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The control of Plasmopara viticola and Botrytis cinerea, two of the most dangerous pathogens on grapevine, requires frequent treatments with chemicals based on weather conditions. Numerous applications of fungicides have resulted in developing fungicide resistance. Active ingredients based on copper have been used very successfully for a long time to protect grapevines against these pathogens. Application of a copper citrate formulation with high degree dissociation at a very low concentration (1%) was evaluated in field trials. The efficacy of two concentrations of copper citrate, 0.5 and 1.0%, were tested against P. viticola on grapevine in three locations, and against B. cinerea in two locations during 2018. Our results demonstrated that the concentration of 1.0% copper citrate was highly effective against P. viticola (87.4%) and B. cinerea (63.7%), compared to standard treatment (90.6 and 53.1%), under a high level of infection., Zaštita vinove loze od prouzrokovača plamenjače vinove loze - Plasmopara viticola i sive truleži - Botrytis cinerea, je vrlo kompleksna i zahteva primenu većeg broja hemijskih tretmana, u skladu sa vremenskim uslovima. Učestala primena fungicida uslovljavala je pojavu rezistentnih izolata patogena na fungicide. Različite forme bakarnih jedinjenja primenjuju se u zaštiti vinove loze dugi niz godina prilično uspešno. Primena bakar-citrata - formulacije sa visokim stepenom disocijacije u niskoj koncentraciji (1,0%) ispitivana je u poljskim uslovima. Efikasnost dve koncentracije bakar-citrata - 0.5 i 1.0% je testirana u suzbijanju P. viticola i B. cinerea na vinovoj lozi na tri (dva) lokaliteta, tokom 2018 godine. Naši rezultati pokazuju da je ispitivana koncentracija od 1,0% bakar-citrata ispoljila zadovoljavajući efekat na P. viticola (87,4%) i B. cinerea (63,7%) u odnosu na primenjene standarde (90,6% i 53,1%) u uslovima visokih zaraza.

The control of Plasmopara viticola and Botrytis cinerea, two of the most dangerous pathogens on grapevine, requires frequent treatments with chemicals based on weather conditions. Numerous applications of fungicides have resulted in developing fungicide resistance. Active ingredients based on copper have been used very successfully for a long time to protect grapevines against these pathogens. Application of a copper citrate formulation with high degree dissociation at a very low concentration (1%) was evaluated in field trials. The efficacy of two concentrations of copper citrate, 0.5 and 1.0%, were tested against P. viticola on grapevine in three locations, and against B. cinerea in two locations during 2018. Our results demonstrated that the concentration of 1.0% copper citrate was highly effective against P. viticola (87.4%) and B. cinerea (63.7%), compared to standard treatment (90.6 and 53.1%), under a high level of infection., Zaštita vinove loze od prouzrokovača plamenjače vinove loze - Plasmopara viticola i sive truleži - Botrytis cinerea, je vrlo kompleksna i zahteva primenu većeg broja hemijskih tretmana, u skladu sa vremenskim uslovima. Učestala primena fungicida uslovljavala je pojavu rezistentnih izolata patogena na fungicide. Različite forme bakarnih jedinjenja primenjuju se u zaštiti vinove loze dugi niz godina prilično uspešno. Primena bakar-citrata - formulacije sa visokim stepenom disocijacije u niskoj koncentraciji (1,0%) ispitivana je u poljskim uslovima. Efikasnost dve koncentracije bakar-citrata - 0.5 i 1.0% je testirana u suzbijanju P. viticola i B. cinerea na vinovoj lozi na tri (dva) lokaliteta, tokom 2018 godine. Naši rezultati pokazuju da je ispitivana koncentracija od 1,0% bakar-citrata ispoljila zadovoljavajući efekat na P. viticola (87,4%) i B. cinerea (63,7%) u odnosu na primenjene standarde (90,6% i 53,1%) u uslovima visokih zaraza.

The control of Plasmopara viticola and Botrytis cinerea, two of the most dangerous pathogens on grapevine, requires frequent treatments with chemicals based on weather conditions. Numerous applications of fungicides have resulted in developing fungicide resistance. Active ingredients based on copper have been used very successfully for a long time to protect grapevines against these pathogens. Application of a copper citrate formulation with high degree dissociation at a very low concentration (1%) was evaluated in field trials. The efficacy of two concentrations of copper citrate, 0.5 and 1.0%, were tested against P. viticola on grapevine in three locations, and against B. cinerea in two locations during 2018. Our results demonstrated that the concentration of 1.0% copper citrate was highly effective against P. viticola (87.4%) and B. cinerea (63.7%), compared to standard treatment (90.6 and 53.1%), under a high level of infection., Zaštita vinove loze od prouzrokovača plamenjače vinove loze - Plasmopara viticola i sive truleži - Botrytis cinerea, je vrlo kompleksna i zahteva primenu većeg broja hemijskih tretmana, u skladu sa vremenskim uslovima. Učestala primena fungicida uslovljavala je pojavu rezistentnih izolata patogena na fungicide. Različite forme bakarnih jedinjenja primenjuju se u zaštiti vinove loze dugi niz godina prilično uspešno. Primena bakar-citrata - formulacije sa visokim stepenom disocijacije u niskoj koncentraciji (1,0%) ispitivana je u poljskim uslovima. Efikasnost dve koncentracije bakar-citrata - 0.5 i 1.0% je testirana u suzbijanju P. viticola i B. cinerea na vinovoj lozi na tri (dva) lokaliteta, tokom 2018 godine. Naši rezultati pokazuju da je ispitivana koncentracija od 1,0% bakar-citrata ispoljila zadovoljavajući efekat na P. viticola (87,4%) i B. cinerea (63,7%) u odnosu na primenjene standarde (90,6% i 53,1%) u uslovima visokih zaraza.

Proučavanja fitopatogenih gljiva i pseudogljiva u našoj zemlji imaju dugu tradiciju, a početak se uglavnom povezuje sa osnivanjem Poljoprivredno-šumarskog fakulteta davne 1919. godine. Fitopatogene gljive su danas u svetu široko poznati patogeni koji pričinjavaju oko 70% šteta od svih biljnih bolesti. U Srbiji, fitopatogene gljive i pseudogljive takođe redovno nanose velike štete u biljnoj proizvodnji pa su među proizvođačima prepoznate kao važni uzročnici gubitaka koji se mogu sprečiti ili ublažiti samo uz podršku nauke. Po svemu, istraživanja fitopatogenih gljiva i pseudogljiva danas predstavljaju jednu dobro profilisanu i značajnu oblast primenjenih istaživanja.

Blackberry cane diseases with the symptoms of necrosis, canker, and wilting are caused by several fungi worldwide. Surveys conducted from 2013 to 2016 in Serbia revealed the occurrence of Gnomoniopsis idaeicola, the causal agent of cane canker and wilting, which was found to be distributed in almost half of the surveyed orchards, in three blackberry cultivars, and with disease incidence of up to 80%. Wide distribution and high disease incidence suggest that G. idaeicola has been present in Serbia for some time. Out of 427 samples, a total of 65 G. idaeicola isolates were obtained (isolation rate of 34.19%). Reference isolates, originating from different localities, were conventionally and molecularly identified and characterized. G. idaeicola was detected in single and mixed infections with fungi from genera Paraconiothyrium, Colletotrichum, Diaporthe, Botryosphaeria, Botrytis, Septoria, Neofusicoccum, and Discostroma, and no diagnostically specific symptoms could be related directly to the G. idaeicola infection. In orchards solely infected with G. idaeicola, blackberry plant mortality was up to 40%, and yield loses were estimated at 50%. G. idaeicola isolates included in this study demonstrated intraspecies diversity in morphological, biological, pathogenic, and molecular features, which indicates that population in Serbia may be of different origin. This is the first record of a massive outbreak of G. idaeicola infection, illustrating its capability of harmful influence on blackberry production. This study represents the initial step in studying G. idaeicola as a new blackberry pathogen in Serbia, aiming at developing efficient control measures.

Tokom ispitivanja sprovedenog u periodu od 2013. do 2016. godine, pregledom pet komercijalno značajnijih sorti kupine na 24 lokaliteta u 13 okruga u Srbiji, ustanovljena je široka rasprostranjenost bolesti stabla kupine (incidenca 5 - 80%, prosečno 37,7%), a nekroza i pucanje kore bili su najčešći simptomi. U pojedinim lokalitetima zabeleženo je sušenje 40% biljaka uz direktno smanjenje prinosa od oko 50%. Rasvetljavanje etiologije bolesti stabla kupine u Srbiji obavljeno je kroz morfološku i molekularnu identifikaciju i karakterizaciju 468 izolata dobijenih iz 427 uzoraka. Nakon ispunjenja Kohovih postulata, na osnovu makroskopskih i mikroskopskih osobina dobijeni izolati izdvojeni su u 10 morfoloških grupa što je potvrđeno sekvenciranjem ITS regiona rDNA. Identifikovano je 10 vrsta gljiva prouzrokovača bolesti stabla kupine u Srbiji: Paraconiothyrium fuckelii, Gnomoniopsis idaeicola, Septoria spp., Botryosphaeria dothidea, Diplodia seriata, Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum kahawae, Diaporthe eres, Diaporthe betulae i Neofusicoccum parvum. Dodatna karakterizacija na osnovu filogenetskih analiza urađena je za vrste G. idaeicola, B. dothidea, D. seriata, C. kahawae, D. eres, D. betulae i N. parvum čime je određena njihova srodnost i međuodnos sa ostalim vrstama rodova Gnomoniopsis, Botryosphaeria, Diplodia, Colletotrichum, Diaporthe i Neofusicoccum. Izolate Septoria spp. moguće je bilo identifikovani do nivoa roda na osnovu morfoloških, patogenih i molekularnih odlika i biće predmet daljih istraživanja uz sekvenciranje dodatnih molekularnih markera. Tokom ovih istraživanja vrsta G. idaeicola prvi put je opisana na kupini u Srbiji, a kako se pokazalo da je rasprostranjena u skoro polovini ispitivanih zasada, to predstavlja i prvu masovnu pojavu na kupini u svetu kao i prvi uvid u moguću epidemiologiju nekroze stabla i sušenja kupine izazvane sa G. idaeicola. Izolati G. idaeicola iz Srbije ispoljili su morfološku, molekularnu i biološku varijabilnost što je ustanovljen, A Survey was conducted from 2013 to 2016 which included a total of 24 orchards planted with five of the most commonly grown blackberry cultivars in 13 administrative districts in Serbia. A wide distribution of blackberry cane diseases (incidence of 5 - 80%, with an average of 37,7%) was observed with the most frequent symptoms of bark necrosis and canker. In some of the localities, the wilting of up to 40% of plants was recorded with yield reduction of about 50%. The etiology of blackberry cane diseases was investigated through morphological and molecular identification and characterization of 468 isolates obtained from 427 samples. After fulfilling the Koch’s postulates, the isolates were grouped into 10 morphological groups based on macroscopic and microscopic features which were confirmed by the sequencing of the ITS region rDNA. Ten species of fungi causing blackberry cane diseases were identified including Paraconiothyrium fuckelii, Gnomoniopsis idaeicola, Septoria spp., Botryosphaeria dothidea, Diplodia seriata, Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum kahawae, Diaporthe eres, Diaporthe betulae and Neofusicoccum parvum. Additional characterization based on phylogenetic analysis was performed for G. idaeicola, B. dothidea, D. seriata, C. kahawae, D. eres, D. betulae and N. parvum and revealed their relationship to the additional species within the genera of Gnomoniopsis, Botryosphaeria, Diplodia, Colletotrichum, Diaporthe and Neofusicoccum. Isolates of Septoria spp. could be identified to the genus level based on morphological, pathogenic and molecular features and will be subjected to further research through sequencing of additional molecular markers. During this research G. idaeicola was detected on blackberries in Serbia for the first time. As it was found that G. idaeicola was distributed in almost half of the orchards, this is the first record of a massive outbreak of G. idaeicola on blackberries in the world as well as the first insight into the possible epidemi

Tokom ispitivanja sprovedenog u periodu od 2013. do 2016. godine, pregledom pet komercijalno značajnijih sorti kupine na 24 lokaliteta u 13 okruga u Srbiji, ustanovljena je široka rasprostranjenost bolesti stabla kupine (incidenca 5 - 80%, prosečno 37,7%), a nekroza i pucanje kore bili su najčešći simptomi. U pojedinim lokalitetima zabeleženo je sušenje 40% biljaka uz direktno smanjenje prinosa od oko 50%. Rasvetljavanje etiologije bolesti stabla kupine u Srbiji obavljeno je kroz morfološku i molekularnu identifikaciju i karakterizaciju 468 izolata dobijenih iz 427 uzoraka. Nakon ispunjenja Kohovih postulata, na osnovu makroskopskih i mikroskopskih osobina dobijeni izolati izdvojeni su u 10 morfoloških grupa što je potvrđeno sekvenciranjem ITS regiona rDNA. Identifikovano je 10 vrsta gljiva prouzrokovača bolesti stabla kupine u Srbiji: Paraconiothyrium fuckelii, Gnomoniopsis idaeicola, Septoria spp., Botryosphaeria dothidea, Diplodia seriata, Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum kahawae, Diaporthe eres, Diaporthe betulae i Neofusicoccum parvum. Dodatna karakterizacija na osnovu filogenetskih analiza urađena je za vrste G. idaeicola, B. dothidea, D. seriata, C. kahawae, D. eres, D. betulae i N. parvum čime je određena njihova srodnost i međuodnos sa ostalim vrstama rodova Gnomoniopsis, Botryosphaeria, Diplodia, Colletotrichum, Diaporthe i Neofusicoccum. Izolate Septoria spp. moguće je bilo identifikovani do nivoa roda na osnovu morfoloških, patogenih i molekularnih odlika i biće predmet daljih istraživanja uz sekvenciranje dodatnih molekularnih markera. Tokom ovih istraživanja vrsta G. idaeicola prvi put je opisana na kupini u Srbiji, a kako se pokazalo da je rasprostranjena u skoro polovini ispitivanih zasada, to predstavlja i prvu masovnu pojavu na kupini u svetu kao i prvi uvid u moguću epidemiologiju nekroze stabla i sušenja kupine izazvane sa G. idaeicola. Izolati G. idaeicola iz Srbije ispoljili su morfološku, molekularnu i biološku varijabilnost što je ustanovljen, A Survey was conducted from 2013 to 2016 which included a total of 24 orchards planted with five of the most commonly grown blackberry cultivars in 13 administrative districts in Serbia. A wide distribution of blackberry cane diseases (incidence of 5 - 80%, with an average of 37,7%) was observed with the most frequent symptoms of bark necrosis and canker. In some of the localities, the wilting of up to 40% of plants was recorded with yield reduction of about 50%. The etiology of blackberry cane diseases was investigated through morphological and molecular identification and characterization of 468 isolates obtained from 427 samples. After fulfilling the Koch’s postulates, the isolates were grouped into 10 morphological groups based on macroscopic and microscopic features which were confirmed by the sequencing of the ITS region rDNA. Ten species of fungi causing blackberry cane diseases were identified including Paraconiothyrium fuckelii, Gnomoniopsis idaeicola, Septoria spp., Botryosphaeria dothidea, Diplodia seriata, Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum kahawae, Diaporthe eres, Diaporthe betulae and Neofusicoccum parvum. Additional characterization based on phylogenetic analysis was performed for G. idaeicola, B. dothidea, D. seriata, C. kahawae, D. eres, D. betulae and N. parvum and revealed their relationship to the additional species within the genera of Gnomoniopsis, Botryosphaeria, Diplodia, Colletotrichum, Diaporthe and Neofusicoccum. Isolates of Septoria spp. could be identified to the genus level based on morphological, pathogenic and molecular features and will be subjected to further research through sequencing of additional molecular markers. During this research G. idaeicola was detected on blackberries in Serbia for the first time. As it was found that G. idaeicola was distributed in almost half of the orchards, this is the first record of a massive outbreak of G. idaeicola on blackberries in the world as well as the first insight into the possible epidemi

The world is a growing tendency for reduced application of chemicals and increasing use biological resources in order to protect the environment. In agricultural production in general, ar­ in the seed production and the tendency is reduced by the application of chemical agents ar their treatment on the seeds. In this study were investigated by two different varieties of toma (Rio Grande and Saint Pierre) and were treated with the following treatments: 1. Zink (Zn - 0.5% • Boron (B- 0.025%), 3. Coveron (Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices and Trichoderma atroviride Mix - Coveron (Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices and Trichoderma atroviride) + Zink (Zn - 0.5 + Boron (B - 0.025%), 5. Untreated control. After a treatment on the seeds and in the hot bed determined energies and total germination, in conformance with the Regulations on the Qua of seeds of agricultural plants (Official Gazette of Yugoslavia 47/87). Also determined and seedl" vigor (the primary root length and shoot length). In cultivar Saint Pierre determined an increase 21% germination In the embodiment of the treatment of seed Coveron, compared to the cont The largest increase in germination of 6%of it was found in the cultivar RioGrande in a variant v. Mix, compared to the control.When it comes to the totalgermination in the cultivar Saint Pierre la est increase over the control of 13% was observed in the variant with thetreatment of the seed t::. Mix. In cultivar Rio Grande largest increase seed germination of 7% have been found in the var;: with thetreatment mix, and Zn included, in comparison to the control.In cultivar Saint Pierre largt" effect on the increase in shoot length of 3.2 cm or 60.4%, determined on the embodiment to • application B, a variant in relation to control. In cultivar RioGrande largest increase in shoot Ieng 1.0 cm or 14.3%, was found in the variant with the treatment mix, as compared to the control. increase in the lengthof theprimary rootmost influenced by the treatment of th

The undemanding LC-MS/MS method was developed for the synchronized analysis of atropine and scopolamine in maize crop. The dSPE was carried out with 1% acetic acid in acetonitrile/water and a mixture of magnesium sulphate, sodium chloride and sodium citrate. The analytes were separated on a Zorbax XDB C18 column using methanol/water as the mobile phase in gradient mode. The detection was done using a tandem masss spectrometry (MS/MS) in the positive ESI. The tropane alkaloids exhibited excellent linearity in the range of 2-20 µg/kg with the LOQ of 5 µg/kg for maize. The extraction recoveries of atropine and scopolamine were 65.7 and 85.5% with the intraday RSDr 10.25 and 4.29%, respectively. The validated method was appled to real maze samples. One sample contained 18.8 µg/kg of atropine and 6.3 µg/kg of scopolamine.

Bacterial leaf spot caused by the plant pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. coriandricola (Psc) was observed on carrot, parsnip, and parsley grown on a vegetable farm in the Vojvodina Province of Serbia. Nonfluorescent bacterial colonies were isolated from diseased leaves and characterized using different molecular techniques. Repetitive element PCR fingerprinting with five oligonucleotide primers (BOX, ERIC, GTG5, REP, and SERE) and the randomly amplified polymorphic DNA-PCR with the M13 primer revealed identical fingerprint patterns for all tested strains. Multilocus sequence analysis of four housekeeping genes (gapA, gltA, gyrB, and rpoD) showed a high degree (99.8 to 100%) of homology with sequences of Psc strains deposited in the Plant-Associated Microbes Database and NCBI database. The tested strains caused bacterial leaf spot symptoms on all three host plants. Host-strain specificity was not found in cross-pathogenicity tests, but the plant response (peroxidase induction and chlorophyll bleaching) was more pronounced in carrot and parsley than in parsnip.

It is essential that certified potatoes are free from known viruses which can negatively affect quality and yield. However, very little is known about the distribution and frequency of Potato virus S (PVS) in Serbia. Until 2014, PVS was present sporadically in the domestic seed potato production. The incidence of PVS was studied by a molecular method over 3 years (2014-2016) in four important potato-growing regions (Moravidd. Zlatiborski, Raski and Macvanski) and in different cultivars. The results showed that the incidence of PVS increased steadily over 3 years from 1.52 to 8.84%. The Moravicki region had the highest incidence (13.06%) and Desiree was the most susceptible cultivar with a mean PVS incidence of 8.2% followed by Marabel and Riviera. The highest significant statistical difference was between the cultivars and in the interaction between cultivars and regions. A detailed phylogenic analysis of the tested isolates contained that Serbian PVS belongs to PVSO. Of the 18 Serbian PVS isolates included in this study, eight were grouped into the PVSO cluster and formed a subgroup (O-I) with isolates from the USA, Syria, Korea and Chile. Ten Serbian isolates of PVS together with the isolates from Iran were clustered in a branch of subgroup O-VII. This study constitutes the fast report of PVS isolates in Serbia which are capable of infecting Chenopodium quinoa and inducing the symptoms of local chlorotic lesions.

Blackberry cane diseases with the symptoms of necrosis, canker, and wilting are caused by several fungi worldwide. Surveys conducted from 2013 to 2016 in Serbia revealed the occurrence of Gnomoniopsis idaeicola, the causal agent of cane canker and wilting, which was found to be distributed in almost half of the surveyed orchards, in three blackberry cultivars, and with disease incidence of up to 80%. Wide distribution and high disease incidence suggest that G. idaeicola has been present in Serbia for some time. Out of 427 samples, a total of 65 G. idaeicola isolates were obtained (isolation rate of 34.19%). Reference isolates, originating from different localities, were conventionally and molecularly identified and characterized. G. idaeicola was detected in single and mixed infections with fungi from genera Paraconiothyrium, Colletotrichum, Diaporthe, Botryosphaeria, Botrytis, Septoria, Neofusicoccum, and Discostroma, and no diagnostically specific symptoms could be related directly to the G. idaeicola infection. In orchards solely infected with G. idaeicola, blackberry plant mortality was up to 40%, and yield loses were estimated at 50%. G. idaeicola isolates included in this study demonstrated intraspecies diversity in morphological, biological, pathogenic, and molecular features, which indicates that population in Serbia may be of different origin. This is the first record of a massive outbreak of G. idaeicola infection, illustrating its capability of harmful influence on blackberry production. This study represents the initial step in studying G. idaeicola as a new blackberry pathogen in Serbia, aiming at developing efficient control measures.

The world is a growing tendency for reduced application of chemicals and increasing use biological resources in order to protect the environment. In agricultural production in general, ar­ in the seed production and the tendency is reduced by the application of chemical agents ar their treatment on the seeds. In this study were investigated by two different varieties of toma (Rio Grande and Saint Pierre) and were treated with the following treatments: 1. Zink (Zn - 0.5% • Boron (B- 0.025%), 3. Coveron (Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices and Trichoderma atroviride Mix - Coveron (Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices and Trichoderma atroviride) + Zink (Zn - 0.5 + Boron (B - 0.025%), 5. Untreated control. After a treatment on the seeds and in the hot bed determined energies and total germination, in conformance with the Regulations on the Qua of seeds of agricultural plants (Official Gazette of Yugoslavia 47/87). Also determined and seedl" vigor (the primary root length and shoot length). In cultivar Saint Pierre determined an increase 21% germination In the embodiment of the treatment of seed Coveron, compared to the cont The largest increase in germination of 6%of it was found in the cultivar RioGrande in a variant v. Mix, compared to the control.When it comes to the totalgermination in the cultivar Saint Pierre la est increase over the control of 13% was observed in the variant with thetreatment of the seed t::. Mix. In cultivar Rio Grande largest increase seed germination of 7% have been found in the var;: with thetreatment mix, and Zn included, in comparison to the control.In cultivar Saint Pierre largt" effect on the increase in shoot length of 3.2 cm or 60.4%, determined on the embodiment to • application B, a variant in relation to control. In cultivar RioGrande largest increase in shoot Ieng 1.0 cm or 14.3%, was found in the variant with the treatment mix, as compared to the control. increase in the lengthof theprimary rootmost influenced by the treatment of th

Blackberry cane diseases with the symptoms of necrosis, canker, and wilting are caused by several fungi worldwide. Surveys conducted from 2013 to 2016 in Serbia revealed the occurrence of Gnomoniopsis idaeicola, the causal agent of cane canker and wilting, which was found to be distributed in almost half of the surveyed orchards, in three blackberry cultivars, and with disease incidence of up to 80%. Wide distribution and high disease incidence suggest that G. idaeicola has been present in Serbia for some time. Out of 427 samples, a total of 65 G. idaeicola isolates were obtained (isolation rate of 34.19%). Reference isolates, originating from different localities, were conventionally and molecularly identified and characterized. G. idaeicola was detected in single and mixed infections with fungi from genera Paraconiothyrium, Colletotrichum, Diaporthe, Botryosphaeria, Botrytis, Septoria, Neofusicoccum, and Discostroma, and no diagnostically specific symptoms could be related directly to the G. idaeicola infection. In orchards solely infected with G. idaeicola, blackberry plant mortality was up to 40%, and yield loses were estimated at 50%. G. idaeicola isolates included in this study demonstrated intraspecies diversity in morphological, biological, pathogenic, and molecular features, which indicates that population in Serbia may be of different origin. This is the first record of a massive outbreak of G. idaeicola infection, illustrating its capability of harmful influence on blackberry production. This study represents the initial step in studying G. idaeicola as a new blackberry pathogen in Serbia, aiming at developing efficient control measures.

It is essential that certified potatoes are free from known viruses which can negatively affect quality and yield. However, very little is known about the distribution and frequency of Potato virus S (PVS) in Serbia. Until 2014, PVS was present sporadically in the domestic seed potato production. The incidence of PVS was studied by a molecular method over 3 years (2014-2016) in four important potato-growing regions (Moravidd. Zlatiborski, Raski and Macvanski) and in different cultivars. The results showed that the incidence of PVS increased steadily over 3 years from 1.52 to 8.84%. The Moravicki region had the highest incidence (13.06%) and Desiree was the most susceptible cultivar with a mean PVS incidence of 8.2% followed by Marabel and Riviera. The highest significant statistical difference was between the cultivars and in the interaction between cultivars and regions. A detailed phylogenic analysis of the tested isolates contained that Serbian PVS belongs to PVSO. Of the 18 Serbian PVS isolates included in this study, eight were grouped into the PVSO cluster and formed a subgroup (O-I) with isolates from the USA, Syria, Korea and Chile. Ten Serbian isolates of PVS together with the isolates from Iran were clustered in a branch of subgroup O-VII. This study constitutes the fast report of PVS isolates in Serbia which are capable of infecting Chenopodium quinoa and inducing the symptoms of local chlorotic lesions.

Vinova loza je konstantno izložena delovanju različitih agenasa biotičke i abiotičke prirode. Pojedine fitopatogene pseudogljive i gljive javljaju se na ovoj biljnoj vrsti, u većoj ili manjoj meri, svake godine, kao na primer: Plasmopara viticola, prouzrokovač plamenjače, Erysiphe necator, prouzrokovač pepelnice, Botryotinia fuckeliana, prouzrokovač sive truleži, Phomopsis viticola, prouzrokovač crne pegavosti vinove loze. Druga grupa fitopatogenih gljiva, takozvani prouzrokovači bolesti drveta vinove loze, napadaju uglavnom čokote starosti preko pet godina, uzrokujući njihovo sušenje i propadanje. Najčešći prouzrokovači su: Eutypa lata (prouzrokovač eutipoze vinove loze) i ESCA (grupa gljiva prouzrokovača sušenja). Navedeni patogeni svake godine u većoj ili manjoj meri umanjuju prinos i utiču na kvalitet grožđa i vina, uzrokujući značajne ekonomske štete. Njihovo uspešno suzbijanje podrazumeva pre svega dobro poznavanje biologije i epidemiologije svakog prouzrokovača ponaosob, kao i pravovremenu stručnu reakciju, uz preduzimanje adekvatnih mera zaštite., Grapevine is constantly exposed to different biotic and abiotic agents. Some biotic disease causing agents commonly occur in this old plant cutlure, at higher or lower degree, such as: Plasmopara viticola, causal agent of downy mildew, Erysiphe necator, causal agent of powdery mildew, Botryotinia fuckeliana, causal agent of grey decay. One group of pathogenes, so called inducers of grapevine tree diseases, mostly attack vines more than eight years old, causing their drying out and withering. The most frequent causal agents are: Phomopsis viticola (phomopsis cane and leaf spot), Eutypa lata (gapevine eutypa dieback), fungi from the gender Botryosphaeria (grapevine cancer and drying out) and ESCA (a group of fungi causing drying out - apoplexy or black measles of grapevine). In order to prevent the infection, and successfully control these pathogens, thorough knowledge on pathogens biology and epidemiology is necessary, as well as timely expert reaction with adequate control measures.

Grapevine is constantly exposed to different biotic and abiotic agents. Some biotic disease causing agents commonly occur in this old plant cutlure, at higher or lower degree, such as: Plasmopara viticola, causal agent of downy mildew, Erysiphe necator, causal agent of powdery mildew, Botryotinia fuckeliana, causal agent of grey decay. One group of pathogenes, so called inducers of grapevine tree diseases, mostly attack vines more than eight years old, causing their drying out and withering. The most frequent causal agents are: Phomopsis viticola (phomopsis cane and leaf spot), Eutypa lata (gapevine eutypa dieback), fungi from the gender Botryosphaeria (grapevine cancer and drying out) and ESCA (a group of fungi causing drying out - apoplexy or black measles of grapevine). In order to prevent the infection, and successfully control these pathogens, thorough knowledge on pathogens biology and epidemiology is necessary, as well as timely expert reaction with adequate control measures., Vinova loza je konstantno izložena delovanju različitih agenasa biotičke i abiotičke prirode. Pojedine fitopatogene pseudogljive i gljive javljaju se na ovoj biljnoj vrsti, u većoj ili manjoj meri, svake godine, kao na primer: Plasmopara viticola, prouzrokovač plamenjače, Erysiphe necator, prouzrokovač pepelnice, Botryotinia fuckeliana, prouzrokovač sive truleži, Phomopsis viticola, prouzrokovač crne pegavosti vinove loze. Druga grupa fitopatogenih gljiva, takozvani prouzrokovači bolesti drveta vinove loze, napadaju uglavnom čokote starosti preko pet godina, uzrokujući njihovo sušenje i propadanje. Najčešći prouzrokovači su: Eutypa lata (prouzrokovač eutipoze vinove loze) i ESCA (grupa gljiva prouzrokovača sušenja). Navedeni patogeni svake godine u većoj ili manjoj meri umanjuju prinos i utiču na kvalitet grožđa i vina, uzrokujući značajne ekonomske štete. Njihovo uspešno suzbijanje podrazumeva pre svega dobro poznavanje biologije i epidemiologije svakog prouzrokovača ponaosob, kao i pravovremenu stručnu reakciju, uz preduzimanje adekvatnih mera zaštite.

Unusual blight-like symptoms appeared on highbush blueberry plants in Serbia during August 2015 and infected plants showed browning and reddening of leaves, drying of foliage and brown discolouration of internal vascular stem tissues. The objective of this study was to isolate and confirm a causal agent of the disease. Five diseased blueberry plants (2-year-old), with visible brown discolouration in the wood, were collected for isolation on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Morphological analysis of the selected fungal isolates showed the presence of abundant black, round to oblong, or irregularly shaped microsclerotia immersed in the PDA. Dark, globose pycnidia formed on water agar with an initially hyaline, granular content and single-celled conidia, indicating the presence of plant pathogenic fungus Macrophomina phaseolina associated with symptomatic plant tissues. Pathogenicity was confirmed on potted blueberry plants based on the initial symptoms of leaves turning yellowish to brown at the leaf edges, followed by the defoliation of leaves of the inoculated stems. Discolouration of vascular tissues was also observed on transverse sections of inoculated stems. The pathogen M. phaseolina was confirmed using molecular analysis of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of rDNA and a part of the TEF-1 gene region. This is the first report of M. phaseolina causing a blight disease on highbush blueberry in Serbia. The study should help in elucidating disease symptomatology and provide information on the risk which this fungus could pose in blueberry production.

The essential oil of Lavandula stoechas was examined by GC and GC-MS. Discs (5 mmi.d.) of the tested fungi (Alternaria alternata, Fusarium oxysporum and Botritys cinerea) were inoculated separately onto each assay plate and incubated at 25 degrees C for 7 days. The oil yield of dried parts (v/dw) obtained by hydro distillation was 2.9%. Thirty-two compounds representing 98.3% of the essential oil were determined. Linalool (49.9%), linalyl acetate (14.4%), lavandulyl acetate (5.7%), alpha-terpineol (5.6%), terpinene-4-ol (5.1%), lavandulol (3.7%), (E)-beta-ocimene (2.6%) and (Z)-beta-ocimene (2.4%) were identified as the main constituents of the oil. In addition, both doses of the lavender oil showed varying levels of inhibitory effects on the mycelial growth of tested fungi used in the experiment. The results demonstrated the strongest effect on B.cinerea, followed by A.alternata and F.oxysporum. The inhibitory effect is probably dependent on the concentration of essential oils.

Unusual blight-like symptoms appeared on highbush blueberry plants in Serbia during August 2015 and infected plants showed browning and reddening of leaves, drying of foliage and brown discolouration of internal vascular stem tissues. The objective of this study was to isolate and confirm a causal agent of the disease. Five diseased blueberry plants (2-year-old), with visible brown discolouration in the wood, were collected for isolation on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Morphological analysis of the selected fungal isolates showed the presence of abundant black, round to oblong, or irregularly shaped microsclerotia immersed in the PDA. Dark, globose pycnidia formed on water agar with an initially hyaline, granular content and single-celled conidia, indicating the presence of plant pathogenic fungus Macrophomina phaseolina associated with symptomatic plant tissues. Pathogenicity was confirmed on potted blueberry plants based on the initial symptoms of leaves turning yellowish to brown at the leaf edges, followed by the defoliation of leaves of the inoculated stems. Discolouration of vascular tissues was also observed on transverse sections of inoculated stems. The pathogen M. phaseolina was confirmed using molecular analysis of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of rDNA and a part of the TEF-1 gene region. This is the first report of M. phaseolina causing a blight disease on highbush blueberry in Serbia. The study should help in elucidating disease symptomatology and provide information on the risk which this fungus could pose in blueberry production.

In many regions worldwide, vetch is an important forage crops for the production of fibrous feed. Vetch seed available on the south-eastern Europe market often differ in the size, colour and age, hence seed quality and seedling vigour are questionable. Seed samples of two vetch varieties were drawn from three lots during two years. According to these samples, seeds were classified into groups of three sizes and three colours. The effect of the seed size and colour on seed quality and seedling vigour was estimated immediately after harvest, and then nine, 21 and 33 months after harvest. The determined effects of seed size, colour and age, as well as of their interactions on seed quality and seedling vigour were significant. On the other hand, years, varieties, lots and their interactions did not significantly affect seed quality and seedling vigour. There were no significant differences in seed quality and seedling vigour over nine, 21 and 33 month storage periods, but the ageing test showed the significant differences among the duration of storage. Germination and vigour of seedlings were significantly higher in large seeds. Pale seeds had better quality after nine and 21 month storage period (time when the seed in the second year after harvesting should be sown), while seed quality was greater in dark seeds after 33 months of storage (time when the seed in the third year after harvesting should be sown). (C) 2018 Friends Science Publishers

After the kernel number per spike has been formed during the vegetative stage, grain weight depends on the rate and duration of grain filling. Drought and high temperatures during the grain filling stage frequently occurs in the majority of barley growing regions worldwide. To investigate impact of terminal drought stress on grain filling parameters and grain yield, 15 two- and 10 six-rowed barley genotypes were tested in two-year field trials, set in two locations with two treatments. One treatment was control (C), while in the other treatment (D) terminal drought was simulated by mechanical removal of all leaf blades 7 days after heading of each genotype. In average, defoliation caused reduction of yield (33%), grain filling rate (12%) and 1000-kernel weight (11%). In both treatments, grain yield and the absolute grain filling rate were higher in two-rowed barley genotypes than in six-rowed ones. In both treatments, the correlation was stronger between yield and grain filling duration than between yield and the grain filling rate. The correlation between average yield and grain filling duration was stronger in the D than in the C treatment. According to the results obtained for terminal drought conditions, breeders should create early maturing genotypes of two-rowed type, with a longer grain filling duration and the gradual accumulation of dry matter.

In many regions worldwide, vetch is an important forage crops for the production of fibrous feed. Vetch seed available on the south-eastern Europe market often differ in the size, colour and age, hence seed quality and seedling vigour are questionable. Seed samples of two vetch varieties were drawn from three lots during two years. According to these samples, seeds were classified into groups of three sizes and three colours. The effect of the seed size and colour on seed quality and seedling vigour was estimated immediately after harvest, and then nine, 21 and 33 months after harvest. The determined effects of seed size, colour and age, as well as of their interactions on seed quality and seedling vigour were significant. On the other hand, years, varieties, lots and their interactions did not significantly affect seed quality and seedling vigour. There were no significant differences in seed quality and seedling vigour over nine, 21 and 33 month storage periods, but the ageing test showed the significant differences among the duration of storage. Germination and vigour of seedlings were significantly higher in large seeds. Pale seeds had better quality after nine and 21 month storage period (time when the seed in the second year after harvesting should be sown), while seed quality was greater in dark seeds after 33 months of storage (time when the seed in the third year after harvesting should be sown). (C) 2018 Friends Science Publishers

After the kernel number per spike has been formed during the vegetative stage, grain weight depends on the rate and duration of grain filling. Drought and high temperatures during the grain filling stage frequently occurs in the majority of barley growing regions worldwide. To investigate impact of terminal drought stress on grain filling parameters and grain yield, 15 two- and 10 six-rowed barley genotypes were tested in two-year field trials, set in two locations with two treatments. One treatment was control (C), while in the other treatment (D) terminal drought was simulated by mechanical removal of all leaf blades 7 days after heading of each genotype. In average, defoliation caused reduction of yield (33%), grain filling rate (12%) and 1000-kernel weight (11%). In both treatments, grain yield and the absolute grain filling rate were higher in two-rowed barley genotypes than in six-rowed ones. In both treatments, the correlation was stronger between yield and grain filling duration than between yield and the grain filling rate. The correlation between average yield and grain filling duration was stronger in the D than in the C treatment. According to the results obtained for terminal drought conditions, breeders should create early maturing genotypes of two-rowed type, with a longer grain filling duration and the gradual accumulation of dry matter.

In many regions worldwide, vetch is an important forage crops for the production of fibrous feed. Vetch seed available on the south-eastern Europe market often differ in the size, colour and age, hence seed quality and seedling vigour are questionable. Seed samples of two vetch varieties were drawn from three lots during two years. According to these samples, seeds were classified into groups of three sizes and three colours. The effect of the seed size and colour on seed quality and seedling vigour was estimated immediately after harvest, and then nine, 21 and 33 months after harvest. The determined effects of seed size, colour and age, as well as of their interactions on seed quality and seedling vigour were significant. On the other hand, years, varieties, lots and their interactions did not significantly affect seed quality and seedling vigour. There were no significant differences in seed quality and seedling vigour over nine, 21 and 33 month storage periods, but the ageing test showed the significant differences among the duration of storage. Germination and vigour of seedlings were significantly higher in large seeds. Pale seeds had better quality after nine and 21 month storage period (time when the seed in the second year after harvesting should be sown), while seed quality was greater in dark seeds after 33 months of storage (time when the seed in the third year after harvesting should be sown). (C) 2018 Friends Science Publishers

After the kernel number per spike has been formed during the vegetative stage, grain weight depends on the rate and duration of grain filling. Drought and high temperatures during the grain filling stage frequently occurs in the majority of barley growing regions worldwide. To investigate impact of terminal drought stress on grain filling parameters and grain yield, 15 two- and 10 six-rowed barley genotypes were tested in two-year field trials, set in two locations with two treatments. One treatment was control (C), while in the other treatment (D) terminal drought was simulated by mechanical removal of all leaf blades 7 days after heading of each genotype. In average, defoliation caused reduction of yield (33%), grain filling rate (12%) and 1000-kernel weight (11%). In both treatments, grain yield and the absolute grain filling rate were higher in two-rowed barley genotypes than in six-rowed ones. In both treatments, the correlation was stronger between yield and grain filling duration than between yield and the grain filling rate. The correlation between average yield and grain filling duration was stronger in the D than in the C treatment. According to the results obtained for terminal drought conditions, breeders should create early maturing genotypes of two-rowed type, with a longer grain filling duration and the gradual accumulation of dry matter.

Grapevine is constantly exposed to different biotic and abiotic agents. Some biotic disease causing agents commonly occur in this old plant cutlure, at higher or lower degree, such as: Plasmopara viticola, causal agent of downy mildew, Erysiphe necator, causal agent of powdery mildew, Botryotinia fuckeliana, causal agent of grey decay. One group of pathogenes, so called inducers of grapevine tree diseases, mostly attack vines more than eight years old, causing their drying out and withering. The most frequent causal agents are: Phomopsis viticola (phomopsis cane and leaf spot), Eutypa lata (gapevine eutypa dieback), fungi from the gender Botryosphaeria (grapevine cancer and drying out) and ESCA (a group of fungi causing drying out - apoplexy or black measles of grapevine). In order to prevent the infection, and successfully control these pathogens, thorough knowledge on pathogens biology and epidemiology is necessary, as well as timely expert reaction with adequate control measures., Vinova loza je konstantno izložena delovanju različitih agenasa biotičke i abiotičke prirode. Pojedine fitopatogene pseudogljive i gljive javljaju se na ovoj biljnoj vrsti, u većoj ili manjoj meri, svake godine, kao na primer: Plasmopara viticola, prouzrokovač plamenjače, Erysiphe necator, prouzrokovač pepelnice, Botryotinia fuckeliana, prouzrokovač sive truleži, Phomopsis viticola, prouzrokovač crne pegavosti vinove loze. Druga grupa fitopatogenih gljiva, takozvani prouzrokovači bolesti drveta vinove loze, napadaju uglavnom čokote starosti preko pet godina, uzrokujući njihovo sušenje i propadanje. Najčešći prouzrokovači su: Eutypa lata (prouzrokovač eutipoze vinove loze) i ESCA (grupa gljiva prouzrokovača sušenja). Navedeni patogeni svake godine u većoj ili manjoj meri umanjuju prinos i utiču na kvalitet grožđa i vina, uzrokujući značajne ekonomske štete. Njihovo uspešno suzbijanje podrazumeva pre svega dobro poznavanje biologije i epidemiologije svakog prouzrokovača ponaosob, kao i pravovremenu stručnu reakciju, uz preduzimanje adekvatnih mera zaštite.

After the kernel number per spike has been formed during the vegetative stage, grain weight depends on the rate and duration of grain filling. Drought and high temperatures during the grain filling stage frequently occurs in the majority of barley growing regions worldwide. To investigate impact of terminal drought stress on grain filling parameters and grain yield, 15 two- and 10 six-rowed barley genotypes were tested in two-year field trials, set in two locations with two treatments. One treatment was control (C), while in the other treatment (D) terminal drought was simulated by mechanical removal of all leaf blades 7 days after heading of each genotype. In average, defoliation caused reduction of yield (33%), grain filling rate (12%) and 1000-kernel weight (11%). In both treatments, grain yield and the absolute grain filling rate were higher in two-rowed barley genotypes than in six-rowed ones. In both treatments, the correlation was stronger between yield and grain filling duration than between yield and the grain filling rate. The correlation between average yield and grain filling duration was stronger in the D than in the C treatment. According to the results obtained for terminal drought conditions, breeders should create early maturing genotypes of two-rowed type, with a longer grain filling duration and the gradual accumulation of dry matter.

The undemanding LC-MS/MS method was developed for the synchronized analysis of atropine and scopolamine in maize crop. The dSPE was carried out with 1% acetic acid in acetonitrile/water and a mixture of magnesium sulphate, sodium chloride and sodium citrate. The analytes were separated on a Zorbax XDB C18 column using methanol/water as the mobile phase in gradient mode. The detection was done using a tandem masss spectrometry (MS/MS) in the positive ESI. The tropane alkaloids exhibited excellent linearity in the range of 2-20 µg/kg with the LOQ of 5 µg/kg for maize. The extraction recoveries of atropine and scopolamine were 65.7 and 85.5% with the intraday RSDr 10.25 and 4.29%, respectively. The validated method was appled to real maze samples. One sample contained 18.8 µg/kg of atropine and 6.3 µg/kg of scopolamine.

After the kernel number per spike has been formed during the vegetative stage, grain weight depends on the rate and duration of grain filling. Drought and high temperatures during the grain filling stage frequently occurs in the majority of barley growing regions worldwide. To investigate impact of terminal drought stress on grain filling parameters and grain yield, 15 two- and 10 six-rowed barley genotypes were tested in two-year field trials, set in two locations with two treatments. One treatment was control (C), while in the other treatment (D) terminal drought was simulated by mechanical removal of all leaf blades 7 days after heading of each genotype. In average, defoliation caused reduction of yield (33%), grain filling rate (12%) and 1000-kernel weight (11%). In both treatments, grain yield and the absolute grain filling rate were higher in two-rowed barley genotypes than in six-rowed ones. In both treatments, the correlation was stronger between yield and grain filling duration than between yield and the grain filling rate. The correlation between average yield and grain filling duration was stronger in the D than in the C treatment. According to the results obtained for terminal drought conditions, breeders should create early maturing genotypes of two-rowed type, with a longer grain filling duration and the gradual accumulation of dry matter.

Phytoplasmas of grapevine are a group of harmful pathogens known as a yellowing type . On the grapevine stems affected by phytoplasma the following pathological cahges are observed: yellowing/reddening of the leaves, wilting and triangle-shaped laminae rolling, drying of flowers and clusters, withering and bit-ter taste of berries, unlignificated and rubbery canes and their freezing during win-ter, as well as decline and death of vines. All of these symptoms, especially the ones affecting flower and grapes lead to a significant reduction in the grape yield and poor quality wine. The yield reduction per plant/vine can be as high as 97%. The plants affected by the phytoplasmas stay infeccted permanently. Any plant protection measures applied, need to be preventive., Fitoplazmoze vinove loze su grupa vrlo raširenih štetnih oboljenja tipa žutila, čiji su prouzrokovači fitoplazme. Kod čokota obolelih od fitoplazmoza registrovane su kao najznačajnije sledeće patološke promene: žutilo/crvenilo lišća, uvelost, povijanje prema naličju i trouglast izgled liski, venjenje i sušenje cvasti i grozdova, smežuravanje i gorak ukus bobica, nezdrvenjavanje i gumoznost lastara i njihovo izmrzavanje zimi, kao i sušenje i prevremeno uginjavanje čokota. Ove promene, a posebno one koje se ispoljavaju na cvastima i grozdovima dovode do smanjenja prinosa grožđa i pogoršanja kvaliteta vina. Smanjenje prinosa po obolelom čokotu može iznositi i preko 97%. Čokoti vinove loze oboleli od fitoplazmi ostaju trajno zaraženi. Osnovne mere borbe protiv fitoplazmi vinove loze su preventivne mere.

Venturia inaequalis is a common apple disease in Serbia and its intensity depends on weather conditions. The most successful method of combating apple scab is to use a lower dose of an active ingredient and increase its effectiveness by adding substances that do not cause environmental damage. The effectiveness of a fungicide mixture of captan and potassium phosphite against V. inaequalis was investigated in apple orchards in 2008 and 2009. A relevant EPPO standard method was used in all trials. Captan 50 WP was used as a standard fungicide. In order to determine the exact conditions marking the onset of apple infection, key meteorological conditions were monitored in the orchards using an automated iMetos weather station and a Lufft electronic instrument. The results showed high efficacy of the tested fungicides which remained similar in both years of investigation. The intensity of leaf infection after treatment with the mixture of captan and potassium phosphite was 0.7-2.4%, while fruit infection was 0.5-3.0%. The efficacy of this mixture ranged from 96.3-97.9% on leaves and 87.4-98.7% on fruits. The standard fungicide Captan 50 WP showed an efficacy ranging from 95.3-96.7% on leaves and from 87.8-99.3% on fruits. No statistically significant differences were found between the fungicide tested and the standard fungicide., Venturia inaequalis je široko rasprostranjena bolest jabuke u Srbiji, a njen intenzitet zavisi od vremenskih uslova. Najuspešniji metod borbe protiv čađave krastavosti jabuke je korišćenje manjih doza aktivnih materija uz istovremeno povećavanje efikasnosti dodavanjem supstanci koje ne prouzrokuju štetu u životnoj sredini. Tokom 2008 i 2009 godine, proučavana je efikasnost fungicidne mešavine kaptana i kalijum fosfita protiv V. inaequalis u jabučnjacima. U svim ogledima je korišćen standardni EPPO metod. Captan 50 WP je korišćen kao standardni fungicid. Kako bi se tačno odredili uslovi za početak zaraze na jabuci, praćeni su osnovni meteorološki parametri u voćnjacima pomoću iMetos stanice i elektronskog uređaja Lufft. Rezultati su pokazali visoku efikasnost testiranih fungicida koja je bila slična u obe godine istraživanja. Intenzitet zaraze lista nakon tretmana mešavinom kaptana i kalijum fosfita bio je 0.7-2.4%, dok je zaraženost plodova bila 0.5-3.0%. Efikasnost mešavine bila je 96.3-97.9% na listovima, a 87.4-98.7% na plodovima. Standardni fungicid Captan 50 WP pokazao je efikasnost u opsegu 95.3-96.7% na listovima i 87.8-99.3% na plodovima. Nisu konstatovane statistički značajne razlike između ispitivanog i standardnog fungicida.

Copper citrate is a complex compound of copper, which is characterized by a higher degree of dissociation in relation to the other copper compounds that are presently in the use and can be used in lower concentrations for the control of plant pathogens. Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis) is on of the economically most important diseases of apples in all regions where this fruit species grown. A successful apple production is not possible without intensive chemical control. The use of copperbased products to protect apples, positioned at the start of the growing season. The earliest apple infections are the most destructive, and the effective protection of the apples in this period is very important. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the influence of copper citrate at different concentrations applied to the growth of V. inaequalis colonies. The results show that copper citrate in significantly lower concentrations of application 0.2 and 0.1 % higher than the standard product, effectively inhibiting the growth of V. inaequali mycelium (colony), which is the result of significantly higher amounts of copper ions, that is released from compound., Bakar-citrat je kompleksno jedinjenje bakra koje se odlikuje višim stepenom disocijacije u odnosu na druga bakarna jedinjenja koja su trenutno u primeni pa se može koristiti u nižim koncentracijama za suzbijanje biljnih patogena. Čađava pegavost lista i krastavost plodova (Venturia inaequalis) je jedna od ekonomski najštetnijih bolesti jabuke u svim regionima gde se ova voćna vrsta gaji. Uspešna proizvodnja jabuke nije moguća bez izvođenja intenzivnih hemijskih mera zaštite. Primena preparata na bazi bakra u zaštiti jabuke, pozicionirana je na sam početak vegetacije. Najranije zaraze jabuke su i najdestruktivnije, pa je efikasna zaštita jabuke u ovom periodu veoma važna. Cilj ovog rada je da se u in vitro uslovima ispita uticaj bakar-citrata u različitim koncentracijama primene na porast kolonija Venturia inaequalis. Dobijeni rezultati pokazuju da bakar citrat u znatno nižim koncentracijama primene 0,2 i 0,1% nego sandardni preparat, efikasno blokira porast micelije (kolonija) fitopatogene gljive V. inaequalis, što je rezultat znatno veće količine bakarnih jona koje ovo jedinjenje oslobađa.

Plant diseases caused by phytopathogenic fungi are one of the major problems in orchard plants in Serbia. To avoid the use of chemical agents in high percent, biological control is becoming promising method in plant disease management. It has been showed that apple is host of Venturia inaequalis, a very aggressive phytopathogenic fungus known for production scab. In search for ecological ways for prevention and reduction of disease symptoms, biological control with indigenous fluorescent Pseudomonas isolates has been offered as a possible solution. The aim of this study was to examine antifungal activity of different indigenous fluorescent Pseudomonas isolates (Q16, B25 and PS2) against phytopathogenic fungus V. inaequalis which had infected apple. Indigenous Pseudomonas isolates showed in vitro inhibition of fungal growth 13.85% to 54.36 % on WA and 11.37 % to 58.33% on PDA. These isolates should be further analyzed in order to classify them as promising group of biocontrol agents against diseases of apple scab caused by V. inaequalis., Biljne bolesti prouzrokovane fitopatogenim gljivicama su jedan od glavnih problema u voćnjacima u Srbiji. Biološka kontrola patogena sve više se koristi u upravljanju biljnim bolestima kako bi se izbeglo korišćenje hemijskih agenasa u velikoj meri. Jabuka kao veoma značajna voćarska kultura je domaćin veoma agresivne fitopatogene gljive Venuria inaequalis, prouzrokovača čađave krastavosti ploda. U potrazi za ekološkim načinima za sprečavanje pojave i smanjenje simptoma bolesti, biološka kontrola autohtonim izolatima iz roda Pseudomonas je potencijalno moguće rešenje. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se ispita antifungalna aktivnost različitih autohtonih izolata Pseudomonas (P16, B25 i PS2) protiv fitopatogene gljive V.inaequalis koja zaražava jabuku. Autohtoni Pseudomonas izolati su u in vitro uslovima pokazali inhibiciju rasta kolonija gljivice od 13.85% do 54.36% na WA podlozi i od 11.37% do 58.33% na PDA. Ove izolate treba dalje analizirati kao grupu bioloških agenasa koja može imati veliki potencijal u suzbijanju V.inaequalis, prouzrokovača čađave krastavosti jabuke.

Plant diseases caused by phytopathogenic fungi are one of the major problems in orchard plants in Serbia. To avoid the use of chemical agents in high percent, biological control is becoming promising method in plant disease management. It has been showed that apple is host of Venturia inaequalis, a very aggressive phytopathogenic fungus known for production scab. In search for ecological ways for prevention and reduction of disease symptoms, biological control with indigenous fluorescent Pseudomonas isolates has been offered as a possible solution. The aim of this study was to examine antifungal activity of different indigenous fluorescent Pseudomonas isolates (Q16, B25 and PS2) against phytopathogenic fungus V. inaequalis which had infected apple. Indigenous Pseudomonas isolates showed in vitro inhibition of fungal growth 13.85% to 54.36 % on WA and 11.37 % to 58.33% on PDA. These isolates should be further analyzed in order to classify them as promising group of biocontrol agents against diseases of apple scab caused by V. inaequalis., Biljne bolesti prouzrokovane fitopatogenim gljivicama su jedan od glavnih problema u voćnjacima u Srbiji. Biološka kontrola patogena sve više se koristi u upravljanju biljnim bolestima kako bi se izbeglo korišćenje hemijskih agenasa u velikoj meri. Jabuka kao veoma značajna voćarska kultura je domaćin veoma agresivne fitopatogene gljive Venuria inaequalis, prouzrokovača čađave krastavosti ploda. U potrazi za ekološkim načinima za sprečavanje pojave i smanjenje simptoma bolesti, biološka kontrola autohtonim izolatima iz roda Pseudomonas je potencijalno moguće rešenje. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se ispita antifungalna aktivnost različitih autohtonih izolata Pseudomonas (P16, B25 i PS2) protiv fitopatogene gljive V.inaequalis koja zaražava jabuku. Autohtoni Pseudomonas izolati su u in vitro uslovima pokazali inhibiciju rasta kolonija gljivice od 13.85% do 54.36% na WA podlozi i od 11.37% do 58.33% na PDA. Ove izolate treba dalje analizirati kao grupu bioloških agenasa koja može imati veliki potencijal u suzbijanju V.inaequalis, prouzrokovača čađave krastavosti jabuke.

Peach is one of the most important fruit species. A large number of phytopathogen microorganisms causing economically damaging disease. This paper describes the most important phytopathogenic fungi occur in peaches: Taphrina deformans, Podosphaera pannosa, Monilinia laxa, M. fructigena, Cladosporium carpophilum, Stigmina carpophila, Cytospora cincta, Phomopsis amygdali, Botryosphaeria spp., Chondrostereum purpureum, Colletotrichum gleosporoides, Rhizophus stolonifor and Armillaria mellea., Breskva je jedna od najznačajnijih voćnih vrsta. Parazitira je veći broj fitopatogenih mikroorganizama, prouzrokujući ekonomski štetna oboljenja. U ovom radu su opisane najčešće fitopatogene gljive koje se javljaju na breskvi: Taphrina deformans, Podosphaera pannosa, Monilinia laxa, M. fructigena, Cladosporium carpophilum, Stigmina carpophila, Cytospora cincta, Phomopsis amygdali, Botryosphaeria spp., Chondrostereum purpureum, Colletotrichum gleosporoides, Rhizophus stolonifor i Armillaria mellea.

This paper describes the most common diseases of apricot. Greatest economic importance of this fruit is a apoplexy, which is al ways current illness. Since the complex nature of this disease, the paper describes the phytopathogenic fungus that contribute to this phenomenon. These are: Monilinia laxa, M. fructigena, Cytospora cincta, Verticillium albo-atrum, V. dahliae and Eutypa lata. The paper mentioned and other phytopathogenic fungi that cause disease in apricot (Stigmina carpophila, Taphrina cerasi and Podosphaera tridactyla)., U radu su opisana najčešća oboljenja kajsije. Najveći ekonomski značaj za ovu voćnu vrstu predstavlja apopleksija, koja je posledica zajedničkog štetnog delovanja većeg broja fitopatogenih mikroorganizama. S obzirom da je ova bolest kompleksne prirode, u radu su opisane fitopatogene gljive koje doprinose ovoj pojavi. To su: Monilinia laxa, M. fructigena, Cytospora cincta, Verti cilli um albo-atrum, V. dahliae i Eutypa lata. U radu su pomenute i druge fitopatogene gljive koje prouzrokuju oboljenja na kajsiji (Stigmina carpophila, Taphrina cerasi i Podosphaera tridactyla).

Several economically harmful phytopathogenic fungi, causing the disease, were described on plum. They are: Taphrina pruni, Polystigma rubrum, Monilinia laxa, M. fructigena, Tranzshelia pruni-spinose, Stigmina carpophila, Phoma prunicola and Phomopsis spp. The paper described the plum diseases caused by these fungi, symptoms of disease, the spread, the conditions for infection and prevention measures., Na šljivi je opisano nekoliko vrsta ekonomski značajnih fitopatogenih gljiva, prouzrokovača bolesti. To su: Taphrina pruni, Polystigma rubrum, Monilinia laxa, M. fructigena, Tranzshelia pruni-spinose, Stigmina carpophila, Phoma prunicola i Phomopsis spp. U radu su opisana oboljenja na šljivi prouzrokovana ovim gljivama, simptomatologija bolesti, širenje, uslovi za zarazu i mere suzbijanja.

Development of natural plant protection products as an alternative to synthetic fungicides is of significant importance regarding the environment. This study was carried out with an objective to investigate in vitro antifungal activities of several essential oils extracted from oregano, basil, myrtle and Turkish pickling herb, and the plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria in the genus Pseudomonas, against the phytopathogenic fungus Phomopsis theicola. Microdilution methods were used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of selected antimicrobial essential oils (EOs). All EOs exhibited significant levels of antifungal activity against the tested fungal isolates. The oregano EO was found the most potent one (MIC - 5.5 µg/mL), followed by basil (MIC - 75.0µg/mL), myrtle (MIC - 775 µg/mL) and Turkish pickling herb (MIC - 7750 µg/mL). Inhibition of Ph. theicola mycelial growth was observed for all tested Pseudomonas spp. strains. K113 and L1 strains were highly effective and achieved more than 60% of fungal growth inhibition using the overnight culture and more than 57% inhibition by applying cell-free supernatants of both strains. A future field trial with K113 and L1 cultures and cell-free supernatants, containing extracellular metabolites toward Ph. theicola, will estimate their effectiveness and applicability as an alternative to chemical protection of apple trees., U novije vreme intezivno se radi na razvoju bioloških sredstava za zaštitu bilja, koja bi se uvodila kao zamena za sintetičke fungicide. U ovom radu ispitivan je in vitro antifungalni uticaj nekih etarskih ulja (EU) i odabranih rizobakterija koje stimulišu rast biljaka iz roda Pseudomonas na fitopatogenu gljivu Phomopsis theicola. Minimalne inhibitorne koncentracije (MIC) etarskih ulja su određene mikrodilucionom metodom. Sva primenjena EU su ispoljila značajni antifungalni efekat na ispitivani izolat gljive. EU origana je ispoljilo najnižu MIC od 5.5±0.51 µg/mL, zatim ulje bosiljka od 75.0±5.7 µg/mL, mirte 775±45.0 µg/mL i turske kisele biljke od 7750±4.5 µg/mL. Proučavan je stepen inhibicije porasta micelije Ph. theicola primenom različitih sojeva Pseudomonas spp. sojevi K113 i L1 su ispoljili visoku efikasnost inhibicije od preko 60% primenom dvadesetčetvoročasovnih kultura i preko 57% primenom filtrata supernatanta. U narednim ogledima u polju primenom kulture i supernatanta K113 i L1, koji sadrže ekstracelularne metabolite, proceniće se njihova efikasnost i mogućnost korišćenja kao alternative hemijskim sredstvima u zaštiti jabuke od Ph. theicola.

The effects of copper citrate on defoliation of one year old fruit stocks in a nursery are presented in this paper. The investigation aimed to evaluate the defoliation efficacy of copper citrate as a new formulation, compared with other compounds recommended for that purpose. Field trials were conducted in the region of Trstenik, a center of nursery production in Serbia in 2016 and 2017. Two years of investigation showed that copper citrate could be used as an efficient compound for defoliation in nursery production. A stronger defoliation effect was observed on plum stocks, compared to apple stocks. Better results were achieved with the highest concentration of copper citrate (2%), while the effectiveness decreased with lower concentrations (0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5%). Defoliation degree on nursery apple stocks after treatment with 2.0% concentration of copper citrate varied from 80.6% to 95.6%, while it reached 100% on plum stocks., U radu su prikazani efekti defolijacije sadnica jabuke i šljive, primenom različitih koncentarcija bakar citrata, kao nove formulacije, i standardnih preparata koji se koriste u ove svrhe (bordovska čorba, urea). Ogledi su sprovedeni u regionu Trstenika (Ljubava i Milutovac), koji je centar rasadničke proizvodnje u Srbiji. Tretiranja su obavljena tokom 2016. i 2017. godine. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata zaključeno je da bakar citrat pokazuje visok potencijal za upotrebu u svrhu defolijacije sadnica jabuke i šljive. Korišćene koncentracije ovog jedinjenja su pokazale veću efikasnost u primeni na sadnicama šljive nego na sadnicama jabuke. Najbolji rezultati u oba ogleda su zabeleženi sa maksimalno primenjenom koncentracijom (2%), dok efekat defolijacije na sadnicama jabuke opada sa smanjenjem koncentracije. Stepen defolijacije jabuke primenom bakar citrata u koncentraciji od 2% kretao se od 80,6% do 95,6%, a kod šljive čak 100%. Potvrđeno je i da uspešna defolijacija sadnica jabuke i šljive značajno zavisi od vremena aplikacije kao i meteoroloških uslova.

The effect of medium pH and artificial and diffuse light on growth and sporulation of Venturia inaequalis was studied in vitro. Optimal pH for colony growth was 5,9 and at pH 8,0 the best sporulation of pathogen was detected. Morphology of coloneis depends on pH of medium. Both diffuse and artificila light stimulated colony growth and sporulation compared to the darkness, but there no regularities between sourece of light and exposure period., Uticaj pH podloge i difuzne i veštačke svetlosti na porast i sporulaciju Venturia inaequalis ispitivan je in vitro. Optimalna pH vrednost za porast kolonija je pH 5,9 a na pH 8,0 utvrđena je najintenzivnija sporulacija patogena. Kiselost podloge utiče i na morfološki izgled kolonija. Svetlost stimulativno deluje na porast i sporulaciju patogena u odnosu na tamu, ali između veštačke i difuzne svetlost i dužine trajanja osvetljenja nema zakonitosti.

The largest number of fungicide treatments in disease control of apple are realised against apple scab. However, a small number of available fungicides which were frequently used in increased doses caused the problems of less susceptibility of pathogen to applied fungicides. The effect of different temperatures and media on pathogen colony growth and sporulation were investigated to find out the optimal conditions for pathogen development. The optimal temperature for colony growth was 15-20ºC, minimal around 1ºC, a maximal 27ºC. The most suitable medium for pathogen sporulatuiin was malt agar, and insignificantly less suitable was PDA. Sporulation was the more abundant at 15ºC (1,6 x 105 spora/ml)., Najveći broj tretmana u zaštiti jabuke izvodi se protiv prouzrokovača čađave pegavosti lista i krastavost plodova. Međutim, mali broj raspoloživih fungicida, često primenjih u povećanim količinama, uzrokuje pojavu smanjene osetljivosti patogena prema upotrebljavanim fungicidima. Zato se javila potreba ispitivanja ove pojave i u laboratorijskim uslovima. Da bi se ova istraživanja sprovela potrebno je ispitati uslove pod kojima patogen ima optimalni porast i fruktifikaciju, u cilju iznalaženja najboljih podloga i uslova za gajenje patogena koji bi poslužili u ispitivanjima njegove osetljivosti prema fungcidima u laboratorijskim uslovima. Prema dobijenim rezultatima, temperaturni optimum za porast kolonija je između 15º i 20ºC, minimum je oko 1ºC, a maksimum je 27ºC. Najpogodnija podloga za sporulaciju patogena je podloga od slada, a neznatno slabija sporulacija je na podlozi od krompira. Utvrđeno je da je intenzitet sporulacije najveći pri temperaturi od 15ºC, na podlozi od slada (1, 6 x 105 spora/ml).

The largest number of fungicide treatments in disease control of apple are realised against apple scab. However, a small number of available fungicides which were frequently used in increased doses caused the problems of less susceptibility of pathogen to applied fungicides. The effect of different temperatures and media on pathogen colony growth and sporulation were investigated to find out the optimal conditions for pathogen development. The optimal temperature for colony growth was 15-20ºC, minimal around 1ºC, a maximal 27ºC. The most suitable medium for pathogen sporulatuiin was malt agar, and insignificantly less suitable was PDA. Sporulation was the more abundant at 15ºC (1,6 x 105 spora/ml)., Najveći broj tretmana u zaštiti jabuke izvodi se protiv prouzrokovača čađave pegavosti lista i krastavost plodova. Međutim, mali broj raspoloživih fungicida, često primenjih u povećanim količinama, uzrokuje pojavu smanjene osetljivosti patogena prema upotrebljavanim fungicidima. Zato se javila potreba ispitivanja ove pojave i u laboratorijskim uslovima. Da bi se ova istraživanja sprovela potrebno je ispitati uslove pod kojima patogen ima optimalni porast i fruktifikaciju, u cilju iznalaženja najboljih podloga i uslova za gajenje patogena koji bi poslužili u ispitivanjima njegove osetljivosti prema fungcidima u laboratorijskim uslovima. Prema dobijenim rezultatima, temperaturni optimum za porast kolonija je između 15º i 20ºC, minimum je oko 1ºC, a maksimum je 27ºC. Najpogodnija podloga za sporulaciju patogena je podloga od slada, a neznatno slabija sporulacija je na podlozi od krompira. Utvrđeno je da je intenzitet sporulacije najveći pri temperaturi od 15ºC, na podlozi od slada (1, 6 x 105 spora/ml).

Genus Alternaria represents one of the most important pathogens of Apiaceae family. Alternariose symptoms may develop on foliage causing leaf spot, necrosis and eventually drying and black root. Celery plants with characteristic symptoms were collected during 2012 and 2013 in Serbia. The preliminary identification was done by analysis of morphological characteristics of conidia. After identification cultural characteristics, growth rate and spore morphology were examined and compared based on influence of ecological factors such as nutrient medium, temperature, pH value of the medium and light quality., Vrste roda Alternaria predstavljaju jedne od najznačajnijih gljiva patogena familije Apiaceae. Promene koje izazivaju na biljkama domaćinima su mrka trulež korena, pegavost lišća, sušenje listova i lisnih preteljki. Tokom 2012. i 2013. godine na teritoriji Srbije, prikupljeni su uzorci celera sa karakterističnim simptomima pegavosti lišća i sušenja listova. Identifikacija izolata je izvršena analizom morfoloških karakteristika spora gljive. Nakon identifikacije izvršena su uporedna proučavanja uticaja različitih hranljivih podloga, temperatura, pH vrednosti podloga i kvaliteta svetlosti na morfološke karakteristike izolata, porast kolonija i morfologiju spora.

Raspberry cane decay disease are the major problem in its production by reducing yield and lifetime of orchards. This disease cause a several disease-causing agents, and the most important is Didymella applanata, causal agent of raspberry spur blight. With regard to the biology of the pathogen fungicide use postharvest is not efficient enough because pat­hogen can infect raspberry far earlier. Therefore, the aim of this study is testing the efficacy of newer organic fungicides applied before and after the harvest raspberries and mutual comparison thereof on biological efficacy. The results show that the tested fungicides ex­hibited very high efficacy against D. apllanata on the raspberry leaves and the canes (from 83.0 - 96.5%)., Prouzrokovači 'kompleksa sušenja' maline predstavljaju najveći problem u njenoj proizvodnji smanjujući prinose i životni vek zasada. Ovaj kompleks sačinjen je od više prouzrokovača bolesti, a najznačajniji u tom kompleksu je Didymella applanata, prouzrokovač kestenaste pegavosti maline. S obzirom na biologiju patogena tretiranje biljaka tek nakon berbe nije dovoljno efikasno jer patogen u povoljnim uslovima može da zarazi malinu daleko ranije. Cilj rada je ispitivanje efikasnosti novijih organskih fungicida primenjenih pre i posle berbe maline kao i međusobno poređenje njihove biološke efikasnosti. Dobijeni rezultati pokazuju da su ispitivani fungicidi ispoljili veoma visoku efikasnost u suzbijanju D. applanata kako na listu tako i na izdancima maline (od 83.0 - 96.5%).

Examination is seed quality of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and red fescue (Festuca rubra) during the five years 2010 - 2014. The average established seed purity was over 98.40%, with varying by year from 96.7% to 99.2%. The greatest part of the impurities was inert matter, which are varied over the years in the range from 0.0% to 2.30%. Presence of weed seeds by year varied in the range from 0.0% to 0.50%. In the seeds of the tested grasses dominate the weeds from the family Asteraceae, Caryophillaceae, Chenopodiaceae and Polygonaceae. The most common weeds in the investigated grasses were Amaranthus retroflexus and Chenopodium album. Participation of other species by year ranged from 0.0% to 1.8%. Seed germination varied from 75 to 88%, the average was 83%. The number of abnormal seedlings was 4%, while the average number of ungerminated seeds was 13%., Ispitivanjem semena engleskog ljulja (Lolium perenne), italijanskog ljulja (Lolium multi­florum) i crvenog vijuka (Festuca rubra) u toku pet godina (2010 - 2014. godina) utvrđene su vrlo visoke vrednosti svih značajnih pokazatelja kvaliteta semena. Prosečna utvrđena čistoća semena bila je preko 98,40%, sa variranjem po godinama od 96,7 % do 99,2 %. Pri tome najveći deo primesa činile su inertne materije, koje su varirale po godinama u intervalu od 0,0 % do 2,30 %. Prisustvo semena korova po godinama je variralo u intervalu od 0,0 % do 0,50 %. U semenu ispitivanih trava dominiraju korovi iz familija Asteraceae, Caryophillaceae, Chenopodiaceae i Polygonaceae. Najzastupljeniji korovi u ispitivanim travama su Amaranthus retroflexus (obični štir) i Chenopodium album (obična pepeljuga). Učešće drugih vrsta po godinama kretalo se u intervalu od 0,0 % do 1,8 %. Klijavost semena varirala je od 75 do 88%, prosečno je iznosila 83%. Broj nenormalnih klijanaca bio je 4%, dok je prosečan broj neklijalog semena bio 13%.

Genus Alternaria represents one of the most important pathogens of Apiaceae family. Alternariose symptoms may develop on foliage causing leaf spot, necrosis and eventually drying and black root. Celery plants with characteristic symptoms were collected during 2012 and 2013 in Serbia. The preliminary identification was done by analysis of morphological characteristics of conidia. After identification cultural characteristics, growth rate and spore morphology were examined and compared based on influence of ecological factors such as nutrient medium, temperature, pH value of the medium and light quality., Vrste roda Alternaria predstavljaju jedne od najznačajnijih gljiva patogena familije Apiaceae. Promene koje izazivaju na biljkama domaćinima su mrka trulež korena, pegavost lišća, sušenje listova i lisnih preteljki. Tokom 2012. i 2013. godine na teritoriji Srbije, prikupljeni su uzorci celera sa karakterističnim simptomima pegavosti lišća i sušenja listova. Identifikacija izolata je izvršena analizom morfoloških karakteristika spora gljive. Nakon identifikacije izvršena su uporedna proučavanja uticaja različitih hranljivih podloga, temperatura, pH vrednosti podloga i kvaliteta svetlosti na morfološke karakteristike izolata, porast kolonija i morfologiju spora.