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Införandet av New Public Management (NPM) i svensk offentlig sektor har lett till ökad administration och större fokus på rapportering och utvärdering. Kritiker hävdar att omfattande administration kan minska kostnadseffektiviteten inom offentliga verksamheter och underminera professionellas förmåga att utföra sina kärnuppdrag. Ökningen av administrativa uppgifter har bland annat påverkat lärare, som länge har flaggat för att den höga administrativa arbetsbelastningen är ett arbetsmiljöproblem. Rektorer har en nyckelroll i förändringsarbetet med att minska administrationen i skolverksamheten. Denna kvalitativa studie syftar till att undersöka utmaningar i förändringsarbetet med att minska administration inom den kommunala skolan. Studien består av semistrukturerade intervjuer av rektorer inom kommunala gymnasieskolor i Uppsala kommun, tillsammans med granskning av kommunala styrdokument. Resultatet av studien indikerar att hinder för att minska administrationen i den kommunala skolan främst består dels av en bristande informationsdelning från huvudmannen kring målsättning och tillvägagångssätt för att minska administration. Dessutom identifierades hinder i den institutionella kontext som rektorerna befinner sig i, vilket påverkar och begränsar deras handlingsutrymme.

Objective: establish the correlation between administrative management and “teaching performance” in educational institutions of regular basic education. Materials and Method: corresponds to a non-experimental basic research, correlational design, questionnaires were used for 70 participants, the data were processed using SPSS. Results: Very weak Rho = 0.120 was found between the variables, confirming there is no association. Likewise, it was established that preparing sessions reached 1%, participating in class – 7.8%, and teacher training 8% in relation to how managers manage. Conclusion: the categories studied then see the results, the non-existence of correlation between them was confirmed, due to the assessment of the administrative managers where they mostly affirm that it is adequate, while regarding the work of the teachers it is appreciated as regular in the process of teaching, the results are not encouraging since it is necessary to have an efficient link and then the students' learning is better., Objetivo: establecer la correlación entre gestión administrativa y “desempeño docente” en instituciones educativas de educación básica regular. Materiales y Método: corresponde a una investigación básica no experimental, diseño correlacional, se empleó cuestionarios a 70 participantes, se procesaron los datos mediante SPSS. Resultados: Se halló Rho = 0,120 muy débil entre las variables, confirmando no hay una asociación. Asimismo, se estableció en cuanto preparar sesiones llegó 1%, participar en la clase – 7.8%, y formación docente 8% en relación como administran los directivos. Conclusión: las categorías estudiadas luego ver los resultados, se confirmaron la no existencia de correlación entre ellas, debido a la apreciación sobre los gestores administrativos donde mayormente afirman que es adecuado, mientras respecto la labor de los maestros llega apreciaron como regular en el proceso de la enseñanza, los resultados no son alentadores puesto es necesario exista una vinculación eficiente y luego los aprendizajes de los estudiantes sean mejores.

The present study influence of the administrative management on the budgetary execution of projects in camelids in INIA (National Institute of Agrarian Innovation) Puno, was carried out in six public investment projects in the years 2016, 2017, 208 and 2019, the objectives were to analyze the budget programming, its incidence in budget execution and determine the level of effectiveness of institutional budget execution with respect to the PIM (Modified Institutional Budget). The methodology used was the information collection technique (data) directly from the projects, the study was descriptive - explanatory, with a non-experimental design, descriptive statistics (percentages and indices) were used for data analysis. The results obtained for programming and incidence of budget execution were 91.43%, 87.72%, 83.82%, 76.04%, 75.09% and 71.05% for investment projects 074, 072, 078, 063, 133 and 067 respectively, being for the six projects of 81.55%, for the level of efficiency of expenditure execution according to the MEF rating range it was 0.81 in the four years of execution, being according to project 0.91, 0.88, 0.84, 0.76, 0.75 and 0.71 respectively. It is concluded that a deficient budget programming has a negative influence on budget execution, the level of effectiveness of budget execution, compared to the Modified Institutional Budget (PIM) for the period 2016 to 2019 in six investment projects was deficient., El presente estudio influencia de la gestión administrativa sobre la ejecución presupuestal de proyectos en camélidos en INIA Puno, se realizó en seis proyectos de inversión pública, los objetivos fueron analizar la programación presupuestal y su incidencia en la ejecución presupuestal y determinar el nivel de eficacia de la ejecución presupuestal institucional respecto al PIM. La metodología usada fue la técnica de recolección de información (datos) directamente de los proyectos, el estudio fue descriptivo – explicativo, con diseño no experimental, para el análisis de datos se utilizó la estadística descriptiva (frecuencias y porcentajes). Los resultados obtenidos para programación e incidencia de la ejecución presupuestal fueron 75.78%, 71.05%, 87.72%, 91.43%, 83.81%, 75.59% para los PI_063, 067, 072, 074, 078 y 133 respectivamente, para nivel de eficacia de ejecución de gasto según rango de calificación del MEF fue 0.98, 0.86, 0.70 y 0.48 para los años 2016, 2017, 2018 y 2019 respectivamente. Se concluye que el nivel de eficacia para el periodo 2016 y 2017 fue muy bueno y regular respectivamente, para los periodos 2018 y 2019 fue deficiente.

Studies have shown that government accounting is currently appreciated as an important control system for state institutions, whose main objective is to maintain an efficient accounting system that allows obtaining truthful and timely information for decision making, which is why , the objective of this research is to determine the importance of government accounting as a fiscal instrument in the Pablo Sexto canton, which has a descriptive approach since it relates and analyzes the characteristics of a select group that has been chosen as a subject of study of this research, in this case, the application of a survey was carried out as an information collection technique executed by those responsible for the departments of Accounting, Budgets and Information and Communication Systems belonging to the cantons: Pablo Segundo, Logroño and Sucúa and Huamboya where each of them provided their perspective regarding topics such as: internal control, current regulations, accrual principle, budget and budget cycle and information and communication systems, where it was concluded that government accounting is a very useful tool that It allows these entities to provide correct financial management, however, there is a certain lack of knowledge regarding some topics, which is why it is suggested to carry out continuous training., Estudos têm demonstrado que a contabilidade governamental é actualmente apreciada como um importante sistema de controlo das instituições estatais, sua finalidade é manter um sistema contábil eficiente que permita obter informações eficazes e oportunas para a tomada de decisões. É por isso que o objectivo desta pesquisa é determinar a importância da contabilidade governamental como instrumento fiscal no cantão Pablo Sexto, que possui uma abordagem descritiva, pois relaciona e analisa as características de um selecto grupo que foi escolhido como objecto de estudo desta pesquisa. Neste caso, foi realizada a aplicação de uma pesquisa como técnica de coleta de informações realizada pelos responsáveis pelos departamentos de Contabilidade, Orçamento e Sistemas de Informação e Comunicação pertencentes aos cantões: Pablo Sexto, Logroño, Sucúa e Huamboya, onde cada um deles apresentou a sua perspectiva sobre temas como: controlo interno, regulamentação em vigor, princípio de competência, orçamento e ciclo orçamental e sistemas de informação e comunicação. Concluiu-se que a contabilidade governamental é uma ferramenta muito útil que permite a estas entidades uma correcta gestão financeira, no entanto, existe um certo desconhecimento relativamente a alguns temas, razão pela qual se sugere a realização de formação contínua., Estudios han demostrado que la contabilidad gubernamental actualmente es apreciada como un importante sistema de control de las instituciones del estado, su fin es mantener un eficiente sistema contable que permita obtener información veraz y oportuna para la toma de decisiones. Es por esto que, el objetivo de la presente investigación es determinar la importancia de la contabilidad gubernamental como instrumento fiscal en el cantón Pablo Sexto, la cual posee un enfoque descriptivo dado que relata y analiza las características de un grupo selecto que ha sido escogido como sujeto de estudio de esta investigación. En este caso, se llevó a cabo la aplicación de una encuesta como técnica de recolección de información ejecutada por los responsables de los departamentos de Contabilidad, Presupuestos y Sistemas de Información y comunicación pertenecientes a los cantones: Pablo Sexto, Logroño, Sucúa y Huamboya, donde cada uno de ellos brindó su perspectiva referente a temas como: control interno, normativa vigente, principio del devengado, presupuesto y ciclo presupuestario y sistemas de información y comunicación. Se pudo concluir que la contabilidad gubernamental es una herramienta muy útil que les permite a estas entidades brindar una correcta gestión financiera, sin embargo, existe cierto desconocimiento en cuanto a algunos temas por lo que se sugiere realizar capacitaciones continuas.

This text presents the general result of the investigative work entitled "Comparative study of the formative contributions in Culture of Contribution of the faculties of economic sciences attached to public and private universities in western Colombia. Valid 2020-2022”. His research problem was: how to compare the contributions that the higher institutions under study have developed on this topic. The general objective was focused on: "Determining which have been the formative contributions in "Culture of Contribution. And the methodological model called: Grounded Theory (Glaser, B. Strauss, A. 1967) was appealed to. In the end, the authors, through their research, manage to achieve the proposed specific objectives and design an intervention proposal in the form of a syllabus called: Chair of Contribution in Economic Sciences, a micro-curriculum that becomes a mandatory consultation doctrine for the teaching of contribution and the understanding of taxation in Colombia., El presente texto expone el resultado general del trabajo investigativo titulado: “Estudio comparado de los aportes formativos en Cultura de la Contribución de las facultades de ciencias económicas adscritas a universidades públicas y privadas del occidente colombiano. Vigencia 2020-2022”. Su problema de investigación se fundamentó en ¿cómo comparar los aportes que en esta temática han desarrollado las instituciones superiores objeto del estudio. El objetivo general se enfocó en identificar los aportes formativos en "Cultura de la Contribución” y se apeló al modelo metodológico denominado: Teoría Fundamentada (Grounded Theory). (Glaser, B. Strauss, A. 1967). Al final, las autoras diseñan una propuesta de intervención a manera de syllabus denominado: Cátedra de la Contribución en Ciencias Económicas, micro currículo que se convierte en doctrina de obligatoria consulta para la enseñanza de la contribución y la comprensión de la tributación en Colombia.

La España rural es un asunto del que todos los que pueden hablan y escriben, pero todos trabajan en despachos en las grandes ciudades y no tienen ni idea de cómo se vive en el campo, tanto en los meses cálidos como en los fríos, ni conocen los inconvenientes y riesgos tan numerosos que pueden sufrir, desde ataques de animales hasta fenómenos meteorológicos no previstos, Rural Spain is a subject that everyone likes to speak and writeabout, but the majority all work in offices in big cities and have no idea what it’s like to live in the countryside, both in the warm months or in the cold ones. Neither do they know the numerous inconveniences and risks they can suffer, from animal attacks to unforeseen weather phenomena.

Studies have shown that government accounting is currently appreciated as an important control system for state institutions, whose main objective is to maintain an efficient accounting system that allows obtaining truthful and timely information for decision making, which is why , the objective of this research is to determine the importance of government accounting as a fiscal instrument in the Pablo Sexto canton, which has a descriptive approach since it relates and analyzes the characteristics of a select group that has been chosen as a subject of study of this research, in this case, the application of a survey was carried out as an information collection technique executed by those responsible for the departments of Accounting, Budgets and Information and Communication Systems belonging to the cantons: Pablo Segundo, Logroño and Sucúa and Huamboya where each of them provided their perspective regarding topics such as: internal control, current regulations, accrual principle, budget and budget cycle and information and communication systems, where it was concluded that government accounting is a very useful tool that It allows these entities to provide correct financial management, however, there is a certain lack of knowledge regarding some topics, which is why it is suggested to carry out continuous training., Estudos têm demonstrado que a contabilidade governamental é actualmente apreciada como um importante sistema de controlo das instituições estatais, sua finalidade é manter um sistema contábil eficiente que permita obter informações eficazes e oportunas para a tomada de decisões. É por isso que o objectivo desta pesquisa é determinar a importância da contabilidade governamental como instrumento fiscal no cantão Pablo Sexto, que possui uma abordagem descritiva, pois relaciona e analisa as características de um selecto grupo que foi escolhido como objecto de estudo desta pesquisa. Neste caso, foi realizada a aplicação de uma pesquisa como técnica de coleta de informações realizada pelos responsáveis pelos departamentos de Contabilidade, Orçamento e Sistemas de Informação e Comunicação pertencentes aos cantões: Pablo Sexto, Logroño, Sucúa e Huamboya, onde cada um deles apresentou a sua perspectiva sobre temas como: controlo interno, regulamentação em vigor, princípio de competência, orçamento e ciclo orçamental e sistemas de informação e comunicação. Concluiu-se que a contabilidade governamental é uma ferramenta muito útil que permite a estas entidades uma correcta gestão financeira, no entanto, existe um certo desconhecimento relativamente a alguns temas, razão pela qual se sugere a realização de formação contínua., Estudios han demostrado que la contabilidad gubernamental actualmente es apreciada como un importante sistema de control de las instituciones del estado, su fin es mantener un eficiente sistema contable que permita obtener información veraz y oportuna para la toma de decisiones. Es por esto que, el objetivo de la presente investigación es determinar la importancia de la contabilidad gubernamental como instrumento fiscal en el cantón Pablo Sexto, la cual posee un enfoque descriptivo dado que relata y analiza las características de un grupo selecto que ha sido escogido como sujeto de estudio de esta investigación. En este caso, se llevó a cabo la aplicación de una encuesta como técnica de recolección de información ejecutada por los responsables de los departamentos de Contabilidad, Presupuestos y Sistemas de Información y comunicación pertenecientes a los cantones: Pablo Sexto, Logroño, Sucúa y Huamboya, donde cada uno de ellos brindó su perspectiva referente a temas como: control interno, normativa vigente, principio del devengado, presupuesto y ciclo presupuestario y sistemas de información y comunicación. Se pudo concluir que la contabilidad gubernamental es una herramienta muy útil que les permite a estas entidades brindar una correcta gestión financiera, sin embargo, existe cierto desconocimiento en cuanto a algunos temas por lo que se sugiere realizar capacitaciones continuas.

Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) exert anticoagulation effect by directly inhibiting Factor Xa (rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban) or thrombin (dabigatran). Though DOACs are characterized by fixed-dose prescribing and generally do not require routine laboratory drug-level monitoring (DLM), circumstances may arise where the DLM may aid in clinical decision-making, including DOAC dose adjustment, anticoagulant class change, or decisions to withhold or administer reversal agents. We review the current literature that describes high-risk patient groups in which DLM may be beneficial for improved patient anticoagulation management and stewardship. The review also summarizes the limitations of conventional coagulation testing and discuss the emerging utility of quantitative methods for routine and rapid emergent evaluation of DOAC drug levels-in particular, the Anti-Xa activity to detect Factor Xa Inhibitors (rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban). Both technical and regulatory barriers to widespread DLM implementation are limiting factors to further clinical research that must be overcome, in order to propose universal DOAC DLM strategies and provide clinical-laboratory correlation to formally classify high-risk patient groups.

The continual emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern (VOCs) poses a major challenge to vaccines and antiviral therapeutics due to their extensive evasion of immunity. Aiming to develop potent and broad-spectrum anticoronavirus inhibitors, we generated A1-(GGGGS)7-HR2m (A1L35HR2m) by introducing an angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)-derived peptide A1 to the N terminus of the viral HR2-derived peptide HR2m through a long flexible linker, which showed significantly improved antiviral activity. Further cholesterol (Chol) modification at the C terminus of A1L35HR2m greatly enhanced the inhibitory activities against SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-2 VOCs, SARS-CoV, and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) pseudoviruses, with IC50 values ranging from 0.16 to 5.53 nM. A1L35HR2m-Chol also potently inhibits spike-protein-mediated cell-cell fusion and the replication of authentic Omicron BA.2.12.1, BA.5, and EG.5.1. Importantly, A1L35HR2m-Chol distributed widely in respiratory tract tissue and had a long half-life (>10 h) in vivo. Intranasal administration of A1L35HR2m-Chol to K18-hACE2 transgenic mice potently inhibited Omicron BA.5 and EG.5.1 infection both prophylactically and therapeutically.

BACKGROUND: Despite its approval for acute ischemic stroke >25 years ago, intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) remains underused, with inequities by age, sex, race, ethnicity, and geography. Little is known about IVT rates by insurance status. METHODS AND RESULTS: We assessed temporal trends from 2002 to 2015 in IVT for acute ischemic stroke in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample using adjusted, survey-weighted logistic regression. We calculated odds ratios for IVT for each category in 2002 to 2008 (period 1) and 2009 to 2015 (period 2). IVT use for acute ischemic stroke increased from 1.0% in 2002 to 6.8% in 2015 (adjusted annual relative ratio, 1.15). Individuals aged ≥85 years had the most pronounced increase during 2002 to 2015 (adjusted annual relative ratio, 1.18) but were less likely to receive IVT compared with 18- to 44-year-olds in period 1 (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.23) and period 2 (aOR, 0.36). Women were less likely than men to receive IVT, but the disparity narrowed over time (period 1: aOR, 0.81; period 2: aOR, 0.94). Inequities in IVT resolved for Hispanic individuals in period 2 (aOR, 0.96) but not for Black individuals (period 2: aOR, 0.81). The disparity in IVT for Medicare patients, compared with privately insured patients, lessened over time (period 1: aOR, 0.59; period 2: aOR, 0.75). Patients treated in rural hospitals remained less likely to receive IVT than in urban hospitals; a more dramatic increase in urbanity widened the inequity (period 2, urban nonteaching versus rural: aOR, 2.58, period 2, urban teaching versus rural: aOR, 3.90). CONCLUSIONS: IVT for acute ischemic stroke increased among adults. Despite some encouraging trends, the remaining disparities highlight the need for intensified efforts at addressing inequities.

BACKGROUND: Atopic dermatitis (AD), a highly pruritic, inflammatory skin disease, affects approximately 7% of adolescents globally. A topical formulation of ruxolitinib, a Janus kinase (JAK) 1/JAK2 inhibitor, demonstrated safety and efficacy among adolescents/adults in two phase 3 studies (TRuE-AD1/TRuE-AD2). OBJECTIVE: To describe safety and efficacy of 1.5% ruxolitinib cream versus vehicle and long-term disease control of ruxolitinib cream among adolescents aged 12-17 years from pooled phase 3 study data. METHODS: Patients [≥ 12 years old with AD for ≥ 2 years, Investigators Global Assessment score (IGA) 2/3, and 3-20% affected body surface area (BSA) at baseline] were randomized 2:2:1 to ruxolitinib cream (0.75%/1.5%) or vehicle for 8 weeks of continuous use followed by a long-term safety (LTS) period up to 52 weeks with as-needed use. Patients originally applying vehicle were rerandomized 1:1 to 0.75%/1.5% ruxolitinib cream. Efficacy measures at week 8 included IGA treatment success (IGA-TS; i.e., score of 0/1 with ≥ 2 grade improvement from baseline), ≥ 75% improvement in Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI-75), and ≥ 4-point improvement in itch numerical rating scale (NRS4). Measures of disease control during the LTS period included IGA score of 0 (clear) or 1 (almost clear) and percentage affected BSA. Safety was assessed throughout the study. RESULTS: Of 1249 randomized patients, 245 (19.6%) were aged 12-17 years. Of these, 45 patients were randomized to vehicle and 92 patients to 1.5% ruxolitinib cream. A total of 104/137 (75.9%) patients continued on 1.5% ruxolitinib cream in the LTS period [82/92 (89.1%) continued on 1.5% ruxolitinib cream; 22/45 (48.9%) patients on vehicle were reassigned to 1.5% ruxolitinib cream], and 83/104 (79.8%) of these patients completed the LTS period. At week 8, substantially more patients who applied 1.5% ruxolitinib cream versus vehicle achieved IGA-TS (50.6% versus 14.0%), EASI-75 (60.9% versus 34.9%), and NRS4 (52.1%

BACKGROUND: Bacterial vaginosis (BV) increases HIV acquisition risk, potentially by eliciting genital inflammation. After BV treatment, the vaginal administration of LACTIN-V, a live biotherapeutic containing the Lactobacillus crispatus strain CTV-05, reduced BV recurrence and vaginal inflammation; however, 3 months after product cessation, CTV-05 colonization was only sustained in 48% of participants. RESULTS: This nested sub-study in 32 participants receiving LACTIN-V finds that 72% (23/32) demonstrate clinically relevant colonization (CTV-05 absolute abundance > 106 CFU/mL) during at least one visit while 28% (9/32) of women demonstrate colonization resistance, even during product administration. Immediately prior to LACTIN-V administration, the colonization-resistant group exhibited elevated vaginal microbiota diversity. During LACTIN-V administration, colonization resistance was associated with elevated vaginal markers of epithelial disruption and reduced chemokines, possibly due to elevated absolute abundance of BV-associated species and reduced L. crispatus. Colonization permissive women were stratified into sustained and transient colonization groups (31% and 41% of participants, respectively) based on CTV-05 colonization after cessation of product administration. These groups also exhibited distinct genital immune profiles during LACTIN-V administration. CONCLUSIONS: The genital immune impact of LACTIN-V may be contingent on the CTV-05 colonization phenotype, which is in turn partially dependent on the success of BV clearance prior to LACTIN-V administration.

OBJECTIVE: Despite limited safety and efficacy data, inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are prescribed to premature infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). We examined contemporary use and risk factors for ICS use in the NICU. STUDY DESIGN: Infants <33 weeks gestational age and <1500 gm birth weight discharged from Pediatrix Medical Group NICUs between 2010 and 2020 were included. We evaluated the association between ICS prescription and clinical characteristics using univariable and multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: Of 74,123 infants from 308 NICUs, 9253 (12.5%) were prescribed ICS: budesonide, fluticasone, or beclomethasone. Diagnosis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), earlier gestational age, male sex, longer mechanical ventilation, oxygen support, and systemic steroids were independent risk factors for ICS prescription. CONCLUSIONS: Use of ICS is common in many NICUs and is associated with a diagnosis of BPD and healthcare utilization. Prospective trials are needed to establish the safety, efficacy, and optimal indication in this vulnerable population.

The efficacy of ritlecitinib, an oral JAK3/TEC family kinase inhibitor, on active and stable lesions was evaluated in patients with active non-segmental vitiligo in a phase 2b trial (NCT03715829). Patients were randomized to placebo or daily ritlecitinib 50 mg (with or without 4-week 100-mg or 200-mg loading dose), 30 mg, or 10 mg for 24 weeks. Active lesions showed greater baseline expression of inflammatory/immune markers IFNG and CCL5, levels of CD103, and T-cell infiltrates than stable lesions. Patients with more active than stable vitiligo lesions showed higher baseline serum levels of CXCL9 and PD-L1, while patients with more stable than active lesions showed higher baseline serum levels of HO-1. At Week 24, ritlecitinib 50 mg significantly stabilized mean percent change from baseline in depigmentation extent in both active lesions and stable lesions vs. placebo-response, with stable lesions showing greater repigmentation. After 24 weeks of treatment, ritlecitinib 50 mg increased expression of melanocyte markers in stable lesions, while Th1/Th2-related and co-stimulatory molecules decreased significantly in both stable and active lesions. Serum from patients with more active than stable lesions showed decreased levels of ICOS and NK cell activation markers. These data, confirmed at transcription/protein levels, indicate that stable lesion repigmentation occurs early with ritlecitinib, while active lesions require stabilization of inflammation first. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03715829.

Every aspect of a nation's life is heavily influenced and determined by the maintenance of its rule. Public administration, whether governmental, financial, military, or judicial, has existed since the era of Islamic civilization. In Islamic perspectives, government begins with literacy. As is well known, the majority of the Indonesian population is Muslim, and the Islamic regime plays a role in the development of Indonesia. This study attempts to explore more deeply about administration in Islamic concepts and its relevance to modern administrative practices. This research is a type of library study with a research approach using qualitative research methods. This research suggests that public administration in Islam emphasizes such principles as trust (faith), adl (justice), shura (consultation), and maslahah (kesejahteraan umum). Moreover, public leaders in Islam are expected to act with integrity, transparency, and accountability. The study concludes that Islamic public administration approaches can provide a strong and ethical framework for modern administrative practices, which focus not only on results but also on fair and dignified processes. The findings provide important insights for academics and practitioners in understanding and integrating Islamic values into contemporary public administration. The focus of the public administration that adopts the principle of Maslahah Mursalah is to good for the community. It is hoped that policies made with priority on justice, transparency, and participation can meet the needs of communities and enhance common well-being.

Every aspect of a nation's life is heavily influenced and determined by the maintenance of its rule. Public administration, whether governmental, financial, military, or judicial, has existed since the era of Islamic civilization. In Islamic perspectives, government begins with literacy. As is well known, the majority of the Indonesian population is Muslim, and the Islamic regime plays a role in the development of Indonesia. This study attempts to explore more deeply about administration in Islamic concepts and its relevance to modern administrative practices. This research is a type of library study with a research approach using qualitative research methods. This research suggests that public administration in Islam emphasizes such principles as trust (faith), adl (justice), shura (consultation), and maslahah (kesejahteraan umum). Moreover, public leaders in Islam are expected to act with integrity, transparency, and accountability. The study concludes that Islamic public administration approaches can provide a strong and ethical framework for modern administrative practices, which focus not only on results but also on fair and dignified processes. The findings provide important insights for academics and practitioners in understanding and integrating Islamic values into contemporary public administration. The focus of the public administration that adopts the principle of Maslahah Mursalah is to good for the community. It is hoped that policies made with priority on justice, transparency, and participation can meet the needs of communities and enhance common well-being.

OBJECTIVES: Intravenous medication errors continue to significantly impact patient safety and outcomes. This study sought to clarify the complexity and risks of the intravenous administration process. DESIGN: A qualitative focus group interview study. SETTING: Focused interviews were conducted using process mapping with frontline nurses responsible for medication administration in September 2020. PARTICIPANTS: Front line experiened nurses from a Japanese tertiary teaching hospital. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome measure was to identify the mental models frontline nurses used during intravenous medication administration, which influence their interactions with patients, and secondarily, to examine the medication process gaps between the mental models nurses perceive and the actual defined medication administration process. RESULTS: We found gaps between the perceived clinical administration process and the real process challenges with an emphasis on the importance of verifying to see if the drug was ordered for the patient immediately before its administration. CONCLUSIONS: This novel and applied improvement approach can help nurses and managers better understand the process vulnerability of the infusion process and develop a deeper understanding of the administration steps useful for reliably improving the safety of intravenous medications.

These Standard Specifications for the Construction of Roads and Bridges on Federal Highway Projects are issued primarily for constructing roads and bridges on Federal Highway projects under the direct administration of the Federal Highway Administration. These specifications are cited as "FP-24" indicating "Federal Project" Standard Specifications issued in 2024. When designated in a contract, the FP-24 becomes part of the contract and binding upon all parties to the contract. Construction contracts of the Federal Highway Administration are also governed by the following regulations: • Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR), Title 48, Code of Federal Regulations, Chapter 1; and • Transportation Acquisition Regulation (TAR), Title 48, Code of Federal Regulations, Chapter 12. The FAR and TAR regulations are not included in the FP-24. A complete copy of the FAR is available from the Superintendent of Documents, Congressional Sales Office, U.S. Government Publishing Office, Washington, DC 20402. U.S. Customary units of measure are used in the FP-24. The references to Metric or Metric units apply only where standardized testing requires Metric units of measure.

This workplace-based mixed methods case study at a Swedish university explores the changed roles and positions of departmental administrators due to changes in internal work processes and organization, influenced by new public management doctrines and gender. It finds them to be in an indeterminate position in between different actors, expectations and organisational logics, which brings tensions as well as increased room for agency. This compilation thesis consists of four research papers, deploying different conceptual lenses to explore the position of the departmental administrators and how they relate to other actors in the organisation. The individual papers highlight different aspects of the relations within organisations, contributing to different debates within worklife science and sociology of work. Paper 1 focuses on loyalties, paper 2 on the impact of new technology 2, paper 3 focuses on the role of belongings in an organisation and paper 4 discusses the effects of workplace visibility in terms of recognition and control. While the four papers highlight different aspects of the departmental administrators’ job and workplace relations, they provide a picture of an indeterminate position in-between different actors, expectations and logics. This position comes with both risks related to tension between management and professionals and the different expectations of what the job should be, and possibilities in terms of increased agency as individuals and as a group. This case study is situated within broader trends in society, such as new public management, and the transformation of gendered occupations. While set within a university, the transformation of management doctrines and administrative work is also well known to be occurring in other sectors, such as healthcare, education, and law enforcement (Forssell & Westberg, 2014; Hall, 2012; Hasenfeld, 2009), making the findings in this study relevant to other settings., What happens to work relationships in the aftermath of organisational change? While the processes of reorganisation have been extensively studied, this workplace study of administrative staff at a Swedish university examines the evolving roles, relations, and positions of departmental administrators years after previous restructurings have taken place. The results are presented in four research papers, focusing on aspects such as loyalties, technology, belongings and visibility, that together paint a picture of the administrators as being in an indeterminate position between different actors, expectations and organisational logics. This position comes with both risks related to the tension between management and academics, and possibilities in terms of increased agency as individuals as well as a group. This case study is situated within broader trends in society, such as new public management and the transformation of gendered occupations. While set within a university, the transformation of management doctrines and administrative work is also well known to be occurring in other sectors, such as healthcare, education and law enforcement making the findings in this study relevant to other settings.

Examen i vårdadministration, YH-utbildning: 20 Yh-poäng

This workplace-based mixed methods case study at a Swedish university explores the changed roles and positions of departmental administrators due to changes in internal work processes and organization, influenced by new public management doctrines and gender. It finds them to be in an indeterminate position in between different actors, expectations and organisational logics, which brings tensions as well as increased room for agency. This compilation thesis consists of four research papers, deploying different conceptual lenses to explore the position of the departmental administrators and how they relate to other actors in the organisation. The individual papers highlight different aspects of the relations within organisations, contributing to different debates within worklife science and sociology of work. Paper 1 focuses on loyalties, paper 2 on the impact of new technology 2, paper 3 focuses on the role of belongings in an organisation and paper 4 discusses the effects of workplace visibility in terms of recognition and control. While the four papers highlight different aspects of the departmental administrators’ job and workplace relations, they provide a picture of an indeterminate position in-between different actors, expectations and logics. This position comes with both risks related to tension between management and professionals and the different expectations of what the job should be, and possibilities in terms of increased agency as individuals and as a group. This case study is situated within broader trends in society, such as new public management, and the transformation of gendered occupations. While set within a university, the transformation of management doctrines and administrative work is also well known to be occurring in other sectors, such as healthcare, education, and law enforcement (Forssell & Westberg, 2014; Hall, 2012; Hasenfeld, 2009), making the findings in this study relevant to other settings., What happens to work relationships in the aftermath of organisational change? While the processes of reorganisation have been extensively studied, this workplace study of administrative staff at a Swedish university examines the evolving roles, relations, and positions of departmental administrators years after previous restructurings have taken place. The results are presented in four research papers, focusing on aspects such as loyalties, technology, belongings and visibility, that together paint a picture of the administrators as being in an indeterminate position between different actors, expectations and organisational logics. This position comes with both risks related to the tension between management and academics, and possibilities in terms of increased agency as individuals as well as a group. This case study is situated within broader trends in society, such as new public management and the transformation of gendered occupations. While set within a university, the transformation of management doctrines and administrative work is also well known to be occurring in other sectors, such as healthcare, education and law enforcement making the findings in this study relevant to other settings.

This workplace-based mixed methods case study at a Swedish university explores the changed roles and positions of departmental administrators due to changes in internal work processes and organization, influenced by new public management doctrines and gender. It finds them to be in an indeterminate position in between different actors, expectations and organisational logics, which brings tensions as well as increased room for agency. This compilation thesis consists of four research papers, deploying different conceptual lenses to explore the position of the departmental administrators and how they relate to other actors in the organisation. The individual papers highlight different aspects of the relations within organisations, contributing to different debates within worklife science and sociology of work. Paper 1 focuses on loyalties, paper 2 on the impact of new technology 2, paper 3 focuses on the role of belongings in an organisation and paper 4 discusses the effects of workplace visibility in terms of recognition and control. While the four papers highlight different aspects of the departmental administrators’ job and workplace relations, they provide a picture of an indeterminate position in-between different actors, expectations and logics. This position comes with both risks related to tension between management and professionals and the different expectations of what the job should be, and possibilities in terms of increased agency as individuals and as a group. This case study is situated within broader trends in society, such as new public management, and the transformation of gendered occupations. While set within a university, the transformation of management doctrines and administrative work is also well known to be occurring in other sectors, such as healthcare, education, and law enforcement (Forssell & Westberg, 2014; Hall, 2012; Hasenfeld, 2009), making the findings in this study relevant to other settings., What happens to work relationships in the aftermath of organisational change? While the processes of reorganisation have been extensively studied, this workplace study of administrative staff at a Swedish university examines the evolving roles, relations, and positions of departmental administrators years after previous restructurings have taken place. The results are presented in four research papers, focusing on aspects such as loyalties, technology, belongings and visibility, that together paint a picture of the administrators as being in an indeterminate position between different actors, expectations and organisational logics. This position comes with both risks related to the tension between management and academics, and possibilities in terms of increased agency as individuals as well as a group. This case study is situated within broader trends in society, such as new public management and the transformation of gendered occupations. While set within a university, the transformation of management doctrines and administrative work is also well known to be occurring in other sectors, such as healthcare, education and law enforcement making the findings in this study relevant to other settings.

The purpose of this article is to examine the academic training of Peruvian judges and how this influences the administration of justice in the country. To achieve this objective, a methodology was used that included the review of specialized literature, analysis of statistical data on the academic training of judges in Peru. The research reveals that the academic training of Peruvian judges is varied and, in some cases, insufficient to face the challenges of the judicial system. The lack of specific training in key areas such as procedural law, criminal law and human rights is reflected in the quality of judicial decisions and in the population's perception of justice in the country. In conclusion, the creation of a School of Judges in Peru is proposed that provides comprehensive and specialized training to aspiring judges, as well as continuing training programs for practicing judges. This school would not only guarantee the adequate preparation of judges to perform their duties effectively, but would also contribute to improving the quality and legitimacy of the Peruvian judicial system, thus strengthening the rule of law and democracy in the country., El presente artículo demuestra tiene como finalidad examinar la formación académica de los jueces peruanos y cómo esta influye en la administración de justicia en el país. Para lograr este objetivo, se empleó una metodología que incluyó la revisión de literatura especializada, análisis de datos estadísticos sobre la formación académica de los jueces en el Perú. La investigación revela que la formación académica de los jueces peruanos es variada y, en algunos casos, insuficiente para enfrentar los desafíos del sistema judicial. La falta de capacitación específica en áreas clave como derecho procesal, derecho penal y derechos humanos se refleja en la calidad de las decisiones judiciales y en la percepción de la población sobre la justicia en el país. Como conclusión, se propone la creación de una Escuela de Jueces en el Perú que brinde una formación integral y especializada a los aspirantes a jueces, así como programas de formación continua para jueces en ejercicio. Esta escuela no solo garantizaría la preparación adecuada de los jueces para ejercer sus funciones de manera efectiva, sino que también contribuiría a mejorar la calidad y la legitimidad del sistema judicial peruano, fortaleciendo así el Estado de derecho y la democracia en el país.

Syftet med denna studie är att förstå hur administrativa assistenter inom hemtjänsten i en kommun upplever det pågående organisatoriska förändringsarbetet. Studien utgår från en kvalitativ forskningsmetod med semistrukturerade intervjuer, där fem administrativa assistenter medverkade från olika enheter inom organisationen. Resultaten visar att assistenternas deltagande i förändringsarbetet har ökat tydligheten i deras arbetsuppgifter och bidragit till ett mer enhetligt arbetssätt. Resultaten visar även utmaningar som påverkar assistenternas arbetsförhållanden samt utmaningar som inte är direkt kopplade till det pågående förändringsarbetet. Denna uppsats har pedagogisk relevans och kan användas för lärande inom utbildning och forskning.

This study explored how researchers at a Swedish university experienced information overload while working in a complex digital work environment. The study further investigates how the experience of information overload interacts with cognitive load theory and administrative burden. Five semi structured interviews were conducted along with document studies of the systems in the digital work environment. Results suggest that researchers are infrequent users of most of the administrative systems and experience a high amount of cognitive load, both intrinsic and extraneous, and found avoidance, delegating and workarounds as a way of avoiding information overload.

The purpose of this article is to examine the academic training of Peruvian judges and how this influences the administration of justice in the country. To achieve this objective, a methodology was used that included the review of specialized literature, analysis of statistical data on the academic training of judges in Peru. The research reveals that the academic training of Peruvian judges is varied and, in some cases, insufficient to face the challenges of the judicial system. The lack of specific training in key areas such as procedural law, criminal law and human rights is reflected in the quality of judicial decisions and in the population's perception of justice in the country. In conclusion, the creation of a School of Judges in Peru is proposed that provides comprehensive and specialized training to aspiring judges, as well as continuing training programs for practicing judges. This school would not only guarantee the adequate preparation of judges to perform their duties effectively, but would also contribute to improving the quality and legitimacy of the Peruvian judicial system, thus strengthening the rule of law and democracy in the country., El presente artículo demuestra tiene como finalidad examinar la formación académica de los jueces peruanos y cómo esta influye en la administración de justicia en el país. Para lograr este objetivo, se empleó una metodología que incluyó la revisión de literatura especializada, análisis de datos estadísticos sobre la formación académica de los jueces en el Perú. La investigación revela que la formación académica de los jueces peruanos es variada y, en algunos casos, insuficiente para enfrentar los desafíos del sistema judicial. La falta de capacitación específica en áreas clave como derecho procesal, derecho penal y derechos humanos se refleja en la calidad de las decisiones judiciales y en la percepción de la población sobre la justicia en el país. Como conclusión, se propone la creación de una Escuela de Jueces en el Perú que brinde una formación integral y especializada a los aspirantes a jueces, así como programas de formación continua para jueces en ejercicio. Esta escuela no solo garantizaría la preparación adecuada de los jueces para ejercer sus funciones de manera efectiva, sino que también contribuiría a mejorar la calidad y la legitimidad del sistema judicial peruano, fortaleciendo así el Estado de derecho y la democracia en el país.

Sammanfattning: Senaste årtionden har implementeringen av new public management (NPM) inom offentliga sektorn medfört en ökning av administration för organisationerna, det har påverkat samtliga medarbetare men främst cheferna. Studien syftar till att undersöka hur mellanchefer som präglas av new public management inom offentliga sektorn upplever de administrativa kraven och stressen. Den eventuella stress mellanchefer upplever kan spåras till fler nya krav och förändringar som NPM medfört.Kraven samt förändringarna är bland annat den dokumentation och rapportering NPM medför för att uppfylla målstyrning och granskningskrav. Ekonomistyrning och kvalitetsmätningar är fler aspekter NPM infört i den offentliga sektorn för mellanchefer, vilket bidrar med en ökning av administrativa arbetsuppgifter och i sin tur kan öka stressnivån hos mellanchefer. Genom kopplingar från tidigare forskning och teorier undersöks det hur mellanchefer upplever administrativa kraven. Hur det påverkar deras arbetssituation samt upplevelsen angående kontroll och stöd för sitt administrativa arbete. Vi har använt oss av kvalitativ forskning genom en kombination av personliga intervjuer och self reports via frågor av en öppen karaktär för att fånga upplevelsen från respondenterna. Studien resulterade i nio mellanchefer från flertal offentliga organisationer som präglas av NPM. Administrativa kraven har ökat för mellanchefer och där synliggörs en förskjutning från traditionellt ledarskap till mer administrativa arbetsuppgifter. Kontroll över administrativa arbetet är en viktig faktor och för att bibehålla kontrollen krävs prioriteringar, vilket främst är svårt från externa aktörer såsom myndigheter. Kollegiala stödet lyfts fram som en viktig faktor för mellanchefernas kontroll samt trivseln på arbetsplatsen., Summary: In recent decades the implementation of new public management (NPM) within the public sector has led to an increase in administration for organizations, affecting all employees but primarily the managers. This study aims to investigate how middle managers, influenced by new public management within the public sector, perceive administrative demands and stress. The potential stress experienced by middle managers can be traced to the new requirements and changes brought about by NPM. These demands and changes include the documentation and reporting required by NPM to meet goal management and scrutiny requirements. Financial management and quality measurements are additional aspects NPM has introduced in the public sector for middle managers, contributing to an increase in administrative tasks and potentially raising the stress levels among middle managers. By connecting previous research and theories, the study examines how middle managers perceive the administrative demands, how it affects their work situation and their experienceregarding control and support för their administrative work. We employed qualitative research through a combination of personal interviews and self reports using open-ended questions to capture the respondents’ experiences. The study included nine middle managers from several public organizations influenced by NPM. Administrative demands have increased for middle managers, revealing a shift from traditional leadership to more administrative tasks. Control over administrative work is a crucial factor, and maintaining control requires prioritization which is particularly challenging with external factors such as authorities. Collegial support is emphasized as a key factor for middle managers control and job satisfaction.

Bakgrund och problemformulering: Controllerrollen har genomgått stora förändringar sedan 1900-talet och studerats ur olika perspektiv. Rollen som controller påverkas av ett antal faktorer bland annat politiska faktorer. Tidigare visar att forskning saknas kring hur controllern arbetar inom offentlig sektor samt hur dess arbetsuppgifter och ansvar påverkas av offentlig ledning. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att undersöka hur controllern arbetar inom den offentliga sektorn och påverkas av offentlig ledning. Detta kommer att utföras genom att identifiera controllers arbetsuppgifter och ansvar samt hur rollen skiljer sig mellan de olika kommunala förvaltningarna. Metod: Denna studie är en kvalitativ undersökning och har utgått från ett induktivt angreppssätt. Det empiriska materialet har genererats med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer med controllers från Växjö kommun. Insamling av ytterligare data i övriga delar har skett genom vetenskapliga artiklar, relevant litteratur och trovärdiga webbsidor. Slutsats: Controllers i Växjö kommun har samma roll i grunden men deras arbetsuppgifter samt ansvar skiljer sig beroende på vilken förvaltning de tillhör. Skillnaderna beror dels på centraliseringen och införandet av titeln ‘’controller’’ i kommunen. Exempel på skillnader är rapporteringar, ansvarsområden och resursfördelningar., Background and problem statement: The controller role has undergone significant changes since the 20th century and has been studied from various perspectives. The role is influenced by several factors, including political ones. Previous research shows a lack of studies on how controllers work in the public sector and how tasks and responsibilities are affected by public management. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to examine how controllers operate within the public sector and are influenced by public administration. This study will also bestow knowledge regarding how a controller in the public sector contributes to the maintenance of welfare. Method: This study is a qualitative research method with a inductive approach. The empirical data has been collected through semi-structured interviews with the controllers from Växjö municipality. Conclusion: The controllers in Växjö municipality have fundamentally the same role, but their duties and responsibilities differ depending on which administration they belong to. The differences are partly due to centralization and the introduction of the title "controller" in the municipality. Examples of differences are the reporting, areas of responsibility and resource allocations.

Examen i vårdadministration, YH-utbildning: 20 Yh-poäng

Résumé : Dans un contexte économique caractérisé par l'intensification des fusions et acquisitions, le contrôle des concentrations économiques revêt une importance cruciale pour les régulateurs et les acteurs du marché, car il présente un risque significatif pour la concurrence et, par conséquent, pour les consommateurs. Afin de prévenir ces dérives, les autorités de la concurrence marocaines instaurent des mécanismes de surveillance et de régulation à double rôle : préventif, en empêchant la formation de structures de marché anticoncurrentielles, et curatif, en rectifiant les situations où la concurrence est compromise. Cet article examine ces deux fonctions, en évaluant leur efficacité et leur complémentarité pour maintenir un marché compétitif. À travers une méthodologie analytique et critique, nous scruterons les outils et les approches employés par les autorités pour prévenir les abus de pouvoir économique et restaurer la concurrence. L'étude souligne l'importance d'un cadre réglementaire flexible et réactif, capable de s'adapter aux évolutions rapides du marché tout en garantissant un environnement concurrentiel équilibré. Les fusions et acquisitions peuvent conduire à une concentration excessive du pouvoir de marché, ce qui peut entraver l'innovation, réduire les choix pour les consommateurs et augmenter les prix. Par conséquent, il est impératif que les régulateurs disposent des ressources nécessaires pour surveiller et analyser ces transactions de manière approfondie. Mots Clés : Conseil De Concurrence – Administration – Notification – Marchés – Examen Approfondi    Summary: In an economic context characterized by the intensification of mergers and acquisitions, the control of economic concentrations is crucial for regulators and market participants, as it poses a significant risk to competition and, consequently, to consumers. To prevent these issues, Moroccan competition authorities implement monitoring and regulatory mechanisms with dual roles, Résumé : Dans un contexte économique caractérisé par l'intensification des fusions et acquisitions, le contrôle des concentrations économiques revêt une importance cruciale pour les régulateurs et les acteurs du marché, car il présente un risque significatif pour la concurrence et, par conséquent, pour les consommateurs. Afin de prévenir ces dérives, les autorités de la concurrence marocaines instaurent des mécanismes de surveillance et de régulation à double rôle : préventif, en empêchant la formation de structures de marché anticoncurrentielles, et curatif, en rectifiant les situations où la concurrence est compromise. Cet article examine ces deux fonctions, en évaluant leur efficacité et leur complémentarité pour maintenir un marché compétitif. À travers une méthodologie analytique et critique, nous scruterons les outils et les approches employés par les autorités pour prévenir les abus de pouvoir économique et restaurer la concurrence. L'étude souligne l'importance d'un cadre réglementaire flexible et réactif, capable de s'adapter aux évolutions rapides du marché tout en garantissant un environnement concurrentiel équilibré. Les fusions et acquisitions peuvent conduire à une concentration excessive du pouvoir de marché, ce qui peut entraver l'innovation, réduire les choix pour les consommateurs et augmenter les prix. Par conséquent, il est impératif que les régulateurs disposent des ressources nécessaires pour surveiller et analyser ces transactions de manière approfondie. Mots Clés : Conseil De Concurrence – Administration – Notification – Marchés – Examen Approfondi    Summary: In an economic context characterized by the intensification of mergers and acquisitions, the control of economic concentrations is crucial for regulators and market participants, as it poses a significant risk to competition and, consequently, to consumers. To prevent these issues, Moroccan competition authorities implement monitoring and regulatory mechanisms with dual roles

Résumé : Dans un contexte économique caractérisé par l'intensification des fusions et acquisitions, le contrôle des concentrations économiques revêt une importance cruciale pour les régulateurs et les acteurs du marché, car il présente un risque significatif pour la concurrence et, par conséquent, pour les consommateurs. Afin de prévenir ces dérives, les autorités de la concurrence marocaines instaurent des mécanismes de surveillance et de régulation à double rôle : préventif, en empêchant la formation de structures de marché anticoncurrentielles, et curatif, en rectifiant les situations où la concurrence est compromise. Cet article examine ces deux fonctions, en évaluant leur efficacité et leur complémentarité pour maintenir un marché compétitif. À travers une méthodologie analytique et critique, nous scruterons les outils et les approches employés par les autorités pour prévenir les abus de pouvoir économique et restaurer la concurrence. L'étude souligne l'importance d'un cadre réglementaire flexible et réactif, capable de s'adapter aux évolutions rapides du marché tout en garantissant un environnement concurrentiel équilibré. Les fusions et acquisitions peuvent conduire à une concentration excessive du pouvoir de marché, ce qui peut entraver l'innovation, réduire les choix pour les consommateurs et augmenter les prix. Par conséquent, il est impératif que les régulateurs disposent des ressources nécessaires pour surveiller et analyser ces transactions de manière approfondie. Mots Clés : Conseil De Concurrence – Administration – Notification – Marchés – Examen Approfondi    Summary: In an economic context characterized by the intensification of mergers and acquisitions, the control of economic concentrations is crucial for regulators and market participants, as it poses a significant risk to competition and, consequently, to consumers. To prevent these issues, Moroccan competition authorities implement monitoring and regulatory mechanisms with dual roles, Résumé : Dans un contexte économique caractérisé par l'intensification des fusions et acquisitions, le contrôle des concentrations économiques revêt une importance cruciale pour les régulateurs et les acteurs du marché, car il présente un risque significatif pour la concurrence et, par conséquent, pour les consommateurs. Afin de prévenir ces dérives, les autorités de la concurrence marocaines instaurent des mécanismes de surveillance et de régulation à double rôle : préventif, en empêchant la formation de structures de marché anticoncurrentielles, et curatif, en rectifiant les situations où la concurrence est compromise. Cet article examine ces deux fonctions, en évaluant leur efficacité et leur complémentarité pour maintenir un marché compétitif. À travers une méthodologie analytique et critique, nous scruterons les outils et les approches employés par les autorités pour prévenir les abus de pouvoir économique et restaurer la concurrence. L'étude souligne l'importance d'un cadre réglementaire flexible et réactif, capable de s'adapter aux évolutions rapides du marché tout en garantissant un environnement concurrentiel équilibré. Les fusions et acquisitions peuvent conduire à une concentration excessive du pouvoir de marché, ce qui peut entraver l'innovation, réduire les choix pour les consommateurs et augmenter les prix. Par conséquent, il est impératif que les régulateurs disposent des ressources nécessaires pour surveiller et analyser ces transactions de manière approfondie. Mots Clés : Conseil De Concurrence – Administration – Notification – Marchés – Examen Approfondi    Summary: In an economic context characterized by the intensification of mergers and acquisitions, the control of economic concentrations is crucial for regulators and market participants, as it poses a significant risk to competition and, consequently, to consumers. To prevent these issues, Moroccan competition authorities implement monitoring and regulatory mechanisms with dual roles

Résumé : Dans un contexte économique caractérisé par l'intensification des fusions et acquisitions, le contrôle des concentrations économiques revêt une importance cruciale pour les régulateurs et les acteurs du marché, car il présente un risque significatif pour la concurrence et, par conséquent, pour les consommateurs. Afin de prévenir ces dérives, les autorités de la concurrence marocaines instaurent des mécanismes de surveillance et de régulation à double rôle : préventif, en empêchant la formation de structures de marché anticoncurrentielles, et curatif, en rectifiant les situations où la concurrence est compromise. Cet article examine ces deux fonctions, en évaluant leur efficacité et leur complémentarité pour maintenir un marché compétitif. À travers une méthodologie analytique et critique, nous scruterons les outils et les approches employés par les autorités pour prévenir les abus de pouvoir économique et restaurer la concurrence. L'étude souligne l'importance d'un cadre réglementaire flexible et réactif, capable de s'adapter aux évolutions rapides du marché tout en garantissant un environnement concurrentiel équilibré. Les fusions et acquisitions peuvent conduire à une concentration excessive du pouvoir de marché, ce qui peut entraver l'innovation, réduire les choix pour les consommateurs et augmenter les prix. Par conséquent, il est impératif que les régulateurs disposent des ressources nécessaires pour surveiller et analyser ces transactions de manière approfondie. Mots Clés : Conseil De Concurrence – Administration – Notification – Marchés – Examen Approfondi    Summary: In an economic context characterized by the intensification of mergers and acquisitions, the control of economic concentrations is crucial for regulators and market participants, as it poses a significant risk to competition and, consequently, to consumers. To prevent these issues, Moroccan competition authorities implement monitoring and regulatory mechanisms with dual roles, Résumé : Dans un contexte économique caractérisé par l'intensification des fusions et acquisitions, le contrôle des concentrations économiques revêt une importance cruciale pour les régulateurs et les acteurs du marché, car il présente un risque significatif pour la concurrence et, par conséquent, pour les consommateurs. Afin de prévenir ces dérives, les autorités de la concurrence marocaines instaurent des mécanismes de surveillance et de régulation à double rôle : préventif, en empêchant la formation de structures de marché anticoncurrentielles, et curatif, en rectifiant les situations où la concurrence est compromise. Cet article examine ces deux fonctions, en évaluant leur efficacité et leur complémentarité pour maintenir un marché compétitif. À travers une méthodologie analytique et critique, nous scruterons les outils et les approches employés par les autorités pour prévenir les abus de pouvoir économique et restaurer la concurrence. L'étude souligne l'importance d'un cadre réglementaire flexible et réactif, capable de s'adapter aux évolutions rapides du marché tout en garantissant un environnement concurrentiel équilibré. Les fusions et acquisitions peuvent conduire à une concentration excessive du pouvoir de marché, ce qui peut entraver l'innovation, réduire les choix pour les consommateurs et augmenter les prix. Par conséquent, il est impératif que les régulateurs disposent des ressources nécessaires pour surveiller et analyser ces transactions de manière approfondie. Mots Clés : Conseil De Concurrence – Administration – Notification – Marchés – Examen Approfondi    Summary: In an economic context characterized by the intensification of mergers and acquisitions, the control of economic concentrations is crucial for regulators and market participants, as it poses a significant risk to competition and, consequently, to consumers. To prevent these issues, Moroccan competition authorities implement monitoring and regulatory mechanisms with dual roles

The concept of Blue Communication arises from the need to categorise a new way of transmitting knowledge and dissemination, hand in hand with the Blue Economy (Pauli, 2010). The objective is to analyse Blue Communication in the Andalusian (Department of Sustainability, Environment and Blue Economy) and local (Department of Sustainability and Environment of Malaga City Council) public administration through their Facebook profiles; in addition to the media coverage of two media (Diario Sur and Ideal de Andalucía) for seven months. A methodology has been designed that integrates a formal-descriptive, thematic and interaction analysis of own and earned media. A positive and informative treatment of the topic is identified, as well as an evaluation of errors., El concepto de Comunicación Azul nace de la necesidad de categorizar una nueva forma de transmitir conocimiento y divulgación, de la mano de la Economía Azul (Pauli, 2011). El objetivo es analizar la Comunicación Azul en la administración pública andaluza (Consejería de Sostenibilidad, Medio Ambiente y Economía Azul) y local (Área de Sostenibilidad y Medio Ambiente del Ayuntamiento de Málaga) a través de sus perfiles de Facebook; además de la cobertura mediática dos medios de comunicación (Diario Sur e Ideal de Andalucía) durante siete meses. Se ha diseñado una metodología que integra un análisis formal-descriptivo, temático y de interacción de los medios de comunicación propios y ganados. Se identifica un tratamiento positivo e informativo del tema, así como una evaluación de errores.

Sammanfattning: Senaste årtionden har implementeringen av new public management (NPM) inom offentliga sektorn medfört en ökning av administration för organisationerna, det har påverkat samtliga medarbetare men främst cheferna. Studien syftar till att undersöka hur mellanchefer som präglas av new public management inom offentliga sektorn upplever de administrativa kraven och stressen. Den eventuella stress mellanchefer upplever kan spåras till fler nya krav och förändringar som NPM medfört.Kraven samt förändringarna är bland annat den dokumentation och rapportering NPM medför för att uppfylla målstyrning och granskningskrav. Ekonomistyrning och kvalitetsmätningar är fler aspekter NPM infört i den offentliga sektorn för mellanchefer, vilket bidrar med en ökning av administrativa arbetsuppgifter och i sin tur kan öka stressnivån hos mellanchefer. Genom kopplingar från tidigare forskning och teorier undersöks det hur mellanchefer upplever administrativa kraven. Hur det påverkar deras arbetssituation samt upplevelsen angående kontroll och stöd för sitt administrativa arbete. Vi har använt oss av kvalitativ forskning genom en kombination av personliga intervjuer och self reports via frågor av en öppen karaktär för att fånga upplevelsen från respondenterna. Studien resulterade i nio mellanchefer från flertal offentliga organisationer som präglas av NPM. Administrativa kraven har ökat för mellanchefer och där synliggörs en förskjutning från traditionellt ledarskap till mer administrativa arbetsuppgifter. Kontroll över administrativa arbetet är en viktig faktor och för att bibehålla kontrollen krävs prioriteringar, vilket främst är svårt från externa aktörer såsom myndigheter. Kollegiala stödet lyfts fram som en viktig faktor för mellanchefernas kontroll samt trivseln på arbetsplatsen., Summary: In recent decades the implementation of new public management (NPM) within the public sector has led to an increase in administration for organizations, affecting all employees but primarily the managers. This study aims to investigate how middle managers, influenced by new public management within the public sector, perceive administrative demands and stress. The potential stress experienced by middle managers can be traced to the new requirements and changes brought about by NPM. These demands and changes include the documentation and reporting required by NPM to meet goal management and scrutiny requirements. Financial management and quality measurements are additional aspects NPM has introduced in the public sector for middle managers, contributing to an increase in administrative tasks and potentially raising the stress levels among middle managers. By connecting previous research and theories, the study examines how middle managers perceive the administrative demands, how it affects their work situation and their experienceregarding control and support för their administrative work. We employed qualitative research through a combination of personal interviews and self reports using open-ended questions to capture the respondents’ experiences. The study included nine middle managers from several public organizations influenced by NPM. Administrative demands have increased for middle managers, revealing a shift from traditional leadership to more administrative tasks. Control over administrative work is a crucial factor, and maintaining control requires prioritization which is particularly challenging with external factors such as authorities. Collegial support is emphasized as a key factor for middle managers control and job satisfaction.

Bakgrund och problemformulering: Controllerrollen har genomgått stora förändringar sedan 1900-talet och studerats ur olika perspektiv. Rollen som controller påverkas av ett antal faktorer bland annat politiska faktorer. Tidigare visar att forskning saknas kring hur controllern arbetar inom offentlig sektor samt hur dess arbetsuppgifter och ansvar påverkas av offentlig ledning. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att undersöka hur controllern arbetar inom den offentliga sektorn och påverkas av offentlig ledning. Detta kommer att utföras genom att identifiera controllers arbetsuppgifter och ansvar samt hur rollen skiljer sig mellan de olika kommunala förvaltningarna. Metod: Denna studie är en kvalitativ undersökning och har utgått från ett induktivt angreppssätt. Det empiriska materialet har genererats med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer med controllers från Växjö kommun. Insamling av ytterligare data i övriga delar har skett genom vetenskapliga artiklar, relevant litteratur och trovärdiga webbsidor. Slutsats: Controllers i Växjö kommun har samma roll i grunden men deras arbetsuppgifter samt ansvar skiljer sig beroende på vilken förvaltning de tillhör. Skillnaderna beror dels på centraliseringen och införandet av titeln ‘’controller’’ i kommunen. Exempel på skillnader är rapporteringar, ansvarsområden och resursfördelningar., Background and problem statement: The controller role has undergone significant changes since the 20th century and has been studied from various perspectives. The role is influenced by several factors, including political ones. Previous research shows a lack of studies on how controllers work in the public sector and how tasks and responsibilities are affected by public management. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to examine how controllers operate within the public sector and are influenced by public administration. This study will also bestow knowledge regarding how a controller in the public sector contributes to the maintenance of welfare. Method: This study is a qualitative research method with a inductive approach. The empirical data has been collected through semi-structured interviews with the controllers from Växjö municipality. Conclusion: The controllers in Växjö municipality have fundamentally the same role, but their duties and responsibilities differ depending on which administration they belong to. The differences are partly due to centralization and the introduction of the title "controller" in the municipality. Examples of differences are the reporting, areas of responsibility and resource allocations.

Införandet av New Public Management (NPM) i svensk offentlig sektor har lett till ökad administration och större fokus på rapportering och utvärdering. Kritiker hävdar att omfattande administration kan minska kostnadseffektiviteten inom offentliga verksamheter och underminera professionellas förmåga att utföra sina kärnuppdrag. Ökningen av administrativa uppgifter har bland annat påverkat lärare, som länge har flaggat för att den höga administrativa arbetsbelastningen är ett arbetsmiljöproblem. Rektorer har en nyckelroll i förändringsarbetet med att minska administrationen i skolverksamheten. Denna kvalitativa studie syftar till att undersöka utmaningar i förändringsarbetet med att minska administration inom den kommunala skolan. Studien består av semistrukturerade intervjuer av rektorer inom kommunala gymnasieskolor i Uppsala kommun, tillsammans med granskning av kommunala styrdokument. Resultatet av studien indikerar att hinder för att minska administrationen i den kommunala skolan främst består dels av en bristande informationsdelning från huvudmannen kring målsättning och tillvägagångssätt för att minska administration. Dessutom identifierades hinder i den institutionella kontext som rektorerna befinner sig i, vilket påverkar och begränsar deras handlingsutrymme.

Teacher retention is a critical issue for the American education system and society as awhole. Much research has focused on teacher recruitment, pathways to teacher credentialing, and factors that support teacher retention, including positive organizational conditions and administrative support. Teachers of Color make up a numerical minority in America’s classrooms despite student demographics shifting to an increasingly diverse composition. Research supports the importance of Teachers of Color for students, both minority and non- minority. Despite this understanding, numerous barriers exist for Teachers of Color in America’s classrooms. Recent research has shown that increased attention to organizational conditions and how teachers experience their workplace influences their employment decisions. Focusing on a suburban school district in Southern California, this mixed methodsresearch study examines how Teachers of Color experience their workplace, and how experiences of belonging and othering influence their desire to stay or depart. Drawing upon Bronfenbrenner’s (1999) Ecological Systems Theory, the study puts forth an original framework placing the Teacher of Color in the center of four contexts; self, school, district and community. Findings show that school context most influences belonging, that positive relationships with colleagues and administrators are positively associated with belonging, and that a teacher’s individual purpose is central to this theme. District equity policies are also positively associated with belonging in Teachers of Color. The implications for administrators and educational leaders hold promise in fostering belonging and increasing retention for Teachers of Color in suburban school settings.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The aim of this review is to highlight key published oral immunotherapy (OIT) protocols and post-desensitization strategies for the major food allergens and to cover important concepts to consider when evaluating OIT for food-allergic patients. Shared decision-making should help identify patient and family values which will help influence the type of evidence-based protocol and maintenance strategy to use. RECENT FINDINGS: With food OIT emerging as a treatment option, there is a pressing need for patients, physicians, and other providers to have a nuanced understanding of the management choices available to them. There are now randomized controlled trials (RCT) of OIT for peanut, egg, milk, and wheat, and reports of cohorts of patients who have undergone OIT for tree nuts and sesame clinically. The current published protocols contain significant diversity in terms of starting dose, build-up schedule, maintenance dose, and even the product used for desensitization. Emerging data can help direct the long-term maintenance strategy for patients on OIT. Based on patient and family values elicited through the shared decision-making process, an OIT protocol may be selected that balances the level of desensitization, potential side effects, frequency of clinic visits, and potential to induce sustained unresponsiveness, among other factors. Once maintenance dosing is reached, most patients will need to maintain regular exposure to the food allergen to remain desensitized. The option to transition to commercial food products with equivalent amounts of food protein as the OIT maintenance dose would simplify the dosing process and perhaps improve palatability as well. Less frequent or decreased OIT dosing can provide practical benefits but may affect the level of desensitization and safety for some patients.

This article is based on the analysis of the need to increase specific training on customer service standards. The purpose of this research is to conceptualize the training of customer service standards to public officials of the Municipality of Quinindé around collection, as a fundamental axis for the development of the public sector, the methodology used to strengthen and automate learning strategies for officials by the University “Técnica Luis Vargas Torres” of Esmeraldas, Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas branch, is investigated. Based on the study, it was possible to identify the training needs. In addition, the objectives were made visible, which will help strengthen and encourage administrative management within the institution. Recommendations will be given to officials and administrative staff of the collection department to create solid foundations for the operation of their work to be as efficient as possible. In short, this research project seeks to offer an efficient and effective solution for the quality of service in the public attention of the decentralized autonomous government of Quinindé canton, which can be replicated in other institutions of the canton., Este artigo baseia-se na análise da necessidade de aumentar o treinamento específico sobre padrões de atendimento ao cliente. O objetivo desta pesquisa é conceituar o treinamento em padrões de atendimento ao cliente para funcionários públicos do Governo Autônomo Descentralizado do Cantão de Quinindé na área de arrecadação de impostos, como um eixo fundamental para o desenvolvimento do setor público, e investigar a metodologia usada para fortalecer e automatizar as estratégias de aprendizagem para funcionários públicos pela "Universidade Técnica Luis Vargas Torres" de Esmeraldas, filial de Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas. Com base no estudo, foi possível identificar as necessidades de treinamento. Além disso, os objetivos se tornaram visíveis, o que ajudará a fortalecer e incentivar a gestão administrativa dentro da instituição. Serão feitas recomendações aos funcionários públicos e à equipe administrativa do departamento de arrecadação de impostos, a fim de criar bases sólidas para a operação mais eficiente de seu trabalho. Em suma, este projeto de pesquisa busca oferecer uma solução eficiente e eficaz para a qualidade do serviço no atendimento ao público do governo autônomo descentralizado do cantão de Quinindé, que pode ser replicada em outras instituições do cantão., El presente artículo parte del análisis de la necesidad de incrementar una capacitación puntual sobre las normas de atención al cliente. Para el propósito de esta investigación se conceptualiza a la formación de las normas de atención al cliente a los funcionarios públicos del en el Gobierno Autónomo Descentralizado del cantón Quinindé del área de recaudación, como un eje primordial para el desarrollo del sector público, se investiga la metodología, utilizada para fortalecer y automatizar las estrategias de aprendizaje para los funcionarios por parte de la Universidad “Técnica Luis Vargas torres” de Esmeraldas sede Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas. A partir del estudio realizado se pudo identificar las necesidades de capacitación. Además, se visibilizo los objetivos los cuales ayudaran a fortalecer e incentivar la gestión administrativa dentro de la institución. Se dará recomendaciones a los funcionarios y personal administrativo del departamento de recaudación con el fin de que se creen bases sólidas para que el funcionamiento de sus labores sea lo más eficiente posible. En definitiva, este proyecto de investigación busca ofrecer una solución eficiente y efectiva para la calidad del servicio en la atención pública de gobierno autónomo descentralizado del cantón Quinindé, que puede ser replicada en otras instituciones del cantón.

Studies have shown that government accounting is currently appreciated as an important control system for state institutions, whose main objective is to maintain an efficient accounting system that allows obtaining truthful and timely information for decision making, which is why , the objective of this research is to determine the importance of government accounting as a fiscal instrument in the Pablo Sexto canton, which has a descriptive approach since it relates and analyzes the characteristics of a select group that has been chosen as a subject of study of this research, in this case, the application of a survey was carried out as an information collection technique executed by those responsible for the departments of Accounting, Budgets and Information and Communication Systems belonging to the cantons: Pablo Segundo, Logroño and Sucúa and Huamboya where each of them provided their perspective regarding topics such as: internal control, current regulations, accrual principle, budget and budget cycle and information and communication systems, where it was concluded that government accounting is a very useful tool that It allows these entities to provide correct financial management, however, there is a certain lack of knowledge regarding some topics, which is why it is suggested to carry out continuous training., Estudos têm demonstrado que a contabilidade governamental é actualmente apreciada como um importante sistema de controlo das instituições estatais, sua finalidade é manter um sistema contábil eficiente que permita obter informações eficazes e oportunas para a tomada de decisões. É por isso que o objectivo desta pesquisa é determinar a importância da contabilidade governamental como instrumento fiscal no cantão Pablo Sexto, que possui uma abordagem descritiva, pois relaciona e analisa as características de um selecto grupo que foi escolhido como objecto de estudo desta pesquisa. Neste caso, foi realizada a aplicação de uma pesquisa como técnica de coleta de informações realizada pelos responsáveis pelos departamentos de Contabilidade, Orçamento e Sistemas de Informação e Comunicação pertencentes aos cantões: Pablo Sexto, Logroño, Sucúa e Huamboya, onde cada um deles apresentou a sua perspectiva sobre temas como: controlo interno, regulamentação em vigor, princípio de competência, orçamento e ciclo orçamental e sistemas de informação e comunicação. Concluiu-se que a contabilidade governamental é uma ferramenta muito útil que permite a estas entidades uma correcta gestão financeira, no entanto, existe um certo desconhecimento relativamente a alguns temas, razão pela qual se sugere a realização de formação contínua., Estudios han demostrado que la contabilidad gubernamental actualmente es apreciada como un importante sistema de control de las instituciones del estado, su fin es mantener un eficiente sistema contable que permita obtener información veraz y oportuna para la toma de decisiones. Es por esto que, el objetivo de la presente investigación es determinar la importancia de la contabilidad gubernamental como instrumento fiscal en el cantón Pablo Sexto, la cual posee un enfoque descriptivo dado que relata y analiza las características de un grupo selecto que ha sido escogido como sujeto de estudio de esta investigación. En este caso, se llevó a cabo la aplicación de una encuesta como técnica de recolección de información ejecutada por los responsables de los departamentos de Contabilidad, Presupuestos y Sistemas de Información y comunicación pertenecientes a los cantones: Pablo Sexto, Logroño, Sucúa y Huamboya, donde cada uno de ellos brindó su perspectiva referente a temas como: control interno, normativa vigente, principio del devengado, presupuesto y ciclo presupuestario y sistemas de información y comunicación. Se pudo concluir que la contabilidad gubernamental es una herramienta muy útil que les permite a estas entidades brindar una correcta gestión financiera, sin embargo, existe cierto desconocimiento en cuanto a algunos temas por lo que se sugiere realizar capacitaciones continuas.

Despite numerous available careers and degrees in music education, music performance, and music administration, perspectives of many music educators and students desiring an interdisciplinary music degree program inclusive of music education, music performance, and music administration have yet to be expressed or examined publicly. The notion of 21st-century skills presents a demand for flexibility across most facets of K-12 and higher education. These skills necessitate fluency in problem-solving, critical thinking, and collaboration, thus, music education must move toward more flexible and rigorous preparatory music training programs to remain consistent with current trends. Most undergraduate and graduate degree programs in music education, music performance, and music and fine arts administration, however, exist independently, negating the versatility of music degree-seekers through an interdisciplinary music degree. To that end, the researcher designed, examined, and expounded upon existing research pertinent to music educators, performers, and administrators, as well as current, past, and prospective music students, regarding career goals, preparation, and outcomes. This research presents a practical design for an interdisciplinary music degree program across music education, performance, and administration. This study applied a hermeneutic phenomenological qualitative approach, which encourages further analysis by other music researchers that can be applied equally to other fields of music, including music technology, music business, and music therapy. Other fine arts areas like dance, theatre, and visual arts may benefit from similar applications.

Studies have shown that government accounting is currently appreciated as an important control system for state institutions, whose main objective is to maintain an efficient accounting system that allows obtaining truthful and timely information for decision making, which is why , the objective of this research is to determine the importance of government accounting as a fiscal instrument in the Pablo Sexto canton, which has a descriptive approach since it relates and analyzes the characteristics of a select group that has been chosen as a subject of study of this research, in this case, the application of a survey was carried out as an information collection technique executed by those responsible for the departments of Accounting, Budgets and Information and Communication Systems belonging to the cantons: Pablo Segundo, Logroño and Sucúa and Huamboya where each of them provided their perspective regarding topics such as: internal control, current regulations, accrual principle, budget and budget cycle and information and communication systems, where it was concluded that government accounting is a very useful tool that It allows these entities to provide correct financial management, however, there is a certain lack of knowledge regarding some topics, which is why it is suggested to carry out continuous training., Estudos têm demonstrado que a contabilidade governamental é actualmente apreciada como um importante sistema de controlo das instituições estatais, sua finalidade é manter um sistema contábil eficiente que permita obter informações eficazes e oportunas para a tomada de decisões. É por isso que o objectivo desta pesquisa é determinar a importância da contabilidade governamental como instrumento fiscal no cantão Pablo Sexto, que possui uma abordagem descritiva, pois relaciona e analisa as características de um selecto grupo que foi escolhido como objecto de estudo desta pesquisa. Neste caso, foi realizada a aplicação de uma pesquisa como técnica de coleta de informações realizada pelos responsáveis pelos departamentos de Contabilidade, Orçamento e Sistemas de Informação e Comunicação pertencentes aos cantões: Pablo Sexto, Logroño, Sucúa e Huamboya, onde cada um deles apresentou a sua perspectiva sobre temas como: controlo interno, regulamentação em vigor, princípio de competência, orçamento e ciclo orçamental e sistemas de informação e comunicação. Concluiu-se que a contabilidade governamental é uma ferramenta muito útil que permite a estas entidades uma correcta gestão financeira, no entanto, existe um certo desconhecimento relativamente a alguns temas, razão pela qual se sugere a realização de formação contínua., Estudios han demostrado que la contabilidad gubernamental actualmente es apreciada como un importante sistema de control de las instituciones del estado, su fin es mantener un eficiente sistema contable que permita obtener información veraz y oportuna para la toma de decisiones. Es por esto que, el objetivo de la presente investigación es determinar la importancia de la contabilidad gubernamental como instrumento fiscal en el cantón Pablo Sexto, la cual posee un enfoque descriptivo dado que relata y analiza las características de un grupo selecto que ha sido escogido como sujeto de estudio de esta investigación. En este caso, se llevó a cabo la aplicación de una encuesta como técnica de recolección de información ejecutada por los responsables de los departamentos de Contabilidad, Presupuestos y Sistemas de Información y comunicación pertenecientes a los cantones: Pablo Sexto, Logroño, Sucúa y Huamboya, donde cada uno de ellos brindó su perspectiva referente a temas como: control interno, normativa vigente, principio del devengado, presupuesto y ciclo presupuestario y sistemas de información y comunicación. Se pudo concluir que la contabilidad gubernamental es una herramienta muy útil que les permite a estas entidades brindar una correcta gestión financiera, sin embargo, existe cierto desconocimiento en cuanto a algunos temas por lo que se sugiere realizar capacitaciones continuas.

This chapter investigates how formal autonomy and informal administrative working styles of international public administrations (IPAs) are interrelated empirically. Recent research on IPAs identified a paradoxical constellation. Some IPAs with low structural autonomy, such as the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Secretariat, are able to compensate this restriction by developing an entrepreneurial administrative style with emphasis on initiating new policies and sound internal management (paradox of weakness). Other IPAs, such as the formally autonomous European Commission, were found to anticipate member state control and voluntarily restrict themselves to a more passive servant style (paradox of strength). This finding raises the question whether the two paradoxes are idiosyncratic features of the two cases or a more universal phenomenon of international bureaucracies. To answer this question, this chapter introduces the concepts of structural autonomy and administrative styles and lay out a strategy for their measurement. It compares the empirical pattern of autonomy and style in eight IPAs. It concludes with some propositions about potential consequence for international bureaucratic influence.

Objective: This study aims to explore the awareness and willingness of Management students at Unicentro to engage in the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) during their higher education. Method: The methodology involves assessing the awareness and perceptions of Management students regarding the SDGs through surveys or interviews. This approach aims to understand their perspective on the role of government, states, and educational institutions in promoting sustainability. It also seeks to evaluate the existing communication and educational strategies within the university concerning the SDGs. Results: The findings reveal a significant gap in communication and guidance related to the SDGs within the institution and among students. While most students possess a basic understanding of the SDGs, they acknowledge a need for enhanced efforts from governments and educational institutions in sustainability strategies. Furthermore, students advocate for the university to assume a leadership role in integrating sustainability into its methodology, practical exercises, and research activities. Conclusions: The study concludes that there is an urgent need for improved communication and educational initiatives regarding the SDGs at Unicentro. By fostering a collaborative environment that encourages sustainability practices, higher education institutions can play a pivotal role in achieving the SDGs. This involves developing innovative educational tools and methodologies that not only enhance student awareness and engagement but also contribute to societal well-being and environmental sustainability., Os Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS) da Agenda 2030, possuem 17 objetivos globais e metas para mudanças de comportamento e práticas sociais que visem um ambiente social mais saudável, eficiente e sustentável. Alinhados a esses objetivos, é de interesse comum entre Estados e Governos fomentar essas práticas. Todavia, as instituições de ensino superior são fundamentais neste processo, visto como formadores de conhecimento para o exercício prático/social e ação direta para a causa da sustentabilidade. Assim sendo, o problema de pesquisa envolve: qual a visão, o conhecimento e o interesse em participar da implementação dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável durante a graduação, dos alunos do curso de administração da Unicentro? O objetivo principal foi identificar o conhecimento dos alunos do curso de Administração sobre os ODS. Como resultado da pesquisa, se deu conhecimento sobre a deficiência na comunicação e direcionamento das informações em torno dos ODS na instituição e no curso. Mais ainda, que a maioria dos alunos conhecem pouco sobre os ODS e concordam com a necessidade de intensificação dos Estados e governos para o desenvolvimento de estratégias. Da mesma forma, sugeriram que a Universidade seja também uma liderança nestes objetivos e atue de forma, a criar ferramentas e processos metodológicos, práticos e de pesquisa em torno da sustentabilidade. Esta cooperação e esforço de trabalho é fundamental para os ODS, tanto para a comunidade acadêmica, assim como para a sociedade.

Objective: This study aims to explore the awareness and willingness of Management students at Unicentro to engage in the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) during their higher education. Method: The methodology involves assessing the awareness and perceptions of Management students regarding the SDGs through surveys or interviews. This approach aims to understand their perspective on the role of government, states, and educational institutions in promoting sustainability. It also seeks to evaluate the existing communication and educational strategies within the university concerning the SDGs. Results: The findings reveal a significant gap in communication and guidance related to the SDGs within the institution and among students. While most students possess a basic understanding of the SDGs, they acknowledge a need for enhanced efforts from governments and educational institutions in sustainability strategies. Furthermore, students advocate for the university to assume a leadership role in integrating sustainability into its methodology, practical exercises, and research activities. Conclusions: The study concludes that there is an urgent need for improved communication and educational initiatives regarding the SDGs at Unicentro. By fostering a collaborative environment that encourages sustainability practices, higher education institutions can play a pivotal role in achieving the SDGs. This involves developing innovative educational tools and methodologies that not only enhance student awareness and engagement but also contribute to societal well-being and environmental sustainability., Os Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS) da Agenda 2030, possuem 17 objetivos globais e metas para mudanças de comportamento e práticas sociais que visem um ambiente social mais saudável, eficiente e sustentável. Alinhados a esses objetivos, é de interesse comum entre Estados e Governos fomentar essas práticas. Todavia, as instituições de ensino superior são fundamentais neste processo, visto como formadores de conhecimento para o exercício prático/social e ação direta para a causa da sustentabilidade. Assim sendo, o problema de pesquisa envolve: qual a visão, o conhecimento e o interesse em participar da implementação dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável durante a graduação, dos alunos do curso de administração da Unicentro? O objetivo principal foi identificar o conhecimento dos alunos do curso de Administração sobre os ODS. Como resultado da pesquisa, se deu conhecimento sobre a deficiência na comunicação e direcionamento das informações em torno dos ODS na instituição e no curso. Mais ainda, que a maioria dos alunos conhecem pouco sobre os ODS e concordam com a necessidade de intensificação dos Estados e governos para o desenvolvimento de estratégias. Da mesma forma, sugeriram que a Universidade seja também uma liderança nestes objetivos e atue de forma, a criar ferramentas e processos metodológicos, práticos e de pesquisa em torno da sustentabilidade. Esta cooperação e esforço de trabalho é fundamental para os ODS, tanto para a comunidade acadêmica, assim como para a sociedade.

La figura jurídica del protector hunde sus raíces en el Imperio romano, fue recogida por el cristianismo, ligada al concepto de caridad, y recuperada en la Europa moderna en su triple vertiente de tutor, mediador y defensor. En la administración española la figura del Protector de indios es la más conocida, gracias a los abundantes estudios sobre la condición jurídica del indígena. El «Protector de extranjeros», en cambio, resulta prácticamente desconocido. Esta contribución examina su evolución y la práctica de la protección. Argumenta que el «Protector de extranjeros» pudo ayudar al manejo de una alteridad que pasó en poco tiempo de un reducido espacio peninsular a una dimensión global. La práctica de la protección, sin embargo, se canalizó a través de un listado técnico de mercedes tan complejo, y un conjunto de mecanismos sociales no institucionalizados tan amplios, que en realidad hubo una multiplicidad de figuras que actuaban como protector., La figure juridique du protecteur prend ses racines dans l’Empire romain, a été reprise par le christianisme, associée au concept de charité et récupérée dans l’Europe moderne dans son triple aspect de gardien, médiateur et défenseur. Dans l’administration espagnole, la figure du protecteur des Indiens est la plus connue, grâce aux nombreuses études sur le statut juridique de l’Indien. Le « Protecteur des étrangers », en revanche, est pratiquement inconnu. Cette contribution examine son évolution et la pratique de la protection. Il affirme que le « Protecteur des étrangers » a pu aider à la gestion d’une altérité qui est passée en peu de temps d’un espace péninsulaire réduit à une dimension mondiale. La pratique de la protection, cependant, a été canalisée par une liste technique de subventions si complexe, et un ensemble de mécanismes sociaux non institutionnalisés si large, qu’il y avait en fait une multiplicité de figures agissant comme protecteurs., The legal figure of the protector has its roots in the Roman Empire; it was taken up by the Christianity associated with the concept of charity and recovered in modern Europe in its triple aspect of guardian, mediator and defender. In the Spanish administration, the figure of the protector of the indians is the best known, thanks to the numerous studies on the legal status of the indigenous. The «Protector of Foreigners», on the other hand, is virtually unknown. This contribution examines its evolution and the practice of protection. It argues that the «Protector of Foreigners» could have contributed to the management of an otherness that moved, in a short time frame, from a reduced peninsular space to a global dimension. The practice of protection, however, was channelled by such a complex, technical list of subsidies, and such a broad set of non-institutionalised social mechanisms, that there was, in fact, an abundance of figures acting as protectors., Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Gobierno de España, European Regional Development Fund, Unión Europea, Depto. de Historia Moderna y Contemporánea, Fac. de Geografía e Historia, TRUE, pub

El present article pretén analitzar l’evolució i els canvis produïts en l’administració i/o arrendament de les salines de la Mata, així com el perfi l social dels agents implicats, en el període comprés entre els anys 1661 i 1679. Període en el qual es percep un canvi en el seu model de gestió, variant des d’una predilecció per l’arrendament cap a una administració per compte real., El presente artículo pretende analizar la evolución y los cambios producidos en la administración y/o arrendamiento de las salinas de La Mata, así como el perfil social de sus agentes implicados, en el período comprendido entre los años 1661 y 1679. Período en el que se percibe un cambio en su modelo de gestión, variando desde una predilección por el arrendamiento hacia una administración por cuenta real., This paper aims to analyze the evolution and changes produced in the administration and/or leasing of the salt flats of La Mata, as well as the social profile of its agents involved, in the period between 1661 and 1679. Period in which a change is perceived in its management model, varying from a predilection for leasing to administration on a real account.

En este trabajo pretendemos realizar una aproximación a la situación en que se encontraba la ciudad de Palencia en el último cuarto del siglo XVIII, así como la manera en que incidió sobre ella el reformismo de Carlos III y sus ministros; para ello analizaremos las diferentes medidas diseñadas, y en algunos casos adoptadas, por los agentes del monarca a nivel territorial –corregidores: su implicación en la reforma de la economía, el fomento de las obras públicas, saneamiento, educación…, In this paper we intend to make an approximation to the situation in which the city of Palencia found itself in the last quarter of the 18th century, as well as the way in which the reformism of Carlos III and his ministers affected it; to do this, we will analyze the different measures designed, and in some cases adopted, by the monarch's agents on the territory –corregidores: their involvement in the reform of the economy, the promotion of public works, sanitation, education...

Product deletion is the end of a product’s life cycle, when it ceases to be produced and is removed from the portfolios of those companies which used to sell them. This project seeks to depict how product deletion is done by manufacturers in Sweden. Product deletion is a scarcely studied subject, which leads to problems such as shortage of existing literature and disconnectedteachings from different perspectives, making the formation of a complete picture problematic.What seems to unify the literature is that product deletion is a valuable tool that is not well enough explored. Through qualitative, semi-structured interviews with representatives from three different companies, a depiction of the relevant aspects of product deletion is formed as it is today. Some aspects were consistent between sources, while others highlighted differences. The similarities were many and considered to strengthen one another as well as the existing literature. The differences were seen as an opportunity for discussion and further studies. The sources agreed that product deletion is of high priority to the operation of a manufacturer. Each participating company therefore spent significant resources to ensure an effective product deletion process. Relevant experience, combined with monetary calculations are highly prized as the backbone of the process. The companies, as well as existing literature, also describe a divide between faster and slower decisions for product deletion. Products which were deemed more important took longer time and more careful consideration before a decision was made than product which occupied less of the company’s focus. Intersections between the groups were rare, showing a clear polarization.Product deletion regularly occurs in tandem with, or as a consequence of, product development. When a new product is made it often replaces an old one, meaning the total product range rarely grows or shrinks in size. Other possible driving forces for product deletion are

Product deletion is the end of a product’s life cycle, when it ceases to be produced and is removed from the portfolios of those companies which used to sell them. This project seeks to depict how product deletion is done by manufacturers in Sweden. Product deletion is a scarcely studied subject, which leads to problems such as shortage of existing literature and disconnectedteachings from different perspectives, making the formation of a complete picture problematic.What seems to unify the literature is that product deletion is a valuable tool that is not well enough explored. Through qualitative, semi-structured interviews with representatives from three different companies, a depiction of the relevant aspects of product deletion is formed as it is today. Some aspects were consistent between sources, while others highlighted differences. The similarities were many and considered to strengthen one another as well as the existing literature. The differences were seen as an opportunity for discussion and further studies. The sources agreed that product deletion is of high priority to the operation of a manufacturer. Each participating company therefore spent significant resources to ensure an effective product deletion process. Relevant experience, combined with monetary calculations are highly prized as the backbone of the process. The companies, as well as existing literature, also describe a divide between faster and slower decisions for product deletion. Products which were deemed more important took longer time and more careful consideration before a decision was made than product which occupied less of the company’s focus. Intersections between the groups were rare, showing a clear polarization.Product deletion regularly occurs in tandem with, or as a consequence of, product development. When a new product is made it often replaces an old one, meaning the total product range rarely grows or shrinks in size. Other possible driving forces for product deletion are