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Purpose: The framework of the actions of the Peruvian State Contracting Tribunal (TCE), it was proposed to reflect on the causes of the ineffectiveness of the regulatory framework of state contracting processes, seeking to disaggregate them to offer solutions to the problem of increase in the procedural burden in this court. Methodology: A systematic narrative review was carried out using a qualitative research approach. Using Atlas Ti®, 31 categories were obtained, which were grouped into three groups: Factors associated with the origin of the contract, Concomitant measures to the actions of the TCE, and Deficiency of the jurisprudence in support of the rulings of the TCE. Result: It was concluded that, to the extent that it takes time for the integration of administrative management systems and systematization of the information generated by the sources associated with the State Procurement Law to guarantee better processes for updating the regulations, the number of cases that are treated in the TEC would continue to increase. Conclusion: The review and analysis of this work, the authors consulted agree that it is imperative to review and systematize the information generated from the sources associated with the regulations of the state procurement law, as well as the review of the regulatory hierarchies that should be considered to regulate the procedures that are resolved in the TCE., En el marco del actuar del Tribunal de contrataciones del estado (TCE) peruano se propuso reflexionar acerca de las causas de la poca efectividad del marco normativo de los procesos de contrataciones del estado, buscando desagregarlas con la finalidad de proponer caminos de solución al problema de incremento de la carga procesal en este tribunal. Se hizo una revisión sistemática narrativa en un enfoque cualitativo de investigación. Mediante el uso del Atlas Ti® se obtuvieron 31 categorías que se reunieron en tres grupos: Factores asociados con el origen del contrato; Medidas concomitantes a las acciones del TCE y Deficiencia de la jurisprudencia como soporte de los fallos del TCE. Se concluyó que, en la medida de que se tarde con la integración sistemas de gestión administrativa y sistematización de la información generada por las fuentes asociadas con la Ley de contrataciones del estado para garantizar mejores procesos de actualización de la normatividad, el número de los casos que son tratados en el TEC seguirán aumentando

In Germany, the courts are simply not called upon to judge cases of plagiarism. It is the research institutes and, in case of appeal, the administrative courts that are competent. This is because German research has developed solid tools for defining and punishing plagiarism, which the institutes must respect. These rules cover infringements much broader than copyright, including 'intelligent' plagiarism, theft of ideas, paraphrasing and other misquotes. Prosecution is not a matter for the parties but for society. What German institutions most often sanction by withdrawing the title of doctor is the deception of the researcher, the lack of independence of his or her research work and the resulting lack of progress in research. In France, the university does not challenge or sanction cases of plagiarism. Victims, tired of not being heard or afraid of seeing their case buried, turn to the courts. Because historically based essentially on copyright, the French courts only manage to award damages and punish copy-pasting. While new legal grounds such as parasitism are developing, the costs, burdens and hazards of the procedures limit the number of claims.

This research aimed to identify the causes of the Low imposition of fines on the illegal trade of wild fauna in Colombia, and to identify how much of the responsibility falls on the current methodology that Colombian environmental authorities must use to calculate these fines (i.e., "Methodology for the Calculation of Fines for Infringement of the Environmental Normative"). For this purpose, a survey was applied to public officials belonging to Colombian environmental authorities. The results revealed that these entities have several reasons for not imposing fines on the illegal trade of wild fauna. The most important cause is the fact that the referred methodology does not serve the purpose of estimating fines on this illicit activity, since its variable "Degree of environmental affectation" was not designed to be calculated on fauna. This impossibility of calculating fines on the illegal trade of wild fauna has generated two types of behaviors in Colombian environmental authorities: 1) some have refrained from imposing fines on this illicit activity (thus impeding a deterrent effect); and 2) others have modified the methodology (thus breaching the principle of legality), in order to be able to the calculate the fines in the case of this illicit activity. Therefore, given that neither of these two behaviors is suitable, this research calls for the Government of Colombia to enact a new or modified methodology to calculate fines for environmental infringements that adjusts to the characteristics and environmental affectations of the illegal trade of wild fauna., Resumen Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo identificar las causas de la baja imposición de multas al tráfico ilegal de fauna silvestre en Colombia, e identificar cuánta responsabilidad tiene al respecto la actual metodología que deben usar las autoridades ambientales colombianas para calcular estas multas (i.e., "Metodología para el Cálculo de Multas por Infracción a la Normativa Ambiental"). Para este propósito, se aplicó una encuesta a servidores públicos de las autoridades ambientales colombianas. Los resultados revelaron que estas entidades tienen varias razones para no imponer multas al tráfico ilegal de fauna silvestre. La causa más importante es el hecho de que la metodología referida no sirve para estimar multas en el caso de esta actividad ilícita, ya que su variable "Grado de afectación ambiental" no fue diseñada para ser calculada en fauna. Esta imposibilidad de calcular multas por el tráfico ilegal de fauna silvestre ha provocado dos tipos de conductas en las autoridades ambientales colombianas: 1) algunas se han abstenido de imponer multas a esta actividad ilícita (impidiendo así un efecto disuasorio); y 2) otras han modificado La metodología (vulnerando así el principio de legalidad) para poder calcular las multas en el caso de esta actividad ilícita. Por consiguiente, dado que ninguna de estas dos conductas es adecuada, esta investigación insta al Gobierno de Colombia a promulgar una metodología (nueva o modificada) para el cálculo de multas por infracciones ambientales, que se ajuste a las características y afectaciones ambientales del tráfico ilegal de fauna silvestre.

This article sets the scene for the contributions in this Special Issue on Criminal sanctions and IUU fishing: the case of Spain. The objective of the collection of papers included in this special issue is to stimulate an academic conversation about whether or not it would be appropriate to intensify the application of criminal sanctions in Spain for serious cases of illegal fishing. There are two main reasons to justify the connection of this international debate on the best legal means to fight against illegal fishing with the particular case of Spain. The first is the significance of the Spanish distant-water fleet, both in terms of the EU and on an international scale. The second reason is the current context of fisheries law reform in Spain

[Abstract]: In the last decade, Spain has been notable for large administrative sanctions imposed on its nationals and operators implicated in illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing activities. This paper examines, first, the practice of the Spanish authorities under the administrative sanction regime for IUU fishing activities conducted by Spanish nationals and operators. Second, an assessment of the legal framework under which the Spanish authorities have been established such administrative sanctions will be examined.

The health crisis has led to many restrictions on individual freedoms, and failure to comply with them has been sanctioned, especially by administrative fines. However, municipalities also have the possibility to use mediation to promote compliance with local rules. A research conducted on the use of mediation in the Brussels-Capital Region during the health crisis shows that the measure is used in a circumstantial manner, for various reasons such as the legal framework but also the relations between actors. In our contribution, we will explain which opportunities but also which challenges local mediation (as well as mediators) was confronted with during the period of the health crisis.

Decret elaborat en el context de desconfinament davant l’emergència provocada per la COVID-19., Decree prepared in the context of deconfinement to the emergency caused by COVID-19., Decreto elaborado en el contexto de desconfinamiento ante la emergencia provocada por la COVID-19.

Decret elaborat en el context de desconfinament davant l’emergència provocada per la COVID-19., Decree prepared in the context of deconfinement to the emergency caused by COVID-19., Decreto elaborado en el contexto de desconfinamiento ante la emergencia provocada por la COVID-19.

La popularidad de las redes sociales ha transformado la manera en la que percibimos el mundo e interactuamos con otras personas. Los influenciadores han aprovechado este fenómeno para crear comunidades de personas que confían en ellos y valoran sus opiniones. Por su parte, las empresas se han percatado de esto y han decidido comenzar a promocionar sus productos a través de dichos sujetos, y, en consecuencia, han convertido a la publicidad en redes sociales en una industria muy rentable y competitiva. La ausencia de una regulación clara y de una vigilancia activa respecto de este tipo de publicidad, así como la competencia entre los distintos influenciadores, ha tenido como consecuencia muchos casos en los que los consumidores se han visto perjudicados por anuncios publicitarios engañosos emitidos por estos sujetos. Este artículo se pregunta por la manera en que está regulada la publicidad a través de influenciadores en el ordenamiento jurídico colombiano, y en qué casos estos sujetos podrían ser sancionados por la SIC por publicidad engañosa. Lo anterior, con el fin de identificar si existe la necesidad de regular expresamente la publicidad a través de influenciadores en Colombia., The rise in popularity of social networks has transformed the way we perceive the world and interact with others. Influencers have capitalized on this phenomenon by forming online communities that trust them and value their opinions. Meanwhile, companies have noticed this and therefore began to promote their products through said users and, as a result, have turned social media advertising into a highly profitable and competitive industry. The absence of a clear regulation and active monitoring of such ads, as well as the high level of competition among the various influencers, contributed to numerous cases in which misleading advertisements issued by influencers have harmed consumers. The present article explores the way in which influencer advertising is regulated in the Colombian legal system, as well as the cases in which these individuals could be sanctioned by the SIC for misleading advertising. That is, in order to identify whether or not there is a need to explicitly regulate advertising through influencers in Colombia.

Decret elaborat en el context de desconfinament davant l’emergència provocada per la COVID-19., Decree prepared in the context of deconfinement to the emergency caused by COVID-19., Decreto elaborado en el contexto de desconfinamiento ante la emergencia provocada por la COVID-19.

his investigation analyzes how the criteria for administrative sanction in education matters must be applied. The educational regulation when referring to the economic benefit, nature and gravity of the infringement makes a clear reference of the principals or proportionality, reasonableness, and measurability. Despite this, jurisprudence still does not consolidate the idea that the courts can control and review the sanction imposed by the Administration., Esta investigación analiza cómo se deben aplicar los criterios de determinación de la sanción administrativa en materia de educación. La normativa educacional al referirse al beneficio económico y la naturaleza y gravedad de la infracción como criterios de determinación de la sanción, hace una remisión clara a los principios de proporcionalidad, razonabilidad y mensurabilidad. A pesar de eso, aún la jurisprudencia no consolida la idea de que los tribunales pueden controlar y revisar la sanción que impone la Administración.

The mandatory vaccination of children raises a lot of controversy in the public space. Anti-vaccination movements have been increasingly active in recent years. The aim of this article is to present the problem of sanctions with regard to mandatory vaccination of children, around which a lot of social and legal controversy has arisen. Sanctions used in connection with the evasion of the obligatory preventive vaccination of children in Poland are analysed. The essence of administrative sanctions in the case of mandatory vaccination of children is considered, as well as the transfer of the execution of this obligation to criminal courts. It is pointed out that absolute distinction has to be drawn between the scope of possibilities of applying administrative sanctions in the course of enforcement proceedings in administration and those provided for in the petty offences law. An analysis of normative acts and the literature on the subject as well as court decisions concerning the presented problem is made. Using a dogmatic-legal method and an analysis of court rulings, it is established that the aim of the application of administrative-law sanctions may only be to compel a person to fulfil an obligation. On the other hand, penalties on the grounds of the petty offences law will be administered for the evasion of obligatory preventive vaccination of children in Poland., Obowiązkowe szczepienia ochronne dzieci budzą wiele kontrowersji w przestrzeni publicznej. Szczególnie w ostatnich latach widoczna jest wzmożona aktywność ruchów antyszczepionkowych. Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu przybliżenie problematyki sankcji w odniesieniu do obowiązkowych szczepień ochronnych dzieci, wokół których narosło wiele kontrowersji natury społecznej i prawnej. Analizie poddane zostały sankcje stosowane w związku z uchylaniem się od obowiązkowych szczepień ochronnych dzieci w Polsce. Rozważano istotę sankcji administracyjnej w przypadku obowiązku szczepień ochronnych dzieci, a także przeniesienie egzekucji tego obowiązku na sądy karne. Wskazano na konieczność bezwzględnego rozróżnienia zakresu możliwości stosowania sankcji administracyjnych w toku postępowania egzekucyjnego w administracji od sankcji przewidzianych na gruncie prawa wykroczeń. Dokonano analizy aktów normatywnych i literatury przedmiotu oraz orzecznictwa sądowego dotykających prezentowanej problematyki. Przy wykorzystaniu metody dogmatycznoprawnej oraz analizy orzecznictwa sądowego ustalono, że celem stosowania sankcji administracyjnoprawnych może być jedynie przymuszenie do wykonania obowiązku. Natomiast sankcje na gruncie prawa wykroczeń wymierzane będą za uchylanie się od obowiązkowych szczepień ochronnych dzieci w Polsce. &nbsp

Even though the Netherlands was one of the founding fathers of the CoE, the impact of CoE conventions and soft law on Dutch administrative law and the development of the principles of good administration is rather patchy and uneven. This ‘Dutch paradox’ can be explained by the much more significant and direct impact of the European Convention on Human Rights on both substantive and procedural national administrative law. At least partly, this impact can be explained by the existence of a coherent body of ECtHR case law that is relevant to almost all areas of administrative law and that can be readily and easily applied on the national level. Nevertheless, the chapter concludes that it might be useful for Dutch authorities to keep an eye on other CoE instruments that may be relevant for the development of general administrative law, especially because the ECHR provides for minimum protection only.

The Judgement from the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) Saquetti Iglesias v Spain is set to have a significant impact on the regulation of appeals in contentious-administrative courts. This Judgment states that the right to appeal in second instance, guaranteed by virtue of article 2 of Protocol number 7 of the European Convention on Human Rights, must apply to administrative sanctions. The Judgement shall become final unless it is referred to re-examination by the Grand Chamber. The appeal as of right —much like the guarantee for a fair process enshrined in art. 6 of the Convention—. applies to all sanctions that are considered of a “criminal nature”, according to the criteria set out by the Strasbourg Court, which fundamentally takes into account the general and punitive nature of the infraction, as well as the severity of the sanction imposed. Article 2 of Protocol number 7 of the Convention excludes this right for infringements “of lessor severity as defined and laid down in the law”. The amendment to the Law 29/1998 governing Administrative Jurisdiction in order to adapt it to the requirements of the Strasbourg doctrine may entail an important first step towards the desirable generalisation of appeals as of right in contentious-administrative courts., La Sentencia del TEDH Saquetti Iglesias c. España está llamada a tener un importante impacto en la regulación de los recursos en el orden contencioso-administrativo al haber declarado que el derecho a la doble instancia judicial, garantizado por el art. 2 del Protocolo número 7 del Convenio Europeo de Derechos Humanos resulta de necesaria aplicación a las sanciones administrativas. La sentencia ya ha adquirido firmeza. El derecho a la doble instancia —al igual que las garantías a un proceso equitativo del art. 6 del Convenio— se aplica según la doctrina del TEDH a todas aquellas sanciones que son consideradas de «naturaleza penal» conforme a los criterios del Tribunal, que atiende para ello, fundamentalmente, a si las infracciones revisten carácter general y punitivo, así como a la gravedad de las sanciones impuestas. El propio art. 2 del Protocolo número 7 del Convenio excluye de este derecho a las infracciones «de menor gravedad según las defina la ley». El legislador español deberá reformar la Ley 29/1998 reguladora de la Jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa para adecuarla a las exigencias de esta doctrina de Estrasburgo, lo que puede suponer un primer paso, importante, hacia la deseable generalización de la doble instancia en el orden jurisdiccional contencioso-administrativo.

The regulation of the enforcement of sanctions and their prescription has never been peaceful in our legal system. LRJPAC de 1992 tried to adapt the enforceability of sanctions to constitutional jurisprudence and provided for additional limitation periods, but it consecrated, with the consent of the TS and the TC itself, the imprescriptibility of the sanctions appealed through administrative procedures, so that, filed an administrative appeal, if the Administration did not solve it in time, the sanction was not enforceable, but neither did its prescription. The LRJSP of 2015 has put an end to this unsustainable situation and has established that, in the event of the dismissal due to silence of the administrative appeal filed, the limitation period of the sanction begins to run. But now the problem has arisen as to whether, also, from that moment the sanction is enforceable. The present work, after analyzing how all this regulation has evolved, tries to clarify this regulatory mess now created and resolve the aforementioned question., La regulación de la ejecutividad de las sanciones y su prescripción nunca ha sido pacífica en nuestro ordenamiento. La LRJPAC de 1992 trató de adecuar la ejecutividad de las sanciones a la jurisprudencia constitucional y previó plazos supletorios de prescripción, pero consagró, con la bendición del TS y del propio TC, la imprescriptibilidad de las sanciones recurridas en vía administrativa, de modo que, interpuesto un recurso de alzada o reposición, si la Administración no resolvía en plazo, la sanción no era ejecutiva, pero tampoco corría su prescripción. La LRJSP de 2015 ha acabado con esta insostenible situación y ha dispuesto que, en caso de desestimación por silencio del recurso administrativo interpuesto, comienza a correr el plazo de prescripción de la sanción. Pero ahora ha surgido el problema de si, también, a partir de ese momento es ejecutiva la sanción. El presente trabajo, tras analizar cómo ha ido evolucionando toda esta regulación, trata de aclarar este enredo normativo ahora creado y resolver la referida cuestión.

En derecho administrativo sancionador rige el principio de responsabilidad personal. i) Es, pues, preciso hacer una interpretación de la responsabilidad solidaria conforme con el sistema. ii) La responsabilidad del garante no es objetiva, sino por acciones u omisiones culpables. iii) El deber de responder del pago de las sanciones impuestas a terceros solo debe imponerse cuando esté justificado. iv) La matriz solo podrá ser sancionada por las infracciones cometidas por la filial, si ha dirigido de manera efectiva su comportamiento y se han respetado sus derechos de defensa. v) Los cambios en la empresa infractora no afectan a su responsabilidad. vi) La responsabilidad de la empresa extinguida puede transmitirse a la que la suceda, a la matriz o a los socios., The principle of personal liability applies to administrative sanctions. i) Therefore, it is necessary to interpret joint and several liability provisions according to the system. ii) The person responsible for preventing infringements committed by a third party is not subject to an objective liability. iii) The duty to pay penalties imposed on third parties should only be imposed when justified. iv) A parent company can only be sanctioned for infringements committed by its subsidiary when it has effectively guided its performance and its procedural and defense rights have been respected. v) Any changes that might be introduced in the direction, property or business of the offending company do not affect its liability. vi) Defunct companies can transmit their liability to successor and parent companies and to a limited extent to the partners.

The vulnerability of prospective credit consumers to over-committing their resources and the inherent dangers posed by credit advertising in particular necessitate the proper regulation of credit marketing. It is therefore not unsurprising that responsible marketing forms part of the responsible lending (and borrowing) measures of various jurisdictions – including South Africa and the Member States of the European Union – with the aim of preventing the extension of credit to consumers who cannot afford it. In this article the credit marketing laws that the South African, European (mainly in the Consumer Credit and Mortgage Credit Directives) and Belgian legislators have enacted are considered and compared, with a focus on the information to be included in advertising, prohibited advertising and prohibited marketing techniques. The ultimate aim is to determine whether South African law contains sufficient guarantees to protect consumers with respect to credit marketing and its consequences.

The vulnerability of prospective credit consumers to over-committing their resources and the inherent dangers posed by credit advertising in particular necessitate the proper regulation of credit marketing. It is therefore not unsurprising that responsible marketing forms part of the responsible lending (and borrowing) measures of various jurisdictions – including South Africa and the Member States of the European Union – with the aim of preventing the extension of credit to consumers who cannot afford it. In this article the credit marketing laws that the South African, European (mainly in the Consumer Credit and Mortgage Credit Directives) and Belgian legislators have enacted are considered and compared, with a focus on the information to be included in advertising, prohibited advertising and prohibited marketing techniques. The ultimate aim is to determine whether South African law contains sufficient guarantees to protect consumers with respect to credit marketing and its consequences.

The vulnerability of prospective credit consumers to over-committing their resources and the inherent dangers posed by credit advertising in particular necessitate the proper regulation of credit marketing. It is therefore not unsurprising that responsible marketing forms part of the responsible lending (and borrowing) measures of various jurisdictions – including South Africa and the Member States of the European Union – with the aim of preventing the extension of credit to consumers who cannot afford it. In this article the credit marketing laws that the South African, European (mainly in the Consumer Credit and Mortgage Credit Directives) and Belgian legislators have enacted are considered and compared, with a focus on the information to be included in advertising, prohibited advertising and prohibited marketing techniques. The ultimate aim is to determine whether South African law contains sufficient guarantees to protect consumers with respect to credit marketing and its consequences.

This chapter takes the question of how to guarantee the rule of law within the scope of application of Union law. The rule of law in this context requires, according to the author, that the exercise of public power is constrained and possible to hold accountable through principles of legality and legal certainty, as well as constitutional guarantees for the protection of fundamental rights. The overarching question addressed in the chapter is this: who is it—the Union or the member states—that ultimately guarantees the rule of law and the protection of fundamental rights when sanctions against individuals are decided within the ambit of European Union (EU) law? Can the member states actually rely on the EU to guarantee that decisions which may subject individuals to sanctions are made on a secure basis?

Even though the Netherlands was one of the founding fathers of the CoE, the impact of CoE conventions and soft law on Dutch administrative law and the development of the principles of good administration is rather patchy and uneven. This ‘Dutch paradox’ can be explained by the much more significant and direct impact of the European Convention on Human Rights on both substantive and procedural national administrative law. At least partly, this impact can be explained by the existence of a coherent body of ECtHR case law that is relevant to almost all areas of administrative law and that can be readily and easily applied on the national level. Nevertheless, the chapter concludes that it might be useful for Dutch authorities to keep an eye on other CoE instruments that may be relevant for the development of general administrative law, especially because the ECHR provides for minimum protection only.

Aimed at establishing an effective and consistent enforcement of market abuse regulation, the regime introduced by Regulation (EU) No. 596/2014 (‘MAR’) and Directive 2014/57/EU (‘MAD II’) relies on a mix of criminal penalties and administrative sanctions, both of which are subject to the principles of double jeopardy and due process. In the light of a few cases decided by the Court of Justice of the European Union and the European Court of Human Rights (‘ECtHR’), the features of this regime are, however, unclear, and it is doubtful whether the current framework is adequate to achieve its goals. This Article criticizes the decision to criminalize market abuse at the EU level and argues that a credible EU supervisory system is better served by an enforcement system based on administrative sanctions. Moreover, the article discusses the solution offered by the ECtHR to the trade-off between efficiency and fairness in administrative proceedings and proposes an allocation of prosecution and decision-making to independent bodies within the same supervisory authority as a means to better balance efficiency and fairness.

The Article describes the new Single Supervisory Mechanism in the field of banking supervision in the Eurozone. In particular, it focuses on the system of enforcement, including the interaction between European and national supervisory authorities. Specific attention is given to the SSM sanctioning system, its enforcement, procedural safeguards and judicial review.

El presente artículo aborda las sanciones administrativas en el derecho administrativo en general, haciendo particular énfasis en el principio de proporcionalidad y su influencia en la práctica de potestades sancionatorias de autoridades administrativas. A partir de un estudio teleológico de las finalidades de la imposición de sanciones administrativas, a lo largo del escrito se observan las razones por las cuales en cada caso en concreto deben analizarse los fines perseguidos con la imposición de una sanción. A partir del examen de la jurisprudencia del Consejo Constitucional y Consejo de Estado francés, además de jurisprudencia de la cedh, la presente investigación busca evidenciar algunos criterios de determinación de la proporcionalidad que deberán ser tenidos en cuenta por el legislador al momento de preverlas en las disposiciones normativas, por la autoridad administrativa cuando impondrá la sanción en concreto y, de igual forma, por el juez en el escenario de control del acto administrativo mediante el cual se impone una sanción, This paper analyzes administrative sanctions in general Administrative Law, with particular regard to the proportionality principle and its role in how administrative authorities exercise sanctioning powers. Through a teleological study of administrative sanctions, this research aims to reveal the importance of determining the purposes that, in each single case, the corrective measure is sought to attain. By examining specific rules of proportionality in the case law of the French Constitutional Council and the Council of State, along with the jurisprudence of the CEDH, it intends to fuel the debate on the criteria to be incorporated by lawmakers, applied by administrative authorities, and considered by judges during judicial review

In this article, I focus on the area of administrative sanctions within the European composite administration. Many pieces of secondary EU law contain requirements that member states are to provide effective deterrent measures in order to uphold respect for the material EU law provisions, but leave to the member states to apply their own rules on administrative sanctions. The practice of referring questions of sanctions to national law is a consequence of the reluctance displayed by the member states to hand over their sanctioning powers to the EU.Underthe case law of the European Court of Human Rights, administrative sanctions can on certain conditions be defined as criminal charges according to Article 6 of the European Convention of Human Rights, and must be handled accordingly. TheCourt of Justice of the European Union, CJEU, has followed thiscase law.The principle of legality is central in relation to criminal charges and penalties, a notion that is also acknowledged in Article 49 of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights (EU Charter). By leaving the matter of regulating administrative sanctions to the member states, the sanctions can be applied under one comprehensive set of rules, within the legal system of the member state. However, according to well-established case law, member states are obliged to ensure that sanctions for infringements of provisions of union law are “effective, proportionate and dissuasive”. Further, the CJEU has on several occasions held that the general principles of EU law, as well as the EU Charter, are also applicable to national laws of sanction. In more recent secondary legislation, for example the General Data Protection Regulation, the EU has enacted rules that regulate how national laws on sanctions are to be applied. Even this area of the European composite administration is thereby becoming more integrated.

The Article describes the new Single Supervisory Mechanism in the field of banking supervision in the Eurozone. In particular, it focuses on the system of enforcement, including the interaction between European and national supervisory authorities. Specific attention is given to the SSM sanctioning system, its enforcement, procedural safeguards and judicial review.

The Article describes the new Single Supervisory Mechanism in the field of banking supervision in the Eurozone. In particular, it focuses on the system of enforcement, including the interaction between European and national supervisory authorities. Specific attention is given to the SSM sanctioning system, its enforcement, procedural safeguards and judicial review.

Article 3 of Protocol No. 7 of the European Convention on Human Rights recognizes a right to compensation to the person affected by a firm criminal conviction later annulled for reasons unrelated to the convict. The present work explores the possibility that this right is also exercisable in the sanctioning administrative sphere, in particular, in relation to the annulment of firm administrative sanctions, as well as the consequences that this would have for the Spanish system of patrimonial responsibility of the Public Administration., El artículo 3 del Protocolo número 7 del Convenio Europeo de Derechos Humanos reconoce un derecho indemnizatorio al afectado por una condena penal firme posteriormente anulada por motivos ajenos al condenado. El presente trabajo explora la posibilidad de que este derecho sea ejercitable también en el ámbito administrativo sancionador, en concreto, en relación con la anulación de sanciones administrativas firmes, así como las consecuencias que ello tendría para el sistema español de responsabilidad patrimonial de la Administración pública.

Article 3 of Protocol No. 7 of the European Convention on Human Rights recognizes a right to compensation to the person affected by a firm criminal conviction later annulled for reasons unrelated to the convict. The present work explores the possibility that this right is also exercisable in the sanctioning administrative sphere, in particular, in relation to the annulment of firm administrative sanctions, as well as the consequences that this would have for the Spanish system of patrimonial responsibility of the Public Administration., El artículo 3 del Protocolo número 7 del Convenio Europeo de Derechos Humanos reconoce un derecho indemnizatorio al afectado por una condena penal firme posteriormente anulada por motivos ajenos al condenado. El presente trabajo explora la posibilidad de que este derecho sea ejercitable también en el ámbito administrativo sancionador, en concreto, en relación con la anulación de sanciones administrativas firmes, así como las consecuencias que ello tendría para el sistema español de responsabilidad patrimonial de la Administración pública.

Taking into account the regulatory purposes of administrative sanctions against corporations and the observable trends in comparative law, the article aims to show that, in the absence of explicit statutory regulation on the administrative liability of corporations, there is a basis for interpreting Chilean sanctioning administrative law as granting corporations a defense based on the implementation of an adequate compliance model to prevent illicit acts committed by their low-level employees in exercise of their functions., RESUMEN: De la mano de los propósitos regulatorios de las sanciones administrativas contra las personas jurídicas y de la tendencia observable en el Derecho comparado, el artículo pretende demostrar que, en ausencia de regulación legal expresa sobre los presupuestos de la responsabilidad administrativa de las personas jurídicas, es posible interpretar el Derecho administrativo sancionador vigente en Chile en el sentido de que es procedente una eximente de responsabilidad consistente en el establecimiento de un modelo de cumplimiento adecuado para prevenir los hechos ilícitos cometidos por los empleados subalternos de la persona jurídica en el ejercicio de sus funciones.

Article 3 of Protocol No. 7 of the European Convention on Human Rights recognizes a right to compensation to the person affected by a firm criminal conviction later annulled for reasons unrelated to the convict. The present work explores the possibility that this right is also exercisable in the sanctioning administrative sphere, in particular, in relation to the annulment of firm administrative sanctions, as well as the consequences that this would have for the Spanish system of patrimonial responsibility of the Public Administration., El artículo 3 del Protocolo número 7 del Convenio Europeo de Derechos Humanos reconoce un derecho indemnizatorio al afectado por una condena penal firme posteriormente anulada por motivos ajenos al condenado. El presente trabajo explora la posibilidad de que este derecho sea ejercitable también en el ámbito administrativo sancionador, en concreto, en relación con la anulación de sanciones administrativas firmes, así como las consecuencias que ello tendría para el sistema español de responsabilidad patrimonial de la Administración pública.