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Pistacia atlantica subsp. kurdica (PAK) is one of three species in Iran and is indigenous to Kurdistan province. The aim of this reaserch was survey of the chemical composition and physical properties of oleoresin gum extracted from different gender of trees in six regions of Kurdistan province (Armardeh, Kanisoor, Marivan, Dezli, Hawraman and Sarvabad). Principal component analysis (PCA) assisted in analyzing the dependence of geographical regions and tree gender with the variations of chemical components of gum. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed in the surface tension, interfacial tension and intrinsic viscosity contents according to gender and geographic region. Spearman rank correlation coefficient results showed significantly positive and negative correlations between gum chemical components and physical characteristics. According to the obtained results and also various medical, cosmetic and food applications of oleoresin, when collecting, the separating extracted oleoresins from trees different regions andgenera is necessary.

Pistacia atlantica subsp. kurdica (PAK) is one of three species in Iran and is indigenous to Kurdistan province. The aim of this reaserch was survey of the chemical composition and physical properties of oleoresin gum extracted from different gender of trees in six regions of Kurdistan province (Armardeh, Kanisoor, Marivan, Dezli, Hawraman and Sarvabad). Principal component analysis (PCA) assisted in analyzing the dependence of geographical regions and tree gender with the variations of chemical components of gum. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed in the surface tension, interfacial tension and intrinsic viscosity contents according to gender and geographic region. Spearman rank correlation coefficient results showed significantly positive and negative correlations between gum chemical components and physical characteristics. According to the obtained results and also various medical, cosmetic and food applications of oleoresin, when collecting, the separating extracted oleoresins from trees different regions andgenera is necessary.

Search engine optimization applies search principles in search engines to assign a higher ranking to the most suitable webpage.  Nowadays, information searching is done ubiquitously on the World Wide Web with the help of search engines. However, the process needs to be efficient and produces accurate results at the same time. In this research, the objectives are to implement and evaluate the Artificial Neural Network and Genetic Algorithms. The accuracy result for both algorithms is compared by implementing keyword ranking, Search Engine Result Page visibility and time retrieval for document-based and e-commerce websites. To achieve them, firstly the problem and data are defined. Next, two datasets are imported from Kaggle and transformed into a more useful format. Then, the Artificial Neural Network and Genetic Algorithms are implemented on these datasets in Python using Jupyter Notebook tools. Subsequently, the accuracy of keyword ranking, Search Engine Result Page visibility and time retrieval for these datasets are observed based on the output and graph displayed. Lastly, an analysis of the results is performed. Conclusively, the Genetic Algorithm demonstrates a higher percentage of accuracy results than Artificial Neural Network algorithm in keyword ranking and SERP visibility. However, the accuracy results of time retrieval are vice versa. The results in Genetic Algorithm shows 9.0%, 9.0% and 3.0% in e-commerce dataset for keyword ranking and 4.0%, 51.0% and 1.0% in document-based dataset for SERP visibility. Next, Artificial Neural Network algorithm shows result 8.0%, 7.0% and 7.0% in e-commerce dataset and 3.0%, 50.0% and 4.0% in document-based dataset for time retrieval. Therefore, the results validated the ability of the Genetic Algorithm as one of the most applied algorithms in the search engine optimization field.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with increased risk of baseline mortality and severe COVID-19, but analyses across CKD stages, and comorbidities are lacking. In prevalent and incident CKD, we investigated comorbidities, baseline risk, COVID-19 incidence, and predicted versus observed one-year excess death. In a national dataset (NHS Digital Trusted Research Environment [NHSD TRE]) for England encompassing 56 million individuals), we conducted a retrospective cohort study (March 2020 to March 2021) for prevalence of comorbidities by incident and prevalent CKD, SARS-CoV-2 infection and mortality. Baseline mortality risk, incidence and outcome of infection by comorbidities, controlling for age, sex and vaccination were assessed. Observed versus predicted one-year mortality at varying population infection rates and pandemic-related relative risks using our published model in pre-pandemic CKD cohorts (NHSD TRE and Clinical Practice Research Datalink [CPRD]) were compared. Among individuals with CKD (prevalent:1,934,585, incident:144,969), comorbidities were common (73.5% and 71.2% with one or more condition[s] in respective data sets, and 13.2% and 11.2% with three or more conditions, in prevalent and incident CKD), and associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, particularly dialysis/transplantation (odds ratio 2.08, 95% confidence interval 2.04-2.13) and heart failure (1.73, 1.71-1.76), but not cancer (1.01, 1.01-1.04). One-year all-cause mortality varied by age, sex, multi-morbidity and CKD stage. Compared with 34,265 observed excess deaths, in the NHSD-TRE and CPRD databases respectively, we predicted 28,746 and 24,546 deaths (infection rates 10% and relative risks 3.0), and 23,754 and 20,283 deaths (observed infection rates 6.7% and relative risks 3.7). Thus, in this largest, national-level study, individuals with CKD have a high burden of comorbidities and multi-morbidity, and high risk of pre-pandemic and pandemic mortality. Hence, treatment of comorbidities

BACKGROUND: Updatable estimates of COVID-19 onset, progression, and trajectories underpin pandemic mitigation efforts. To identify and characterise disease trajectories, we aimed to define and validate ten COVID-19 phenotypes from nationwide linked electronic health records (EHR) using an extensible framework. METHODS: In this cohort study, we used eight linked National Health Service (NHS) datasets for people in England alive on Jan 23, 2020. Data on COVID-19 testing, vaccination, primary and secondary care records, and death registrations were collected until Nov 30, 2021. We defined ten COVID-19 phenotypes reflecting clinically relevant stages of disease severity and encompassing five categories: positive SARS-CoV-2 test, primary care diagnosis, hospital admission, ventilation modality (four phenotypes), and death (three phenotypes). We constructed patient trajectories illustrating transition frequency and duration between phenotypes. Analyses were stratified by pandemic waves and vaccination status. FINDINGS: Among 57 032 174 individuals included in the cohort, 13 990 423 COVID-19 events were identified in 7 244 925 individuals, equating to an infection rate of 12·7% during the study period. Of 7 244 925 individuals, 460 737 (6·4%) were admitted to hospital and 158 020 (2·2%) died. Of 460 737 individuals who were admitted to hospital, 48 847 (10·6%) were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), 69 090 (15·0%) received non-invasive ventilation, and 25 928 (5·6%) received invasive ventilation. Among 384 135 patients who were admitted to hospital but did not require ventilation, mortality was higher in wave 1 (23 485 [30·4%] of 77 202 patients) than wave 2 (44 220 [23·1%] of 191 528 patients), but remained unchanged for patients admitted to the ICU. Mortality was highest among patients who received ventilatory support outside of the ICU in wave 1 (2569 [50·7%] of 5063 patients). 15 486 (9·8%) of 158 020 COVID-19-related deaths occurred within 28 days of the first

In Australia, commercial tree size management in mango orchards involves annual machine hedging and heavy hand pruning. In tropical growing regions, heavy pruning often stimulates strong vegetative regrowth that is less likely to flower due to insufficient terminal growth-unit dormancy required for flowering. A few mango rootstocks have been shown to reduce scion vigour and maintain regular, high yields; however, there is a lack of rigorous field-testing of these and other rootstocks under Australian scions growing in Queensland. Apart from some scion vigour control, the effects of mango rootstocks on scion architecture have not been studied in Australia and reports in the international literature are scarce. In this study, 90 genetically diverse rootstocks have been evaluated for their ability to reduce vigour in two Australian mango scion varieties from the National Mango Breeding Program (NMBP); ‘NMBP-1243’ and ‘NMBP-4069’. Tree height, canopy volume and shape, rootstock and scion trunk cross-sectional area were measured in young trees 30 months after planting to evaluate tree growth and vigour. Branch angle, length and diameter, number of growth units, number of leaves, and leaf size were also measured to characterize scion architecture. Ten rootstocks were identified as reducing vigour while maintaining the percentage of flowering terminals per canopy volume. Four rootstocks were also found to influence scion architecture by altering secondary branch angles to be closer to horizontal, potentially making them more suited to single-leader training used in high-density orchards systems. Canopy architecture parameters measured in this study suggest that rootstocks may be a useful technique for reducing tree vigour and altering the architecture of mango scion canopies to make them more suited to intensive orchard systems. © 2022 International Society for Horticultural Science. All rights reserved.

In Australia, commercial tree size management in mango orchards involves annual machine hedging and heavy hand pruning. In tropical growing regions, heavy pruning often stimulates strong vegetative regrowth that is less likely to flower due to insufficient terminal growth-unit dormancy required for flowering. A few mango rootstocks have been shown to reduce scion vigour and maintain regular, high yields; however, there is a lack of rigorous field-testing of these and other rootstocks under Australian scions growing in Queensland. Apart from some scion vigour control, the effects of mango rootstocks on scion architecture have not been studied in Australia and reports in the international literature are scarce. In this study, 90 genetically diverse rootstocks have been evaluated for their ability to reduce vigour in two Australian mango scion varieties from the National Mango Breeding Program (NMBP); ‘NMBP-1243’ and ‘NMBP-4069’. Tree height, canopy volume and shape, rootstock and scion trunk cross-sectional area were measured in young trees 30 months after planting to evaluate tree growth and vigour. Branch angle, length and diameter, number of growth units, number of leaves, and leaf size were also measured to characterize scion architecture. Ten rootstocks were identified as reducing vigour while maintaining the percentage of flowering terminals per canopy volume. Four rootstocks were also found to influence scion architecture by altering secondary branch angles to be closer to horizontal, potentially making them more suited to single-leader training used in high-density orchards systems. Canopy architecture parameters measured in this study suggest that rootstocks may be a useful technique for reducing tree vigour and altering the architecture of mango scion canopies to make them more suited to intensive orchard systems. © 2022 International Society for Horticultural Science. All rights reserved.

In Australia, commercial tree size management in mango orchards involves annual machine hedging and heavy hand pruning. In tropical growing regions, heavy pruning often stimulates strong vegetative regrowth that is less likely to flower due to insufficient terminal growth-unit dormancy required for flowering. A few mango rootstocks have been shown to reduce scion vigour and maintain regular, high yields; however, there is a lack of rigorous field-testing of these and other rootstocks under Australian scions growing in Queensland. Apart from some scion vigour control, the effects of mango rootstocks on scion architecture have not been studied in Australia and reports in the international literature are scarce. In this study, 90 genetically diverse rootstocks have been evaluated for their ability to reduce vigour in two Australian mango scion varieties from the National Mango Breeding Program (NMBP); ‘NMBP-1243’ and ‘NMBP-4069’. Tree height, canopy volume and shape, rootstock and scion trunk cross-sectional area were measured in young trees 30 months after planting to evaluate tree growth and vigour. Branch angle, length and diameter, number of growth units, number of leaves, and leaf size were also measured to characterize scion architecture. Ten rootstocks were identified as reducing vigour while maintaining the percentage of flowering terminals per canopy volume. Four rootstocks were also found to influence scion architecture by altering secondary branch angles to be closer to horizontal, potentially making them more suited to single-leader training used in high-density orchards systems. Canopy architecture parameters measured in this study suggest that rootstocks may be a useful technique for reducing tree vigour and altering the architecture of mango scion canopies to make them more suited to intensive orchard systems. © 2022 International Society for Horticultural Science. All rights reserved.

During colonial times, Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) was introduced into non-native parts of the Congo Basin (Democratic Republic of the Congo, DRC) for the first time. Currently, it is the most farmed cichlid in the DRC, and is present throughout the Congo Basin. Although Nile tilapia has been reported as an invasive species, documentation of historical introductions into this basin and its consequences are scant. Here, we study the genetic consequences of these introductions by genotyping 213 Nile tilapia from native and introduced regions, focusing on the Congo Basin. Additionally, 48 specimens from 16 other tilapia species were included to test for hybridization. Using RAD sequencing (27,611 single nucleotide polymorphisms), we discovered genetic admixture with other tilapia species in several morphologically identified Nile tilapia from the Congo Basin, reflecting their ability to interbreed and the potential threat they pose to the genetic integrity of native tilapias. Nile tilapia populations from the Upper Congo and those from the Middle–Lower Congo are strongly differentiated. The former show genetic similarity to Nile tilapia from the White Nile, while specimens from the Benue Basin and Lake Kariba are similar to Nile tilapia from the Middle–Lower Congo, suggesting independent introductions using different sources. We conclude that the presence of Nile tilapia in the Congo Basin results from independent introductions, reflecting the dynamic aquaculture history, and that their introduction probably leads to genetic interactions with native tilapias, which could lower their fitness. We therefore urge avoiding further introductions of Nile tilapia in non-native regions and to use native tilapias in future aquaculture efforts

Background: Updatable estimates of COVID-19 onset, progression, and trajectories underpin pandemic mitigation efforts. To identify and characterise disease trajectories, we aimed to define and validate ten COVID-19 phenotypes from nationwide linked electronic health records (EHR) using an extensible framework. Methods: In this cohort study, we used eight linked National Health Service (NHS) datasets for people in England alive on Jan 23, 2020. Data on COVID-19 testing, vaccination, primary and secondary care records, and death registrations were collected until Nov 30, 2021. We defined ten COVID-19 phenotypes reflecting clinically relevant stages of disease severity and encompassing five categories: positive SARS-CoV-2 test, primary care diagnosis, hospital admission, ventilation modality (four phenotypes), and death (three phenotypes). We constructed patient trajectories illustrating transition frequency and duration between phenotypes. Analyses were stratified by pandemic waves and vaccination status. Findings: Among 57 032 174 individuals included in the cohort, 13 990 423 COVID-19 events were identified in 7 244 925 individuals, equating to an infection rate of 12·7% during the study period. Of 7 244 925 individuals, 460 737 (6·4%) were admitted to hospital and 158 020 (2·2%) died. Of 460 737 individuals who were admitted to hospital, 48 847 (10·6%) were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), 69 090 (15·0%) received non-invasive ventilation, and 25 928 (5·6%) received invasive ventilation. Among 384 135 patients who were admitted to hospital but did not require ventilation, mortality was higher in wave 1 (23 485 [30·4%] of 77 202 patients) than wave 2 (44 220 [23·1%] of 191 528 patients), but remained unchanged for patients admitted to the ICU. Mortality was highest among patients who received ventilatory support outside of the ICU in wave 1 (2569 [50·7%] of 5063 patients). 15 486 (9·8%) of 158 020 COVID-19-related deaths occurred within 28 days of the fi

Mangoes are grown in over 100 countries throughout the tropical and subtropical world with a total production of over 42×106 t of fruit sold in both local and export markets. In tropical regions, mangos are typically large, vigorous, low yielding trees with very low production and harvest efficiencies. In Queensland, Australia, a collaborative research project between the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, the University of Queensland and Hort Innovation Australia has been developing high density, intensive production orchard systems in tropical and subtropical tree fruits. The project is investigating and documenting the relationships between the key drivers of productivity orchards. In mango, the aim of this research is to radically redesign orchard systems, increasing their production efficiency and profitability. Experimental intensification using higher planting densities and single leader training of canopies has led to early gains in productivity (~47 t ha‑1 in year 4). This paper outlines some of the key relationships that are underpinning these early productivity gains in areas such as tree architecture and canopy volume, canopy training, canopy light interception and light distribution.

Mangoes are grown in over 100 countries throughout the tropical and subtropical world with a total production of over 42×106 t of fruit sold in both local and export markets. In tropical regions, mangos are typically large, vigorous, low yielding trees with very low production and harvest efficiencies. In Queensland, Australia, a collaborative research project between the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, the University of Queensland and Hort Innovation Australia has been developing high density, intensive production orchard systems in tropical and subtropical tree fruits. The project is investigating and documenting the relationships between the key drivers of productivity orchards. In mango, the aim of this research is to radically redesign orchard systems, increasing their production efficiency and profitability. Experimental intensification using higher planting densities and single leader training of canopies has led to early gains in productivity (~47 t ha‑1 in year 4). This paper outlines some of the key relationships that are underpinning these early productivity gains in areas such as tree architecture and canopy volume, canopy training, canopy light interception and light distribution.

Mangoes are grown in over 100 countries throughout the tropical and subtropical world with a total production of over 42×106 t of fruit sold in both local and export markets. In tropical regions, mangos are typically large, vigorous, low yielding trees with very low production and harvest efficiencies. In Queensland, Australia, a collaborative research project between the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, the University of Queensland and Hort Innovation Australia has been developing high density, intensive production orchard systems in tropical and subtropical tree fruits. The project is investigating and documenting the relationships between the key drivers of productivity orchards. In mango, the aim of this research is to radically redesign orchard systems, increasing their production efficiency and profitability. Experimental intensification using higher planting densities and single leader training of canopies has led to early gains in productivity (~47 t ha‑1 in year 4). This paper outlines some of the key relationships that are underpinning these early productivity gains in areas such as tree architecture and canopy volume, canopy training, canopy light interception and light distribution.

BACKGROUND: Comprehensive tobacco control policies can help to protect children from tobacco smoke exposure and associated adverse respiratory health consequences. We investigated the impact of England's 2015 regulation that prohibits smoking in a private vehicle with children present on changes in environmental tobacco smoke exposure and respiratory health in children. METHODS: In this quasi-experimental study, we used repeated cross-sectional, nationally representative data from the Health Survey for England from Jan 1, 2008, to Dec 31, 2017, of children aged up to 15 years. We did interrupted time series logistic or ordinal regression analyses to assess changes in prevalence of self-reported respiratory conditions, prevalence of self-reported childhood tobacco smoke exposure (children aged 8-15 years only), and salivary cotinine levels (children aged 2 years or older) before and after implementation of the smoke-free private vehicle regulation on Oct 1, 2015. Children who were considered active smokers were excluded from the analyses of salivary cotinine levels. Our primary outcome of interest was self-reported current wheezing or asthma, defined as having medicines prescribed for these conditions. Analyses were adjusted for underlying time trends, quarter of year, sex, age, Index of Multiple Deprivation quintile, and urbanisation level. FINDINGS: 21 096 children aged 0-15 years were included in our dataset. Implementation of the smoke-free private vehicle regulation was not associated with a demonstrable change in self-reported current wheezing or asthma (adjusted odds ratio 0·81, 95% CI 0·62-1·05; p=0·108; assessed in 13 369 children), respiratory conditions (1·02, 0·80-1·29; p=0·892; assessed in 17 006 children), or respiratory conditions probably affecting stamina, breathing, or fatigue (0·75, 0·47-1·19; p=0·220; assessed in 12 386 children). Self-reported tobacco smoke exposure and salivary cotinine levels generally decreased over the study period. There was

Background Comprehensive tobacco control policies can help to protect children from tobacco smoke exposure and associated adverse respiratory health consequences. We investigated the impact of England’s 2015 regulation that prohibits smoking in a private vehicle with children present on changes in environmental tobacco smoke exposure and respiratory health in children. Methods In this quasi-experimental study, we used repeated cross-sectional, nationally representative data from the Health Survey for England from Jan 1, 2008, to Dec 31, 2017, of children aged up to 15 years. We did interrupted time series logistic or ordinal regression analyses to assess changes in prevalence of self-reported respiratory conditions, prevalence of self-reported childhood tobacco smoke exposure (children aged 8–15 years only), and salivary cotinine levels (children aged 2 years or older) before and after implementation of the smoke-free private vehicle regulation on Oct 1, 2015. Children who were considered active smokers were excluded from the analyses of salivary cotinine levels. Our primary outcome of interest was self-reported current wheezing or asthma, defined as having medicines prescribed for these conditions. Analyses were adjusted for underlying time trends, quarter of year, sex, age, Index of Multiple Deprivation quintile, and urbanisation level. Findings 21 096 children aged 0–15 years were included in our dataset. Implementation of the smoke-free private vehicle regulation was not associated with a demonstrable change in self-reported current wheezing or asthma (adjusted odds ratio 0·81, 95% CI 0·62–1·05; p=0·108; assessed in 13 369 children), respiratory conditions (1·02, 0·80–1·29; p=0·892; assessed in 17 006 children), or respiratory conditions probably affecting stamina, breathing, or fatigue (0·75, 0·47–1·19; p=0·220; assessed in 12 386 children). Self-reported tobacco smoke exposure and salivary cotinine levels generally decreased over the study period. There was no

Substansberoende orsakar mer och mer hälsorelaterade problem hos många individer. Sjuksköterskan bär ett ansvar över att minska utvecklingen av substansberoende samt lindra patienters lidande. Detta kan i sin tur orsaka ett dilemma för sjuksköterskan som vill lindra patientens smärta eller ångest men samtidigt inte orsaka ett beroende. Syftet med studien är att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelser i mötet med patienter som har ett substansberoende på grund av behandling med bensodiazepiner eller opioider. Litteraturöversikten baserades på 11 vetenskapliga artiklar av både kvalitativ- och kvantitativ design. Artiklarna hämtades ifrån databaserna Cinahl och PubMed. Två huvudteman identifierades utifrån valda artiklar: “Sjuksköterskans kompetensbrister” och “Problem i patientmötet” med tillhörande subteman: “Kunskapsbrist om drogerna”, “Kunskapsbrist om administreringssätt”, “Kunskapsbrist om beroendeproblematik”, “Känsla av otillräcklighet”, “Brist på tid”, “Rädsla för patienten” och “Brist på förtroende”. Utifrån studiens resultat drogs slutsatsen att olika brister i vårdandet påverkar sjuksköterskans upplevelser och attityder i mötet med patienterna som har risk för substansberoende av bensodiazepiner och opioider.

Substansberoende orsakar mer och mer hälsorelaterade problem hos många individer. Sjuksköterskan bär ett ansvar över att minska utvecklingen av substansberoende samt lindra patienters lidande. Detta kan i sin tur orsaka ett dilemma för sjuksköterskan som vill lindra patientens smärta eller ångest men samtidigt inte orsaka ett beroende. Syftet med studien är att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelser i mötet med patienter som har ett substansberoende på grund av behandling med bensodiazepiner eller opioider. Litteraturöversikten baserades på 11 vetenskapliga artiklar av både kvalitativ- och kvantitativ design. Artiklarna hämtades ifrån databaserna Cinahl och PubMed. Två huvudteman identifierades utifrån valda artiklar: “Sjuksköterskans kompetensbrister” och “Problem i patientmötet” med tillhörande subteman: “Kunskapsbrist om drogerna”, “Kunskapsbrist om administreringssätt”, “Kunskapsbrist om beroendeproblematik”, “Känsla av otillräcklighet”, “Brist på tid”, “Rädsla för patienten” och “Brist på förtroende”. Utifrån studiens resultat drogs slutsatsen att olika brister i vårdandet påverkar sjuksköterskans upplevelser och attityder i mötet med patienterna som har risk för substansberoende av bensodiazepiner och opioider.

Background Comprehensive tobacco control policies can help to protect children from tobacco smoke exposure and associated adverse respiratory health consequences. We investigated the impact of England's 2015 regulation that prohibits smoking in a private vehicle with children present on changes in environmental tobacco smoke exposure and respiratory health in children.Methods In this quasi-experimental study, we used repeated cross-sectional, nationally representative data from the Health Survey for England from Jan 1, 2008, to Dec 31, 2017, of children aged up to 15 years. We did interrupted time series logistic or ordinal regression analyses to assess changes in prevalence of self-reported respiratory conditions, prevalence of self-reported childhood tobacco smoke exposure (children aged 8-15 years only), and salivary cotinine levels (children aged 2 years or older) before and after implementation of the smoke-free private vehicle regulation on Oct 1, 2015. Children who were considered active smokers were excluded from the analyses of salivary cotinine levels. Our primary outcome of interest was self-reported current wheezing or asthma, defined as having medicines prescribed for these conditions. Analyses were adjusted for underlying time trends, quarter of year, sex, age, Index of Multiple Deprivation quintile, and urbanisation level.Findings 21 096 children aged 0-15 years were included in our dataset. Implementation of the smoke-free private vehicle regulation was not associated with a demonstrable change in self-reported current wheezing or asthma (adjusted odds ratio 0.81, 95% CI 0.62-1.05; p=0.108; assessed in 13369 children), respiratory conditions (1.02, 0.80-1.29; p=0.892; assessed in 17 006 children), or respiratory conditions probably affecting stamina, breathing, or fatigue (0.75, 0.47-1.19; p=0.220; assessed in 12386 children). Self-reported tobacco smoke exposure and salivary cotinine levels generally decreased over the study period. There was no add

In recent years, descriptive evaluation has been introduced as a new model for educational evaluation of Iranian students. The current descriptive evaluation method is based on four-valued logic. Assessing all students with only four values is led to a lack of relative justice and the creation of unrealistic equality. Also, the complexity of the evaluation process in the current method increases teacher errors likelihood. As a suitable solution, in this paper, a fuzzy descriptive evaluation system has been proposed. The proposed method is based on fuzzy logic, which is an infinite-valued logic and it can perform approximate reasoning on natural language propositions. By the proposed fuzzy system, student assessment is performed over the school year with infinite values instead of four values. But to eliminate the diversity of assigned values to students, at the end of the school year, the calculated values for each student will be rounded to the nearest value of the four standard values of the current descriptive evaluation system. It can be implemented easily in an appropriate smartphone app, which makes it much easier for the teachers to evaluate the evaluation process. In this paper, the evaluation process of the elementary third-grade mathematics course in Iran during the period from the beginning of the MEHR (The Seventh month of Iran) to the end of BAHMAN (The Eleventh Month of Iran) is examined by the proposed system. To evaluate the validity of this system, the proposed method has been simulated in MATLAB software.

Vigour reduction in many tree crops is an essential element of highly productive, high density systems that is often achieved through rootstocks. Mangoes are large vigorous tropical trees that are traditionally grown at low density as suitable vigour reducing technologies are not commercially available. The aim of this work was to identify rootstock cultivars for mango that reduced scion vigour while maintaining or boosting yields. Ninety rootstocks are being evaluated for their ability to reduce vigour in two Australian mango scion cultivars from the National Mango Breeding Program (NMBP); ‘NMBP-1243’ and ‘NMBP-4069’. The evaluated rootstocks were sourced from a wide genetic range within Mangifera indica and related Mangifera spp. from the Australian National Mango Gene Bank and the Australian Mango Breeding Program. Rootstock-scion combinations were field planted at Walkamin, Queensland, Australia over three years, from May 2014 in randomised incomplete blocks. Tree height, canopy depth, canopy length (along the row), canopy width (across the row), rootstock trunk diameter (10 cm above the ground and 10 cm below the graft point) and scion diameter (10 cm above the graft) were measured every six months as indicators of tree growth and vigour. This is a report on the progress of 29 rootstocks from the May 2014 planting. There was a significant (p<0.05) effect of rootstock on tree height, canopy size and trunk diameter at 24 months. Seven rootstocks were consistently among the 13 lowest vigour trees for tree height, canopy length, canopy width and scion/rootstock trunk diameters, when ranked from lowest to highest vigour. These rootstocks show promise for high-density mango orchard systems. Evaluation is ongoing and will evaluate effect of rootstock on scion flowering and cropping.

Background: Collecting data on the localization of users is a key issue for the MASK (Mobile Airways Sentinel network: the Allergy Diary) App. Data anonymization is a method of sanitization for privacy. The European Commission's Article 29 Working Party stated that geolocation information is personal data. To assess geolocation using the MASK method and to compare two anonymization methods in the MASK database to find an optimal privacy method. Methods: Geolocation was studied for all people who used the Allergy Diary App from December 2015 to November 2017 and who reported medical outcomes. Two different anonymization methods have been evaluated: Noise addition (randomization) and k-anonymity (generalization). Results: Ninety-three thousand one hundred and sixteen days of VAS were collected from 8535 users and 54,500 (58. 5%) were geolocalized, corresponding to 5428 users. Noise addition was found to be less accurate than k-anonymity using MASK data to protect the users' life privacy. Discussion: k-anonymity is an acceptable method for the anonymization of MASK data and results can be used for other databases.

Background: Collecting data on the localization of users is a key issue for the MASK (Mobile Airways Sentinel network: the Allergy Diary) App. Data anonymization is a method of sanitization for privacy. The European Commission's Article 29 Working Party stated that geolocation information is personal data. To assess geolocation using the MASK method and to compare two anonymization methods in the MASK database to find an optimal privacy method. Methods: Geolocation was studied for all people who used the Allergy Diary App from December 2015 to November 2017 and who reported medical outcomes. Two different anonymization methods have been evaluated: Noise addition (randomization) and k-anonymity (generalization). Results: Ninety-three thousand one hundred and sixteen days of VAS were collected from 8535 users and 54,500 (58. 5%) were geolocalized, corresponding to 5428 users. Noise addition was found to be less accurate than k-anonymity using MASK data to protect the users' life privacy. Discussion: k-anonymity is an acceptable method for the anonymization of MASK data and results can be used for other databases.

Background: Collecting data on the localization of users is a key issue for the MASK (Mobile Airways Sentinel network: the Allergy Diary) App. Data anonymization is a method of sanitization for privacy. The European Commission's Article 29 Working Party stated that geolocation information is personal data. To assess geolocation using the MASK method and to compare two anonymization methods in the MASK database to find an optimal privacy method. Methods: Geolocation was studied for all people who used the Allergy Diary App from December 2015 to November 2017 and who reported medical outcomes. Two different anonymization methods have been evaluated: Noise addition (randomization) and k-anonymity (generalization). Results: Ninety-three thousand one hundred and sixteen days of VAS were collected from 8535 users and 54,500 (58. 5%) were geolocalized, corresponding to 5428 users. Noise addition was found to be less accurate than k-anonymity using MASK data to protect the users' life privacy. Discussion: k-anonymity is an acceptable method for the anonymization of MASK data and results can be used for other databases.

Background: Collecting data on the localization of users is a key issue for the MASK (Mobile Airways Sentinel networK: the Allergy Diary) App. Data anonymization is a method of sanitization for privacy. The European Commission’s Article 29 Working Party stated that geolocation information is personal data. To assess geolocation using the MASK method and to compare two anonymization methods in the MASK database to find an optimal privacy method. Methods: Geolocation was studied for all people who used the Allergy Diary App from December 2015 to November 2017 and who reported medical outcomes. Two different anonymization methods have been evaluated: Noise addition (randomization) and k-anonymity (generalization). Results: Ninety-three thousand one hundred and sixteen days of VAS were collected from 8535 users and 54,500 (58. 5%) were geolocalized, corresponding to 5428 users. Noise addition was found to be less accurate than k-anonymity using MASK data to protect the users’ life privacy. Discussion: k-anonymity is an acceptable method for the anonymization of MASK data and results can be used for other databases.

Background: Collecting data on the localization of users is a key issue for the MASK (Mobile Airways Sentinel network: the Allergy Diary) App. Data anonymization is a method of sanitization for privacy. The European Commission's Article 29 Working Party stated that geolocation information is personal data. To assess geolocation using the MASK method and to compare two anonymization methods in the MASK database to find an optimal privacy method. Methods: Geolocation was studied for all people who used the Allergy Diary App from December 2015 to November 2017 and who reported medical outcomes. Two different anonymization methods have been evaluated: Noise addition (randomization) and k-anonymity (generalization). Results: Ninety-three thousand one hundred and sixteen days of VAS were collected from 8535 users and 54,500 (58. 5%) were geolocalized, corresponding to 5428 users. Noise addition was found to be less accurate than k-anonymity using MASK data to protect the users' life privacy. Discussion: k-anonymity is an acceptable method for the anonymization of MASK data and results can be used for other databases.

Collecting data on the localization of users is a key issue for the MASK (Mobile Airways Sentinel networK: the Allergy Diary) App. Data anonymization is a method of sanitization for privacy. The European Commission's Article 29 Working Party stated that geolocation information is personal data.To assess geolocation using the MASK method and to compare two anonymization methods in the MASK database to find an optimal privacy method. Geolocation was studied for all people who used the Allergy Diary App from December 2015 to November 2017 and who reported medical outcomes. Two different anonymization methods have been evaluated: Noise addition (randomization) and k-anonymity (generalization). Ninety-three thousand one hundred and sixteen days of VAS were collected from 8535 users and 54,500 (58.5%) were geolocalized, corresponding to 5428 users. Noise addition was found to be less accurate than k-anonymity using MASK data to protect the users' life privacy. k-anonymity is an acceptable method for the anonymization of MASK data and results can be used for other databases.

Vigour reduction in many tree crops is an essential element of highly productive, high density systems that is often achieved through rootstocks. Mangoes are large vigorous tropical trees that are traditionally grown at low density as suitable vigour reducing technologies are not commercially available. The aim of this work was to identify rootstock cultivars for mango that reduced scion vigour while maintaining or boosting yields. Ninety rootstocks are being evaluated for their ability to reduce vigour in two Australian mango scion cultivars from the National Mango Breeding Program (NMBP); ‘NMBP-1243’ and ‘NMBP-4069’. The evaluated rootstocks were sourced from a wide genetic range within Mangifera indica and related Mangifera spp. from the Australian National Mango Gene Bank and the Australian Mango Breeding Program. Rootstock-scion combinations were field planted at Walkamin, Queensland, Australia over three years, from May 2014 in randomised incomplete blocks. Tree height, canopy depth, canopy length (along the row), canopy width (across the row), rootstock trunk diameter (10 cm above the ground and 10 cm below the graft point) and scion diameter (10 cm above the graft) were measured every six months as indicators of tree growth and vigour. This is a report on the progress of 29 rootstocks from the May 2014 planting. There was a significant (p<0.05) effect of rootstock on tree height, canopy size and trunk diameter at 24 months. Seven rootstocks were consistently among the 13 lowest vigour trees for tree height, canopy length, canopy width and scion/rootstock trunk diameters, when ranked from lowest to highest vigour. These rootstocks show promise for high-density mango orchard systems. Evaluation is ongoing and will evaluate effect of rootstock on scion flowering and cropping.

Future mango orchards systems will have canopies optimally designed for tree size, density, light and crop load relationships. Poor distribution of light within mango canopies is one of the reasons for current low orchard efficiency. Light (radiation), plays an important role in driving the photosynthesis, the developmental tree morphology, crop load and fruit quality. This study established a baseline for light transmission through the canopy (distribution) in four different ages of 'Kensington Pride' trees in Queensland commercial mango orchards. Light distribution patterns were established by measuring photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) (µmol m-2 s-1) distribution in three dimensional matrix inside the canopy, at seven equally separated transects across the canopy from north to south and 4 sectors (west, middle-west, middle-east and east) on each transect at 5 heights above the ground. Mean light transmission within the canopy increased with tree age and canopy volume, and was related to pruning and training method. Highest light transmission was recorded 73.91 µmol m-2 s-1 at 75% of tree height. Light transmission was 60.90 µmol m-2 s-1 at 50% tree height, 58.23 µmol m-2 s-1 at 25% tree height and 62.81 µmol m-2 s-1 on the ground. In the horizontal plains, light distribution was lower in the middle parts of the canopy compared to the edges. There was a significant (p<0.05) relationship between light transmission and tree height, indicating large variation in light distribution within the canopy, with many leaves in shade where photosynthesis efficiency may be low. Some of the outer canopy may be receiving too much light and possible photo-inhibition as indicted by sun burn on leaves and fruit. This baseline understanding of light distribution will assist research in to improved light distribution in mango canopies and in the development of high density mango orchard systems.Future mango orchards systems will have canopies optimally designed for tree size

Background: Collecting data on the localization of users is a key issue for the MASK (Mobile Airways Sentinel network: the Allergy Diary) App. Data anonymization is a method of sanitization for privacy. The European Commission's Article 29 Working Party stated that geolocation information is personal data. To assess geolocation using the MASK method and to compare two anonymization methods in the MASK database to find an optimal privacy method. Methods: Geolocation was studied for all people who used the Allergy Diary App from December 2015 to November 2017 and who reported medical outcomes. Two different anonymization methods have been evaluated: Noise addition (randomization) and k-anonymity (generalization). Results: Ninety-three thousand one hundred and sixteen days of VAS were collected from 8535 users and 54,500 (58. 5%) were geolocalized, corresponding to 5428 users. Noise addition was found to be less accurate than k-anonymity using MASK data to protect the users' life privacy. Discussion: k-anonymity is an acceptable method for the anonymization of MASK data and results can be used for other databases.

Future mango orchards systems will have canopies optimally designed for tree size, density, light and crop load relationships. Poor distribution of light within mango canopies is one of the reasons for current low orchard efficiency. Light (radiation), plays an important role in driving the photosynthesis, the developmental tree morphology, crop load and fruit quality. This study established a baseline for light transmission through the canopy (distribution) in four different ages of 'Kensington Pride' trees in Queensland commercial mango orchards. Light distribution patterns were established by measuring photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) (µmol m-2 s-1) distribution in three dimensional matrix inside the canopy, at seven equally separated transects across the canopy from north to south and 4 sectors (west, middle-west, middle-east and east) on each transect at 5 heights above the ground. Mean light transmission within the canopy increased with tree age and canopy volume, and was related to pruning and training method. Highest light transmission was recorded 73.91 µmol m-2 s-1 at 75% of tree height. Light transmission was 60.90 µmol m-2 s-1 at 50% tree height, 58.23 µmol m-2 s-1 at 25% tree height and 62.81 µmol m-2 s-1 on the ground. In the horizontal plains, light distribution was lower in the middle parts of the canopy compared to the edges. There was a significant (p<0.05) relationship between light transmission and tree height, indicating large variation in light distribution within the canopy, with many leaves in shade where photosynthesis efficiency may be low. Some of the outer canopy may be receiving too much light and possible photo-inhibition as indicted by sun burn on leaves and fruit. This baseline understanding of light distribution will assist research in to improved light distribution in mango canopies and in the development of high density mango orchard systems.Future mango orchards systems will have canopies optimally designed for tree size

Vigour reduction in many tree crops is an essential element of highly productive, high density systems that is often achieved through rootstocks. Mangoes are large vigorous tropical trees that are traditionally grown at low density as suitable vigour reducing technologies are not commercially available. The aim of this work was to identify rootstock cultivars for mango that reduced scion vigour while maintaining or boosting yields. Ninety rootstocks are being evaluated for their ability to reduce vigour in two Australian mango scion cultivars from the National Mango Breeding Program (NMBP); ‘NMBP-1243’ and ‘NMBP-4069’. The evaluated rootstocks were sourced from a wide genetic range within Mangifera indica and related Mangifera spp. from the Australian National Mango Gene Bank and the Australian Mango Breeding Program. Rootstock-scion combinations were field planted at Walkamin, Queensland, Australia over three years, from May 2014 in randomised incomplete blocks. Tree height, canopy depth, canopy length (along the row), canopy width (across the row), rootstock trunk diameter (10 cm above the ground and 10 cm below the graft point) and scion diameter (10 cm above the graft) were measured every six months as indicators of tree growth and vigour. This is a report on the progress of 29 rootstocks from the May 2014 planting. There was a significant (p<0.05) effect of rootstock on tree height, canopy size and trunk diameter at 24 months. Seven rootstocks were consistently among the 13 lowest vigour trees for tree height, canopy length, canopy width and scion/rootstock trunk diameters, when ranked from lowest to highest vigour. These rootstocks show promise for high-density mango orchard systems. Evaluation is ongoing and will evaluate effect of rootstock on scion flowering and cropping.

Future mango orchards systems will have canopies optimally designed for tree size, density, light and crop load relationships. Poor distribution of light within mango canopies is one of the reasons for current low orchard efficiency. Light (radiation), plays an important role in driving the photosynthesis, the developmental tree morphology, crop load and fruit quality. This study established a baseline for light transmission through the canopy (distribution) in four different ages of 'Kensington Pride' trees in Queensland commercial mango orchards. Light distribution patterns were established by measuring photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) (µmol m-2 s-1) distribution in three dimensional matrix inside the canopy, at seven equally separated transects across the canopy from north to south and 4 sectors (west, middle-west, middle-east and east) on each transect at 5 heights above the ground. Mean light transmission within the canopy increased with tree age and canopy volume, and was related to pruning and training method. Highest light transmission was recorded 73.91 µmol m-2 s-1 at 75% of tree height. Light transmission was 60.90 µmol m-2 s-1 at 50% tree height, 58.23 µmol m-2 s-1 at 25% tree height and 62.81 µmol m-2 s-1 on the ground. In the horizontal plains, light distribution was lower in the middle parts of the canopy compared to the edges. There was a significant (p<0.05) relationship between light transmission and tree height, indicating large variation in light distribution within the canopy, with many leaves in shade where photosynthesis efficiency may be low. Some of the outer canopy may be receiving too much light and possible photo-inhibition as indicted by sun burn on leaves and fruit. This baseline understanding of light distribution will assist research in to improved light distribution in mango canopies and in the development of high density mango orchard systems.Future mango orchards systems will have canopies optimally designed for tree size

Background: Collecting data on the localization of users is a key issue for the MASK (Mobile Airways Sentinel network: the Allergy Diary) App. Data anonymization is a method of sanitization for privacy. The European Commission's Article 29 Working Party stated that geolocation information is personal data. To assess geolocation using the MASK method and to compare two anonymization methods in the MASK database to find an optimal privacy method. Methods: Geolocation was studied for all people who used the Allergy Diary App from December 2015 to November 2017 and who reported medical outcomes. Two different anonymization methods have been evaluated: Noise addition (randomization) and k-anonymity (generalization). Results: Ninety-three thousand one hundred and sixteen days of VAS were collected from 8535 users and 54,500 (58. 5%) were geolocalized, corresponding to 5428 users. Noise addition was found to be less accurate than k-anonymity using MASK data to protect the users' life privacy. Discussion: k-anonymity is an acceptable method for the anonymization of MASK data and results can be used for other databases.

Background: Collecting data on the localization of users is a key issue for the MASK (Mobile Airways Sentinel network: the Allergy Diary) App. Data anonymization is a method of sanitization for privacy. The European Commission's Article 29 Working Party stated that geolocation information is personal data. To assess geolocation using the MASK method and to compare two anonymization methods in the MASK database to find an optimal privacy method. Methods: Geolocation was studied for all people who used the Allergy Diary App from December 2015 to November 2017 and who reported medical outcomes. Two different anonymization methods have been evaluated: Noise addition (randomization) and k-anonymity (generalization). Results: Ninety-three thousand one hundred and sixteen days of VAS were collected from 8535 users and 54,500 (58. 5%) were geolocalized, corresponding to 5428 users. Noise addition was found to be less accurate than k-anonymity using MASK data to protect the users' life privacy. Discussion: k-anonymity is an acceptable method for the anonymization of MASK data and results can be used for other databases.

Productivity in temperate tree crops such as apple has been lifted several-fold by research focusing on optimising a combination of canopy components including light relations, vigour control, tree architecture and crop load. This paper outlines the research behind the Small Tree-High Productivity Initiative (STHPI), which is focused on improving productivity of mango, avocado and macadamia. Preliminary results from work we are undertaking for each of the above canopy components in mango will be outlined. A rootstock screening trial to identify vigour-managing, high-productivity rootstocks is being undertaken, and we present a comparison of the best-performing low-medium vigour rootstock varieties compared with control 'Kensington Pride' (KP) rootstock at 6 months old. Comparisons between 'Keitt', 'NMBP 1243' and 'Calypso' scion cultivars with regard to tree diameter, height and canopy growth at different orchard densities and training systems will also be presented. Preliminary results from an orchard light-relations study indicate that mango yields continued to increase with light interception up to 50%, and reached a maximum of 20-30 t ha-1 at 68% light interception in KP trees approximately 25 years old. In a crop load trial, inflorescence thinning in a 'Calypso' orchard did not significantly reduce yields when up to 90% of inflorescences were removed, but did when 95% of inflorescences were removed, as trees were unable to compensate by adjusting fruit set, size and yield. Inflorescence thinning beyond 80% increased the number of fruit set per panicle, and thinning up to and including 90% of inflorescences increased fruit weight from 340 g to ›400 g per fruit. This project is still in its initial stages; however, early indications suggest there may be opportunities to improve early orchard yields through optimising light interception in an orchard's life, potentially through the use of higher densities, and that rootstocks and tree training methods, once identi

Productivity in temperate tree crops such as apple has been lifted several-fold by research focusing on optimising a combination of canopy components including light relations, vigour control, tree architecture and crop load. This paper outlines the research behind the Small Tree-High Productivity Initiative (STHPI), which is focused on improving productivity of mango, avocado and macadamia. Preliminary results from work we are undertaking for each of the above canopy components in mango will be outlined. A rootstock screening trial to identify vigour-managing, high-productivity rootstocks is being undertaken, and we present a comparison of the best-performing low-medium vigour rootstock varieties compared with control 'Kensington Pride' (KP) rootstock at 6 months old. Comparisons between 'Keitt', 'NMBP 1243' and 'Calypso' scion cultivars with regard to tree diameter, height and canopy growth at different orchard densities and training systems will also be presented. Preliminary results from an orchard light-relations study indicate that mango yields continued to increase with light interception up to 50%, and reached a maximum of 20-30 t ha-1 at 68% light interception in KP trees approximately 25 years old. In a crop load trial, inflorescence thinning in a 'Calypso' orchard did not significantly reduce yields when up to 90% of inflorescences were removed, but did when 95% of inflorescences were removed, as trees were unable to compensate by adjusting fruit set, size and yield. Inflorescence thinning beyond 80% increased the number of fruit set per panicle, and thinning up to and including 90% of inflorescences increased fruit weight from 340 g to ›400 g per fruit. This project is still in its initial stages; however, early indications suggest there may be opportunities to improve early orchard yields through optimising light interception in an orchard's life, potentially through the use of higher densities, and that rootstocks and tree training methods, once identi

Productivity in temperate tree crops such as apple has been lifted several-fold by research focusing on optimising a combination of canopy components including light relations, vigour control, tree architecture and crop load. This paper outlines the research behind the Small Tree-High Productivity Initiative (STHPI), which is focused on improving productivity of mango, avocado and macadamia. Preliminary results from work we are undertaking for each of the above canopy components in mango will be outlined. A rootstock screening trial to identify vigour-managing, high-productivity rootstocks is being undertaken, and we present a comparison of the best-performing low-medium vigour rootstock varieties compared with control 'Kensington Pride' (KP) rootstock at 6 months old. Comparisons between 'Keitt', 'NMBP 1243' and 'Calypso' scion cultivars with regard to tree diameter, height and canopy growth at different orchard densities and training systems will also be presented. Preliminary results from an orchard light-relations study indicate that mango yields continued to increase with light interception up to 50%, and reached a maximum of 20-30 t ha-1 at 68% light interception in KP trees approximately 25 years old. In a crop load trial, inflorescence thinning in a 'Calypso' orchard did not significantly reduce yields when up to 90% of inflorescences were removed, but did when 95% of inflorescences were removed, as trees were unable to compensate by adjusting fruit set, size and yield. Inflorescence thinning beyond 80% increased the number of fruit set per panicle, and thinning up to and including 90% of inflorescences increased fruit weight from 340 g to ›400 g per fruit. This project is still in its initial stages; however, early indications suggest there may be opportunities to improve early orchard yields through optimising light interception in an orchard's life, potentially through the use of higher densities, and that rootstocks and tree training methods, once identi

Productivity in temperate tree crops such as apple has been lifted several-fold by research focusing on optimising a combination of canopy components including light relations, vigour control, tree architecture and crop load. This paper outlines the research behind the Small Tree-High Productivity Initiative (STHPI), which is focused on improving productivity of mango, avocado and macadamia. Preliminary results from work we are undertaking for each of the above canopy components in mango will be outlined. A rootstock screening trial to identify vigour-managing, high-productivity rootstocks is being undertaken, and we present a comparison of the best-performing low-medium vigour rootstock varieties compared with control 'Kensington Pride' (KP) rootstock at 6 months old. Comparisons between 'Keitt', 'NMBP 1243' and 'Calypso' scion cultivars with regard to tree diameter, height and canopy growth at different orchard densities and training systems will also be presented. Preliminary results from an orchard light-relations study indicate that mango yields continued to increase with light interception up to 50%, and reached a maximum of 20-30 t ha-1 at 68% light interception in KP trees approximately 25 years old. In a crop load trial, inflorescence thinning in a 'Calypso' orchard did not significantly reduce yields when up to 90% of inflorescences were removed, but did when 95% of inflorescences were removed, as trees were unable to compensate by adjusting fruit set, size and yield. Inflorescence thinning beyond 80% increased the number of fruit set per panicle, and thinning up to and including 90% of inflorescences increased fruit weight from 340 g to ›400 g per fruit. This project is still in its initial stages; however, early indications suggest there may be opportunities to improve early orchard yields through optimising light interception in an orchard's life, potentially through the use of higher densities, and that rootstocks and tree training methods, once identi

Productivity in temperate tree crops such as apple has been lifted several-fold by research focusing on optimising a combination of canopy components including light relations, vigour control, tree architecture and crop load. This paper outlines the research behind the Small Tree-High Productivity Initiative (STHPI), which is focused on improving productivity of mango, avocado and macadamia. Preliminary results from work we are undertaking for each of the above canopy components in mango will be outlined. A rootstock screening trial to identify vigour-managing, high-productivity rootstocks is being undertaken, and we present a comparison of the best-performing low-medium vigour rootstock varieties compared with control 'Kensington Pride' (KP) rootstock at 6 months old. Comparisons between 'Keitt', 'NMBP 1243' and 'Calypso' scion cultivars with regard to tree diameter, height and canopy growth at different orchard densities and training systems will also be presented. Preliminary results from an orchard light-relations study indicate that mango yields continued to increase with light interception up to 50%, and reached a maximum of 20-30 t ha-1 at 68% light interception in KP trees approximately 25 years old. In a crop load trial, inflorescence thinning in a 'Calypso' orchard did not significantly reduce yields when up to 90% of inflorescences were removed, but did when 95% of inflorescences were removed, as trees were unable to compensate by adjusting fruit set, size and yield. Inflorescence thinning beyond 80% increased the number of fruit set per panicle, and thinning up to and including 90% of inflorescences increased fruit weight from 340 g to ›400 g per fruit. This project is still in its initial stages; however, early indications suggest there may be opportunities to improve early orchard yields through optimising light interception in an orchard's life, potentially through the use of higher densities, and that rootstocks and tree training methods, once identi

Productivity in temperate tree crops such as apple has been lifted several-fold by research focusing on optimising a combination of canopy components including light relations, vigour control, tree architecture and crop load. This paper outlines the research behind the Small Tree-High Productivity Initiative (STHPI), which is focused on improving productivity of mango, avocado and macadamia. Preliminary results from work we are undertaking for each of the above canopy components in mango will be outlined. A rootstock screening trial to identify vigour-managing, high-productivity rootstocks is being undertaken, and we present a comparison of the best-performing low-medium vigour rootstock varieties compared with control 'Kensington Pride' (KP) rootstock at 6 months old. Comparisons between 'Keitt', 'NMBP 1243' and 'Calypso' scion cultivars with regard to tree diameter, height and canopy growth at different orchard densities and training systems will also be presented. Preliminary results from an orchard light-relations study indicate that mango yields continued to increase with light interception up to 50%, and reached a maximum of 20-30 t ha-1 at 68% light interception in KP trees approximately 25 years old. In a crop load trial, inflorescence thinning in a 'Calypso' orchard did not significantly reduce yields when up to 90% of inflorescences were removed, but did when 95% of inflorescences were removed, as trees were unable to compensate by adjusting fruit set, size and yield. Inflorescence thinning beyond 80% increased the number of fruit set per panicle, and thinning up to and including 90% of inflorescences increased fruit weight from 340 g to ›400 g per fruit. This project is still in its initial stages; however, early indications suggest there may be opportunities to improve early orchard yields through optimising light interception in an orchard's life, potentially through the use of higher densities, and that rootstocks and tree training methods, once identi

Productivity in temperate tree crops such as apple has been lifted several-fold by research focusing on optimising a combination of canopy components including light relations, vigour control, tree architecture and crop load. This paper outlines the research behind the Small Tree-High Productivity Initiative (STHPI), which is focused on improving productivity of mango, avocado and macadamia. Preliminary results from work we are undertaking for each of the above canopy components in mango will be outlined. A rootstock screening trial to identify vigour-managing, high-productivity rootstocks is being undertaken, and we present a comparison of the best-performing low-medium vigour rootstock varieties compared with control 'Kensington Pride' (KP) rootstock at 6 months old. Comparisons between 'Keitt', 'NMBP 1243' and 'Calypso' scion cultivars with regard to tree diameter, height and canopy growth at different orchard densities and training systems will also be presented. Preliminary results from an orchard light-relations study indicate that mango yields continued to increase with light interception up to 50%, and reached a maximum of 20-30 t ha-1 at 68% light interception in KP trees approximately 25 years old. In a crop load trial, inflorescence thinning in a 'Calypso' orchard did not significantly reduce yields when up to 90% of inflorescences were removed, but did when 95% of inflorescences were removed, as trees were unable to compensate by adjusting fruit set, size and yield. Inflorescence thinning beyond 80% increased the number of fruit set per panicle, and thinning up to and including 90% of inflorescences increased fruit weight from 340 g to ›400 g per fruit. This project is still in its initial stages; however, early indications suggest there may be opportunities to improve early orchard yields through optimising light interception in an orchard's life, potentially through the use of higher densities, and that rootstocks and tree training methods, once identi

Productivity in temperate tree crops such as apple has been lifted several-fold by research focusing on optimising a combination of canopy components including light relations, vigour control, tree architecture and crop load. This paper outlines the research behind the Small Tree-High Productivity Initiative (STHPI), which is focused on improving productivity of mango, avocado and macadamia. Preliminary results from work we are undertaking for each of the above canopy components in mango will be outlined. A rootstock screening trial to identify vigour-managing, high-productivity rootstocks is being undertaken, and we present a comparison of the best-performing low-medium vigour rootstock varieties compared with control 'Kensington Pride' (KP) rootstock at 6 months old. Comparisons between 'Keitt', 'NMBP 1243' and 'Calypso' scion cultivars with regard to tree diameter, height and canopy growth at different orchard densities and training systems will also be presented. Preliminary results from an orchard light-relations study indicate that mango yields continued to increase with light interception up to 50%, and reached a maximum of 20-30 t ha-1 at 68% light interception in KP trees approximately 25 years old. In a crop load trial, inflorescence thinning in a 'Calypso' orchard did not significantly reduce yields when up to 90% of inflorescences were removed, but did when 95% of inflorescences were removed, as trees were unable to compensate by adjusting fruit set, size and yield. Inflorescence thinning beyond 80% increased the number of fruit set per panicle, and thinning up to and including 90% of inflorescences increased fruit weight from 340 g to ›400 g per fruit. This project is still in its initial stages; however, early indications suggest there may be opportunities to improve early orchard yields through optimising light interception in an orchard's life, potentially through the use of higher densities, and that rootstocks and tree training methods, once identi

Productivity in temperate tree crops such as apple has been lifted several-fold by research focusing on optimising a combination of canopy components including light relations, vigour control, tree architecture and crop load. This paper outlines the research behind the Small Tree-High Productivity Initiative (STHPI), which is focused on improving productivity of mango, avocado and macadamia. Preliminary results from work we are undertaking for each of the above canopy components in mango will be outlined. A rootstock screening trial to identify vigour-managing, high-productivity rootstocks is being undertaken, and we present a comparison of the best-performing low-medium vigour rootstock varieties compared with control 'Kensington Pride' (KP) rootstock at 6 months old. Comparisons between 'Keitt', 'NMBP 1243' and 'Calypso' scion cultivars with regard to tree diameter, height and canopy growth at different orchard densities and training systems will also be presented. Preliminary results from an orchard light-relations study indicate that mango yields continued to increase with light interception up to 50%, and reached a maximum of 20-30 t ha-1 at 68% light interception in KP trees approximately 25 years old. In a crop load trial, inflorescence thinning in a 'Calypso' orchard did not significantly reduce yields when up to 90% of inflorescences were removed, but did when 95% of inflorescences were removed, as trees were unable to compensate by adjusting fruit set, size and yield. Inflorescence thinning beyond 80% increased the number of fruit set per panicle, and thinning up to and including 90% of inflorescences increased fruit weight from 340 g to ›400 g per fruit. This project is still in its initial stages; however, early indications suggest there may be opportunities to improve early orchard yields through optimising light interception in an orchard's life, potentially through the use of higher densities, and that rootstocks and tree training methods, once identi

Productivity in temperate tree crops such as apple has been lifted several-fold by research focusing on optimising a combination of canopy components including light relations, vigour control, tree architecture and crop load. This paper outlines the research behind the Small Tree-High Productivity Initiative (STHPI), which is focused on improving productivity of mango, avocado and macadamia. Preliminary results from work we are undertaking for each of the above canopy components in mango will be outlined. A rootstock screening trial to identify vigour-managing, high-productivity rootstocks is being undertaken, and we present a comparison of the best-performing low-medium vigour rootstock varieties compared with control 'Kensington Pride' (KP) rootstock at 6 months old. Comparisons between 'Keitt', 'NMBP 1243' and 'Calypso' scion cultivars with regard to tree diameter, height and canopy growth at different orchard densities and training systems will also be presented. Preliminary results from an orchard light-relations study indicate that mango yields continued to increase with light interception up to 50%, and reached a maximum of 20-30 t ha-1 at 68% light interception in KP trees approximately 25 years old. In a crop load trial, inflorescence thinning in a 'Calypso' orchard did not significantly reduce yields when up to 90% of inflorescences were removed, but did when 95% of inflorescences were removed, as trees were unable to compensate by adjusting fruit set, size and yield. Inflorescence thinning beyond 80% increased the number of fruit set per panicle, and thinning up to and including 90% of inflorescences increased fruit weight from 340 g to ›400 g per fruit. This project is still in its initial stages; however, early indications suggest there may be opportunities to improve early orchard yields through optimising light interception in an orchard's life, potentially through the use of higher densities, and that rootstocks and tree training methods, once identi

The dewatering behaviour was investigated of in-line flocculated oil sand mature fine tailings with an initial solids content of 36% which were dosed with 650 g/t of a high molecular weight polymer as flocculant. Three layers with initial thicknesses of 0.3-0.35 m were successively placed in an instrumented box mounted on scales and equipped with a drainage system. Water content and pore-pressure sensors were placed at various heights and volume change was monitored using non-contact displacement sensors and by time-lapse imaging and hand measurement of crack development. All three layers exhibited a consolidation phase followed by a lag in dewatering due to the presence of supernatant water and then by drying and crack formation. Consolidation resulted in the top layer containing about 53% solids and was accelerated in the case of the second layer due to the first layer having a low degree of saturation on placement of the second layer. Following crack initiation, the actual evaporation increased substantially compared with the potential evaporation rate. A solids concentration of 55% was reached in the thin lifts very shortly after crack initiation, and this may be a criterion for the placement of the next lift. The tailings showed a relatively high shear strength, and not much drying was required to bring them to regulatory compliance. Extrapolation of the results indicated that a rate of rise of 2.2 m/y would still allow for the regulatory shear strength of 5 kPa to be achieved., The dewatering behaviour was investigated of in-line flocculated oil sand mature fine tailings with an initial solids content of 36% which were dosed with 650 g/t of a high molecular weight polymer as flocculant. Three layers with initial thicknesses of 0.3-0.35 m were successively placed in an instrumented box mounted on scales and equipped with a drainage system. Water content and pore-pressure sensors were placed at various heights and volume change was monitored using non-contact displacement sensors and by time-lapse imaging and hand measurement of crack development. All three layers exhibited a consolidation phase followed by a lag in dewatering due to the presence of supernatant water and then by drying and crack formation. Consolidation resulted in the top layer containing about 53% solids and was accelerated in the case of the second layer due to the first layer having a low degree of saturation on placement of the second layer. Following crack initiation, the actual evaporation increased substantially compared with the potential evaporation rate. A solids concentration of 55% was reached in the thin lifts very shortly after crack initiation, and this may be a criterion for the placement of the next lift. The tailings showed a relatively high shear strength, and not much drying was required to bring them to regulatory compliance. Extrapolation of the results indicated that a rate of rise of 2.2 m/y would still allow for the regulatory shear strength of 5 kPa to be achieved.

The rheological properties were studied of oil sand mature fine tailings obtained from the Muskeg River mine in Canada which were flocculated using polymer doses in the range 600-900 g/t. A rheometer with a vane fixture was employed to measure the yield stress using various methods including analysis of conventional flow curves and direct measurement through stress relaxation, stress growth and controlled stress techniques. Dynamic oscillatory experiments were also conducted to assess the effects of shearing on floc breakage and formation. Controlled shear tests to simulate the stress history of tailings as they flow down the beach showed that, although considerable shearing occurred, a residual yield stress of about 50 Pa was always maintained. Similar behaviour was observed by oscillatory rheometry, showing that substantial recovery of the original structure of the polymer-amended tailings can occur while the tailings are still flowing. The oscillatory measurements also identified the linear viscoelastic limit of the material to be about 50 Pa. While the floc structure degraded at high shear rates, ageing can help in the recovery of the structure. Analysis of bench-scale tailings deposition using a numerical flow model showed that, by employing the yield stress obtained through the controlled stress test, a reasonable fit to experimental data was obtained., The rheological properties were studied of oil sand mature fine tailings obtained from the Muskeg River mine in Canada which were flocculated using polymer doses in the range 600-900 g/t. A rheometer with a vane fixture was employed to measure the yield stress using various methods including analysis of conventional flow curves and direct measurement through stress relaxation, stress growth and controlled stress techniques. Dynamic oscillatory experiments were also conducted to assess the effects of shearing on floc breakage and formation. Controlled shear tests to simulate the stress history of tailings as they flow down the beach showed that, although considerable shearing occurred, a residual yield stress of about 50 Pa was always maintained. Similar behaviour was observed by oscillatory rheometry, showing that substantial recovery of the original structure of the polymer-amended tailings can occur while the tailings are still flowing. The oscillatory measurements also identified the linear viscoelastic limit of the material to be about 50 Pa. While the floc structure degraded at high shear rates, ageing can help in the recovery of the structure. Analysis of bench-scale tailings deposition using a numerical flow model showed that, by employing the yield stress obtained through the controlled stress test, a reasonable fit to experimental data was obtained.

In data-oriented services in Grids applications process data from multiple data sources among multiple administrative domains. Integration of heterogeneous data sources provides a unified data access with a unified virtual organization security mechanism. We propose design of a Virtual Organization File System (VOFS) which aggregates different heterogeneous file systems to provide data sharing between Virtual Organizations (VOs). We assume there is high dynamicity in VOs which means users and resources join and leave frequently. VOFS provides support for disconnected operations and replication and a policy based role based security mechanism. We have implemented a prototype based on our design as proof of concept using WebDAV., QC 20111021

Den svenska familjerätten har sedan början av 1970-talet genomgått betydande förändringar. Utvecklingen på området har präglats av strävanden att tillgodose barnets intressen i relation till föräldrarna. Ett viktigt inslag i dess strävande har varit utvecklingen mot att föräldrarna i så stor utsträckning som möjligt skall ta gemensamt ansvar för barnet och själva komma överens om hur frågor om vårdnad, boende och umgänge skall lösas. Ett grundläggande inslag i denna utveckling har varit institutet gemensam vårdnad som successivt utvecklats i olika avseenden. Föräldrabalkens regler ändrades år 1998 om vårdnad, boende och umgänge. Syftet med ändringarna var att lyfta fram vikten av samförståndslösningar samt att underlätta för föräldrarna att så långt som möjligt komma överens i frågor gällande bland annat vårdnaden. Vidare ville lagstiftaren bereda vägen för en ökad användning av gemensam vårdnad. Genom 1998 års ändringar blev det även möjligt för domstol att besluta om gemensam vårdnad mot en förälders vilja. Sedan dess har gemensam vårdnad blivit en klar och tydlig huvudregel trots att detta inte var avsikten med reformen. I de fall där en förälder gjort sig skyldig till misshandel, trakasserier eller andra former av övergrepp mot en familjemedlem framhålls emellertid i förarbetena möjligheten att förordna om ensam vårdnad. Någon närmare diskussion om familjevåldets påverkan på barnet fanns dock inte med i förarbetena. På grund av detta har domstolarna haft ett stort handlingsutrymme när det gäller frågan om i vilka fall gemensam vårdnad skall anses olämplig när våld förekommer i familjen. I förarbetena till reformen konstaterades dock att gemensam vårdnad inte skall anses vara till barnets bästa om det föreligger en konflikt mellan föräldrarna som är så svår och djup att det är omöjligt för dem att samarbeta i frågor som rör barnet. Praxis har dock utvecklats till det motsatta. Undersökningar visar att i 43 procent av de tvistemål som undersökts har tingsrätten dö