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Introduction. Liquid manure can improve soil structure and crop productivity, but calibrated equipment is needed to achieve uniform distribution. Objective. The objective of this work was to determine at the field level, the appropriate combinations of operation of a liquid manure distribution tank and a tractor that commands it to achieve a uniform distribution of slurry and diluted manure. Materials and methods. The experiment was carried out during July 2016 at the Experimental Station “Alfredo Volio Mata” of the Universidad de Costa Rica, in Ochomogo of Cartago, Costa Rica. A plowed and harrowed plot of 5000 m2 was used where twenty plastic containers were placed, arranged in two rows separated, 4 m between and within rows. A manure tank coupled to a tractor was used and the treatments were four travel speeds (four low gears of the tractor) and a fixed degree of acceleration (442 rpm). The measured variables were the capacity and volume of discharge per unit area, and the covered area. Results. The discharge and dispersion of liquid manure in the different gears was highly significant (p<0.01), being the discharge per unit of area greater in the low gears. The relative discharge between the different working speeds was quantified, and the highest discharge gear (Gear I) equivalent to 52 m3 ha-1, was set as 100 %, in gear II the relative discharge was 65 % compared to the first. In gears III and IV, the volumes were 24 and 17 m3 ha-1 respectively. Conclusion. The low gears distributed more material per m2 favorable in more demanding crops, while with higher marches more area can be covered with less material., Introducción. La boñiga líquida puede mejorar la estructura del suelo y la productividad de los cultivos, pero se necesita equipo calibrado para lograr una distribución uniforme. Objetivo. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar, a nivel de campo, las combinaciones apropiadas de operación de un tanque de distribución de boñiga líquida y un tractor que lo comanda, para lograr una distribución uniforme de purines y boñiga diluida. Materiales y métodos. El experimento se realizó durante julio de 2016 en la Estación Experimental Alfredo Volio Mata de la Universidad de Costa Rica, en Ochomogo de Cartago, Costa Rica. Se utilizó un terreno de 5000 m2 arado y rastreado, donde se colocaron veinte recipientes plásticos, dispuestos en dos hileras, separados 4 m entre y dentro hileras. Se usó un tanque boñiguero acoplado a un tractor y los tratamientos fueron cuatro velocidades de desplazamiento (cuatro marchas bajas del tractor), y un grado fijo de aceleración (442 rpm). Las variables medidas fueron la capacidad y el volumen de descarga por unidad de área, y el área cubierta. Resultados. La descarga y dispersión de boñiga líquida en las diferentes marchas fue altamente significativa (p<0,01), la descarga por unidad de área fue mayor en las marchas más bajas. Se cuantificó la descarga relativa entre las diferentes velocidades de trabajo, y se fijó en 100 % la descarga mayor (marcha I) equivalente a 52 m3 ha-1, en la marcha II la descarga relativa fue de un 65 % respecto a la primera. En las marchas III y IV, los volúmenes fueron de 24 y 17 m3 ha-1, respectivamente. Conclusión. Las marchas bajas distribuyeron mayor cantidad de material por m2 favorable en cultivos más demandantes, mientras que con las marchas altas se puede cubrir más área con menor cantidad de material.

Introduction. Liquid manure can improve soil structure and crop productivity, but calibrated equipment is needed to achieve uniform distribution. Objective. The objective of this work was to determine at the field level, the appropriate combinations of operation of a liquid manure distribution tank and a tractor that commands it to achieve a uniform distribution of slurry and diluted manure. Materials and methods. The experiment was carried out during July 2016 at the Experimental Station “Alfredo Volio Mata” of the Universidad de Costa Rica, in Ochomogo of Cartago, Costa Rica. A plowed and harrowed plot of 5000 m2 was used where twenty plastic containers were placed, arranged in two rows separated, 4 m between and within rows. A manure tank coupled to a tractor was used and the treatments were four travel speeds (four low gears of the tractor) and a fixed degree of acceleration (442 rpm). The measured variables were the capacity and volume of discharge per unit area, and the covered area. Results. The discharge and dispersion of liquid manure in the different gears was highly significant (p<0.01), being the discharge per unit of area greater in the low gears. The relative discharge between the different working speeds was quantified, and the highest discharge gear (Gear I) equivalent to 52 m3 ha-1, was set as 100 %, in gear II the relative discharge was 65 % compared to the first. In gears III and IV, the volumes were 24 and 17 m3 ha-1 respectively. Conclusion. The low gears distributed more material per m2 favorable in more demanding crops, while with higher marches more area can be covered with less material., Introducción. La boñiga líquida puede mejorar la estructura del suelo y la productividad de los cultivos, pero se necesita equipo calibrado para lograr una distribución uniforme. Objetivo. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar, a nivel de campo, las combinaciones apropiadas de operación de un tanque de distribución de boñiga líquida y un tractor que lo comanda, para lograr una distribución uniforme de purines y boñiga diluida. Materiales y métodos. El experimento se realizó durante julio de 2016 en la Estación Experimental Alfredo Volio Mata de la Universidad de Costa Rica, en Ochomogo de Cartago, Costa Rica. Se utilizó un terreno de 5000 m2 arado y rastreado, donde se colocaron veinte recipientes plásticos, dispuestos en dos hileras, separados 4 m entre y dentro hileras. Se usó un tanque boñiguero acoplado a un tractor y los tratamientos fueron cuatro velocidades de desplazamiento (cuatro marchas bajas del tractor), y un grado fijo de aceleración (442 rpm). Las variables medidas fueron la capacidad y el volumen de descarga por unidad de área, y el área cubierta. Resultados. La descarga y dispersión de boñiga líquida en las diferentes marchas fue altamente significativa (p<0,01), la descarga por unidad de área fue mayor en las marchas más bajas. Se cuantificó la descarga relativa entre las diferentes velocidades de trabajo, y se fijó en 100 % la descarga mayor (marcha I) equivalente a 52 m3 ha-1, en la marcha II la descarga relativa fue de un 65 % respecto a la primera. En las marchas III y IV, los volúmenes fueron de 24 y 17 m3 ha-1, respectivamente. Conclusión. Las marchas bajas distribuyeron mayor cantidad de material por m2 favorable en cultivos más demandantes, mientras que con las marchas altas se puede cubrir más área con menor cantidad de material.

En skopa, designad och konstruerad av företaget Kellfri AB för allroundbruk med traktorer utrustade med frontlastare, har undersökts genom finit element-analys i Creo Parametric. Möjlig materialbesparing, lämpligheten för tillsats och placering av en konstruktionsdetalj i skopans överdel samt potentiella hållfasthetsproblem har undersökts. Arbetet inleddes i prototypstadiet av produktutvecklingen med anledning av att skopan, av företaget, ansågs överdimensionerad med avseende på tidigare prototyptest. Analys genomfördes med tre separata modeller; Den av företaget levererade CAD-modellen, för uppskattning av hållfastheten i grundutförandet. Därefter genom upprepade konstruktionsändringar och analyser av en andra modell för att pröva fram lösningar som tillät materialbesparing, utan att försaka hållfastheten, samt framtagandet av åtgärdsförslag till de hållfasthetsproblem som upptäcktes hos ursprungsmodellen. En tredje modell, bestående av en förenklad sektion av skopans främre parti, användes för att vidare undersöka och åtgärda det allvarligaste hållfasthetsproblemet som hittats. Skopan ansågs vid slutförande vara underdimensionerad i förhållande till en av egenskaperna hos den föreslagna frontlastarmodellen. Förslag gavs därför, med hänsyn till troliga osäkerhetsfaktorer, gällande ett område lämpligt för materialbesparing, konstruktionsändringar avsedda att minska kostnaden hos tillverknings- och monteringsprocessen samt åtgärder för att säkerställa skopans hållfasthet. Placering av konstruktionsdetaljen ansågs vara säker och förslag på dess utformning gavs., A bucket, designed and constructed by the company Kellfri AB for all-round usage with front-end loader equipped tractors, has been analyzed via finite element analysis in Creo Parametric. Possibilities of mass reduction, suitability in the placement of an additional detail in the upper parts of the bucket and potential strength problems in the construction was investigated. The project was initialized during the prototyping-phase of product development and at the time the bucket was considered to be over dimensioned by the company with regard to their earlier prototype-testing. Static analysis was done for three separate models; The Company’s own CAD-model, for which the strength of the bucket, as it was originally designed, was evaluated. A second model was made for the use of iterative changes in the construction, each followed by an analysis, to test different solutions for reducing the buckets mass without compromising strength and to address strength issues found in the original model. A third model, comprised of a simplified section of the buckets front, was then used to further evaluate and address the most critical of the strength problems that was found. The bucket was, at the end of the project, considered to be inadequately dimensioned for one of the features of the suggested front-end loader model. Suggestions was therefore given, with probable uncertainties accounted for, regarding a suitable area for mass reduction, changes in the design with the possibilities of cost-reduction by simplifying the manufacturing and assembly processes and also actions to be made in regard of strength problems found. Placement of the upper part-detail was considered safe and therefore given a suggested shape.

En skopa, designad och konstruerad av företaget Kellfri AB för allroundbruk med traktorer utrustade med frontlastare, har undersökts genom finit element-analys i Creo Parametric. Möjlig materialbesparing, lämpligheten för tillsats och placering av en konstruktionsdetalj i skopans överdel samt potentiella hållfasthetsproblem har undersökts. Arbetet inleddes i prototypstadiet av produktutvecklingen med anledning av att skopan, av företaget, ansågs överdimensionerad med avseende på tidigare prototyptest. Analys genomfördes med tre separata modeller; Den av företaget levererade CAD-modellen, för uppskattning av hållfastheten i grundutförandet. Därefter genom upprepade konstruktionsändringar och analyser av en andra modell för att pröva fram lösningar som tillät materialbesparing, utan att försaka hållfastheten, samt framtagandet av åtgärdsförslag till de hållfasthetsproblem som upptäcktes hos ursprungsmodellen. En tredje modell, bestående av en förenklad sektion av skopans främre parti, användes för att vidare undersöka och åtgärda det allvarligaste hållfasthetsproblemet som hittats. Skopan ansågs vid slutförande vara underdimensionerad i förhållande till en av egenskaperna hos den föreslagna frontlastarmodellen. Förslag gavs därför, med hänsyn till troliga osäkerhetsfaktorer, gällande ett område lämpligt för materialbesparing, konstruktionsändringar avsedda att minska kostnaden hos tillverknings- och monteringsprocessen samt åtgärder för att säkerställa skopans hållfasthet. Placering av konstruktionsdetaljen ansågs vara säker och förslag på dess utformning gavs., A bucket, designed and constructed by the company Kellfri AB for all-round usage with front-end loader equipped tractors, has been analyzed via finite element analysis in Creo Parametric. Possibilities of mass reduction, suitability in the placement of an additional detail in the upper parts of the bucket and potential strength problems in the construction was investigated. The project was initialized during the prototyping-phase of product development and at the time the bucket was considered to be over dimensioned by the company with regard to their earlier prototype-testing. Static analysis was done for three separate models; The Company’s own CAD-model, for which the strength of the bucket, as it was originally designed, was evaluated. A second model was made for the use of iterative changes in the construction, each followed by an analysis, to test different solutions for reducing the buckets mass without compromising strength and to address strength issues found in the original model. A third model, comprised of a simplified section of the buckets front, was then used to further evaluate and address the most critical of the strength problems that was found. The bucket was, at the end of the project, considered to be inadequately dimensioned for one of the features of the suggested front-end loader model. Suggestions was therefore given, with probable uncertainties accounted for, regarding a suitable area for mass reduction, changes in the design with the possibilities of cost-reduction by simplifying the manufacturing and assembly processes and also actions to be made in regard of strength problems found. Placement of the upper part-detail was considered safe and therefore given a suggested shape.

[Resumen] En el sector agrícola se usan un gran número de sustancias químicas con diferentes rangos de peligrosidad. Entre estas sustancias se encuentran los fertilizantes, que no son de las más peligrosas pero, no por ello, se pueden menospreciar sus riesgos. En este trabajo se pretende analizar los riesgos asociados al uso de fertilizantes, teniendo en cuenta al fertilizante como producto químico y otros riesgos que van asociados a su aplicación. Una vez analizados los posibles riesgos, se propondrán una serie de medidas preventivas para tratar de eliminarlos o minimizarlos. Los riesgos en el sector agrícola son muy variados y es fundamental establecer una cultura preventiva para mejorar las condiciones de trabajo., [Resumo] No sector agrícola úsanse un gran número de sustancias químicas con diferentes rangos de perigosidade. Entre estas sustancias encóntranse os fertilizantes, que non son das mais perigosas pero, non por elo, se poden menosprezar os seus riscos. Neste traballo pretendese analizar os riscos asociados o uso de fertilizantes, tendo en conta o fertilizante como produto químico e outros riscos que van asociados a súa aplicación. Unha vez analizados os posibles riscos, proporanse unha serie de medidas preventivas para tratar de eliminalos ou minimizalos. Os riscos no sector agrícola son moi variados e é fundamental establecer unha cultura preventiva para mellorar as condicións de traballo., [Abstract] In the agricultural sector, a great number of chemical substances with different ranges of danger are used. Among these substances are fertilizers, which are not the most dangerous but, because of this, their risks cannot be underestimated. This paper aims to analyse the risks associated with the use of fertilizers, taking into account fertilizer as a chemical and other risks associated with its application. Once the possible risks have been analysed, a series of preventive measures will be proposed to try to eliminate or minimize them. The risks in the agricultural sector are very varied and it is essential to establish a preventive culture to improve working conditions

Thesis, In certain market situations the llJ9rkeLv_al_ue of dehydrated lu_cern can be increased dramatically by separati~g the different levels of protein by applying a pneumatic separation process. The pneumatic separation method was developed by the Department of Agriculture in the USA. In a situation where high and low level protein is needed for animal food, air separation is not always the most effective method. The separation of leaves and stems will generate a higher-quality product because the protein content will be highter and will thus increase the gross income for the farmer. The market requirements for separated lucerne requires 70% leaf content (which represents the high protein component) at cut lengths of 60 mm, 120 mm and 150 mm. The remaining sems (30%) will have a low protein conent. A lucerne separation apparatus was developed for this study as a prototype in order to determine the concept and principles of the process before the apparatus could be commercialised. In every test, ten samples of 10 g each were collected from three different outlets for laboratory testing. The specimens were counted microscopically to determine the separation percentage between the high and low level proteins. The process was then repeated in order to compile tables for determining the optimum separation level of lucerne at a specific outl.et and speed. The tests showed that the separation percentage of lucerne with a flower stage of 20 %, continuously performed better than the group with a flower stage of 100 %. The best results for the separation were at the first two outlets at a speed of 350 revolutions per minute (rpm). According to the laboratory analysis by the ARC, the protein levels of the high potein component varied from 22,3 % to 26,23 %, which is fully acceptable to the market, where the need is only some 20 %. The prototype was built with the vision that a South African design can also be successfully utilised to increase the value of lucerne.

[Resumen] En el sector agrícola se usan un gran número de sustancias químicas con diferentes rangos de peligrosidad. Entre estas sustancias se encuentran los fertilizantes, que no son de las más peligrosas pero, no por ello, se pueden menospreciar sus riesgos. En este trabajo se pretende analizar los riesgos asociados al uso de fertilizantes, teniendo en cuenta al fertilizante como producto químico y otros riesgos que van asociados a su aplicación. Una vez analizados los posibles riesgos, se propondrán una serie de medidas preventivas para tratar de eliminarlos o minimizarlos. Los riesgos en el sector agrícola son muy variados y es fundamental establecer una cultura preventiva para mejorar las condiciones de trabajo., [Resumo] No sector agrícola úsanse un gran número de sustancias químicas con diferentes rangos de perigosidade. Entre estas sustancias encóntranse os fertilizantes, que non son das mais perigosas pero, non por elo, se poden menosprezar os seus riscos. Neste traballo pretendese analizar os riscos asociados o uso de fertilizantes, tendo en conta o fertilizante como produto químico e outros riscos que van asociados a súa aplicación. Unha vez analizados os posibles riscos, proporanse unha serie de medidas preventivas para tratar de eliminalos ou minimizalos. Os riscos no sector agrícola son moi variados e é fundamental establecer unha cultura preventiva para mellorar as condicións de traballo., [Abstract] In the agricultural sector, a great number of chemical substances with different ranges of danger are used. Among these substances are fertilizers, which are not the most dangerous but, because of this, their risks cannot be underestimated. This paper aims to analyse the risks associated with the use of fertilizers, taking into account fertilizer as a chemical and other risks associated with its application. Once the possible risks have been analysed, a series of preventive measures will be proposed to try to eliminate or minimize them. The risks in the agricultural sector are very varied and it is essential to establish a preventive culture to improve working conditions

Розглянуто основні специфічні проблеми, з якими стикаються сільськогосподарські товаровиробники у процесі формування своїх машинно-тракторних парків. Проаналізовано динаміку наявності та оновлення енергетичних потужностей тракторів й комбайнів у сільському господарстві України. Запропоновано та апробовано для дослідження процесу формування машинно-тракторних парків показник баланс оновлення тракторів та комбайнів. Проаналізовано структуру кількості й вартості придбання тракторів у розрізі їх потужностей та походження виробника. Для дослідження зміни ціни різних виробників та однакової потужності запропоновано використовувати показник вартості одиниці потужності трактора – 1 кВт., Рассмотрены основные специфические проблемы, с которыми сталкиваются сельскохозяйственные товаропроизводители в процессе формирования своих машинно- тракторных парков. Проанализирована динамика наличия и обновления энергетических мощностей тракторов и комбайнов в сельском хозяйстве Украины. Предложен и апробирован для исследования процесса формирования машинно-тракторных парков показатель баланса обновления тракторов и комбайнов. Проанализирована структура количества и стоимости приобретения тракторов в разрезе их мощностей и происхождения производителя. Для исследования изменения цены разных производителей и одинаковой мощности было предложено использовать показатель стоимости единицы мощности трактора – 1 кВт., Major specific problems faced by agricultural producers in the process of its tractor fleet were considered. The dynamics availability and renewal energy capacity tractors and combines in agriculture Ukraine has been analyzed. To study the process of formation tractor fleet were proposed and approved balance index update tractors and combines. The structure of the number and value of purchasing tractors were analyzed in terms of their capacities and origin producer. To investigate the changes of prices of various manufacturers and of equal power were proposed to use the unit value index tractor power – 1 kW.

Розглянуто основні специфічні проблеми, з якими стикаються сільськогосподарські товаровиробники у процесі формування своїх машинно-тракторних парків. Проаналізовано динаміку наявності та оновлення енергетичних потужностей тракторів й комбайнів у сільському господарстві України. Запропоновано та апробовано для дослідження процесу формування машинно-тракторних парків показник баланс оновлення тракторів та комбайнів. Проаналізовано структуру кількості й вартості придбання тракторів у розрізі їх потужностей та походження виробника. Для дослідження зміни ціни різних виробників та однакової потужності запропоновано використовувати показник вартості одиниці потужності трактора – 1 кВт., Рассмотрены основные специфические проблемы, с которыми сталкиваются сельскохозяйственные товаропроизводители в процессе формирования своих машинно- тракторных парков. Проанализирована динамика наличия и обновления энергетических мощностей тракторов и комбайнов в сельском хозяйстве Украины. Предложен и апробирован для исследования процесса формирования машинно-тракторных парков показатель баланса обновления тракторов и комбайнов. Проанализирована структура количества и стоимости приобретения тракторов в разрезе их мощностей и происхождения производителя. Для исследования изменения цены разных производителей и одинаковой мощности было предложено использовать показатель стоимости единицы мощности трактора – 1 кВт., Major specific problems faced by agricultural producers in the process of its tractor fleet were considered. The dynamics availability and renewal energy capacity tractors and combines in agriculture Ukraine has been analyzed. To study the process of formation tractor fleet were proposed and approved balance index update tractors and combines. The structure of the number and value of purchasing tractors were analyzed in terms of their capacities and origin producer. To investigate the changes of prices of various manufacturers and of equal power were proposed to use the unit value index tractor power – 1 kW.

Studies have shown that feedback linearization can provide an effective controller for many types of nonlinear systems. It is known, however, that these controllers are not robust, in particular to model uncertainties as the feedback linearization process involves canceling of nonlinearities in the dynamics using an exact model which is seldom available. Although there are several strategies to add robustness, recent work on sensitivity theory has shown that it can provide the least conservative design for robust feedback linearization. This is achieved by adjusting the control input to minimize the sensitivity. The work in this thesis develops the robust feedback linearization (RFL) methodology further by extending it to a new class of non-linear systems. This research presents a methodology for designing a RFL controller in conjunction with previous work on integrated robust optimal design (IROD) for hydraulically controlled multibody systems. With growing world populations the total output of the agricultural industry will need to increase with it. It has been shown that a significant portion of yield losses occur during harvest, and specifically at the header of the combine harvester. One way to improve this is by improved header height tracking. Promising research has shown that integrated mechanical plant and controller design can provide a better optimal controller than previously possible, but those techniques focus on the mechanical system only and do not account for hydraulic actuator dynamics. However, in practice, hydraulic systems pose control challenges because they are highly nonlinear and the system parameters can vary significantly. The proposed RFL methodology offers an ideal solution to this problem and the work in this thesis is dedicated to developing this methodology. Details are given about the mechanical and hydraulic plants as well as the development of a nominal feedback linearization controller. Then the controller is rendered robust to un

Banda Aceh

Alat dan mesin pertanian memiliki umur ekonomis serta memerlukan perawatan yang intensif sehingga pengguna membutuhkan tenaga ahli dalam bidang mesin pertanian khususnya traktor roda dua untuk reparasi bagian yang rusak dan memerlukan waktu relatif lama serta biaya yang tinggi. Dengan demikian, para pengguna memerlukan alternatif lain untuk mempermudah dalam mereparasi tanpa jasa tenaga ahli (mekanik) tersebut, sehingga dibutuhkan suatu aplikasi berbasis komputer yang dapat mendistribusikan pengetahuan seorang mekanik ke dalam sistem pakar.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat program sistem pakar yang dapat mendiagnosis kerusakan Traktor Roda Dua, mengidentifikasi jenis-jenis kerusakannya dan memberikan solusi tata cara penanganan tahap lanjut dengan menggunakan metode rancang bangun sistem pakar berbasis program Visual Basic 6.0 yang terdiri dari 4 (empat) tahap penting, yaitu: pengumpulan data basis pengetahuan dari buku dan pakar; konseptualisasi database; mendesain program sistem pakar; dan evaluasi sistem pakar.Hasil penelitian sistem pakar ini digunakan untuk traktor roda dua merk Yanmar TF 120, dengan pemeriksaan (validasi) kerusakan dilakukan oleh pakar dan mekanik dari dealer resmi. Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan dari penelusuran kerusakan traktor roda dua pada basis pengetahuan terdapat 5 (lima) kerusakan bagian mesin yang terdiri dari mesin tidak mau hidup, gas buang berwarna, terdengar suara asing, rembesan oli, dan putaran tidak normal serta ada 4 (empat) kerusakan bagian transmisi terdiri dari tuas pembelok kiri dan kanan, tuas kopling, tuas transmisi, dan terdengar bunyi asing pada bagian PTO. Program yang telah dirancang dapat mendiagnosis beberapa kerusakan traktor roda dua dan memberikan solusi yang objektif., Banda Aceh

RINGKASANPerkembangan tanah selalu mengalami perubahan sifat fisika dan mekanika tanah, baik secara alami maupun akibat kegiatan manusia. Dalam bidang pertanian, pengolahan tanah diyakini mampu meningkatkan pertumbuhan tanaman melalui perbaikan drainase, pergerakan air dan penetrasi akar dalam profil tanah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat penggunaan dosis abu sisa pembakaran setelah pengolahan tanah terhadap sifat fisika tanah dan kapasitas kerja traktor roda dua.Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) non faktorial jumlah petak percobaan sesuai dengan banyaknya ulangan menjadi 3 kelompok (blok). Pembagian kelompok berdasarkan pada pertimbangan bahwa keragaman pada setiap kelompok yang sama relatif homogen dan sesuai sesuai dengan taraf yang diberikan, sehingga keseluruhannya terdapat 9 petak dan faktor yang diteliti adalah : pemberian abu sisa pembakaran pada saat pengolahan tanah yang terdiri dari 3 taraf, yaitu : tanpa pemberian abu sisa pembakaran (B0), pemberian 20 kg abu sisa pembakaran (B1) dan pemberian 40 kg abu sisa pembakaran (B2).Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada pengaruh pemberian sisa abu pembakaran terhadap sifat fisika tanah, seperti : bobot isi, permeabilitas, porositas dan kadar air. Namun, hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian abu sisa pembakaran mempengaruhi parameter kapasitas kerja traktor, seperti slip roda, konsumsi bahan bakar dan kebisingan., Banda Aceh

YULITA HAIRINA. 0605106010041. PENGERINGAN SAWUT UMBI GADUNG (Dioscorea hispida Dennst) MENGGUNAKAN PENGERINGAN KABINET DENGAN SUMBER ENERGI BIOMASSA. Di bawah bimbingan Yusmanizar ST, MP sebagai pembimbing utama dan Dr. Rita Khathir, S.TP, M.Sc sebagai pembimbing anggota.RINGKASANUmbi gadung (Dioscorea hispida Dennst) adalah salah satu produk pangan lokal yang potensial dengan kandungan pati yang tinggi sehingga dapat diolah menjadi tepung. Tepung gadung dapat dijadikan sebagai bahan dalam pembuatan kue atau kerupuk. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik pengeringan gadung yang disawut dengan menggunaka alat pengering tipe kabinet. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada Bulan September sampai dengan November 2012 di Laboratorium Teknik Pasca Panen Program Studi Teknik Pertanian Universitas Syiah Kuala Banda Aceh. Peralatan yang digunakan adalah pengering kabinet, termometer alkohol, timbangan digital, stopwatch, anemometer, kamera digital, pisau stainless steel, dan keranjang. Bahan yang digunakan adalah umbi gadung yang sudah disawut sebanyak 30 kg, abu sekam, dan garam dapur. Karakteristik pengeringan yang dikaji adalah distribusi suhu, kelembaban relatif dan aliran udara dalam ruang pengering. Mutu hasil pengeringan dikaji berdasarkan kadar air bahan, rendemen, densitas kamba, kadar pati, analisa warna, dan uji organoleptik. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa temperatur rata-rata di dalam ruang pengering tidak stabil dan bervariasi dengan perbedaan kapasitas pengeringan, misalnya temperatur tertinggi pada kapasitas pengeringan 5 kg, terletak pada rak 2 (38oC), namun pada kapasitas pengeringan 10 dan 15 kg, temperatur rata-rata tertinggi dicapai pada rak 1 (36oC) dan rak 5 (37oC). Dengan perbedaan temperatur tersebut, kisaran nilai kelembaban relatif juga berfluktuasi. Kadar air akhir dianalisa pada setiap rak dengan dua titik pengamatan yang berbeda juga menunjukkan nilai yang tidak sama. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa belum tercapainya keseragaman k, Banda Aceh

RINGKASANPenanganan pascapanen padi merupakan kegiatan sejak padi dipanen sampai menghasilkan produk antara (intermediate product) yang siap dipasarkan. Kegiatan penanganan pascapanen padi meliputi beberapa tahap kegiatan yaitu proses pemanenan, penumpukan dan pengumpulan, perontokan, pembersihan, pengangkutan, pengeringan, pengemasan dan penyimpanan, serta penggilingan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh kadar air GKG terhadap rendemen dan mutu beras dari penggiling padi keliling. Jenis gabah yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah varietas IR-64 yang diperoleh dari hasil pemanenan di Desa Lamteuba Kecamatan Seulimeum, Kabupaten Aceh Besar. Mesin penggiling padi keliling yang digunakan adalah tipe NX-110 yang berasal dari Desa Bayu Kecamatan Darul Imarah, Aceh Besar. Parameter yang diukur pada penelitian ini adalah kadar air gabah yang terdiri dari 17%, 14%, 11% dan 8%. Analisa data yang diamati meliputi rendemen penggilingan, persentase mutu beras, dan kapasitas mesin penggiling padi keliling.Berdasarkan hasil penelitian persentase rendemen beras tertinggi diperoleh dari gabah dengan kadar air 11%, yaitu sebesar 58,7%. Nilai rendemen tersebut lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan rendemen beras giling yang dihasilkan dari gabah dengan kadar air 8% dan 14% yaitu masing-masing sebesar 58,5% dan 57,7%, rendemen beras giling yang paling rendah diperoleh dari gabah dengan kadar air 17% yaitu sebesar 51%. Untuk persentase mutu beras yang sudah memenuhi standar SNI diperoleh pada beras hasil penggilingan gabah dengan kadar air 14% dan tergolong ke dalam kelompok mutu V. Gabah dengan kadar air 14% adalah kondisi dimana gabah sangat baik untuk dilakukan proses penggilingan, sehingga mutu beras yang dihasilkan akan baik pula. Disamping itu bila kadar air gabah lebih rendah yaitu 8% maka butiran gabah yang digiling akan mudah patah. Kapasitas kerja mesin penggiling padi keliling memiliki nilai yang berbeda pada setiap gabah dengan kadar air yang berbeda yai, Banda Aceh

Tato diplomová práce popisuje problematiku konkurenceschopnosti. Cílem této práce je vytvořit pomůcku ke zvolení správné strategie a zachování konkurenceschopnosti podniku., This thesis describes the problems of competitiveness. The aim of this work is to create a tool to select the right strategy and the company remain competitive., Ve zpracování, Import 07/02/2011

In certain market situations the llJ9rkeLv_al_ue of dehydrated lu_cern can be increased dramatically by separati~g the different levels of protein by applying a pneumatic separation process. The pneumatic separation method was developed by the Department of Agriculture in the USA. In a situation where high and low level protein is needed for animal food, air separation is not always the most effective method. The separation of leaves and stems will generate a higher-quality product because the protein content will be highter and will thus increase the gross income for the farmer. The market requirements for separated lucerne requires 70% leaf content (which represents the high protein component) at cut lengths of 60 mm, 120 mm and 150 mm. The remaining sems (30%) will have a low protein conent. A lucerne separation apparatus was developed for this study as a prototype in order to determine the concept and principles of the process before the apparatus could be commercialised. In every test, ten samples of 10 g each were collected from three different outlets for laboratory testing. The specimens were counted microscopically to determine the separation percentage between the high and low level proteins. The process was then repeated in order to compile tables for determining the optimum separation level of lucerne at a specific outl.et and speed. The tests showed that the separation percentage of lucerne with a flower stage of 20 %, continuously performed better than the group with a flower stage of 100 %. The best results for the separation were at the first two outlets at a speed of 350 revolutions per minute (rpm). According to the laboratory analysis by the ARC, the protein levels of the high potein component varied from 22,3 % to 26,23 %, which is fully acceptable to the market, where the need is only some 20 %. The prototype was built with the vision that a South African design can also be successfully utilised to increase the value of lucerne.

In certain market situations the llJ9rkeLv_al_ue of dehydrated lu_cern can be increased dramatically by separati~g the different levels of protein by applying a pneumatic separation process. The pneumatic separation method was developed by the Department of Agriculture in the USA. In a situation where high and low level protein is needed for animal food, air separation is not always the most effective method. The separation of leaves and stems will generate a higher-quality product because the protein content will be highter and will thus increase the gross income for the farmer. The market requirements for separated lucerne requires 70% leaf content (which represents the high protein component) at cut lengths of 60 mm, 120 mm and 150 mm. The remaining sems (30%) will have a low protein conent. A lucerne separation apparatus was developed for this study as a prototype in order to determine the concept and principles of the process before the apparatus could be commercialised. In every test, ten samples of 10 g each were collected from three different outlets for laboratory testing. The specimens were counted microscopically to determine the separation percentage between the high and low level proteins. The process was then repeated in order to compile tables for determining the optimum separation level of lucerne at a specific outl.et and speed. The tests showed that the separation percentage of lucerne with a flower stage of 20 %, continuously performed better than the group with a flower stage of 100 %. The best results for the separation were at the first two outlets at a speed of 350 revolutions per minute (rpm). According to the laboratory analysis by the ARC, the protein levels of the high potein component varied from 22,3 % to 26,23 %, which is fully acceptable to the market, where the need is only some 20 %. The prototype was built with the vision that a South African design can also be successfully utilised to increase the value of lucerne.

Large elevated steel silos generally consist of a cylindrical vessel, a conical discharge hopper and a skirt which may either be supported on the ground or by a number of columns. The cone--cylinder--skirt junction is subject to a large circumferential compressive force due to the radial component of the meridional tension in the hopper, so either a ring is provided or the shell walls are locally thickened to strengthen the junction. Many theoretical studies have examined the buckling and collapse strengths of these junctions, but no previous experimental study has been reported. This has been due to the great difficulties associated with testing these thin-shell junctions at model scale. This paper first describes the development of an experimental facility for testing model steel silo transition junctions. Issues covered include the fabrication of quality model junctions using thin steel sheets, the loading method and the precise three-dimensional measurement of geometric imperfections and deformed shapes using a laser-displacement meter. Typical experimental results of a cone--cylinder--skirt--ring junction are next presented to demonstrate the capability of the developed facility. Procedures for processing the test results to determine both the buckling load and the number of buckling waves are also presented.

Large elevated steel silos generally consist of a cylindrical vessel, a conical discharge hopper and a skirt which may either be supported on the ground or by a number of columns. The cone--cylinder--skirt junction is subject to a large circumferential compressive force due to the radial component of the meridional tension in the hopper, so either a ring is provided or the shell walls are locally thickened to strengthen the junction. Many theoretical studies have examined the buckling and collapse strengths of these junctions, but no previous experimental study has been reported. This has been due to the great difficulties associated with testing these thin-shell junctions at model scale. This paper first describes the development of an experimental facility for testing model steel silo transition junctions. Issues covered include the fabrication of quality model junctions using thin steel sheets, the loading method and the precise three-dimensional measurement of geometric imperfections and deformed shapes using a laser-displacement meter. Typical experimental results of a cone--cylinder--skirt--ring junction are next presented to demonstrate the capability of the developed facility. Procedures for processing the test results to determine both the buckling load and the number of buckling waves are also presented.

Large elevated steel silos generally consist of a cylindrical vessel, a conical discharge hopper and a skirt which may either be supported on the ground or by a number of columns. The cone--cylinder--skirt junction is subject to a large circumferential compressive force due to the radial component of the meridional tension in the hopper, so either a ring is provided or the shell walls are locally thickened to strengthen the junction. Many theoretical studies have examined the buckling and collapse strengths of these junctions, but no previous experimental study has been reported. This has been due to the great difficulties associated with testing these thin-shell junctions at model scale. This paper first describes the development of an experimental facility for testing model steel silo transition junctions. Issues covered include the fabrication of quality model junctions using thin steel sheets, the loading method and the precise three-dimensional measurement of geometric imperfections and deformed shapes using a laser-displacement meter. Typical experimental results of a cone--cylinder--skirt--ring junction are next presented to demonstrate the capability of the developed facility. Procedures for processing the test results to determine both the buckling load and the number of buckling waves are also presented.

Side view, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-UMMU-X-06-02144%5D06_02144, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/ummu/06-02144/06_02144/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. These materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Library Information Technology.; Central Saint Martins College of Art & Design, https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

View of tractor plowing field, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-UMMU-X-06-02143%5D06_02143, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/ummu/06-02143/06_02143/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. These materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Library Information Technology.; Central Saint Martins College of Art & Design, https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Oblique view, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-UMMU-X-06-02147%5D06_02147, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/ummu/06-02147/06_02147/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. These materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Library Information Technology.; Central Saint Martins College of Art & Design, https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Oblique view, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-UMMU-X-06-02146%5D06_02146, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/ummu/06-02146/06_02146/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. These materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Library Information Technology.; Central Saint Martins College of Art & Design, https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Oblique view, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-UMMU-X-06-02148%5D06_02148, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/ummu/06-02148/06_02148/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. These materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Library Information Technology.; Central Saint Martins College of Art & Design, https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

General view, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-UMMU-X-06-02145%5D06_02145, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/ummu/06-02145/06_02145/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. These materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Library Information Technology.; Central Saint Martins College of Art & Design, https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Side view, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-UMMU-X-06-02142%5D06_02142, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/ummu/06-02142/06_02142/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. These materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Library Information Technology.; Central Saint Martins College of Art & Design, https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Side view, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-UMMU-X-06-02144%5D06_02144, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/ummu/06-02144/06_02144/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. These materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Library Information Technology.; Central Saint Martins College of Art & Design, https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Oblique view, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-UMMU-X-06-02146%5D06_02146, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/ummu/06-02146/06_02146/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. These materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Library Information Technology.; Central Saint Martins College of Art & Design, https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Oblique view, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-UMMU-X-06-02148%5D06_02148, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/ummu/06-02148/06_02148/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. These materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Library Information Technology.; Central Saint Martins College of Art & Design, https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Oblique view, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-UMMU-X-06-02147%5D06_02147, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/ummu/06-02147/06_02147/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. These materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Library Information Technology.; Central Saint Martins College of Art & Design, https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

General view, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-UMMU-X-06-02145%5D06_02145, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/ummu/06-02145/06_02145/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. These materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Library Information Technology.; Central Saint Martins College of Art & Design, https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

View of tractor plowing field, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-UMMU-X-06-02143%5D06_02143, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/ummu/06-02143/06_02143/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. These materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Library Information Technology.; Central Saint Martins College of Art & Design, https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Side view, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-UMMU-X-06-02142%5D06_02142, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/ummu/06-02142/06_02142/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. These materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Library Information Technology.; Central Saint Martins College of Art & Design, https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

A color print of an aerial shot of a tractor harvesting a crop., Scanned from a color print., UMR3.001.005 - Flood Damage 1983, 1993, 1996 Binder - Sept-Oct 1993 Section, Physical item loaned from the Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and Fish Refuge, Winona District, to Murphy Library in 2020. Part of the Upper Mississippi National Wildlife and Fish Refuge Historical Collection loaned to Murphy Library, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse.

This black and white two page document features a detailed list of all the farming equipment the University Farm owns, as well as the replacement price for any of the equipment.

This black and white two page document features a detailed list of all the farming equipment the University Farm owns, as well as the replacement price for any of the equipment.