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Article History: Abstract. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the feasibility of implementation of a passive safety feature in the form of an under-fuselage airbag in the rescue systems of small aircraft. The paper presents a multidisciplinary approach for the viability of the implementation. It presents the development of mathematical model for airbag performance analysis. The model is validated against the experimental data to account for various simplifications. Validated mathematical model is used to design a full-scale airbag for the chosen airplane to perform in the designed range. Weight penalty for increased safety is determined.

The unfixed flame propagation velocity of a gas explosion and the fixed response time of explosion suppression devices are the important reasons for the poor protective effect of active explosion suppression. A flexible explosion suppression method based on buffer energy absorption is detailed in this study. The explosion suppression system consists of an explosive characteristic monitoring system, an explosion suppression agent system, and an explosion suppression airbag. An empty pipe experiment and an explosion suppression experiment with a flexible-airbag gas-explosion suppression device were conducted in a 20.5 m-long pipe with an inner diameter of 180 mm. The flame propagation velocity and maximum overpressure values were compared between the two groups of experiments. The experimental results show that the flame wave propagation can be completely suppressed by the explosion suppression device under certain pressure. The occurrence time of maximum overpressure at each pressure measuring point is also analyzed. P3 is generally later than P4, which verifies the existence of energy absorption and explosion suppression effect of airbag. Finally, the energy absorption effect of the airbag is analyzed theoretically. The shock wave overpressure calculated in the sealing limit state of the airbag is 0.3432 MPa, and the maximum error is 7.8%, which provides reliable guidance and prediction for the experimental process in the future., This research was funded the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52174176) and the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province (No. QC2015054)., Peer Reviewed, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::8 - Treball Decent i Creixement Econòmic, Postprint (published version)

Article History: Abstract. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the feasibility of implementation of a passive safety feature in the form of an under-fuselage airbag in the rescue systems of small aircraft. The paper presents a multidisciplinary approach for the viability of the implementation. It presents the development of mathematical model for airbag performance analysis. The model is validated against the experimental data to account for various simplifications. Validated mathematical model is used to design a full-scale airbag for the chosen airplane to perform in the designed range. Weight penalty for increased safety is determined.

Silicon accelerometers used in the automotive industry should be improved in resolution and accuracy. Exploiting quantum effects in diamond to improve sensing accuracy is a popular technique for nanoscale sensing applications. This thesis will present a new design concept for an accelerometer using these quantum effects for sensing on a macroscopic scale. This sensor can sense these forces with a resolution of 6g and a range of 120g. In measurement time it is slower than current sensors, but our sensor can still serve as a prototype to be improved in the future.

[ES] El proceso de la apertura del airbag debe ser cuidadosamente revisado, ya que se trata de una de las principales medidas de seguridad en caso de accidente en un automóvil. En este proyecto se realiza el estudio del conjunto `Chute-IP ¿, componente principal y alojamiento del airbag en el actual Ford Kuga. Para comprobar que la fabricación se realiza acorde a los parámetros requeridos por Ford es necesario la realización de un ensayo destructivo que simula el comportamiento de este conjunto, pudiendo obtener la energía soportada por dicho conjunto. En este proyecto de mejora se propone la sustitución del ensayo destructivo por otro no destructivo. El modelo energético que representa el comportamiento mecánico del conjunto Chute ¿ IP se correlaciona con la variación del espesor que se obtiene en la última etapa del soldado en la fabricación de esta pieza. Se prevé evitar la realización del ensayo destructivo mencionado, suponiendo un importante ahorro económico., [EN] The process of airbag opening must be carefully checked, as it is one of the main safety measures in the event of a vehicle accident. This project performs the study of the set 'Chute-IP ', the main component and place of the airbag in the current Ford Kuga. To verify that the manufacture is made according to the parameters required by Ford it is necessary to carry out a destructive test that simulates the behavior of this set, so the energy supported by that set can be obtained. This project of improvement consists in the replacement of the destructive test with a non-destructive one is proposed. The energetic model that represents the mechanical behavior of the Chute - IP set correlates with the variation of the thickness that is obtained in the last stage of the soldier in the manufacture of this piece. It is planned to avoid carrying out the mentioned destructive test, assuming an important economic saving.

[ES] El proceso de la apertura del airbag debe ser cuidadosamente revisado, ya que se trata de una de las principales medidas de seguridad en caso de accidente en un automóvil. En este proyecto se realiza el estudio del conjunto `Chute-IP ¿, componente principal y alojamiento del airbag en el actual Ford Kuga. Para comprobar que la fabricación se realiza acorde a los parámetros requeridos por Ford es necesario la realización de un ensayo destructivo que simula el comportamiento de este conjunto, pudiendo obtener la energía soportada por dicho conjunto. En este proyecto de mejora se propone la sustitución del ensayo destructivo por otro no destructivo. El modelo energético que representa el comportamiento mecánico del conjunto Chute ¿ IP se correlaciona con la variación del espesor que se obtiene en la última etapa del soldado en la fabricación de esta pieza. Se prevé evitar la realización del ensayo destructivo mencionado, suponiendo un importante ahorro económico., [EN] The process of airbag opening must be carefully checked, as it is one of the main safety measures in the event of a vehicle accident. This project performs the study of the set 'Chute-IP ', the main component and place of the airbag in the current Ford Kuga. To verify that the manufacture is made according to the parameters required by Ford it is necessary to carry out a destructive test that simulates the behavior of this set, so the energy supported by that set can be obtained. This project of improvement consists in the replacement of the destructive test with a non-destructive one is proposed. The energetic model that represents the mechanical behavior of the Chute - IP set correlates with the variation of the thickness that is obtained in the last stage of the soldier in the manufacture of this piece. It is planned to avoid carrying out the mentioned destructive test, assuming an important economic saving.

Silicon accelerometers used in the automotive industry should be improved in resolution and accuracy. Exploiting quantum effects in diamond to improve sensing accuracy is a popular technique for nanoscale sensing applications. This thesis will present a new design concept for an accelerometer using these quantum effects for sensing on a macroscopic scale. This sensor can sense these forces with a resolution of 6g and a range of 120g. In measurement time it is slower than current sensors, but our sensor can still serve as a prototype to be improved in the future.

[ES] El proceso de la apertura del airbag debe ser cuidadosamente revisado, ya que se trata de una de las principales medidas de seguridad en caso de accidente en un automóvil. En este proyecto se realiza el estudio del conjunto `Chute-IP ¿, componente principal y alojamiento del airbag en el actual Ford Kuga. Para comprobar que la fabricación se realiza acorde a los parámetros requeridos por Ford es necesario la realización de un ensayo destructivo que simula el comportamiento de este conjunto, pudiendo obtener la energía soportada por dicho conjunto. En este proyecto de mejora se propone la sustitución del ensayo destructivo por otro no destructivo. El modelo energético que representa el comportamiento mecánico del conjunto Chute ¿ IP se correlaciona con la variación del espesor que se obtiene en la última etapa del soldado en la fabricación de esta pieza. Se prevé evitar la realización del ensayo destructivo mencionado, suponiendo un importante ahorro económico., [EN] The process of airbag opening must be carefully checked, as it is one of the main safety measures in the event of a vehicle accident. This project performs the study of the set 'Chute-IP ', the main component and place of the airbag in the current Ford Kuga. To verify that the manufacture is made according to the parameters required by Ford it is necessary to carry out a destructive test that simulates the behavior of this set, so the energy supported by that set can be obtained. This project of improvement consists in the replacement of the destructive test with a non-destructive one is proposed. The energetic model that represents the mechanical behavior of the Chute - IP set correlates with the variation of the thickness that is obtained in the last stage of the soldier in the manufacture of this piece. It is planned to avoid carrying out the mentioned destructive test, assuming an important economic saving.

自動車エアバッグ用ガス発生剤の燃焼ガスに含まれる有害ガス(CO, NH3 およびNOx)を低減させるための基礎的研究として, 硝酸グアニジン(GN)/塩基性硝酸銅(BCN)混合物に対してストランド燃焼試験を行い, 燃焼速度および燃焼ガス組成に及ぼす試料組成および雰囲気ガス種類の影響について検討した. その結果, GN/BCN のモル比が7/4 の際に燃焼速度が最大となった. 一方, 同組成の試料は, 試験を実施したその他の試料(GN/BCN = 12/4, 10/4, 9/4, 8/4)の中で最も有害ガス発生量が多かった. また, N2, Ar およびHe 雰囲気下において燃焼試験を実施したところ, He 雰囲気下の圧力指数はその他の雰囲気に比べ高くなった. また, NOx の発生量は, Ar < N2 < He の順に増加する傾向が見られ, 雰囲気ガスの熱伝導率の違いが燃焼ガス組成に影響を及ぼした可能性がある., As a fundamental study for reducing toxic gases such as CO, NH3, and NOx in the combustion gas for gas generators in automotive airbags, the influence of composition ratio and type of atmospheric gas on the combustion behavior of a guanidine nitrate (GN) and basic copper nitrate (BCN) mixture was investigated using the chimney-type strand burner. The results indicated that the burning rate was highest at the molar ratio of GN/BCN = 7/4. However, the mixture with this molar ratio released the most amount of toxic gases among the other examined samples (GN/BCN = 12/4, 10/4, 9/4, 8/4). In addition, the results of combustion tests conducted under N2, Ar, or He atmospheres revealed that the pressure index under He was higher than that under the other atmospheres. And, the amount of NOx increased under the different atmospheres in the following order: Ar < N2 < He. This may indicate that the thermal conductivity of atmospheric gases influences the combustion gas composition., 形態: カラー図版あり, Physical characteristics: Original contains color illustrations

We present the case of a 90-year-old patient who, after the airbag ruptured in a car accident, presented a third-degree chemical burn in the right upper extremity, with reduced mobility. Plastic surgery was submitted to a subcutaneous graft without success. After a comprehensive evaluation of the patient according to the functional patterns of Marjory Gordon, the nursing care plan was developed following the NANDA-NOC-NIC methodology. All nursing procedures were carried out in the primary care unit in collaboration with the plastic surgery unit of the patient's referral hospital. The complete healing of the injury took place after five months of the accident., Exponemos el caso de una paciente de 90 años que, después de la rotura del airbag en un accidente automovilístico, presentó una quemadura química de tercer grado en la extremidad superior derecha, con movilidad reducida. Fue sometida a cirugía plástica para un injerto subcutáneo sin éxito. Después de una evaluación integral del paciente según los patrones funcionales de Marjory Gordon, el plan de atención de enfermería se elaboró siguiendo la metodología NANDA-NOCNIC. Todos los procedimientos de enfermería se llevaron a cabo en la unidad de atención primaria en colaboración con la unidad de cirugía plástica del hospital de referencia de la paciente. La curación completa de la lesión tuvo lugar después de cinco meses del accidente.

Aquest projecte sorgeix amb l’objectiu de desenvolupar un sistema de protecció de cervicals de ciclistes en cas d’accident. Es tracte bàsicament d’un kit d’airbag acoblable a qualsevol casc de ciclista i que a partir d’uns sensors, s’activarà quant el sistema detecti que el ciclista esta patint un accident. Hi ha una primera fase de recerca on es busquen dades que justifiquin l’aparició d’aquest producte al mercat i la manca de seguretat dels ciclistes. També s’estudien productes de funcions similars que hi ha actualment al mercat. Es fa un disseny funcional de la proposta per poder transmetre la idea i es fan validacions amb usuaris finals objectius i amb professionals, del sector de la bici i del sector mèdic per tal de definir les funcions exactes que ha de complir el dispositiu. En aquest projecte, també es te en compte la tecnologia de detecció d’accident que finalment serà la que activarà l’airbag en cas de detectar un accident. Per aquesta tecnologia, cal definir quin tipus de tecnologia serà, que veient tots els antecedents que hi ha al mercat es clar que els millors sensors per aquesta funció són els acceleròmetres i els giroscopis. Cal definir també on anirà instal·lada tota la tecnologia i finalment cal preveure quines dades necessitem per calibrar els sensors. Es a dir, definir uns valors per a l’ús habitual i normal de la bicicleta per tal que quan els sensors detectin valors fora d’aquest marge, activin el sistema. Finalment es conclou que els acceleròmetres aniran instal·lats en el propi dispositiu per evitar més incomoditats al usuari final.

Design, simulation and assembly of a small-scale vehicle airbag activation system. To do this, the measured signals of an inertial sensor will be processed through the microcontroller PIC18f4520. The communication between the microcontroller and the sensor will be done through the I2C protocol, creating a graphical interface to visualize the data using Matlab., Diseño, simulación y montaje de un sistema de activación de airbag de un vehículo a escala reducida. Para ello, se procesarán las señales medidas de un sensor inercial a tráves del microcontrolador PIC18f4520. La comunicación entre el microcontrolador y el sensor se hará mediante el protocolo I2C, creando una interfaz gráfica para visualizar los datos mediante Matlab.

Design, simulation and assembly of a small-scale vehicle airbag activation system. To do this, the measured signals of an inertial sensor will be processed through the microcontroller PIC18f4520. The communication between the microcontroller and the sensor will be done through the I2C protocol, creating a graphical interface to visualize the data using Matlab., Diseño, simulación y montaje de un sistema de activación de airbag de un vehículo a escala reducida. Para ello, se procesarán las señales medidas de un sensor inercial a tráves del microcontrolador PIC18f4520. La comunicación entre el microcontrolador y el sensor se hará mediante el protocolo I2C, creando una interfaz gráfica para visualizar los datos mediante Matlab.

Advanced occupant protection systems in motor-vehicles (e.g., seat belts and airbags), while widely adopted for front-seat passengers, are either absent or offer disproportionally lower safety to rear-seat passengers in similar crashes. Optimization of advanced restraint systems for the rear-seat environment will require a detailed understanding of epidemiology and associated risk factors for injuries sustained by rear-seat passengers. Thus, the objective of the study is to use national level motor-vehicle travel and crash data to quantify rear-seat travel exposure, and determine the descriptive characteristics and the injury outcomes for rear-seat passengers involved in frontal collisions., Peer Reviewed, Preprint

[EN] Pressure inside the bag is an essential factor which has direct influence on the efficiency of the airbag to protect the occupants of a vehicle in case of an accident. It is mainly defined by the performance of the gas inflator, the bag volume and the leakage due to the orifices caused by the sewing process, or specially designed in the conception process of the bag in order to reduce the pressure. This investigation focuses basically on the leakage of the knee airbag seam, which is the process used to join the several fabric parts and give the wanted shape to the bag. Given that the current airbags used in the cars produced in mass have a complex form and are composed of several fabric layers and seams, it was tried to reduce the problem to the essential parameters, and only analyze the factors which could have major influence on leakage at seam. For that, several mini-airbags or “square bags” with a simplified shape were manufactured in order to represent all the possible configurations. As result of the tests, for each bag a graphical curve is obtained, which represents the leakage on liter per minute in function of the pressure on bar. At last all the results are analyzed in order to discover which of the factors has more influence on leakage, therefore should be considered in the design phase and the CAE simulations in order to obtain accurately results, and which can be ignored in order to save resources and time., [ES] La presión dentro de los airbags es un factor fundamental que influye directamente en el rendimiento que estos pueden tener a la hora de proteger a los ocupantes de un vehículo en caso de accidente. Esta está determinada principalmente por tres factores: capacidad del generador de gas, volumen del saco de aire, y las pérdidas que este puede tener a través de los orificios causados por el método de producción o diseñados específicamente para reducir la presión. Este estudio se va a centrar básicamente en las perdidas de aire en los airbag para la rodilla a través de la costura, que es el proceso que se usa para unir las distintas partes y dar la forma deseada al conjunto. Dado que los airbags utilizados actualmente en los vehículos producidos en serie, presentan una gran complejidad siendo estos compuestos por varias capas de tela y costuras, se ha intentado reducir el problema y analizar solo los parámetros esenciales que podrían tener mayor efecto en la cantidad de aire que se escapa a través de la costura. Para eso se han construido una serie de mini-airbags con una forma simplificada mediante los que se intentan representar todas las configuraciones disponibles. Como resultado de los ensayos para cada saco se obtiene una curva que representa las pérdidas de aire en litros por minuto en función de la presión en bar. Al final se analizan los resultados tanto en conjunto como individualmente y se determina cual de los factores estudiados tienen mayor influencia y por tanto deben de ser tenidos en cuenta la hora de diseñar los sacos y realizar las simulaciones por ordenador con la mayor precisión posible, y cuáles pueden ser ignorados ahorrando así recursos y tiempo., [DE] Der Druck innerhalb der Luftsäcke ist ein wichtiger Faktor, welcher einen direkten Einfluss auf die Leistung des Airbags hat, um die Insassen im Falle eines Umfalls bestmöglich zu schützen. Dieser ist abhängig von dem Volumen des Luftsacks, der zugeführten Gasmenge und der Leckage, des über die Nähte entweichende Gas. Die hier vorliegende Bachelor Thesis befasst sich mit der Untersuchung der Nahtleckage eines Knieairbags. Da Luftsäcke von Serienmodulen sehr komplex aufgebaut sind, werden hier verschiedene Luftsäcke in vereinfachter Form gefertigt und getestet. Diese sogenannten „square bags“ repräsentieren dabei alle möglichen Konfigurationen. Die Ergebnisse werden in Grafiken eingelesen und im Anschluss individuell ausgewertet. Das Ziel der Arbeit ist herauszufinden, welche Faktoren Einfluss auf die Leckage haben und wie stark diese jeweils voneinander abhängen.

[EN] Pressure inside the bag is an essential factor which has direct influence on the efficiency of the airbag to protect the occupants of a vehicle in case of an accident. It is mainly defined by the performance of the gas inflator, the bag volume and the leakage due to the orifices caused by the sewing process, or specially designed in the conception process of the bag in order to reduce the pressure. This investigation focuses basically on the leakage of the knee airbag seam, which is the process used to join the several fabric parts and give the wanted shape to the bag. Given that the current airbags used in the cars produced in mass have a complex form and are composed of several fabric layers and seams, it was tried to reduce the problem to the essential parameters, and only analyze the factors which could have major influence on leakage at seam. For that, several mini-airbags or “square bags” with a simplified shape were manufactured in order to represent all the possible configurations. As result of the tests, for each bag a graphical curve is obtained, which represents the leakage on liter per minute in function of the pressure on bar. At last all the results are analyzed in order to discover which of the factors has more influence on leakage, therefore should be considered in the design phase and the CAE simulations in order to obtain accurately results, and which can be ignored in order to save resources and time., [ES] La presión dentro de los airbags es un factor fundamental que influye directamente en el rendimiento que estos pueden tener a la hora de proteger a los ocupantes de un vehículo en caso de accidente. Esta está determinada principalmente por tres factores: capacidad del generador de gas, volumen del saco de aire, y las pérdidas que este puede tener a través de los orificios causados por el método de producción o diseñados específicamente para reducir la presión. Este estudio se va a centrar básicamente en las perdidas de aire en los airbag para la rodilla a través de la costura, que es el proceso que se usa para unir las distintas partes y dar la forma deseada al conjunto. Dado que los airbags utilizados actualmente en los vehículos producidos en serie, presentan una gran complejidad siendo estos compuestos por varias capas de tela y costuras, se ha intentado reducir el problema y analizar solo los parámetros esenciales que podrían tener mayor efecto en la cantidad de aire que se escapa a través de la costura. Para eso se han construido una serie de mini-airbags con una forma simplificada mediante los que se intentan representar todas las configuraciones disponibles. Como resultado de los ensayos para cada saco se obtiene una curva que representa las pérdidas de aire en litros por minuto en función de la presión en bar. Al final se analizan los resultados tanto en conjunto como individualmente y se determina cual de los factores estudiados tienen mayor influencia y por tanto deben de ser tenidos en cuenta la hora de diseñar los sacos y realizar las simulaciones por ordenador con la mayor precisión posible, y cuáles pueden ser ignorados ahorrando así recursos y tiempo., [DE] Der Druck innerhalb der Luftsäcke ist ein wichtiger Faktor, welcher einen direkten Einfluss auf die Leistung des Airbags hat, um die Insassen im Falle eines Umfalls bestmöglich zu schützen. Dieser ist abhängig von dem Volumen des Luftsacks, der zugeführten Gasmenge und der Leckage, des über die Nähte entweichende Gas. Die hier vorliegende Bachelor Thesis befasst sich mit der Untersuchung der Nahtleckage eines Knieairbags. Da Luftsäcke von Serienmodulen sehr komplex aufgebaut sind, werden hier verschiedene Luftsäcke in vereinfachter Form gefertigt und getestet. Diese sogenannten „square bags“ repräsentieren dabei alle möglichen Konfigurationen. Die Ergebnisse werden in Grafiken eingelesen und im Anschluss individuell ausgewertet. Das Ziel der Arbeit ist herauszufinden, welche Faktoren Einfluss auf die Leckage haben und wie stark diese jeweils voneinander abhängen.

[EN] Pressure inside the bag is an essential factor which has direct influence on the efficiency of the airbag to protect the occupants of a vehicle in case of an accident. It is mainly defined by the performance of the gas inflator, the bag volume and the leakage due to the orifices caused by the sewing process, or specially designed in the conception process of the bag in order to reduce the pressure. This investigation focuses basically on the leakage of the knee airbag seam, which is the process used to join the several fabric parts and give the wanted shape to the bag. Given that the current airbags used in the cars produced in mass have a complex form and are composed of several fabric layers and seams, it was tried to reduce the problem to the essential parameters, and only analyze the factors which could have major influence on leakage at seam. For that, several mini-airbags or “square bags” with a simplified shape were manufactured in order to represent all the possible configurations. As result of the tests, for each bag a graphical curve is obtained, which represents the leakage on liter per minute in function of the pressure on bar. At last all the results are analyzed in order to discover which of the factors has more influence on leakage, therefore should be considered in the design phase and the CAE simulations in order to obtain accurately results, and which can be ignored in order to save resources and time., [ES] La presión dentro de los airbags es un factor fundamental que influye directamente en el rendimiento que estos pueden tener a la hora de proteger a los ocupantes de un vehículo en caso de accidente. Esta está determinada principalmente por tres factores: capacidad del generador de gas, volumen del saco de aire, y las pérdidas que este puede tener a través de los orificios causados por el método de producción o diseñados específicamente para reducir la presión. Este estudio se va a centrar básicamente en las perdidas de aire en los airbag para la rodilla a través de la costura, que es el proceso que se usa para unir las distintas partes y dar la forma deseada al conjunto. Dado que los airbags utilizados actualmente en los vehículos producidos en serie, presentan una gran complejidad siendo estos compuestos por varias capas de tela y costuras, se ha intentado reducir el problema y analizar solo los parámetros esenciales que podrían tener mayor efecto en la cantidad de aire que se escapa a través de la costura. Para eso se han construido una serie de mini-airbags con una forma simplificada mediante los que se intentan representar todas las configuraciones disponibles. Como resultado de los ensayos para cada saco se obtiene una curva que representa las pérdidas de aire en litros por minuto en función de la presión en bar. Al final se analizan los resultados tanto en conjunto como individualmente y se determina cual de los factores estudiados tienen mayor influencia y por tanto deben de ser tenidos en cuenta la hora de diseñar los sacos y realizar las simulaciones por ordenador con la mayor precisión posible, y cuáles pueden ser ignorados ahorrando así recursos y tiempo., [DE] Der Druck innerhalb der Luftsäcke ist ein wichtiger Faktor, welcher einen direkten Einfluss auf die Leistung des Airbags hat, um die Insassen im Falle eines Umfalls bestmöglich zu schützen. Dieser ist abhängig von dem Volumen des Luftsacks, der zugeführten Gasmenge und der Leckage, des über die Nähte entweichende Gas. Die hier vorliegende Bachelor Thesis befasst sich mit der Untersuchung der Nahtleckage eines Knieairbags. Da Luftsäcke von Serienmodulen sehr komplex aufgebaut sind, werden hier verschiedene Luftsäcke in vereinfachter Form gefertigt und getestet. Diese sogenannten „square bags“ repräsentieren dabei alle möglichen Konfigurationen. Die Ergebnisse werden in Grafiken eingelesen und im Anschluss individuell ausgewertet. Das Ziel der Arbeit ist herauszufinden, welche Faktoren Einfluss auf die Leckage haben und wie stark diese jeweils voneinander abhängen.

Every year approximately 400 000 pedestrians are killed worldwide in road related injuries where children and elderly are the most exposed age groups. The design of the front-end of a vehicle and the structural stiffness have a significant influence on the kinematics and injury risks of the pedestrian body. To create a clearance between the rigid hood structure and the hood, the hood is lifted. A lifted hood does however not provide protection over the cowl, windscreen and A-pillar areas. This study is performed at Autoliv Sverige AB and the purpose is to examine how fast the hood can be lifted 100 mm using a pedestrian protection airbag. The airbag give an extended protection while covering the cowl, windscreen and A-pillar areas. A concept generation session was performed where modifications of the current pedestrian protection airbag, for a faster hood lift, were proposed. The generated concepts proceeded to a concept screening session where the Autoliv evaluation matrix was used. The selected concepts went further to static testing where the performance of each concept was tested. The performance include the lift time of 100 mm for the most rearward section of the hood, positioning of the cushion and pressure distribution. The tests were carried out in a room temperature environment. To conclude the thesis work, one winning concept could not be obtained. Two concepts excelled themselves from all the concepts and a difference in the performances between these two concepts could not be found. In this thesis no calculations on costs such as material costs and manufacturing costs has been made. This can be the major aspect on choosing one winning concept but due to the fact that there is no time for a cost analysis in this thesis, the PPA development team will take over.

Every year approximately 400 000 pedestrians are killed worldwide in road related injuries where children and elderly are the most exposed age groups. The design of the front-end of a vehicle and the structural stiffness have a significant influence on the kinematics and injury risks of the pedestrian body. To create a clearance between the rigid hood structure and the hood, the hood is lifted. A lifted hood does however not provide protection over the cowl, windscreen and A-pillar areas. This study is performed at Autoliv Sverige AB and the purpose is to examine how fast the hood can be lifted 100 mm using a pedestrian protection airbag. The airbag give an extended protection while covering the cowl, windscreen and A-pillar areas. A concept generation session was performed where modifications of the current pedestrian protection airbag, for a faster hood lift, were proposed. The generated concepts proceeded to a concept screening session where the Autoliv evaluation matrix was used. The selected concepts went further to static testing where the performance of each concept was tested. The performance include the lift time of 100 mm for the most rearward section of the hood, positioning of the cushion and pressure distribution. The tests were carried out in a room temperature environment. To conclude the thesis work, one winning concept could not be obtained. Two concepts excelled themselves from all the concepts and a difference in the performances between these two concepts could not be found. In this thesis no calculations on costs such as material costs and manufacturing costs has been made. This can be the major aspect on choosing one winning concept but due to the fact that there is no time for a cost analysis in this thesis, the PPA development team will take over.

This thesis is part of an on going project within Autoliv Sweden AB to develop the process in changing the material in airbags. Most airbags are today constructed of fabric in polyamide 6.6 (PA6.6) and the thesis view the possibility of changing the material to one of three different polyesters (PET1, PET2, PET3). Both materials have different properties that have been looked into by two test methods, linear testing and dynamic testing with cold gas. The two testing methods were conducted on plain fabric and on fabric with seam to see differences in the materials when subjected to different stress caused by force or pressure. During testing the seam rupture was measured by filming the test sequences, and used for visual analysis. Tensile testing was conducted using a constant-rate-of-extension machine where the material is subjected to linear force until rupture. Dynamic testing was done with a cold nitrogen gas system using vessels to build up pressure that then releases towards the material putting it under stress. Tensile testing results for elongation do not have significant differences between testing in plain fabric or fabric with seam. PET2 have highest elongation in warp and weft. Visual analysis of specimens shows difference in how materials break, where the reference material in PA6.6 breaks more even than in PET materials. Dynamic testing show that the biggest seam opening do not occur at the highest pressure. In order to understand what is happening with the fabric during testing, three different times have been chosen in the pressure-time chart. Results in dynamic testing on fabric with seam show that PET3 have the smallest seam opening while reference material in PA6.6 has the largest opening. All PET materials have similar properties even if these are not always same as reference material in PA6.6. We can neither discard nor confirm our hypothesis of seam slippage and elongation relates equally in the same material independent of test method. From the, Program: Textilingenjörsutbildningen

This thesis is part of an on going project within Autoliv Sweden AB to develop the process in changing the material in airbags. Most airbags are today constructed of fabric in polyamide 6.6 (PA6.6) and the thesis view the possibility of changing the material to one of three different polyesters (PET1, PET2, PET3). Both materials have different properties that have been looked into by two test methods, linear testing and dynamic testing with cold gas. The two testing methods were conducted on plain fabric and on fabric with seam to see differences in the materials when subjected to different stress caused by force or pressure. During testing the seam rupture was measured by filming the test sequences, and used for visual analysis. Tensile testing was conducted using a constant-rate-of-extension machine where the material is subjected to linear force until rupture. Dynamic testing was done with a cold nitrogen gas system using vessels to build up pressure that then releases towards the material putting it under stress. Tensile testing results for elongation do not have significant differences between testing in plain fabric or fabric with seam. PET2 have highest elongation in warp and weft. Visual analysis of specimens shows difference in how materials break, where the reference material in PA6.6 breaks more even than in PET materials. Dynamic testing show that the biggest seam opening do not occur at the highest pressure. In order to understand what is happening with the fabric during testing, three different times have been chosen in the pressure-time chart. Results in dynamic testing on fabric with seam show that PET3 have the smallest seam opening while reference material in PA6.6 has the largest opening. All PET materials have similar properties even if these are not always same as reference material in PA6.6. We can neither discard nor confirm our hypothesis of seam slippage and elongation relates equally in the same material independent of test method. From the, Program: Textilingenjörsutbildningen

Bezpečnost vozidel z hlediska jejich konstrukce v oblasti pasivní bezpečnosti. Popis vývoje a testování moderních prvků bezpečnosti vozidel. Náhled na budoucnost vývoje prvků pasivní bezpečnosti., Vehicles safety from the point of their construction-regarding passive safety. Description of development and testing; modern safety components of the vehicles. Overview of the future evolution of passive safety components., Katedra dopravních prostředků a diagnostiky, Při obhajobě student komisi seznámil s bakalářskou prací, ve které se zabýval vývojem prvků pasivní bezpečnosti ve vztahu ke konstrukci motorového vozidla. V oráci vysvětlil základní pojmy, které souvisí s tématem pasivní bezpečnosti, zabýval se popisem historického vývoje pasivní bezpečnosti v automobilovém průmyslu. V závěru prezentace seznámil s shrnutím získaných poznatků a jejich vyhodnocením. Na otázky vedoucího práce a členů komise odpovídal věcně správně.

The purpose of this research is to analyse the influence of steering control devices for disabled people on passive safety. It is based on the advances made in the modelling and simulation of the driver position and in the suit verification test. The influence of these devices is studied through airbag deployment and/or its influence on driver safety. We characterise the different adaptations that are used in adapted cars that can be found mounted in vehicles in order to generate models that are verified by experimental test. A three-dimensional design software package was used to develop the model. The simulations were generated using a dynamic simulation program employing LS-DYNA finite elements. This program plots the geometry and assigns materials. The airbag is shaped, meshed and folded just as it is mounted in current vehicles. The thermodynamic model of expansion of gases is assigned, and the contact interfaces are defined. Static tests were carried out on the deployment of the airbag to contrast with and to validate the computational models and to measure the behaviour of the airbag when there are steering adaptations mounted in the vehicle. © 2011 Taylor & Francis.

The purpose of this research is to analyse the influence of steering control devices for disabled people on passive safety. It is based on the advances made in the modelling and simulation of the driver position and in the suit verification test. The influence of these devices is studied through airbag deployment and/or its influence on driver safety. We characterise the different adaptations that are used in adapted cars that can be found mounted in vehicles in order to generate models that are verified by experimental test. A three-dimensional design software package was used to develop the model. The simulations were generated using a dynamic simulation program employing LS-DYNA finite elements. This program plots the geometry and assigns materials. The airbag is shaped, meshed and folded just as it is mounted in current vehicles. The thermodynamic model of expansion of gases is assigned, and the contact interfaces are defined. Static tests were carried out on the deployment of the airbag to contrast with and to validate the computational models and to measure the behaviour of the airbag when there are steering adaptations mounted in the vehicle. © 2011 Taylor & Francis.

Tato bakalářská práce se zaměřuje na bezpečnost vozidel z hlediska pasivní bezpečnosti, používání bazpečnostních pásů, dětských autosedaček v dopravních nehodách a opatření a vývoj pasivní bezpečnosti., This bachelor work focuses on the safety of the cars on the point of the view the passive safety, using the safety belts, the baby seats in the traffic accidents and the measures and development of the passive safety., Katedra dopravních prostředků a diagnostiky, Bakalář ve své prezentaci seznámil zkušební komisi s problematikou spojenou pasivní bezpečností v dopravních nehodách. Bakalář se zaváháním odpověděl na otázky položené při obhajobě. Odpovědi nebyly jednoznačné a přesvědčivé., Dokončená práce s úspěšnou obhajobou

The purpose of this study was to simulate impulsive loading on columns by an innovative lab-based experimental technique that utilises inflatable airbags. Mild and stainless steel hollow sectioin columns with effective lengths of 955mm and under simply supported condition were used in this study.

This paper is a result of international effort aimed at the construction of a device for quick closing of pipelines in the case of explosion propagation and/or chemical leakage. Such a problem exists in industries where flammable substances are transported by pipelines. The basic solution principle was the idea to use airbags similar to those utilized in cars. Two pipeline applications were taken into consideration: a low-pressure module able to suppress explosion propagation and a high-pressure module to stop leakages from, e.g. natural gas pipeline capable to be used for duct diameters up to 0.6 m, pressures up to 5 MPa and reaction times of 50 ms. It was necessary to construct a new airbag, capable of withstanding up to 10 bar pressure. The choice of material was critical to ensure sufficient strength and chemical resistance while retaining impermeability. CFD modeling of the bag deployment into a pipe flow and analysis of the bag shapes was also completed. Two gas generators were constructed and tested with novel propellant materials. Different airbag models were tested to evaluate their effectiveness. Risk analysis approach was applied to evaluate the safety and economic benefits of the new technology in different fields of application. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

This paper is a result of international effort aimed at the construction of a device for quick closing of pipelines in the case of explosion propagation and/or chemical leakage. Such a problem exists in industries where flammable substances are transported by pipelines. The basic solution principle was the idea to use airbags similar to those utilized in cars. Two pipeline applications were taken into consideration: a low-pressure module able to suppress explosion propagation and a high-pressure module to stop leakages from, e.g. natural gas pipeline capable to be used for duct diameters up to 0.6 m, pressures up to 5 MPa and reaction times of 50 ms. It was necessary to construct a new airbag, capable of withstanding up to 10 bar pressure. The choice of material was critical to ensure sufficient strength and chemical resistance while retaining impermeability. CFD modeling of the bag deployment into a pipe flow and analysis of the bag shapes was also completed. Two gas generators were constructed and tested with novel propellant materials. Different airbag models were tested to evaluate their effectiveness. Risk analysis approach was applied to evaluate the safety and economic benefits of the new technology in different fields of application. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

De triggers som idag används i Autoliv BKIs laboratorium har till uppgift att synkronisera signalerna vid simulering av krock som en intern kvalitetskontroll av produktionen. De sköter utösning av airbags och start av höghastighetskameror. Då Autoliv har flera modeller av krockkuddar används idag olika triggers och man har därför som önskemål att utveckla ett nytt system som skulle kunna ersätta de nuvarande systemen och som kan användas vid samtliga kvalitetstest. Projektet resulterade i en testad prototyp som inkluderar hårdvara, mjukvara, samt CAD-ritningar till en färdig produkt.

De triggers som idag används i Autoliv BKIs laboratorium har till uppgift att synkronisera signalerna vid simulering av krock som en intern kvalitetskontroll av produktionen. De sköter utösning av airbags och start av höghastighetskameror. Då Autoliv har flera modeller av krockkuddar används idag olika triggers och man har därför som önskemål att utveckla ett nytt system som skulle kunna ersätta de nuvarande systemen och som kan användas vid samtliga kvalitetstest. Projektet resulterade i en testad prototyp som inkluderar hårdvara, mjukvara, samt CAD-ritningar till en färdig produkt.

This thesis develops an algorithm for tracking the boundary of an airbag throughout an image sequence. The algorithm is designed to work even if various problematic features, e.g. objects in the background, are present in the image. The work is built on an existing commercially available image processing and analysis suite targeted at the automotive industry. The software suite runs on standard PC hardware. Firstly, improvements to the airbag tracking algorithm already available in the suite are considered. Testing reveals that these measures are not sufficient to overcome the problems posed by the problematic image sequences. A new tracking algorithmis then proposed. It consists of a Canny edge detector, optional steps to enhance feature detection by removing edges in the background and edges interior to the boundary of the airbag and finally an active contour. The role of the active contour is to produce a closed curve while imposing smoothness constraints on the detected boundary. The active contour is in each frame initialized by linearly extrapolating the contour from previous frames. The algorithm works very well and it is fast enough to run on slower machines than was initially targeted.

This thesis develops an algorithm for tracking the boundary of an airbag throughout an image sequence. The algorithm is designed to work even if various problematic features, e.g. objects in the background, are present in the image. The work is built on an existing commercially available image processing and analysis suite targeted at the automotive industry. The software suite runs on standard PC hardware. Firstly, improvements to the airbag tracking algorithm already available in the suite are considered. Testing reveals that these measures are not sufficient to overcome the problems posed by the problematic image sequences. A new tracking algorithmis then proposed. It consists of a Canny edge detector, optional steps to enhance feature detection by removing edges in the background and edges interior to the boundary of the airbag and finally an active contour. The role of the active contour is to produce a closed curve while imposing smoothness constraints on the detected boundary. The active contour is in each frame initialized by linearly extrapolating the contour from previous frames. The algorithm works very well and it is fast enough to run on slower machines than was initially targeted.

Although airbags have reduced the incidence of fatal and severe injuries in automobile collisions, they have been shown to increase the risk of less severe injuries. The purpose of this research was to investigate particular occupants and injury types in automobile crashes in order to identify national trends in injury incidence, type, and severity. A statistical analysis was performed in order to determine the effects of airbag deployment on incidence and severity of various injury and occupant types. In addition, a computational modeling study aimed to recreate actual automobile crashes that occurred in order to identify injury mechanisms and occupant kinematics during the crash. The specific studies performed were designed to investigate the effects of frontal airbags on: skin injuries, burn injuries, eye injuries, orbital fractures, severe upper extremity injuries, and pregnant occupant injuries. The statistical analyses revealed several significant findings in injury trends related to occupant exposure to airbag deployment. In particular, occupants in frontal crashes were significantly at a higher risk to sustain a skin injury (p=0.00), a burn injury (p=0.02), a corneal abrasion (p=0.03), and a severe upper extremity injury (p=0.01) when exposed to an airbag deployment, than when not exposed to an airbag deployment. In addition, female occupants were at a statistically higher risk of sustaining an airbag induced skin injury than males (p=0.00). Finally, within a 95% confidence interval, older occupants were at a higher risk for sustaining both airbag induced burn injuries, and severe upper extremity injuries. While occupants in crashes with lower impact velocities were at a higher risk for airbag induced burn injuries, occupants in crashes with higher impact velocities were more likely to sustain a severe upper extremity injury. The airbag increased the incidence of eye injuries for occupants in frontal crashes, however, it also decreased the severity of the as

Airbags have been saving lives in automobile crashes for many years and are now being used in helicopters. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential for ocular injuries to helicopter pilots wearing night vision goggles when the airbag is deployed. A nonlinear finite element model of the human eye was constructed. Ocular structures never before included in finite element models of the eye, such as the fatty tissue, extraocular muscles, and bony orbit were included in this model. In addition, this model includes material properties up to rupture making the eye suitable for large deformation applications. The model was imported into Madymo and used to determine the worst-case position of a helicopter pilot wearing night vision goggles. This was evaluated as the greatest Von Mises stress in the eye when the airbag is deployed. The worst-case position was achieved by minimizing the distance between the eyes and goggles, having the occupant look directly into the airbag, and making initial contact with the airbag halfway through its full deployment. By removing the extraocular muscles, the stress sustained by the eye decreased. Simulations with both the goggles remaining fastened and breaking away from the aviator helmet were performed. Finally, placing a protective lens in front of the eyes was found to reduce the stress to the eye but increase the force experienced by the surrounding orbital bones. The finite element model of the eye proved effective at evaluating the experimental boundary conditions, and could be used in the future to evaluate impact loading on eyes that have been surgically corrected and to model the geometry of the orbital bones.

According to WHO, Sweden should aim to reduce unintentional fatalities, particularly vehicle-related injuries, by 25% by the year 2000. The aim of this thesis was to analyze vehicle-related injuries and injury events, especially the contributory effects of alcohol and disease and the injury reducing capacity of helmets and airbags in order to point out some preventive measures. Alcohol: Alcohol is the main contributing factor in fatal traffic crashes. In a study on 121 traffic fatalities in Washtenaw County, Michigan, USA, different sources of data for alcohol involvement were compared. In police reports alcohol involvement was found in 51% of the fatalities, in autopsy reports in 63%, and in hospital emergency records in 91%. To avoid bias in the estimation of the fraction of alcohol-related fatalities, it is important to routinely investigate all severe and fatally injured cases in traffic crashes, ideally as soon as possible after the crash. In a study on traumatic car fatalities (n=597) in northern Sweden, 58% of the single vehicle (SV) drivers were inebriated (multi-vehicle, MV 10%), the mean blood alcohol concentration (BAC) was 1.9 g /l (MV 1.6 g/1), and liver steatosis was found in 37% of the cases (MV 2%). Increased BAC was associated with fatty liver, indicating chronic alcohol abuse. To reduce injuries among these types of victims, passive protection is of great importance. Disease: Autopsied drivers (n=126) in northern Sweden who had died from natural causes in traffic were studied. This fraction was 25% of all driver fatalities. Cardiovascular causes of death were found in 96% of the deceased. Neither the victims nor other occupants suffered severe traumatic injuries. A minority of the victims had experienced previous symtoms of disease. Further restriction of individuals with, for example, cardiovascular diseases would probably have no significant impact on traffic safety since at present the identification of high-risk individuals is difficult. Helmet, Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1993, härtill 7 uppsatser., digitalisering@umu

According to WHO, Sweden should aim to reduce unintentional fatalities, particularly vehicle-related injuries, by 25% by the year 2000. The aim of this thesis was to analyze vehicle-related injuries and injury events, especially the contributory effects of alcohol and disease and the injury reducing capacity of helmets and airbags in order to point out some preventive measures. Alcohol: Alcohol is the main contributing factor in fatal traffic crashes. In a study on 121 traffic fatalities in Washtenaw County, Michigan, USA, different sources of data for alcohol involvement were compared. In police reports alcohol involvement was found in 51% of the fatalities, in autopsy reports in 63%, and in hospital emergency records in 91%. To avoid bias in the estimation of the fraction of alcohol-related fatalities, it is important to routinely investigate all severe and fatally injured cases in traffic crashes, ideally as soon as possible after the crash. In a study on traumatic car fatalities (n=597) in northern Sweden, 58% of the single vehicle (SV) drivers were inebriated (multi-vehicle, MV 10%), the mean blood alcohol concentration (BAC) was 1.9 g /l (MV 1.6 g/1), and liver steatosis was found in 37% of the cases (MV 2%). Increased BAC was associated with fatty liver, indicating chronic alcohol abuse. To reduce injuries among these types of victims, passive protection is of great importance. Disease: Autopsied drivers (n=126) in northern Sweden who had died from natural causes in traffic were studied. This fraction was 25% of all driver fatalities. Cardiovascular causes of death were found in 96% of the deceased. Neither the victims nor other occupants suffered severe traumatic injuries. A minority of the victims had experienced previous symtoms of disease. Further restriction of individuals with, for example, cardiovascular diseases would probably have no significant impact on traffic safety since at present the identification of high-risk individuals is difficult. Helmet, Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1993, härtill 7 uppsatser., digitalisering@umu

According to WHO, Sweden should aim to reduce unintentional fatalities, particularly vehicle-related injuries, by 25% by the year 2000. The aim of this thesis was to analyze vehicle-related injuries and injury events, especially the contributory effects of alcohol and disease and the injury reducing capacity of helmets and airbags in order to point out some preventive measures. Alcohol: Alcohol is the main contributing factor in fatal traffic crashes. In a study on 121 traffic fatalities in Washtenaw County, Michigan, USA, different sources of data for alcohol involvement were compared. In police reports alcohol involvement was found in 51% of the fatalities, in autopsy reports in 63%, and in hospital emergency records in 91%. To avoid bias in the estimation of the fraction of alcohol-related fatalities, it is important to routinely investigate all severe and fatally injured cases in traffic crashes, ideally as soon as possible after the crash. In a study on traumatic car fatalities (n=597) in northern Sweden, 58% of the single vehicle (SV) drivers were inebriated (multi-vehicle, MV 10%), the mean blood alcohol concentration (BAC) was 1.9 g /l (MV 1.6 g/1), and liver steatosis was found in 37% of the cases (MV 2%). Increased BAC was associated with fatty liver, indicating chronic alcohol abuse. To reduce injuries among these types of victims, passive protection is of great importance. Disease: Autopsied drivers (n=126) in northern Sweden who had died from natural causes in traffic were studied. This fraction was 25% of all driver fatalities. Cardiovascular causes of death were found in 96% of the deceased. Neither the victims nor other occupants suffered severe traumatic injuries. A minority of the victims had experienced previous symtoms of disease. Further restriction of individuals with, for example, cardiovascular diseases would probably have no significant impact on traffic safety since at present the identification of high-risk individuals is difficult. Helmet, Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1993, härtill 7 uppsatser., digitalisering@umu

According to WHO, Sweden should aim to reduce unintentional fatalities, particularly vehicle-related injuries, by 25% by the year 2000. The aim of this thesis was to analyze vehicle-related injuries and injury events, especially the contributory effects of alcohol and disease and the injury reducing capacity of helmets and airbags in order to point out some preventive measures. Alcohol: Alcohol is the main contributing factor in fatal traffic crashes. In a study on 121 traffic fatalities in Washtenaw County, Michigan, USA, different sources of data for alcohol involvement were compared. In police reports alcohol involvement was found in 51% of the fatalities, in autopsy reports in 63%, and in hospital emergency records in 91%. To avoid bias in the estimation of the fraction of alcohol-related fatalities, it is important to routinely investigate all severe and fatally injured cases in traffic crashes, ideally as soon as possible after the crash. In a study on traumatic car fatalities (n=597) in northern Sweden, 58% of the single vehicle (SV) drivers were inebriated (multi-vehicle, MV 10%), the mean blood alcohol concentration (BAC) was 1.9 g /l (MV 1.6 g/1), and liver steatosis was found in 37% of the cases (MV 2%). Increased BAC was associated with fatty liver, indicating chronic alcohol abuse. To reduce injuries among these types of victims, passive protection is of great importance. Disease: Autopsied drivers (n=126) in northern Sweden who had died from natural causes in traffic were studied. This fraction was 25% of all driver fatalities. Cardiovascular causes of death were found in 96% of the deceased. Neither the victims nor other occupants suffered severe traumatic injuries. A minority of the victims had experienced previous symtoms of disease. Further restriction of individuals with, for example, cardiovascular diseases would probably have no significant impact on traffic safety since at present the identification of high-risk individuals is difficult. Helmet, Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1993, härtill 7 uppsatser., digitalisering@umu

Tato bakalářská práce se zabývá ochranou chodců a bezpečností cestujících ve vozidlech. Popisuje jednotlivé prvky ochrany a zabývá se testy, které mají ověřit úroveň poskytované ochrany. Dává příklady budoucího směru vývoje technologií pro zlepšení ochrany chodců a cestujících ve vozidlech., This bachelor thesis deals with the protection of pedestrian and passenger safety in vehicles. It describes the different elements of protection and deals with tests to verify the level of protection. It gives examples of the future direction of development of technologies to improve the protection of pedestrians and passengers in vehicles.

V mé bakalářské práci se zaměřuji na bezpečnost u osobních automobilů. Je zde krátce shrnuta historie, dále se zabývám aktivními a pasivními prvky bezpečnosti. Jedna kapitola je věnována komfortním systémům. Jsou zde také zmíněny nárazové zkoušky (tzv. Crash testy)., In my bachelor’s thesis I focus on passenger cars safety. I summarize its history. I deal with active and passive elements of safety. One part is paid to car comfort system. There are also mentioned crash tests.

Táto bakalárska práca sa zameriava na históriu a bezpečnosť automobilov značky Škoda. Prvá časť sa zaoberá históriou bezpečnosti ako aj históriou automobilov Škoda. Druhá časť je rozdelená na desaťročia a v nich sú popísané jednotlivé modely áut z hľadiska ich aktívnej a pasívnej bezpečnosti, ako sa vyvíjali jednotlivé bezpečnostné prvky a aj samotné vozidlá od roku 1964 do roku 2015., This thesis focuses on the history and the safety of Škoda cars. The first part deals with the history of safety as well as the history of Škoda cars. The second part is divided into decades and there are described various car models in terms of their active and passive safety, as development of various security features, as well as the vehicles themselves from 1964 to 2015.

Tato bakalářská práce popisuje události, které vedly k rozvoji automobilového průmyslu v osmdesátých a devadesátých letech dvacátého století, dále se zaměřuje na situaci v průmyslu na jednotlivých kontinentech a na nejvlivnější automobilky, krátce popisuje největší vynálezy tehdejší doby a jejich principy a fungování z technického hlediska a zamýšlí se nad implementací v moderních vozech., This Bachelor Thesis describes events, which led to automotive industry development in eighties and nineties of the twentieth century, further it focuses on situation in industry on each continent and on the most influential car factories, briefly describes the biggest inventions of the time and their principles and function from the technological side of view and considers implementation in modern cars.

Tato práce se zabývá rozdělením a popisem bezpečnostních prvků vozidel. Postupné uvedení do problematiky bezpečnosti posádky vozu, od jednoduchých až po velmi složité bezpečnostní systémy. První část této práce pojednává o základním rozdělení bezpečnostních prvků na aktivní a pasivní systémy. Shrnuje zde nejčastěji používané systémy, jejich výhody i nevýhody. Ve druhé části je detailně popsán systém ABS ( Anti-lock-System ), princip činnosti, konstrukce a další vlastnosti tohoto systému. Třetí část se zabývá diagnostikou poruch bezpečnostních systémů. Je zde popsán vznik poruch, jejich projevy a řešení. Poslední částí jsou dva konkrétní příklady využití diagnostického měření u systému ABS., This work deals with the division and description of the safety featutes of vehicles. Gradual entry into the safety of the crew of the car, from simple to very complex safety systems. The first part of this work deals with the basic division of safety features to active and passive systems. Here summarizes the most frequently used systems, their advantages and disadvantages. In the second part is described in detail system ABS (Anti-lock system), principle of operation, construction and other features of the system. The third part deals with the diagnosis of failures of security systems. It also included the creation of disorders, their symptoms and solutions. The last part of the two concrete examples of the use of diagnostic measurement system for ABS.

Tato rešeršní bakalářská práce se zabývá detailním popisem prvků pasivní bezpečnosti moderních vozidel a charakterizací vývoje těchto prvků vzhledem k elektromobilitě a autonomním vozidlům. Detailní konstrukční i materiálový popis karoserie vozidla z hlediska pasivní bezpečnosti je společně s popisem zádržných systémů doplněn o nastínění historického vývoje jednotlivých prvků. Závěrečná část práce čtenáři přibližuje aplikace a nutné změny těchto prvků v případě elektromobilů a autonomních vozidel., This bachelor’s thesis of research nature deals with detailed description of passive safety features in modern cars and with characterization of these features in relation to electric and autonomous cars. Detailed structural and material description of car’s crumple zones and safety cage with description of car’s restraint systems is supplemented with historic background on development of these features. Final part of thesis gives reader an idea of application and necessary changes of these features when used on electric or autonomous cars.