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Purpose: The goal of this study is to determine how the Akhuwat Islamic Microfinance Mode (AIMM) affects several types of poverty in Pakistan, including absolute, moderate, and relative poverty. Design/Methodology/Approach: In this study, primary data from Akhuwat Microfinance borrowers were collected using the stratified sample technique. The population was divided into four groups: manufacturing concerns, trading concerns, services concerns, and non-trading concerns. Additionally, a two-stage structural modelling technique was used for further data analysis. The measurement model was used to assess the reliability and validity, while the structural model was used to gauge the link between the underlying variables.  Findings: The study found positive and significant impact of Akhuwat Islamic Microfinance Mode (AIMM) on different dimensions of poverty, including absolute poverty, moderate poverty and relative poverty. Therefore, lending practices of Akhuwat enables the borrowers to reduce their absolute, moderate, and relative poverty.  Implications/Originality/Value: The role Akhuwat's unique approach to address different poverty levels including absolute poverty, moderate poverty and relative poverty is hardly investigate in the context of Pakistan by applying the Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Theory.

Purpose: The goal of this study is to determine how the Akhuwat Islamic Microfinance Mode (AIMM) affects several types of poverty in Pakistan, including absolute, moderate, and relative poverty. Design/Methodology/Approach: In this study, primary data from Akhuwat Microfinance borrowers were collected using the stratified sample technique. The population was divided into four groups: manufacturing concerns, trading concerns, services concerns, and non-trading concerns. Additionally, a two-stage structural modelling technique was used for further data analysis. The measurement model was used to assess the reliability and validity, while the structural model was used to gauge the link between the underlying variables.  Findings: The study found positive and significant impact of Akhuwat Islamic Microfinance Mode (AIMM) on different dimensions of poverty, including absolute poverty, moderate poverty and relative poverty. Therefore, lending practices of Akhuwat enables the borrowers to reduce their absolute, moderate, and relative poverty.  Implications/Originality/Value: The role Akhuwat's unique approach to address different poverty levels including absolute poverty, moderate poverty and relative poverty is hardly investigate in the context of Pakistan by applying the Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Theory.

Purpose: The goal of this study is to determine how the Akhuwat Islamic Microfinance Mode (AIMM) affects several types of poverty in Pakistan, including absolute, moderate, and relative poverty. Design/Methodology/Approach: In this study, primary data from Akhuwat Microfinance borrowers were collected using the stratified sample technique. The population was divided into four groups: manufacturing concerns, trading concerns, services concerns, and non-trading concerns. Additionally, a two-stage structural modelling technique was used for further data analysis. The measurement model was used to assess the reliability and validity, while the structural model was used to gauge the link between the underlying variables.  Findings: The study found positive and significant impact of Akhuwat Islamic Microfinance Mode (AIMM) on different dimensions of poverty, including absolute poverty, moderate poverty and relative poverty. Therefore, lending practices of Akhuwat enables the borrowers to reduce their absolute, moderate, and relative poverty.  Implications/Originality/Value: The role Akhuwat's unique approach to address different poverty levels including absolute poverty, moderate poverty and relative poverty is hardly investigate in the context of Pakistan by applying the Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Theory.

In our thesis we seek the answer to if trade openness has an effect on income gaps within countries. Since different trade flows can have different effects based on who the trading partners are, we disaggregate the trade flows based on these criteria. Using a dynamic two-ways fixed-effects model (LSDV) based on unbalanced panel data we follow 160 countries (of which 155 contribute to the variance since they have more than one observation) over the time-period 1970-2019 and a gini-coefficient that measures disponible household income. Furthermore, we also include a measurement of absolute poverty, measured as the share of the population living on less than 3,2 USD a day, where we have data for 130 countries (of which 111 with more than one observation, and the earliest observation is 1974). We divide our sample in low-, middle- and high-income countries and control for the effects on the gini-coefficient and absolute poverty stemming from both exports as well as imports. Our results indicate that when low-income countries exports to other low-income countries it decreases the income gaps within the exporting country. Low-income countries trade flows with middle- and high-income countries however seem to have a positive relationship with their income gaps, which we argue provides support for skill-enhancing trade (SET) and skill-biased technological change (SBTC). For high- and middle-income countries we don’t find any support for a relationship between income gaps and trade openness. Regarding absolute poverty we mostly see significant results for high-income countries, where export to other high-income countries decreases poverty while import from other high-income countries increases poverty., I vår uppsats söker vi svar på om handelsöppenhet har en påverkan på inkomstklyftor inom länder. Då olika handelsflöden kan ha olika påverkan disaggregerar vi även handelsflödena med hänsyn till ursprungsland och handelspartner. Med hjälp av en dynamisk two-ways fixed effects modell (LSDV) baserad på obalanserad paneldata följer vi 160 länder (varav 155 bidrar till variansen då de har mer än en observation) över tidsperioden 1970-2019 och en gini-koefficient som mäter disponibel hushållsinkomst. Utöver detta inkluderar vi även ett mått på absolut fattigdom, mätt som andel av befolkningen som lever på mindre än 3,2 USD om dagen där vi har data för 130 länder (varav 111 med mer än en observation). Vi delar upp vårt sampel i låg-, medel- och höginkomstländer och kontrollerar för både exportens och importens påverkan på gini-koefficienten och absolut fattigdom. Våra resultat indikerar att när låginkomstländer exporterar till andra låginkomstländer minskar inkomstklyftorna i det exporterande landet. Låginkomstländers handelsflöden med medel- och höginkomstländer har däremot ett positivt samband med deras inkomstklyftor, något vi argumenterar för antyder ett stöd för skill-enhancing trade (SET) och skill-biased technological change (SBTC). För medel- och höginkomstländer finner vi inga belägg för ett samband mellan inkomstklyftor och handelsöppenhet. Gällande absolut fattigdom ser vi framförallt signifikanta resultat för höginkomstländer, där export till andra höginkomstländer minskar absolut fattigdom medan import från höginkomstländer ökar absolut fattigdom.

This work aimed to analyze the causality between corruption and poverty in Brazil and a group of seven other South American countries, from 2002 to 2018, using the methodology applied by Dumitrescu and Hurlin (2012) for heterogeneous panels. The variables for corruption employed are the Corruption Perception Index (CPI) and the Control of Corruption (CC) index and, as measures of poverty, the indexes proposed by Foster, Greer, and Thorbecke (1984), considering the poverty and extreme poverty lines. Results suggest one-directional CC causality for all measures of the poverty line, as well as for the P2 indicator of extreme poverty

This work aimed to analyze the causality between corruption and poverty in Brazil and a group of seven other South American countries, from 2002 to 2018, using the methodology applied by Dumitrescu and Hurlin (2012) for heterogeneous panels. The variables for corruption employed are the Corruption Perception Index (CPI) and the Control of Corruption (CC) index and, as measures of poverty, the indexes proposed by Foster, Greer, and Thorbecke (1984), considering the poverty and extreme poverty lines. Results suggest one-directional CC causality for all measures of the poverty line, as well as for the P2 indicator of extreme poverty

In our thesis we seek the answer to if trade openness has an effect on income gaps within countries. Since different trade flows can have different effects based on who the trading partners are, we disaggregate the trade flows based on these criteria. Using a dynamic two-ways fixed-effects model (LSDV) based on unbalanced panel data we follow 160 countries (of which 155 contribute to the variance since they have more than one observation) over the time-period 1970-2019 and a gini-coefficient that measures disponible household income. Furthermore, we also include a measurement of absolute poverty, measured as the share of the population living on less than 3,2 USD a day, where we have data for 130 countries (of which 111 with more than one observation, and the earliest observation is 1974). We divide our sample in low-, middle- and high-income countries and control for the effects on the gini-coefficient and absolute poverty stemming from both exports as well as imports. Our results indicate that when low-income countries exports to other low-income countries it decreases the income gaps within the exporting country. Low-income countries trade flows with middle- and high-income countries however seem to have a positive relationship with their income gaps, which we argue provides support for skill-enhancing trade (SET) and skill-biased technological change (SBTC). For high- and middle-income countries we don’t find any support for a relationship between income gaps and trade openness. Regarding absolute poverty we mostly see significant results for high-income countries, where export to other high-income countries decreases poverty while import from other high-income countries increases poverty., I vår uppsats söker vi svar på om handelsöppenhet har en påverkan på inkomstklyftor inom länder. Då olika handelsflöden kan ha olika påverkan disaggregerar vi även handelsflödena med hänsyn till ursprungsland och handelspartner. Med hjälp av en dynamisk two-ways fixed effects modell (LSDV) baserad på obalanserad paneldata följer vi 160 länder (varav 155 bidrar till variansen då de har mer än en observation) över tidsperioden 1970-2019 och en gini-koefficient som mäter disponibel hushållsinkomst. Utöver detta inkluderar vi även ett mått på absolut fattigdom, mätt som andel av befolkningen som lever på mindre än 3,2 USD om dagen där vi har data för 130 länder (varav 111 med mer än en observation). Vi delar upp vårt sampel i låg-, medel- och höginkomstländer och kontrollerar för både exportens och importens påverkan på gini-koefficienten och absolut fattigdom. Våra resultat indikerar att när låginkomstländer exporterar till andra låginkomstländer minskar inkomstklyftorna i det exporterande landet. Låginkomstländers handelsflöden med medel- och höginkomstländer har däremot ett positivt samband med deras inkomstklyftor, något vi argumenterar för antyder ett stöd för skill-enhancing trade (SET) och skill-biased technological change (SBTC). För medel- och höginkomstländer finner vi inga belägg för ett samband mellan inkomstklyftor och handelsöppenhet. Gällande absolut fattigdom ser vi framförallt signifikanta resultat för höginkomstländer, där export till andra höginkomstländer minskar absolut fattigdom medan import från höginkomstländer ökar absolut fattigdom.

There is growing support for using global income poverty measures that account for both own income and relative income. The World Bank has adopted a global line that depends on both. Unfortunately, with preference heterogeneity over own and relative income, the standard poverty indices are not necessarily reduced when a poor individual escapes poverty. We develop a theory of global poverty measurement with preference heterogeneity. Surprisingly, a simple modification of the headcount ratio encapsulates the main features of our theory, in contrast to all of the standard indices. Notably, our proposed index decreases if a poor individual escapes poverty when her income rises above the absolute line. This alternative index is ready to use, as it does not require eliciting preferences. For the period 1999-2015, our proposed index implies a global poverty reduction that is 50% higher than the current estimates based on the headcount ratio.

Résumé La plupart des analyses en termes de profil de pauvreté dans les pays en développement utilisent l’approche absolue. Cette recherche repose sur une démarche comparative des approches absolue et relative. Il s’agit, sur la base de ces deux instruments de mesure, de quantifier et d’analyser comparativement le niveau et les caractéristiques de la pauvreté au Sénégal. Les données de l’enquête sur les conditions de vie des ménages sénégalais de 2016 menée par l’Agence Nationale de la Statistique et de la Démographie (ANSD) sont utilisées dans cette recherche. Les résultats montrent que l’indicateur de pauvreté relative est d’avantage un indicateur d’inégalité de la répartition des revenus. En termes de caractéristiques, les deux approches aboutissent aux mêmes résultats : la pauvreté touche davantage les femmes que les hommes et plus le milieu rural que le milieu urbain. Mots clés : pauvreté monétaire, pauvreté absolue, pauvreté relative, Sénégal   Abstract Most analyzes in terms of the poverty profile in developing countries use the absolute approach. This research is based on a comparative approach of absolute and relative approaches. On the basis of these two measuring instruments, it is a question of quantifying and comparatively analyzing the level and characteristics of poverty in Senegal. Data from the 2016 survey on the living conditions of Senegalese households conducted by the National Agency for Statistics and Demography (ANSD) are used in this research. The results show that the relative poverty indicator is more an indicator of inequality in the distribution of income. In terms of characteristics, the two approaches lead to the same results: poverty affects women more than men and rural areas more than urban areas. Keywords: monetary poverty, absolute poverty, relative poverty, Senegal.

Résumé La plupart des analyses en termes de profil de pauvreté dans les pays en développement utilisent l’approche absolue. Cette recherche repose sur une démarche comparative des approches absolue et relative. Il s’agit, sur la base de ces deux instruments de mesure, de quantifier et d’analyser comparativement le niveau et les caractéristiques de la pauvreté au Sénégal. Les données de l’enquête sur les conditions de vie des ménages sénégalais de 2016 menée par l’Agence Nationale de la Statistique et de la Démographie (ANSD) sont utilisées dans cette recherche. Les résultats montrent que l’indicateur de pauvreté relative est d’avantage un indicateur d’inégalité de la répartition des revenus. En termes de caractéristiques, les deux approches aboutissent aux mêmes résultats : la pauvreté touche davantage les femmes que les hommes et plus le milieu rural que le milieu urbain. Mots clés : pauvreté monétaire, pauvreté absolue, pauvreté relative, Sénégal   Abstract Most analyzes in terms of the poverty profile in developing countries use the absolute approach. This research is based on a comparative approach of absolute and relative approaches. On the basis of these two measuring instruments, it is a question of quantifying and comparatively analyzing the level and characteristics of poverty in Senegal. Data from the 2016 survey on the living conditions of Senegalese households conducted by the National Agency for Statistics and Demography (ANSD) are used in this research. The results show that the relative poverty indicator is more an indicator of inequality in the distribution of income. In terms of characteristics, the two approaches lead to the same results: poverty affects women more than men and rural areas more than urban areas. Keywords: monetary poverty, absolute poverty, relative poverty, Senegal.

The delineation of the global poverty measurement debate, the scrutinization of the dollar-a-day methodology, and the empirical implementation of the cost of basic needs approach over the long and the short run are the core substances of this thesis. Without a doubt, this thesis is not about addressing all problems related to global poverty measurement. Rather, this thesis aims at answering three main research questions: (a) identify the level and the evolution of global poverty (across all countries) over the long run since 1820 using the cost of basic needs approach; (b) estimate the uncertainty of the standard method and compare it with the uncertainty of the proposed cost of basic needs alternative; and (c) identify possible differences between the standard method and cost of basic needs implementations for the recent, more data abundant, period among developing countries. First, this research strongly indicates that the Purchasing Power Parity used by the standard approach in global poverty measurement does not hold at the level of consumption habits relevant to those living in conditions of extreme absolute poverty. This has long been suspected by the critics of that method, and this thesis provides the evidence that support this intuition. Second, the cost of basic needs approach is a feasible method for a global scale appreciation of poverty. It has the advantage of addressing some of the key points raised against the dollar-a-day standard. Third, the long run results of this thesis offer no easy material from an analytical perspective. Mostly due to the nature of its methodological contributions the general framework selected in this thesis is a descriptive one. Perhaps the most striking result of this exercise comes from the total number of people living in conditions of extreme absolute poverty globally. According to my findings the total number is 757 million people in 1820 and 764 million people in 2018 despite all the progress in lowering the global po

In estimating the incident of global poverty, both contemporarily and historically, one needs to reach far into the domain of assumptions and second best approaches. This paper navigates through this methodological jungle. This discussion of the literature, although extensive is not exhaustive, as several of the problems discussed below can fill lengthy chapters on their own. The focus is solely on the absolute poverty concept from the perspective of the dollar-a-day approach, which is the dominant in the global poverty literature.

This thesis captures the effect of social capital measured as social and institutional trust on a reduction of absolute poverty. The indicators of social capital are captured through the construction of a database of subjective well-being measures. Poverty is indicated using the Watt’s index which measures the mean proportionate poverty gap for those living under the extreme poverty line of $1.90 a day This thesis analyses the relationship in 26 Sub-Saharan countries, broadly including the period of 1999 to 2014. The findings show that social trust has a positive and significant effect on a reduction of poverty. The effect of institutions appears to be mixed, whereas the quality of governmental policies, corruption among politicians, and unequal opportunities might offer an explanation for low trust in governmental institutions on a local and national level. The findings imply that social capital increases the resilience against poverty for society’s most vulnerable groups, which provides policymakers with an additional strategy to strive for pro-poor growth and increase society’s well-being.

This thesis captures the effect of social capital measured as social and institutional trust on a reduction of absolute poverty. The indicators of social capital are captured through the construction of a database of subjective well-being measures. Poverty is indicated using the Watt’s index which measures the mean proportionate poverty gap for those living under the extreme poverty line of $1.90 a day This thesis analyses the relationship in 26 Sub-Saharan countries, broadly including the period of 1999 to 2014. The findings show that social trust has a positive and significant effect on a reduction of poverty. The effect of institutions appears to be mixed, whereas the quality of governmental policies, corruption among politicians, and unequal opportunities might offer an explanation for low trust in governmental institutions on a local and national level. The findings imply that social capital increases the resilience against poverty for society’s most vulnerable groups, which provides policymakers with an additional strategy to strive for pro-poor growth and increase society’s well-being.

Poverty levels in Chile have decreased since 1990, in a context of sustained GDP and family income growth. The intensity of this evolution is controversial based on the different measure methods applied. Absolute, relative, and multidimensional poverty indexes are compared. It is concluded that, based on the same income survey, resulting measures highly depend on poverty definitions. Evidence is presented for the 1990-2015 period., Desde a década de 1990, o Chile reduziu seus níveis de pobreza, em um contexto de crescimento sustentado do PIB e da renda familiar. A intensidade desta queda é controversa de acordo com as diferentes metodologias de medição usadas. Comparam-se os principais índices de pobreza absoluta, relativa e multidimensional e conclui-se que os resultados das medições, baseados na mesma pesquisa de renda, são altamente dependentes das definições de pobreza. Evidências são apresentadas para o período 1990-2015., Chile ha disminuido desde la década de 1990 sus niveles de pobreza, en un contexto de crecimiento sostenido del PIB y de los ingresos de las familias. La intensidad de esa caída es materia de controversia, según las diversas metodologías de medición utilizadas. Se compara los principales índices de pobreza absoluta, relativa y multidimensional y se concluye que los resultados de las mediciones, a partir de una misma encuesta de ingresos, son altamente dependientes de las definiciones de pobreza. Se presenta evidencia para el período 1990-2015.

Poverty levels in Chile have decreased since 1990, in a context of sustained GDP and family income growth. The intensity of this evolution is controversial based on the different measure methods applied. Absolute, relative, and multidimensional poverty indexes are compared. It is concluded that, based on the same income survey, resulting measures highly depend on poverty definitions. Evidence is presented for the 1990-2015 period., Desde a década de 1990, o Chile reduziu seus níveis de pobreza, em um contexto de crescimento sustentado do PIB e da renda familiar. A intensidade desta queda é controversa de acordo com as diferentes metodologias de medição usadas. Comparam-se os principais índices de pobreza absoluta, relativa e multidimensional e conclui-se que os resultados das medições, baseados na mesma pesquisa de renda, são altamente dependentes das definições de pobreza. Evidências são apresentadas para o período 1990-2015., Chile ha disminuido desde la década de 1990 sus niveles de pobreza, en un contexto de crecimiento sostenido del PIB y de los ingresos de las familias. La intensidad de esa caída es materia de controversia, según las diversas metodologías de medición utilizadas. Se compara los principales índices de pobreza absoluta, relativa y multidimensional y se concluye que los resultados de las mediciones, a partir de una misma encuesta de ingresos, son altamente dependientes de las definiciones de pobreza. Se presenta evidencia para el período 1990-2015.

The widely applied “dollar-a-day” methodology identifies global absolute poverty as declining precipitously since the early 80’s throughout the developing world. The methodological underpinnings of the “dollar-a-day” approach have been questioned in terms of adequately representing equivalent welfare conditions in different countries and years. These key issues of measuring global poverty are addressed here using the concept of the bare bones consumption basket (BBB). This methodology pinpoints equivalent levels of welfare, both internationally and intertemporally. The results validate the critique against the “dollar-a-day” methodology, showing large variations in costs of BBB between countries and years, even when one explicitly allows for additional expenses such as education and health. This volatility represents the differential among the typically used average CPI and a price index which is more relevant to those living in absolute poverty. On a point estimate level, success in terms of the first Millennium Development Goal (MDG) appears marginal. Once uncertainty in the estimates is accounted for, the BBB poverty lines provide the ground to dispute MDG 1 early celebrations. While BBB absolute poverty remains at very low levels during the entire 1983–2014 period, it also demonstrates strong persistence throughout. On the contrary, the higher welfare level BBB derivative shows overall much less flattering poverty levels.

Изменение отношения к бедности и неравенству отражают реальные тенденции развития кризисных явлений в России с начала XXI века и по настоящее время. Необходимо отметить изменение причин их возникновения и изменение отношения к бедности в целом. Случившийся кризис в 14 году привел к резкому увеличению количества бедного населения страны. В данной работе рассматриваются причины возникновения бедности, принципы борьбы с появлением финансового неравенства и методы привлечения к работе трудоспособного населения в России., Сhanging attitudes towards poverty and inequality showed the development of the crisis in Russia since the beginning of the 21st century to the present time. It is important to note modification of their causes and changing attitudes to poverty. There is a quickly increase of poor population in the country after the crisis in 2014. This article discusses the causes of poverty, the principles of fighting financial inequality and methods for the involvement of able-bodied population in Russia.

Изменение отношения к бедности и неравенству отражают реальные тенденции развития кризисных явлений в России с начала XXI века и по настоящее время. Необходимо отметить изменение причин их возникновения и изменение отношения к бедности в целом. Случившийся кризис в 14 году привел к резкому увеличению количества бедного населения страны. В данной работе рассматриваются причины возникновения бедности, принципы борьбы с появлением финансового неравенства и методы привлечения к работе трудоспособного населения в России., Сhanging attitudes towards poverty and inequality showed the development of the crisis in Russia since the beginning of the 21st century to the present time. It is important to note modification of their causes and changing attitudes to poverty. There is a quickly increase of poor population in the country after the crisis in 2014. This article discusses the causes of poverty, the principles of fighting financial inequality and methods for the involvement of able-bodied population in Russia.

The notion of ‘poverty’ is diversified and dynamic. It varies across countries with different socio-economic norms. It may also change over time even in the same society, with different stages of social and economic development. A country may be struggling with absolute poverty at the early stages of development, while it may well be more concerned with relative and/or subjective poverty as its average per-capita income increases. This article intends to conduct an exploration of multiple poverty measures by looking into the absolute, relative and subjective poverty incidence in Indonesia. Using the 2005 National Socio-Economic Survey (Susenas), we observed that there was a roughly 28 percentage-point difference in the poverty headcount ratios computed by applying absolute (14.47%) and subjective (42.03%) poverty. There were virtually no correlations among the poverty rankings in the provinces of Indonesia obtained by five poverty metrics. Results of logit model and ordered logit model estimations of the possible determinants of poverty indicate that the main determinants of poverty are educational attainment, number of household members, physical assets (land and house ownership), existence of migrant workers (possible remittances), negative shocks of layoffs and/or health problems, development of public services, and the availability of road infrastructure. A higher educational attainment increases the probability of never being poor in any of the five poverty metrics by almost 11 percentage points. This study also confirmed that households having less than society’s averages in terms of the physical asset of land and consumption of durable goods and fashion tended to subjectively asses themselves as poor. The study suggests that any poverty alleviation programs should consider relative impacts among beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries within each locality and across provinces.

St. Bonaventure offers the deepest anthropological keys of his thought when he clarify evangelical poverty. In this sense, the central point of this article is to distinguish the relation of the human being with the material things in which the domain or property is distinguished and the use that can be exerted on them. This question is clarified when discussing a topic debated in his time: the possibility or even recommendation of a vital option for absolute poverty, which Saint Bonaventure addresses, in addition to theoretical reasons, as a way of understanding the spirit of the Franciscan order, To which it belongs. The proposed study will focus mainly on the written Apology pauperum of this author., Al esclarecer la pobreza evangélica, San Buenaventura ofrece las claves antropoló- gicas más profundas de su pensamiento. En ese sentido, el punto central de este artículo es distinguir la relación del ser humano con las cosas materiales en la cual se distingue el el dominio o propiedad y el uso que se puede ejercer sobre ellas. Esta cuestión es esclarecida al tratar un tema debatido en su tiempo: la posibilidad o incluso recomendación de una opción vital por la pobreza absoluta, que San Buenaventura aborda, además de por motivos teóricos, como una forma de comprensión del espíritu de la orden franciscana, a la que pertenece. El estudio propuesto se centrará principalmente en el escrito Apología pauperum de este autor.

St. Bonaventure offers the deepest anthropological keys of his thought when he clarify evangelical poverty. In this sense, the central point of this article is to distinguish the relation of the human being with the material things in which the domain or property is distinguished and the use that can be exerted on them. This question is clarified when discussing a topic debated in his time: the possibility or even recommendation of a vital option for absolute poverty, which Saint Bonaventure addresses, in addition to theoretical reasons, as a way of understanding the spirit of the Franciscan order, To which it belongs. The proposed study will focus mainly on the written Apology pauperum of this author., Al esclarecer la pobreza evangélica, San Buenaventura ofrece las claves antropoló- gicas más profundas de su pensamiento. En ese sentido, el punto central de este artículo es distinguir la relación del ser humano con las cosas materiales en la cual se distingue el el dominio o propiedad y el uso que se puede ejercer sobre ellas. Esta cuestión es esclarecida al tratar un tema debatido en su tiempo: la posibilidad o incluso recomendación de una opción vital por la pobreza absoluta, que San Buenaventura aborda, además de por motivos teóricos, como una forma de comprensión del espíritu de la orden franciscana, a la que pertenece. El estudio propuesto se centrará principalmente en el escrito Apología pauperum de este autor.

I derive a new index combining the absolute and relative aspects of income poverty. Earning a larger income decreases one’s absolute poverty but experiencing a larger income inequality increases one’s relative poverty. Provided that the individual poverty is not computed based on the normalized income, the two aspects can be weighed such that absolutely poor individuals are always considered poorer than relatively poor individuals. Only the value of poverty aversion associated with the Poverty Gap Ratio is consistent with this approach. An application illustrates that the new index yields intuitive judgments about unequal growth experiences, for which all absolute (resp. relative) poverty indices systematically conclude that poverty has decreased (resp. increased).

I derive poverty indices taking into account both the absolute and relative aspects of income well-being. The trade-off made by the social planner between those two aspects is captured at individual level by a well-being ordering. This ordering evaluates the well-being of an agent based on her income and a reference statistic on the income distribution, typically the mean. A family of poverty indices respecting the judgements held in the ordering is axiomatically characterized. Then, I study the consequences of requiring the poverty indices to grant a minimal precedence to the absolute over the relative aspect of income well-being. This compelling requirement has strong implications. In particular, the Poverty Gap Ratio is the only index in the popular Foster-Greer-Thorbecke family to satisfy it.

El presente trabajo analiza la evolución de la pobreza en Argentina y en el Gran Córdoba. El análisis muestra que la pobreza ha disminuido en los aglomerados urbanos y en el Gran Córdoba, aunque la magnitud de la misma depende de la línea de pobreza empleada. Para llevar a cabo estimaciones inequívocas de la evolución de la pobreza, se utiliza el método de dominancia estocástica para determinar cómo ha evolucionado la pobreza, observándose reducción de la misma en el rango relevante., This paper analyzes the evolution of poverty in Argentina and Gran Córdoba. The analysis shows that poverty has declined in urban areas and Gran Córdoba, although its magnitude depends of the poverty line used. To carry out unmistakable estimates of the evolution of poverty, the method of stochastic dominance is used to determine how poverty has evolved, observing its reduction in the relevant range.

El presente trabajo analiza la evolución de la pobreza en Argentina y en el Gran Córdoba. El análisis muestra que la pobreza ha disminuido en los aglomerados urbanos y en el Gran Córdoba, aunque la magnitud de la misma depende de la línea de pobreza empleada. Para llevar a cabo estimaciones inequívocas de la evolución de la pobreza, se utiliza el método de dominancia estocástica para determinar cómo ha evolucionado la pobreza, observándose reducción de la misma en el rango relevante., This paper analyzes the evolution of poverty in Argentina and Gran Córdoba. The analysis shows that poverty has declined in urban areas and Gran Córdoba, although its magnitude depends of the poverty line used. To carry out unmistakable estimates of the evolution of poverty, the method of stochastic dominance is used to determine how poverty has evolved, observing its reduction in the relevant range.

In this paper we suggest how poverty can be viewed as a lack of freedom of choice. We analyze the two concepts of relative and absolute poverty and argue than the latter is much more reliable than the former. We draw some results from an on-going research project.

This essay is an analysis of the on-going debate concerning child poverty in Sweden. In what follows, I will outline the most significant definitions of child poverty currently in use. These are absolute poverty, absolute poverty in a Swedish context and relative poverty. I have based my discussion of these issues on Save the Children Sweden’s report on child poverty, along with its strongest counter-response, and the recommendation of article 27 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. I will argue that there is often confusion as to which of the above definitions of child poverty is being used, and disagreement as to which ought to be used. This is a central part of the debate, and the purpose of this essay is to establish and clarify the appropriate definition of child poverty in Sweden.

This essay is an analysis of the on-going debate concerning child poverty in Sweden. In what follows, I will outline the most significant definitions of child poverty currently in use. These are absolute poverty, absolute poverty in a Swedish context and relative poverty. I have based my discussion of these issues on Save the Children Sweden’s report on child poverty, along with its strongest counter-response, and the recommendation of article 27 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. I will argue that there is often confusion as to which of the above definitions of child poverty is being used, and disagreement as to which ought to be used. This is a central part of the debate, and the purpose of this essay is to establish and clarify the appropriate definition of child poverty in Sweden.

This paper aims at revealing methodological issues referring to the definition and measurement of absolute poverty. The literature on poverty, both relative and absolute, is reviewed and a proposal is put forth for an approach of absolute poverty based on needs and the notion of the value of labour power. The paper presents the results of the applica-tion of this method in the Metropolitan Athens area., Este trabalho tem por objetivo revelar as questões metodológicas referentes à de-finição e medição da pobreza absoluta. É feita uma revisão da literatura sobre pobreza abso-luta e relativa e é desenvolvida uma abordagem de pobreza absoluta baseada nas necessi-dades e na noção do valor da força de trabalho. O trabalho apresenta os resultados da apli-cação desse método na região metropolitana de Atenas.

This paper aims at revealing methodological issues referring to the definition and measurement of absolute poverty. The literature on poverty, both relative and absolute, is reviewed and a proposal is put forth for an approach of absolute poverty based on needs and the notion of the value of labour power. The paper presents the results of the application of this method in the Metropolitan Athens area., Este trabalho tem por objetivo revelar as questões metodológicas referentes à definição e medição da pobreza absoluta. É feita uma revisão da literatura sobre pobreza absoluta e relativa e é desenvolvida uma abordagem de pobreza absoluta baseada nas necessidades e na noção do valor da força de trabalho. O trabalho apresenta os resultados da aplicação desse método na região metropolitana de Atenas.

This paper aims at revealing methodological issues referring to the definition and measurement of absolute poverty. The literature on poverty, both relative and absolute, is reviewed and a proposal is put forth for an approach of absolute poverty based on needs and the notion of the value of labour power. The paper presents the results of the applica-tion of this method in the Metropolitan Athens area., Este trabalho tem por objetivo revelar as questões metodológicas referentes à de-finição e medição da pobreza absoluta. É feita uma revisão da literatura sobre pobreza abso-luta e relativa e é desenvolvida uma abordagem de pobreza absoluta baseada nas necessi-dades e na noção do valor da força de trabalho. O trabalho apresenta os resultados da apli-cação desse método na região metropolitana de Atenas.

This paper aims at revealing methodological issues referring to the definition and measurement of absolute poverty. The literature on poverty, both relative and absolute, is reviewed and a proposal is put forth for an approach of absolute poverty based on needs and the notion of the value of labour power. The paper presents the results of the application of this method in the Metropolitan Athens area., Este trabalho tem por objetivo revelar as questões metodológicas referentes à definição e medição da pobreza absoluta. É feita uma revisão da literatura sobre pobreza absoluta e relativa e é desenvolvida uma abordagem de pobreza absoluta baseada nas necessidades e na noção do valor da força de trabalho. O trabalho apresenta os resultados da aplicação desse método na região metropolitana de Atenas.

En este artículo hacemos una reflexión sobre los miedos, las angustias y los dilemas éticos que enfrentamos como estudiantes en la práctica de enfermería, ante una mujer con cáncer avanzado, en pobreza absoluta y aferrada a la vida. Resaltamos entre los constructos éticos de la praxis de enfermería, la responsabilidad, la compasión y la solidaridad en la práctica cuidante. En esta experiencia encontramos una brecha entre la preparación científico- técnica y la práctica del cuidar. Nuestro aprendizaje en el cuidado nos plantea muchos dilemas, sobre todo en nuestro contexto, caracterizado por profundos problemas sociales y económicos., In this article we reflect about fears, anxieties and the ethical dilemmas we face as practising nursing students in relation to an advanced cancer female patient in absolute poverty but willing to live. We emphasize some ethical principles in nursing practice like responsibility, compassion and solidarity. In this experience we found a gap between scientific-technical preparation and nursing practice. Our nursing training creates many dilemmas for us when we consider the economic and social problems in our environment.

This work constitutes a reflection upon the main conceptions of poverty that prevail in Latin America, its relation to the ways in which poverty is measured as well as to the conception of poor people as a focalized group where social politics are heading for. The purpose is to explore the relation between the concept of poverty and therefore the concept of poor subject or poor object that is present in social politics and the major State and market inherence on them taking into account citizenship and rights exercise. This article also deals with the concepts of absolute and relative poverty in order to end up with the conceptions of Amartya Sen and Manfred Max-Neef, Este trabajo constituye una reflexión en torno a las concepciones de pobreza predominantes en América Latina, su relación con las formas de medición de la pobreza, y con la concepción de pobres como grupo focalizado hacia el cual se dirigen las polí- ticas sociales. Se explora la relación entre el concepto de pobreza y de pobre sujeto o pobre objeto–, y las políticas sociales, y la mayor injerencia del Estado o del mercado en ellas, abordando el tema de ciudadanía y el ejercicio de los derechos. Se recuperala discusión entre los conceptos de pobreza absoluta y pobreza relativa, para desembocar en las propuestas de Amartya Sen y Manfred Max-Neef

This work constitutes a reflection upon the main conceptions of poverty that prevail in Latin America, its relation to the ways in which poverty is measured as well as to the conception of poor people as a focalized group where social politics are heading for. The purpose is to explore the relation between the concept of poverty and therefore the concept of poor subject or poor object that is present in social politics and the major State and market inherence on them taking into account citizenship and rights exercise. This article also deals with the concepts of absolute and relative poverty in order to end up with the conceptions of Amartya Sen and Manfred Max-Neef, Este trabajo constituye una reflexión en torno a las concepciones de pobreza predominantes en América Latina, su relación con las formas de medición de la pobreza, y con la concepción de pobres como grupo focalizado hacia el cual se dirigen las polí- ticas sociales. Se explora la relación entre el concepto de pobreza y de pobre sujeto o pobre objeto–, y las políticas sociales, y la mayor injerencia del Estado o del mercado en ellas, abordando el tema de ciudadanía y el ejercicio de los derechos. Se recuperala discusión entre los conceptos de pobreza absoluta y pobreza relativa, para desembocar en las propuestas de Amartya Sen y Manfred Max-Neef

This work constitutes a reflection upon the main conceptions of poverty that prevail in Latin America, its relation to the ways in which poverty is measured as well as to the conception of poor people as a focalized group where social politics are heading for. The purpose is to explore the relation between the concept of poverty and therefore the concept of poor subject or poor object that is present in social politics and the major State and market inherence on them taking into account citizenship and rights exercise. This article also deals with the concepts of absolute and relative poverty in order to end up with the conceptions of Amartya Sen and Manfred Max-Neef, Este trabajo constituye una reflexión en torno a las concepciones de pobreza predominantes en América Latina, su relación con las formas de medición de la pobreza, y con la concepción de pobres como grupo focalizado hacia el cual se dirigen las polí- ticas sociales. Se explora la relación entre el concepto de pobreza y de pobre sujeto o pobre objeto–, y las políticas sociales, y la mayor injerencia del Estado o del mercado en ellas, abordando el tema de ciudadanía y el ejercicio de los derechos. Se recuperala discusión entre los conceptos de pobreza absoluta y pobreza relativa, para desembocar en las propuestas de Amartya Sen y Manfred Max-Neef

This work constitutes a reflection upon the main conceptions of poverty that prevail in Latin America, its relation to the ways in which poverty is measured as well as to the conception of poor people as a focalized group where social politics are heading for. The purpose is to explore the relation between the concept of poverty and therefore the concept of poor subject or poor object that is present in social politics and the major State and market inherence on them taking into account citizenship and rights exercise. This article also deals with the concepts of absolute and relative poverty in order to end up with the conceptions of Amartya Sen and Manfred Max-Neef, Este trabajo constituye una reflexión en torno a las concepciones de pobreza predominantes en América Latina, su relación con las formas de medición de la pobreza, y con la concepción de pobres como grupo focalizado hacia el cual se dirigen las polí- ticas sociales. Se explora la relación entre el concepto de pobreza y de pobre sujeto o pobre objeto–, y las políticas sociales, y la mayor injerencia del Estado o del mercado en ellas, abordando el tema de ciudadanía y el ejercicio de los derechos. Se recuperala discusión entre los conceptos de pobreza absoluta y pobreza relativa, para desembocar en las propuestas de Amartya Sen y Manfred Max-Neef