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PR, IFPRI3; ISI; IFPRIOA; CRP2; 3 Building Inclusive and Efficient Markets, Trade Systems, and Food Industry; Transfer Modality Research Initiative (TMRI), Poverty, Gender, and Inclusion (PGI); Food and Nutrition Policy, CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM), Many cash transfer programs include complementary nutrition training, with the aim of encouraging households to use transfer resources toward improving child nutrition. Evidence indicates that these bundled programs, if intensive and well-implemented, can be effective in improving child nutritional status. However, little is known about how adding nutrition training to transfer programs affects their economic impacts. In particular, few studies have assessed whether nutrition programming may induce reallocation of transfer resources from physical capital to human capital. Scarce evidence also exists as to whether these tradeoffs depend on the transfer modality. We study a pilot program called the Transfer Modality Research Initiative in Bangladesh (TMRI), designed as a randomized controlled trial. TMRI provided cash or food transfers, with or without intensive group-based nutrition behavior change communication (BCC), to mothers of young children in poor rural households. We find that adding nutrition BCC to cash or food transfers leads to larger impacts on both consumption and assets – potentially surprising, given that the transfer value is unchanged. Analysis of mechanisms suggests that these effects occur through the BCC inducing increases in income generation, through investments in livelihoods. Suggestive evidence indicates that the effects of TMRI’s BCC are plausibly due to the intensive group-based format, which increased social capital for participant women and their household members, as well as improved participant women’s agency and self-confidence, knowledge, and input into household decisions. Results indicate that adding nutrition BCC to cash or food transfer programs do not necessarily induce a tradeoff between investing in human capital versus physical capital, but can rather strengthen impacts on both if appropriately designed.

PR, IFPRI3; CRP4; Agriculture, Nutrition, and Gender Linkages (ANGeL); GAAP; G Cross-cutting gender theme; 2 Promoting Healthy Diets and Nutrition for all; TMRI, Nutrition, Diets, and Health (NDH); A4NH; Poverty, Gender, and Inclusion (PGI); Food and Nutrition Policy, CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH), Background: Recent evidence suggests that diet inequities between men and women may have diminished within rural Bangladeshi households. However, this has not been directly tested with appropriate physiologic adjustments and it is unclear whether changes have occurred across socioeconomic strata. Understanding intrahousehold dietary patterns at different points on the income and food-security distribution in rural Bangladesh—particularly, within ultrapoor and farm households—is important for appropriate design of gender-sensitive and nutrition-sensitive interventions, which often target these groups. Objective: Using 2012 and 2016 data, we aimed to examine gender differences in diet quantity and quality among ultrapoor and farm households in rural Bangladesh. Methods: The study used baseline 24-h dietary data from 2 randomized control trials conducted in rural Bangladesh: the Transfer Modality Research Initiative (ultrapoor households) and the Agriculture, Nutrition, and Gender Linkages project (farm households). Ordinary least squares regressions with household-level fixed effects tested for gender differences among constructed diet measures, such as caloric intake, caloric adequacy ratio, dietary diversity score, global diet quality score, and probability of consuming moderate or high levels of healthy food groups. Results: In both samples, on average, women consumed fewer calories than men in the same households but consumed near equal or more in reference to their caloric needs. Women scored <1% lower than men on diet quality indicators and showed similar probabilities to men of consuming healthy foods. Most men and women in both samples were calorically inadequate (>60%) and recorded poor diet quality scores that indicated high risk of nutrient inadequacy and chronic disease (>95%). Conclusions: In both ultrapoor and farm households, although men record higher intake quantities and diet quality scores, the apparent male advantage disappear when energy requireme

Non-PR, PRSSP; IFPRI1; CRP2; Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index, PHND; PIM, CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM), Upon request of the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) conducted this study to support USAID in assessing the state of empowerment and gender parity of men and women along the agricultural value chain in the Feed the Future (FTF) Zone of Influence (ZOI) in Bangladesh. Specifically, IFPRI’s Policy Research and Strategy Support Program (PRSSP), funded by USAID, piloted the modified Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI) survey instruments in 10 upazilas (sub-districts) within the FTF ZOI across 1,200 households, which broadly belong to three economic activities of interest: (1) agricultural production, (2) agricultural entrepreneurship, and (3) agricultural sector employment. The quantitative survey was complemented by qualitative research to glean further insights into the facilitators and constraints of empowerment among various actors in the agricultural value chain. The data and analysis generated from this WEAI for Value Chain (WEAI4VC) study may inform USAID’s selection and design of interventions that may, in turn, maximize its programmatic impact on women and men’s empowerment as producers, entrepreneurs, and wage employees.

PR, IFPRI1; IFPRI4; EgyptSSP; PRSSP, DGO; MTID; DSGD; LAC; WCAO; AFR; SAO; SAR; ECAO; AFR, At the regional and country level, developments in 2017 had important repercussions for food security and nutrition. This section offers perspectives on food policy developments across the major regions: Africa, the Middle East and North Africa, Central Asia, South Asia, East and Southeast Asia, and Latin America and the Caribbean. Globalization and the impact of growing antiglobalization pressures on food security are examined for each region, along with many other current topics.

PR, IFPRI1, DGO; CPA; WCAO; DSGD; SAO; PHND; LAC

Non-PR, IFPRI4; CSISA; CRP2, EPTD; PIM; PHND, CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM)

PR, IFPRI1, DGO; CPA; WCAO; DSGD; SAO; PHND; LAC, 2016 saw important developments with potentially wide repercussions for food security and nutrition in individual countries and regions. This section offers perspectives on food policy developments across the major regions: Africa, the Middle East and North Africa, Central Asia, South Asia, East Asia, and Latin America and the Caribbean. Urbanization trends and related impacts on food security and nutrition are presented for each region. The individual regional sections cover many other critical topics: Acceleration of cooperation and investment in Africa to improve food security in the face of climate challenges and low commodity prices; Continuing conflict in the Middle East and North Africa, while some countries begin to face policy reform needs and realities of low oil prices; Central Asia’s promotion of agricultural diversification and regional integration to increase economic resilience; South Asia’s rapid growth and new investments and policies in the agriculture sector; Urbanization, changing diets, and regional growth in East Asia Recession in major economies of Latin America and the Caribbean along with El Niño’s effects on regional prospects.

Non-PR, IFPRI1; PRSSP, PHND, Upon request of the Governance Innovation Unit of the Prime Minister’s Office, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, IFPRI has prepared this research note using 2015 nationally representative household survey data. This note provides an overview of the state of early marriage in rural Bangladesh, changes in marriage trends over a twenty-year time period, and briefly explores ways to reduce the incidence of early child marriage in Bangladesh as a conduit for development progress.

Non-PR, IFPRI1; PRSSP, PHND; PIM, CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM), The overall objective of the ER+ component is to assist ultra-poor women and their families in disaster-prone areas of Bangladesh in lifting themselves above the lower poverty line toward greater food security. To achieve the objective, a third “promotional” year has been introduced to ER, during which women—either ER laborers/trainees themselves or the wives, daughters, mothers, or sisters of male ER laborers/trainees—receive a substantive cash grant to invest in a productive asset or income-generating activity in combination with relevant business-related training, a one-year monthly cash allowance, and intensive follow-up support. The resulting model therefore combines the pre-existing “protective” elements (employment generation and 4 community asset development) with “promotional” elements for a more viable pathway out of extreme poverty and toward food security

Non-PR, IFPRI5, PHND

PR, IFPRI1; C Improving markets and trade, DGO; CKM; ESAO; WCAO; SAO; DSGD; MTID, In addition to global events and food policy changes, 2015 also saw important developments with potentially wide repercussions in individual countries and regions. This chapter offers perspectives on major food policy developments across the major regions: Africa, the Middle East and North Africa, Central Asia, South Asia, East Asia, and Latin America and the Caribbean. The individual regional sections cover many critical topics: Facing climate risks and growing populations with regional cooperation and accountability in Africa; Growing refugee populations, food insecurity, and conflict in the Middle East and North Africa; Vulnerability to external shocks and falling remittances that increase Central Asia’s food insecurity; New policies for food safety, nutrition, and financial and social inclusion in South Asia; Expected impacts of the Trans-Pacific Partnership in East Asia; Latin America and the Caribbean’s contribution to global food security and global environmental public goods

PR, IFPRI4;CSISA, PHND; DSGD

Non-PR, IFPRI1; PRSSP, PHND, The present study looks into the first link in the agricultural value chain: the producers. Upon request from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) conducted this agricultural value-chain study through its Bangladesh Policy Research and Strategy Support Program for Food Security and Agricultural Development (PRSSP), funded by USAID. The IFPRI-PRSSP conducted this study in the Feed the Future (FTF) Zone of Influence (ZOI) in the south and southwest regions of the country. FTF is the US government’s global hunger and food security initiative that supports country-driven approaches to address the root causes of poverty, hunger, and undernutrition. In Bangladesh, FTF’s collective efforts aim to improve the livelihood and nutritional status of households through: (1) increased on-farm productivity, (2) increased investment in market systems and value chains, (3) enhanced food security policy and planning capacity, (4) enhanced agriculture innovation capacity, and (5) improved nutritional status of the rural poor.

Non-PR, IFPRI1; CRP2; CRP4; G Cross-cutting gender theme; DCA; PRSSP; Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index, PHND; PIM; A4NH, CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM); CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH), Development programs that reduce gender gaps are expected to not only improve women’s well-being, but also their children’s. This draws on a growing body of literature that shows a strong positive association between women’s status and control over resources and improvements in children’s outcomes, particularly nutrition and education. In this paper, we provide empirical evidence on the relationship between empowerment gaps between men and women in the same household and children’s well-being using nationally representative data from the 2012 Bangladesh Integrated Household Survey (BIHS). We measure children’s well-being using nutritional status for younger children (ages 0–5) and education outcomes for older children (ages 6–10 and 11–17). We measure relative empowerment using direct measures of empowerment collected from men and women in the same households using the Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index. Our findings suggest that gender gaps in empowerment are only weakly linked to children’s nutrition, although different measures of empowerment reveal significant differences between boys’ and girls’ outcomes, depending on the measures used. Overall, the household head’s (father’s) education is significantly associated with better nutrition and education outcomes for children, but younger girls (ages 6–10) and older boys and girls (ages 11–17) are more likely to receive more education when mothers are more educated. Our results on parental education suggest that fathers’ empowerment may be reflecting a “wealth” effect that is invested in children’s nutrition and education when they are young, while mothers’ empowerment becomes more important in girls’ education in general and keeping older children, regardless of sex, in school.

Non-PR, IFPRI1; PRSSP; BIHS, PHND, Upon request from the US Agency for International Development (USAID), the International Food Policy Research Institute’s Policy Research and Strategy Support Program in Bangladesh (IFPRI-PRSSP) developed and began a study on the adoption of agricultural technologies in USAID’s Feed the Future (FTF) zone of influence in the south and southwest regions of the country. FTF is the US government’s global hunger and food security initiative to support country-driven approaches to address the root causes of poverty, hunger, and undernutrition. In Bangladesh, FTF’s collective efforts aim to improve the livelihood and nutritional status of households through: (1) increased on-farm productivity, (2) increased investment in market systems and value chains, (3) enhanced food security policy and planning capacity, (4) enhanced agriculture innovation capacity, and (5) improved nutritional status of rural poor. The agricultural technologies evaluated in this study are: (1) Urea deep placement (UDP)-popularly known as “Guti urea”; and (2) Modern, stress-tolerant varieties of rice.

PR, IFPRI3; ISI; CRP2; Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index; G Cross-cutting gender theme; CRP4, PHND; PIM; A4NH, CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM); CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH)

Non-PR, IFPRI1; E Building Resilience; E.1 Policies, institutions and investments for resilient social systems; Transfer Modality Research Initiative (TMRI); PRSSP, SAO, The overall objective of the Transfer Modality Research Initiative (TMRI) is to provide evidence that can be used to streamline the social safety net system in Bangladesh, with the goal of improving the food and nutrition security and livelihoods of the very poor in a cost-effective way. The research will inform policymakers which type of program can best improve the income status and food and nutrition security of the poor and thus be a valuable tool to the government as it prepares its social protection strategy.

PR, IFPRI4, PHND

PR, IFPRI3; CRP2, PHND; PIM, CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM)

Non-PR, IFPRI1; PRSSP; CRP2, DSGD; PIM; PHND, CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM)

PR, IFPRI3; ISI; C.3 Labor Markets; D Transforming Agriculture; CRP2, DSGD; MTID; PHND; PIM, CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM)

Non-PR, IFPRI1; CRP4; Theme 8; PRSSP; BIHS; Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index, PHND; A4NH, CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH), Using nationally representative survey data from Bangladesh, we examine the relationship between women’s empowerment in agriculture and two measures of household food security: per adult equivalent calorie availability and dietary diversity. We use the Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index to assess the extent of women’s empowerment in agriculture and instrumental variables techniques to correct for the potential endogeneity of empowerment. We find that the overall women’s empowerment score, the number of groups in which women actively participate, women’s control of assets, and a narrowing gap in empowerment between men and women within households are positively associated with calorie availability and dietary diversity.

Non-PR, IFPRI1; PRSSP; CRP4, PHND; A4NH, CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH)

Non-PR, IFPRI1; Theme 6; Subtheme 6.2; GRP32; Theme 3; Subtheme 3.2; E Building Resilience; CRP2, DSGD; MTID; PHND; PIM, CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM), Using data from multiple sources, we show that in Bangladesh, the increase in real wages, particularly female wages, has accelerated since the late 2000s, suggesting that the Lewis turning point (the point at which the labor market starts to shift in favor of workers) has arrived in Bangladesh. Rising wages are likely a result of a combination of more ample job opportunities in the nonfarm sector, especially in the manufacturing sector for females, and a greater amount of remittances, primarily from male workers overseas. Since human capital is the most important asset for the poor, the escalation in real wages has boosted the poor’s earnings, thereby reducing their likelihood of being poor.

Non-PR, IFPRI1; CRP2; Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index, PHND; DSGD; PIM, CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM), The Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI) is a new survey-based index designed to measure the empowerment, agency, and inclusion of women in the agricultural sector in an effort to identify ways to overcome those obstacles and constraints (Alkire et al. 2012). This technical report, prepared by researchers from the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), presents the WEAI, computed for the Feed the Future zone as well as rural Bangladesh as a whole.

Non-PR, IFPRI1; CRP4; PRSSP, PHND; DSGD; A4NH, CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH), This report presents results of analyses of the IFPRI household survey data on various topics that, combined, represent the current food security situation in Bangladesh. Specifically, the study examines how that situation varies between the FTF zone of influence in the southern region and other regions throughout the country.

Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02237144, PHND, This is a randomized control trial in two zones of Bangladesh (north and south). Treatment is assigned at the village level where treatments are: cash transfers (north and south); cash transfers + nutrition behavior communication change (north only); food transfers (north and south); food transfers + nutrition behavior communication change (south only); food-cash split (north and south); and controls (north and south). Within treatment localities, women living in very poor households are targeted to receive benefits for two years.

PR, IFPRI3; GRP26, PHND

Non-PR, IFPRI2, PHND, Rapid economic growth in the Yellow River Basin (YRB) of China has put intense demands on Yellow River waters. By far the largest user of water resources is the agricultural sector, accounting for 80 percent of total withdrawals—with industrial, urban, and rural domestic sectors sharing the remaining 20 percent. Demands for irrigation have surpassed available resources for decades. Given that water is critical for agricultural production, access to water is a key determinant of welfare of the rural poor in the YRB region for whom agriculture is the main source of livelihood.

Non-PR, IFPRI5; PRSSP, DSGD; PHND

Non-PR, IFPRI5; PRSSP, PHND

Non-PR, IFPRI1; GRP26; GRP42, PHND, This study attempts to provide an understanding of how the process of institutional change influences the outcomes of interventions. To better understand the context in which these interventions took place, the study examines the institutional aspects of new agricultural technology interventions and the policy processes of food- and cash-based education incentive programs. The institutional analysis pays special attention to issues of institutional origins, persistence, and transformation. The paper then examines the motivation and policy processes of the Food for Education program and its subsequent replacement, the cash-based Primary Education Stipend program. The study reviews similarities and differences among selected antipoverty interventions according to their pro-poor orientation, attention to gender issues, extent of involvement of other partners, attention to sustainability, and the use of research and evaluation to inform organizational change.

PR, IFPRI1; GRP26; GRP24; PRSSP, PHND; EPTD, Bangladesh has some social safety net programs that transfer food to the poor, some that transfer cash, and some that provide a combination of both. This study evaluates the relative impacts of food and cash transfers on food security and livelihood outcomes among the ultra poor in Bangladesh. The programs impacts are evaluated according to various measures, including how well transfers are delivered; which transfers beneficiaries prefer; how accurately the programs target the extremely poor; effects on food security, livelihoods, and women's empowerment; and cost effectiveness. The report identifies what has and has not worked in food and cash transfers and recommends ways of improving these programs. This study will be valuable to policymakers and others concerned with poverty reduction in Bangladesh and elsewhere.

Non-PR, IFPRI2, FCND, Bangladesh’s progress in economic growth and extensive social protection interventions have contributed to a reduction in the headcount poverty rate of around 1.5 percentage points a year since the early 1990s. This progress in poverty reduction is, however, little comfort: the overall incidence of poverty persists at a high level. The most startling consequence of widespread poverty is that a quarter of the country’s population — 37 million people — cannot afford an adequate diet. Chronically underfed and highly vulnerable, they remain largely without assets (other than their own labor power) to cushion lean-season hunger or the crushing blows of illness, flooding, and other calamities. These extreme poor are a group that straddles the outer limits of human survival. The need for targeted interventions to improve food security and livelihoods of the extreme poor therefore remains strong.

Non-PR, IFPRI1; 2020, DGO; DSGD

PR, IFPRI2, MTID; FCND

PR, IFPRI2, DGO; COM; FCND, Despite rapid income growth, South Asia has lagged behind the rest of Asia in reducing poverty and hunger. South Asia accounts for more than two-fifths of the world's poor, and although the region seems on track to meet the first Millennium Development Goal (MDG) of halving poverty and hunger by 2015, it faces challenges in achieving that goal. The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), with support from the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), held a regional dialogue of policymakers and researchers, called "Renewed Policy Action for the Poorest and Hungry in South Asia," in New Delhi on December 2, 2008. Following up on the international conference "Taking Action for the World's Poor and Hungry People" held by IFPRI in 2007 in Beijing, participants in this regional dialogue discussed two key issues: (1) how to secure inclusive income growth and (2) how to enhance the human capabilities of the poorest people. Participants shared experiences and debated how to replicate and scale up successful experiments as well as how to move from research to action and from policy to implementation.

Non-PR, IFPRI1, COM, "The complex causes of the current food and agriculture crisis require a comprehensive response. In view of the urgency of assisting people and countries in need, the first set of policy actions— an emergency package—consists of steps that can yield immediate impact: 1. expand emergency responses and humanitarian assistance to food-insecure people and people threatening government legitimacy, 2. eliminate agricultural export bans and export restrictions, 3. undertake fast-impact food production programs in key areas, and 4. change biofuel policies. A second set of actions—a resilience package—consists of the following steps: 5. calm markets with the use of market-oriented regulation of speculation, shared public grain stocks, strengthened food-import financing, and reliable food aid; 6. invest in social protection; 7. scale up investments for sustained agricultural growth; and 8. complete the Doha Round of World Trade Organization (WTO) negotiations. Investment in these actions calls for additional resources. Policymakers should consider mobilizing resources from four sources: the winners from the commodity boom among countries; the community of traditional and new donor countries; direct or indirect progressive taxation and reallocation of public expenditures in the affected countries themselves; and mobilization of private sector finance, including through improved outreach of banking to agriculture. Because of countries’ diverse situations, the design of programs must be country driven and country owned. Accountability for sound implementation must also rest with countries. At the same time, a new international architecture for the governance of agriculture, food, and nutrition is needed to effectively implement the initiatives described, and especially their international public goods components. Global and national action is needed, through existing mechanisms, well-coordinated special initiatives, and possibly a special fund." -- from Text

Non-PR, IFPRI1, COM, "La complejidad de las causas de la actual crisis alimentaria y agrícola requiere de una respuesta integral. En vista de que es urgente prestar asistencia a las poblaciones y los países necesitados, la primera serie de acciones de política —un paquete de emergencia— consiste en varios pasos para generar un impacto inmediato: 1. Incrementar las acciones de emergencia y la ayuda humanitaria para incluir a las poblaciones que experimentan inseguridad alimentaria y a las que amenazan la legitimidad gubernamental; 2. Eliminar la prohibición y las restricciones a las exportaciones agrícolas; 3. Emprender programas que permitan rápidamente expandir la oferta alimentaria en áreas clave; y, 4. Modificar las políticas de los biocombustibles. Una segunda serie de acciones de política —un paquete de resiliencia socioeconómica— consiste en los siguientes pasos: 5. Proveer tranquilidad en los mercados mediante una regulación de los movimientos especulativos a través de instrumentos de mercado, reservas públicas y compartidas de granos, un mayor financiamiento para la importación de alimentos, y una ayuda alimentaria confiable; 6. Invertir en protección social; 7. Incrementar paulatinamente las inversiones para un crecimiento agrícola sostenido; y, 8. Concluir las negociaciones de la Ronda de Doha de la Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC). La inversión en estas acciones requiere de recursos adicionales. Las instancias decisorias deberán considerar la movilización de recursos provenientes de cuatro fuentes: los países que se han beneficiado del auge de los commodities agrícolas; la comunidad de países donantes, tanto tradicionales como nuevos; impuestos proporcionales, directos o indirectos, y la reasignación del gasto público en los propios países afectados; y la movilización de los recursos financieros del sector privado, lo que incluye una ampliación en la cobertura de los servicios financieros para la agricultura. Debido a las diversas situaciones que enfrentan, los mismos

Non-PR, IFPRI1, COM, "The complex causes of the current food and agriculture crisis require a comprehensive response. In view of the urgency of assisting people and countries in need, the first set of policy actions-an emergency package-consists of steps that can yield immediate impact:; 1. expand emergency responses and humanitarian assistance to food-insecure people andpeople threatening government legitimacy,; 2. eliminate agricultural export bans and export restrictions,; 3. undertake fast-impact food production programs in key areas, and; 4. change biofuel policies. A second set of actions-a resilience package-consists of the following steps:; 5. calm markets with the use of market-oriented regulation of speculation, shared public grain stocks, strengthened food-import financing, and reliable food aid;; 6. invest in social protection;; 7. scale up investments for sustained agricultural growth; and; 8. complete the Doha Round of World Trade Organization (WTO) negotiations. Investment in these actions calls for additional resources. Policymakers should consider mobilizing resources from four sources: the winners from the commodity boom among countries; the community of traditional and new donor countries; direct or indirect progressive taxation and reallocation of public expenditures in the affected countries themselves; and mobilization of private sector finance, including through improved outreach of banking to agriculture. Because of countries' diverse situations, the design of programs must be country driven and country owned. Accountability for sound implementation must also rest with countries. At the same time, a new international architecture for the governance of agriculture, food, and nutrition is needed to effectively implement the initiatives described, and especially their international public goods components. Global and national action is needed, through existing mechanisms, well-coordinated special initiatives, and possibly a special fund." -- from Tex

Non-PR, IFPRI1, COM, "Die vielschichtigen Ursachen der gegenwärtigen Krise im Bereich der Nahrungsmittelproduktion und Landwirtschaft erfordern eine umfassende globale Antwort. Angesichts der dringend benötigen Hilfe besteht der erste Maßnahmenkatalog – ein Notfallpaket – aus Programmen, die sofort wirken: 1. Ausweiten der Soforthilfe und der humanitären Unterstützung für Menschen, deren Versorgung nicht gesichert ist, sowie dort, wo die Legitimität der Regierung bedroht ist 2. Abschaffung der landwirtschaftlichen Exportverbote und Exportbeschränkungen 3. Durchführung von Programmen, die Nahrungsmittelproduktion in wichtigen Regionen steigern und schnell wirksam sind 4. Änderung der Agrar-Treibstoffpolitik Der zweite Maßnahmenkatalog – ein Nachhaltigkeitspaket – besteht aus folgenden Komponenten: 5. Beruhigung der Märkte durch marktorientierte Regulierung der Spekulation, Koordination öffentlicher Getreidevorräte, Finanzierung von Nahrungsmittelimporten und verlässliche Nahrungsmittelhilfe in armen Ländern 6. investieren in Maßnahmen zur sozialen Absicherung 7. Ausweitung des Investitionsvolumens für nachhaltiges landwirtschaftliches Wachstum und 8. erfolgreicher Abschluss der Verhandlungen im Rahmen der Doha Runde der Welthandelsorganisation (WTO) Diese Maßnahmen erfordern zusätzliche finanzielle Ressourcen. Die Politik sollte dafür vier Quellen ins Auge fassen: (1) die Länder, die als Gewinner aus dem Rohstoffboom hervorgegangen sind, (2) die Gemeinschaft der alten und neuen Geberländer, (3) direkte oder indirekte progressive Besteuerung und Umschichtung der öffentlichen Ausgaben in den betroffenen Ländern selbst, (4) Mobilisierung von Finanzmitteln des privaten Sektors, u.a. durch ein verstärktes Engagement des Bankwesens in der Landwirtschaft. Aufgrund der unterschiedlichen Lage, in der sich die Länder befinden, muss die Planung der Programme vom jeweiligen Land geführt werden. Die Länder sind auch verantwortlich für eine solide Implementierung ihrer Programme. Gleichzeitig wird ein

Non-PR, IFPRI1, COM, "La complexité des causes de la crise actuelle en matière d’alimentation et d’agriculture exige une réponse exhaustive. Compte tenu de l’urgence de l’aide à apporter aux personnes et aux pays dans le besoin, le premier ensemble d’actions stratégiques (train d’actions d’urgence) comprend des interventions qui peuvent avoir un impact immédiat: 1. étendre le champ des réponses d’urgence et de l’assistance humanitaire aux personnes ne bénéficiant pas de la sécurité alimentaire et aux groupes susceptibles de menacer la légitimité du gouvernement; 2. lever les interdictions et les restrictions appliquées aux exportations agricoles; 3. lancer des programmes de production alimentaire à impact rapide dans des zones clés ; et 4. modifier les politiques en matière de biocarburants. Un second ensemble d’actions stratégiques (train d’actions de résilience) comprend les mesures suivantes: 5. calmer les marchés en mettant en place une réglementation de la spéculation orientée vers le marché, des stocks de céréales publics partagés, un financement renforcé des importations alimentaires, et une aide alimentaire fiable; 6. investir dans la protection sociale; 7. augmenter l’échelle des investissements en faveur d’une croissance agricole soutenue; et 8. mener à bonne fin le cycle de Doha des négociations de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC). Les investissements nécessaires à la mise en oeuvre de ces actions demandent des ressources supplémentaires. Pour les mobiliser, les responsables des politiques peuvent envisager quatre sources possibles : les pays qui bénéficient de l’explosion mondiale du commerce des produits de base ; la communauté des pays bailleurs de fonds, tant traditionnels que nouveaux ; la taxation progressive, directe ou indirecte, et la réaffectation de la dépense publique dans les pays touchés ; et la mobilisation du financement provenant du secteur privé, notamment en améliorant les services bancaires desservant le secteur agricole." -- from Text

PR, IFPRI1; 2020, DGO

Non-PR, IFPRI4, ISNAR; FCND, Educating children can help them and their families to move out of poverty. Yet even with free tuition, the cost of attaining education remains high for poor families in developing countries owing to competing demands on children’s time and other associated costs. One way to attract children from poor households to school, and keep them in school, is to provide food as an incentive for attendance. Food for education (FFE) programs provide immediate sustenance for the hungry, but perhaps more important, they empower future generations by educating today’s children. This case study from Bangladesh provides evidence of the impact of FFE interventions in enhancing educational attainment and improving nutrition and describes the movement forward and the challenges ahead. The study also reviews the impact of FFE programs in other countries. FFE programs include interventions that feed children in school and those that give food to poor families if they send their children to school. The design, implementation, and impacts of FFE programs vary depending on many factors and from country to country. A review of international experience with the impacts of FFE programs shows that they have been successful in improving educational attainment, dietary intake, nutritional status, and academic performance of participating children. FFE programs are increasingly attractive to policy makers because they address the two major human development goals: education and nutrition. Yet several operational, budgetary, and political economy considerations need to be addressed to improve the efficacy of these programs. The government of Bangladesh has tried two types of food-based interventions to increase primary education and food security of poor households. Your assignment is to recommend changes in the FFE program in Bangladesh, including possibly the scaling up of the programs, taking into account expected benefits and leakages. Discuss the policy options that the government of Banglade

PR, GRP28; Theme 8; IFPRI3; ISI; Subtheme 8.2; Sustainable poverty reduction and nutrition improvement, FCND, "Bangladesh’s Food for Education Program (FFE), which provided free food to poor families if their children attended primary school, was successful in increasing children’s school enrollment, especially for girls. However, this success came at a price as class sizes increased. This paper uses a rich data set that includes school achievement test scores, information on schools, and household data to explore the impact of FFE on the quality of education. The analysis focuses on the impact of FFE on the achievement test scores of students who did not receive benefits. We find evidence for a negative impact of FFE on the test scores of non-beneficiary students through peer effects rather than through classroom crowding effects." -- Authors' Abstract

Non-PR

Non-PR, GRP25; Theme 5; IFPRI2; Health, Diet and Nutrition, FCND, The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) evaluated the FFE programme based on surveys of households and schools conducted in 2000. In 2003, IFPRI resurveyed the same households and schools to assess the impacts of the PES and compare them with those of the FFE. Econometric models captured the impacts of FFE and PES on enrollment and food consumption, isolating the effects of income and other factors." -- From text

Non-PR, GRP25; Theme 5; IFPRI2; Health, Diet and Nutrition, FCND

Non-PR, GRP28; IFPRI4; Theme 8, FCND

Non-PR, IFPRI1; GRP28; Theme 8, FCND, "The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) conducted a comprehensive study of the efficiency of food distribution in food aid-supported programs in Bangladesh. The capacity and efficiency of the food distribution system was assessed from entry ports to targeted beneficiaries. The study identified problems in the whole food distribution system, determined the level of losses, leakages, and other lapses at various stages, and recommended solutions. The study has three components: (1) food discharge at harbors, (2) the public food distribution system, and (3) food distribution to program beneficiaries. This brief summarizes the main findings and a few of the many key recommendations of the third component of the study." -- from Text