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Maërl habitats are composed of coralline red algae species that can live freely rolling on the seabed and forming nodules, the so-called rhodoliths, or incrusted forming coralligenous habitats. Maërl habitats are generally distributed in the Mediterranean at a depth of between 30 m and 70 m and are considered one of the most emblematic Mediterranean seabeds. In the present study, the complex structure of maërl habitats was investigated to i) characterise the relief features and classify the different sediments, ii) to estimate the abundance of the coralline red algae (both rhodoliths and encrusting ones) and iii) to analyse the biodiversity of the species inhabiting the habitat. Data were obtained from an approximately 11 km-long transect, using non-intrusive sampling methods, integrating information from video images collected using the Remotely Operated Vehicle LIROPUS (IEO_CSIC), and multibeam bathymetry and backscatter data. Video images were used to reconstruct (using GIS) the habitat structure and characteristics. Throughout the transect, a strong relationship between habitat characteristics and the effect of trawling activity and the geomorphology of the studied area was observed. The closed area to fishing activity showed a high abundance of rhodoliths in well-structured megaripples reliefs. Contrarily, the areas affected by fishing showed an important destructuring of the relief with a low density of rhodoliths. Last, the muddy bottoms showed areas with no characteristic features and no rhodoliths. All this information has allowed to reconstruct the maërl habitat in the Blanes continental shelf (NW Mediterranean) and analyse the fragmentation of the assemblages seen in the video to assess its good environmental status (GES), and finally to identify the level of ecological integrity of this vulnerable habitat.

Advances in our understanding of phenomena in the ocean would not be possible without innovation. Identifying new phenomena, assessing environmental risks, monitoring and forecasting the ocean state, and delivering observational data to modelers are all challenges requiring technological solutions

We present a catalog of 150 variable stars, including 13 stars with exoplanet candidates. 37 stars were identified as variables for the first time. As a result of a 2.5-year photometric survey of exoplanets, we have obtained and analyzed light curves for almost 50 thousand stars in fields around white dwarfs WD 0009+501 and GRW +708247. Here we describe observations and data processing, the search for variable stars, their cross-identification with other catalogs and classification. The catalog is published in open access and contains the primary classification of variability, light curves and their parameters., Comment: 10 pages, 3 figures, 2 tables

The development of a corrector for low-frequency variations in the star image at the input of ESPriF, the echelle spectropolarimeter of the BTA primary focus, is reported. New technical solutions have made it possible to extend the operating frequency range to 10Hz for stars brighter than 13^m., Comment: 9 pages, 2 figures

We present an optical-to-radio study of the BL Lac object S4 0954+658 observations during 1998-2023. The measurements were obtained with the SAO RAS Zeiss-1000 1-m and AS-500/2 0.5-m telescopes in 2003-2023, with the RATAN-600 radio telescope at 1.25 (0.96, 1.1), 2.3, 4.7 (3.7, 3.9), 8.2 (7.7), 11.2, 22.3 (21.7) GHz in 1998-2023, with the IAA RAS RT-32 Zelenchukskaya and Badary telescopes at 5.05 and 8.63 GHz in 2020--2023, and with the RT-22 single-dish telescope of CrAO RAS at 36.8 GHz in 2009-2023. In this period the blazar had been showing extremely high broadband activity with the variability amplitude of flux densities up to 70-100% both in the optical and radio domains. In the period of 2014-2023 the blazar had been showing the historically highest activity in the radio wavelengths, and we detected multiple radio flares of varying amplitude and duration. The large flares last on average from 0.3 to 1 year at 22-36.8 GHz and slightly longer at 5-11.2 GHz. The optical flares are shorter and last 7-50 days. In the most active epoch of 2018-2023 the characteristic time scale $\tau$ of variation at 5-22 GHz is about 100 days and about 1000 days for the state with lower activity in 2009-2014. We found a general correlation between the optical, radio, and $\gamma$-ray flux variations, which suggests that we observe the same photon population from different emission regions. We estimated linear size of this region as 0.5-2 pc for different epochs. A broadband two components radio spectrum of S4 0954+658 jet was modelled by using both electrons and protons as emitting particles. It is shown that the synchrotron radio waves in this AGN may be generated by relativistic protons., Comment: Published in Astrophysical Bulletin Vol.78, N4 (2023)

We theoretically study how differential privacy interacts with both individual and group fairness in binary linear classification. More precisely, we focus on the output perturbation mechanism, a classic approach in privacy-preserving machine learning. We derive high-probability bounds on the level of individual and group fairness that the perturbed models can achieve compared to the original model. Hence, for individual fairness, we prove that the impact of output perturbation on the level of fairness is bounded but grows with the dimension of the model. For group fairness, we show that this impact is determined by the distribution of so-called angular margins, that is signed margins of the non-private model re-scaled by the norm of each example.

SAGA: The South Atlantic GAteway in the global conveyor belt. The general objective of the main SAGA project is to quantify and monitor the returning limb of the Atlantic Mmain meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) in the South Atlantic Ocean, with special attention to the interior-ocean zonal flows linking the eastern and western South Atlantic basins. To complete tasks of the main project, in 2021 were deployed a series of devices to measure different oceanographic variables at a depth between 2 and 4 kilometres deep in 7 seabed locations along the 10ºW meridian and between 34ºS and 19ºS. The main objective of the present SAGA REC cruise consists in the recovery of three previosly imstalled mooring with corresponded equipment and, in case of favourable meteorological conditions, to perform the CTD casts untill the bottom in the places where the mooring were installed and where the PIESs (Pressure Inverted Echo Sounder) are still remain to measure. Additionally is planned to performe the vertical hydrographyc transection in the shelf area of Uruguay

Los fondos marinos siguen siendo grandes desconocidos. Frente a los paisajes terrestres, más accesibles y familiares, la mayor parte de ellos permanecen inexplorados, siendo un enorme desafío para la investigación científica. Este libro da a conocer los paisajes submarinos de distintas zonas del Mediterráneo peninsular: unos fondos singulares y poco explorados, formados por crinoideos (animales exclusivamente marinos) y maërl (agregaciones de algas marinas calcáreas), que se hallan entre los 20 y 200 metros de profundidad. De un gran interés ecológico por su rica biodiversidad de fauna y flora, son también fondos muy vulnerables, al estar sometidos a una intensa actividad pesquera y a distintas perturbaciones medioambientales, de ahí la necesidad y urgencia de su protección, y de lograr un equilibrio entre conservación y explotación. Imperativos que adquieren una mayor relevancia al tratarse de hábitats que son una abundante fuente de bienes y servicios, desde la provisión de alimento hasta la mitigación de los efectos del cambio climático, contribuyendo a la salud y bienestar planetarios y humanos. Escrita por un equipo de investigación multidisciplinar en ciencias del mar y gracias a las insólitas filmaciones captadas por el vehículo submarino ROV LIROPUS 2000, como parte de la Campaña Oceanográfica CriMa (ICM/CSIC), esta obra desvela las características y peculiaridades de estos ecosistemas marinos

Here we present eight new candidates for exoplanets detected by the transit method at the Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Photometric observations were performed with a 50-cm robotic telescope during the second half of 2020. We detected transits with depths of $\Delta m = 0.056-0.173^m$ and periods $P = 18.8^h-8.3^d$ in the light curves of stars with magnitudes of $m = 14.3-18.8^m$. All considered stars are classified as dwarfs with radii of $R_* = 0.4-0.6 R_{sun}$ (with the uncertainty for one star up to $1.1 R_{sun}$). We estimated the candidate radii (all are greater than 1.4 times the Jovian radius), semi-major axes of their orbits ($0.012-0.035 AU$), and other orbital parameters by modelling. We report the light curves with transits for two stars obtained in 2022 based on individual observations., Comment: 16 pages, 14 figures, 3 tables

The South Atlantic Ocean plays a key role in the heat exchange of the climate system, as it hosts the returning flow of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). To gain insights on this role, using data from three hydrographic cruises conducted in the South Atlantic Subtropical gyre at 34.5°S, 24°S, and 10°W, we identify water masses and compute absolute geostrophic circulation using inverse modeling. In the upper layers, the currents describe the South Atlantic anticyclonic gyre with the northwest flowing Benguela Current (26.3 ± 2.0 Sv at 34.5°S, and 21.2 ± 1.8 Sv at 24°S) flowing above the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) between 22.4°S and 28.4°S (−19.2 ± 1.4 Sv), and the southward flowing Brazil Current (−16.5 ± 1.3 Sv at 34.5°S, and −7.3 ± 0.9 Sv at 24°S); the deep layers feature the southward transports of Deep Western Boundary Current (−13.9 ± 3.0 Sv at 34.5°S, and −8.7 ± 3.8 Sv at 24°S) and Deep Eastern Boundary Current (−15.1 ± 3.5 Sv at 34.5°S, and −16.3 ± 4.7 Sv at 24°S), with the interbasin west-to-east flow close to 24°S (7.5 ± 4.4 Sv); the abyssal waters present northward mass transports through the Argentina Basin (5.6 ± 1.1 Sv at 34.5°S, and 5.8 ± 1.5 Sv at 24°S) and Cape Basin (8.6 ± 3.5 Sv at 34.5°S–3.0 ± 0.8 Sv at 24°S) before returning southward (−2.2 ± 0.7 Sv at 24°S to −7.9 ± 3.6 Sv at 34.5°S), without any interbasin exchange across the MAR. In addition, we compute the upper AMOC strength (14.8 ± 1.0 and 17.5 ± 0.9 Sv), the equatorward heat transport (0.30 ± 0.05 and 0.80 ± 0.05 PW), and the freshwater flux (0.18 ± 0.02 and −0.07 ± 0.02 Sv) at 34.5°S and 24°S, respectively

The South Atlantic Ocean plays a key role in the heat exchange of the climate system, as it hosts the returning flow of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). To gain insights on this role, using data from three hydrographic cruises conducted in the South Atlantic Subtropical gyre at 34.5°S, 24°S, and 10°W, we identify water masses and compute absolute geostrophic circulation using inverse modeling. In the upper layers, the currents describe the South Atlantic anticyclonic gyre with the northwest flowing Benguela Current (26.3 ± 2.0 Sv at 34.5°S, and 21.2 ± 1.8 Sv at 24°S) flowing above the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) between 22.4°S and 28.4°S (−19.2 ± 1.4 Sv), and the southward flowing Brazil Current (−16.5 ± 1.3 Sv at 34.5°S, and −7.3 ± 0.9 Sv at 24°S); the deep layers feature the southward transports of Deep Western Boundary Current (−13.9 ± 3.0 Sv at 34.5°S, and −8.7 ± 3.8 Sv at 24°S) and Deep Eastern Boundary Current (−15.1 ± 3.5 Sv at 34.5°S, and −16.3 ± 4.7 Sv at 24°S), with the interbasin west-to-east flow close to 24°S (7.5 ± 4.4 Sv); the abyssal waters present northward mass transports through the Argentina Basin (5.6 ± 1.1 Sv at 34.5°S, and 5.8 ± 1.5 Sv at 24°S) and Cape Basin (8.6 ± 3.5 Sv at 34.5°S–3.0 ± 0.8 Sv at 24°S) before returning southward (−2.2 ± 0.7 Sv at 24°S to −7.9 ± 3.6 Sv at 34.5°S), without any interbasin exchange across the MAR. In addition, we compute the upper AMOC strength (14.8 ± 1.0 and 17.5 ± 0.9 Sv), the equatorward heat transport (0.30 ± 0.05 and 0.80 ± 0.05 PW), and the freshwater flux (0.18 ± 0.02 and −0.07 ± 0.02 Sv) at 34.5°S and 24°S, respectively.

Diapycnal mixing in the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence Zone (BMC) is assessed on the basis of microstructure measurements done as part of an April 2017 cruise, which explored the mesoscalar and regional frontal dynamics. Sampling was done down to 400 m in 11 locations on both sides of the BMC, over the slope and in the abyssal waters. Turbulent scales, non-dimensional numbers, energy dissipation rates and diapycnal eddy diffusivities are calculated, which allow us to assess the state of the small-scale turbulence in the frontal region. Active turbulence was present at all depths and stations, with high-dissipation patches ranging from several metres to a few tens of metres. The frontal zone is characterized by high energy dissipation and eddy diffusivity. The geometric mean eddy diffusivity for all stations and the entire water column is 7.0 × 10-4 m2 s−1. The mean values halve when only considering the more stratified seasonal thermocline, 3.8 × 10-4 m2 s−1, and are twice larger south than north of the BMC. High dissipation rates coincide with high vertical shear, possibly related to the convergence of the two intense currents and/or the generation of internal waves by the associated mesoscalar and submesoscalar features. The layered structures related to intruding filaments favor double diffusive convection and salt fingering. Near-bottom mixing at the stations on the continental slope is possible related to shear-driven Kelvin-Helmoltz instabilities

Increases of water turbidity and suspended sediment transport in submarine canyons have been associated with high-energy events such as storms, river floods and dense shelf water cascading (DSWC), and occasionally with bottom trawling along canyon flanks and rims. To assess the variations on the water column turbidity and sediment transport in the Palamós Canyon linked to both natural and trawling-induced processes, an autonomous hydrographic profiler, as well as a near-bottom current meter and a turbidimeter were deployed in the canyon axis (929 m depth) from February to June 2017, covering a trawling closure (February) and trawling activities (March-June). Periods of enhanced water turbidity during the trawling closure were mostly associated with storms and DSWC events, transporting turbid dense waters into the canyon. In absence of such events, the water column displayed low suspended sediment concentrations (~ 0.3 mg L− 1) until the trawling season began, when particulate matter detachments, ranging between > 1 mg L− 1 and 3.8 mg L− 1, were observed at the water depths where the trawling grounds are found. During the trawling closure, high near-bottom suspended sediment fluxes (35–44 g m− 2 s− 1) were sporadically registered at ~ 920 m depth associated with a major storm and DSWC event. Smaller but more frequent increases of near-bottom suspended sediment fluxes (0.1–1.4 g m− 2 s− 1) were recorded during trawling activities. Despite these smaller trawling-induced suspended sediment fluxes, 30 days of continuous bottom trawling activity transported a total amount of 40 kg m− 2, of similar magnitude to that generated by a major DSWC event (50 kg m− 2). Since bottom trawling in Palamós Canyon is practiced on a daily basis throughout the year, a much larger contribution of anthropogenically derived water turbidity and suspended sediment transport can be expected

The South Atlantic Ocean is one of the central components of the climate system as it regulates the intensity of the Atlantic South Overturning Circulation (AMOC), which determines the amount of equatorward heat gained and transported to high latitudes (Garzoli and Matano, 2011). The main goal of the SAGA10W oceanographic cruise, carried out between March 7 and April 15 2021, was installing the appropriate equipment to perform a long time monitoring of the interior-ocean zonal flows linking the eastern and western South Atlantic basins. The equipment selected to perform the monitoring as well as the logistic of its installation was not trivial. It consisted of four PIES (Pressure Inverted Eco Sounder), and three 2000- m instrumented moorings installed along 10W on the spurs of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between 34º20'S and 19º20'S. This vertical section takes place the verge of the subtropical and tropical gyres, in a region that has been recently identified as a pathway for both the starting and returning limbs of the AMOC: the South Atlantic Gateway (SAGA). To properly install the four PIES and three moorings it was absolutely necessary to perform a previous study of the bottom topography with enough resolution to decide the right location. Considering the period of planned monitoring (4 yrs), it was absolutely necessary to adequately prepare all submerged instrumentation. The detailed multibeam scanning of the bottom relief was performed around the points selected by GEBCO. The multibeam scanning covered a 20x20 nautical mile square and consisted of 5 meridional tracks 5 miles apart that allowed to obtain a real acoustic image of the bottom relief with a spatial resolution of 25 meters. Here, we present our experience in preparing the equipments, the cruise operations and the final setup of the entire SAGA array

The study demonstrates the value of the video images to identify the coralligenous assemblages of calcareous red algae habitats. The non-intrusive methodology by the use of a Remoted Operated Vehicle (ROV) following the transects designed on the seabed facilitates the possibility to identify the complex communities structure without the use of damaging methods. The video images covered a total area of 13,8 km2 at depth from 42m to 111m in the continental shelf of the Catalan coast (NW Mediterranean) in adjacent waters of the Blanes port. The studied area suffers trawl fishing activity during 6 month of the year. For the reconstruction of the video transects observed to habitat mapping a PostGIS database was designed and built with all obtained data during the cruise of the CriMa Project. Its visualization and data analysis was made using the QGIS software. Maërl beds habitats are composed of calcareous red algae species that can live free rolling by the seabed and forming nodules the so-called rhodoliths. Other calcareous red algae species produced accumulation of encrusting algae and live attached or incrusted and forming the so-called coralline rock habitats. The work aims to describe and characterise these vulnerable calcareous red algae habitats to estimate their Good Environment Status. From the video images it was feasible to define levels of abundance of both maërl and incrusted red algae habitats, identify the relief features and characterize the different sediments. In addition, the species and communities that inhabit it were identified and abundance estimated. The main results obtained from the analyses highlight that maërl habitat is associated to ripples beds and encrustingcalcareous algae to rocky relief. The fragmentation or continuity of these two type of red algae associations has also been possible to estimate

Recycling of refrigerating appliances plays a major role in protecting the Earth's atmosphere from ozone depletion and emissions of greenhouse gases. The performance of refrigerator recycling plants in terms of material retention is the subject of strict environmental certifications, and is reviewed periodically through specialized audits. The continuous collection of refrigerator data required for the input-output analysis is still mostly manual, error-prone and not digitized. In this paper, we propose an automated data collection system for recycling plants in order to deduce expected material contents in individual end-of-life refrigerating appliances. The system utilizes laser-scanner measurements and optical data to extract attributes of individual refrigerators by applying transfer learning with pre-trained vision models. Based on recognized features, the system collects data required for the estimation of target values of contained material masses, especially foaming and cooling agents. The presented data collection system paves the way for continuous performance monitoring and efficient control of refrigerator recycling plants.

To better understand discriminations and the effect of affirmative actions in selection problems (e.g., college admission or hiring), a recent line of research proposed a model based on differential variance. This model assumes that the decision-maker has a noisy estimate of each candidate's quality and puts forward the difference in the noise variances between different demographic groups as a key factor to explain discrimination. The literature on differential variance, however, does not consider the strategic behavior of candidates who can react to the selection procedure to improve their outcome, which is well-known to happen in many domains. In this paper, we study how the strategic aspect affects fairness in selection problems. We propose to model selection problems with strategic candidates as a contest game: A population of rational candidates compete by choosing an effort level to increase their quality. They incur a cost-of-effort but get a (random) quality whose expectation equals the chosen effort. A Bayesian decision-maker observes a noisy estimate of the quality of each candidate (with differential variance) and selects the fraction $\alpha$ of best candidates based on their posterior expected quality; each selected candidate receives a reward $S$. We characterize the (unique) equilibrium of this game in the different parameters' regimes, both when the decision-maker is unconstrained and when they are constrained to respect the fairness notion of demographic parity. Our results reveal important impacts of the strategic behavior on the discrimination observed at equilibrium and allow us to understand the effect of imposing demographic parity in this context. In particular, we find that, in many cases, the results contrast with the non-strategic setting., Comment: Accepted for publication in the proceedings of the Twenty-Third ACM Conference on Economics and Computation (EC'22)

We used the 0.5-m robotic telescopes located at the Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences for monitoring two square degrees of the sky with the aim of detecting new exoplanets. A dimming of the visible brightness is expected due to the exoplanets transiting their host stars. We analyzed about 25000 raw images of stars taken in the period between August 2020 and January 2021 and plotted the light curves for about 30000 stars on a half-year timescale. Five newly discovered exoplanet candidates are being investigated to determine their transit event parameters. We also present the light curves for dozens of binary stars., Comment: 11 pages, 9 figures, to be published in Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences

e.g., daily thermocline, variation in solar irradiance, thermohaline convection, and intermittent mixing. These processes should be regularly observed with sufficient time resolution at fixed geographical locations. This study provides a brief overview of the carbon observational site in the Northeastern Black Sea. The focus is on the design of a new tethered profiler Winchi for the inner continental shelf part of the site. The profiler hull and two outriggers comprise an open trimaran platform that is positively buoyant and tends to maintain a horizontal position in the water. The lower end of the winch wire is secured to the bottom anchor. By unwinding/winding the wire, the profiler ascends/descends while measuring the depth profiles of marine environment parameters ranging from the seafloor to air–sea interface. After surfacing, the profiler determines its location using the Global Positioning System (GPS) and transmits data to (and from) a server on land through the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). Initial field tests with the Winchi profiler at the Northeastern Black Sea shelf exhibited promising results. We report these early tests to demonstrate the use of Winchi

A detailed study of phytoplankton composition and dynamics was carried out during three contrasting situations (cruises F1, F2, and F3) in the northwestern (NW) Mediterranean Sea. Haptophytes, diatoms, and green algae dominated in F1, during the spring bloom, with high nutrients and high phytoplankton biomass. In F2, the post-bloom situation with a still weak stratification and lower nutrient concentrations, we found a high spatial variability. Stations were clearly dominated by either Synechococcus, haptophytes or cryptophytes; with Synechococcus reaching the highest abundance (4 × 105 cells mL−1, 60% of the integrated chlorophyll a) reported to date for the open Mediterranean Sea. Cryptophytes accumulated close to the surface in very shallow mixed layer stations. In late summer, F3 revealed a fully developed stratification with low nutrients and a marked deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM). Prochlorococcus was present only during this cruise, mainly in deep layers together with haptophytes and pelagophytes, while haptophytes and Synechococcus dominated the upper mixed layer. Flow cytometry (FCM) and pigment-based abundance estimates for Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus and cryptophytes were well correlated, as happened also between small picoeukaryotes (FCM) and green algae (pigments), and between large picoeukaryotes (FCM) and haptophytes (pigments). Dinoflagellate abundance by microscopy and by pigments did not agree well, probably due to the presence of heterotrophic forms or because they contained pigments other than peridinin, the standard dinoflagellate marker. The decrease in size of the FCM large picoeukaryotes group with depth was presumably related to the increasing contribution of pelagophytes, with smaller cells than haptophytes, the other main component of this fraction. Cell size increase of Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus with depth suggests vertical segregation of genotypes or photoadaptation. The groups' ecological preferences are presented with respec

Mesopelagic fish populations are characterised by high species richness and abundance, and have been identified as important contributors to the active carbon fluxes in the open ocean. We report variability in communities of mesopelagic fish between five zones around the Iberian Peninsula, i.e. Balears and Alboran in the Mediterranean, and Cadiz, Lisboa and Galicia in the Atlantic. Day and night samples were collected from 7 layers of the water column with a midwater trawl fitted with a multisampler. Temperature and salinity regimes were very different on the Mediterranean and Atlantic sides of the peninsula, with much higher values through the entire water column in the Mediterranean, characterized by a strong pycnocline. The highest productivity was observed off Lisboa, where Chlorophyll a concentrations were two orders of magnitude higher than in any other zone. Samples from the western Mediterranean held 22 fish species, while 67 were found in the Atlantic. The lowest diversity and the highest dominance were observed in Balears, and the highest diversity in Cadiz zone. In all zones, but particularly in those in the Mediterranean, mesopelagic populations were dominated by a high number of small fish with low individual biomasses. The species Benthosema glaciale, Cyclothone pygmaea and Ceratoscopelus maderensis were common in the Mediterranean populations, whereas in the Atlantic, Cyclothone microdon/livida, Valenciennellus tripunctulatus, Ceratoscopelus warmingii and Benthosema suborbitale were the most common species. Temperature and salinity (both at surface and in the mesopelagic zone) were the main environmental factors explaining variability in assemblage composition. A persistent (day-night) deep scattering layer was observed using the vessel-based echosounder in all zones, and was comprised primarily of the gonostomatid Cyclothone spp. Night-time echosounder observations of scattering layers near the surface were observed in Balears, Alboran, Cadiz and Lis

[EN] In 1987, Konstantin Fedorov, a prominent Soviet oceanographer of the time, dedicated one of his popular science talks to the salinity of the ocean and called it “The Cinderella of Dynamic Oceanology”. Fedorov said that “The fate of salinity as a physical parameter is closely related to the dynamics of ocean waters and is very similar to the fate of poor Cinderella in Charles Perrault’s fairy tale. And, like the fate of poor Cinderella, salinity has long cried out for justice”. […], [ES] En 1987, el Prof. Fedorov, destacado oceanógrafo soviético de la época, dedicó una de sus charlas divulgativas a la salinidad del océano y la llamó “La Cenicienta de la oceanología dinámica”. Fedorov decía que “El destino de la salinidad como parámetro físico está estrechamente relacionado con la dinámica de las aguas del océano y es muy similar al destino de la pobre Cenicienta del cuento de hadas de Charles Perrault. Y, como el destino de la pobre Cenicienta, hace tiempo que la salinidad clama justicia”. […], [CAT] El 1987, el Prof. Fedorov, destacat oceanògraf soviètic de l’època, va dedicar una de les seves xerrades divulgatives a la salinitat de l’oceà i la va anomenar “La Ventafocs de l’oceanologia dinàmica”. Fedorov deia que “El destí de la salinitat com a paràmetre físic està estretament relacionat amb la dinàmica de les aigües de l’oceà i és molt similar al destí de la pobra Ventafocs del conte de fades de Charles Perrault. I, com la pobra Ventafocs, fa temps que la salinitat clama justícia”. […]

We briefly present the history of technical solutions aimed at improving the efficiency of spectroscopy on small- and moderate-diameter telescopes. We assess the current state of spectroscopy techniques and some of the perspectives., Comment: 36 pages, 2 tables, 199 references, will be published in Astrophysical Bulletin, vol 76, No 2, 2021

Perovskite solar cells represent a highly promising third-generation photovoltaic tech-nology. However, their practical implementation is hindered by low device operational stability, mostly related to facile degradation of the absorber materials under exposure to light and elevated temperatures. Improving the intrinsic stability of complex lead halides is a big scientific challenge, which might be addressed using various “molecular modifiers”. These modifiers are usually rep-resented by some additives undergoing strong interactions with the perovskite absorber material, resulting in enhanced solar cell efficiency and/or operational stability. Herein, we present a deriva-tive of 1,4,6,10-tetraazaadamantane, NAdCl, as a promising molecular modifier for lead halide perovskites. NAdCl spectacularly improved both the thermal and photochemical stability of methy-lammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3 ) films and, most importantly, prevented the formation of metallic lead Pb0 as a photolysis product. NAdCl improves the electronic quality of perovskite films by healing the traps for charge carriers. Furthermore, it strongly interacts with the perovskite framework and most likely stabilizes undercoordinated Pb2+ ions, which are responsible for Pb0 formation under light exposure. The obtained results feature 1,4,6,10-tetraazaadamantane derivatives as highly promising molecular modifiers that might help to improve the operational lifetime of perovskite solar cells and facilitate the practical implementation of this photovoltaic technology. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

SAGA: The South Atlantic GAteway in the global conveyor belt. The general objective of the SAGA project is to quantify and monitor the returning limb of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) in the South Atlantic Ocean , with special attention to the interior-ocean zonal flows linking the eastern and western South Atlantic basins. During the SAGA10W cruise, the installation of different equipment on the seabed is planned, that will make it possible to find out how the currents of the South Atlantic behave and how they are connected with the Southern Ocean. During the cruise it is planned to deploy a series of devices to measure different oceanographic variables at a depth between 2 and 4 kilometres deep in 7 locations located between 34ºS and 19ºS along the 10ºW meridian: 4 PIES (Pressure Inverted Echo Sounder) —which allow the reconstruction of the thermohaline structure of the water column— and 3 anchors that incorporate current meters —the currents— and CTDs —the temperature, salinity and conductivity of the water. The anchors will be in the water for two years, after which the data will be collected and analysed. The PIES, on the other hand, will remain on the seabed for four years, although at 16 and 32 months some units will be released and will be raised to the sea surface to transmit the collected data

Four Pressure-equipped Inverted Echo Sounders (PIES) were deployed at about 10°W, between 19 and 35°S, the South Atlantic Gateway (SAGA), in order to determine the zonal flows in the South Atlantic. Those PIES will allow to observe the circulation of two water masses, the South Atlantic Central Water (SACW) and the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW), that flow in opposite directions across the South Atlantic, between Cape town and Brazil, through the SAGA. The measurements from the PIES, together with historical hydrographic data, permit to estimate the profiles of temperature and salinity of the water column, and therefore the density. Besides, using the thermal-wind equation, it is possible to retrieve the geostrophic velocity from an array of PIES. In order to get those estimations of temperature and salinity, it is necessary to determine the Gravest Empirical Mode (GEM), a relationship between the acoustic travel time observed by the PIES and the historical observations of salinity and temperature in the study area. In this work, we will show the GEM estimated for the SAGA, calculated using historical hydrographic data from CTDs and Argo Float, as well as, the estimations of the error in the geostrophic transport.

Discrimination in selection problems such as hiring or college admission is often explained by implicit bias from the decision maker against disadvantaged demographic groups. In this paper, we consider a model where the decision maker receives a noisy estimate of each candidate's quality, whose variance depends on the candidate's group -- we argue that such differential variance is a key feature of many selection problems. We analyze two notable settings: in the first, the noise variances are unknown to the decision maker who simply picks the candidates with the highest estimated quality independently of their group; in the second, the variances are known and the decision maker picks candidates having the highest expected quality given the noisy estimate. We show that both baseline decision makers yield discrimination, although in opposite directions: the first leads to underrepresentation of the low-variance group while the second leads to underrepresentation of the high-variance group. We study the effect on the selection utility of imposing a fairness mechanism that we term the $\gamma$-rule (it is an extension of the classical four-fifths rule and it also includes demographic parity). In the first setting (with unknown variances), we prove that under mild conditions, imposing the $\gamma$-rule increases the selection utility -- here there is no trade-off between fairness and utility. In the second setting (with known variances), imposing the $\gamma$-rule decreases the utility but we prove a bound on the utility loss due to the fairness mechanism., Comment: Accepted for publication in the Artificial Intelligence Journal. This paper is an extended version of our paper arXiv:2006.13699: we added a Bayesian-optimal baseline (in addition to the group-oblivious baseline) and generalized the model by assuming a group-dependent distribution of quality and an implicit bias; but we removed the part on two-stage selection

Submarine canyons are important conduits of particulate organic matter to deeper environments, especially during natural high-energy events such as storms or river flooding. However, there is increasing evidence that anthropogenic activities such as bottom trawling can also displace large volumes of sediment into canyons, modifying natural fluxes. The contribution of downward particle fluxes in Palamós Canyon (NW Mediterranean) linked to natural events and bottom trawling was assessed by deploying two moorings during 2017, covering a trawling closure (February) and trawling activities (March-December). A first mooring equipped with a downward-looking ACDP and several turbidimeters was deployed in a canyon-flank tributary below a trawling ground, at 900 m depth, while a second mooring equipped with a near-bottom sediment trap, current meter and turbidimeter was deployed at the tributary and canyon axis confluence, at 1200 m depth. Temporal variations in the quantity and composition of sinking particulate organic matter in the canyon axis were assessed through the analysis of organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TN) and several biomarkers. During the trawling closure in February, large downward particle fluxes (60-100 g·m-2·d-1) with high terrigenous and marine organic matter content were registered in the canyon axis sediment trap, associated to seasonal storms and torrential river floods that occurred in coincidence with high productivity in surface waters. Although no major natural events occurred during the following summer months, near-daily sediment gravity flows were registered at the tributary site, in coincidence to the passage of fishing vessels. As the trawling period unfolded, these sediment gravity flows decreased in magnitude, although highly-concentrated events (> 250 mg·L-1) were still sporadically recorded. Only the sediment gravity flows that generated the highest sediment fluxes reached the canyon axis, leading to high downward particulate fluxes (8

[EN] The international campaign SAGA (South Atlantic Gateway) led by Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC), the University of Las Palmas (ULPGC) and the Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO) will release moorings in the ocean with different sensors to study how the South Atlantic currents behave. This set of instruments will allow to better know the deep-ocean circulation, that has a key role in keeping the climate equilibrium of the planet, [ES] La campaña internacional SAGA (de las siglas en inglés South Atlantic Gateway), liderada por el Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC), la Universidad de Las Palmas (ULPGC) y el Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), desplegará en el océano anclajes con sensores diversos para estudiar cómo se comportan las corrientes del Atlántico Sur. Este instrumental permitirá conocer mejor la circulación global profunda, que es clave en el equilibrio climático del planeta. [...], [CAT] La campanya internacional SAGA (de l'anglès South Atlantic Gateway), liderat per experts de l'Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC), la Universitat de Las Palmas (ULPGC) i l'Institut Espanyol d'Oceanografia (IEO), instal·larà en l'oceà ancoratges amb diversos sensors per estudiar com es comporten els corrents de l'Atlàntic Sud. Aquest instrumental permetrà coneixer millor la circulació global profunda, que és clau en l'equilibri climàtic del planeta

We briefly present the history of technical solutions aimed at improving the efficiency of spectroscopy on small- and moderate-diameter telescopes. We assess the current state of spectroscopy techniques and some of the perspectives., Comment: 36 pages, 2 tables, 199 references, will be published in Astrophysical Bulletin, vol 76, No 2, 2021

We report first results on elliptic flow of identified particles at midrapidity in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN] = 130 GeV using the STAR TPC at RHIC. The elliptic flow as a function of transverse momentum and centrality differs significantly for particles of different masses. This dependence can be accounted for in hydrodynamic models, indicating that the system created shows a behavior consistent with collective hydrodynamical flow. The fit to the data with a simple model gives information on the temperature and flow velocities at freeze-out.

The encountering of the subtropical Brazil Current (BC) and the subantarctic Malvinas Current (MC) along the western margin of the Argentine Basin forms the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence (BMC), one of the most intense open-ocean fronts in the world ocean and a site for the formation of intermediate water masses. Here, we provide a comprehensive description of the BMC based on physical and biogeochemical data – hydrographic stations, profiling floats and subsurface drifters – gathered in March 2015. We use these data in order to characterize the impinging and outflowing currents and to describe the cross- and along-frontal thermohaline structure. In addition, we compare the in-situ measurements with both climatological data and the Mercator Ocean eddy-resolving reanalysis. The hydrographic sections illustrate the contrasting properties between the two western boundary currents: warm, salty, nutrient- and oxygen-poor oligotrophic subtropical waters carried southward by the BC and the cold, fresh, oxygen- and nutrient-rich subantarctic waters carried northward by the MC. The frontal system is also characterized by the presence of thermohaline intrusions, with the cross-frontal gradients and along-front velocities sharpening as the colliding currents shape the frontal system. We also observe brackish waters spreading on top of the frontal jet as a result of both the confluence dynamics and off-shelf advection favored by north-easterly winds. These low-salinity waters are positively correlated with surface ageostrophic speeds over the frontal jet. The cruise data illustrates the high regional and mesoscale variability as compared with climatological conditions, and further document the submesoscale subsurface complexity, which is not properly captured by available operational models

An array of carbon nanotube (CNT)-based sensors was produced for sensing selective biomarkers and evaluating breathomics applications with the aid of clustering and classification algorithms. We assessed the sensor array performance in identifying target volatiles and we explored the combination of various classification algorithms to analyse the results obtained from a limited dataset of exhaled breath samples. The sensor array was exposed to ammonia (NH3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), hydrogen sulphide (H2S), and benzene (C6H6). Among them, ammonia (NH3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) are known biomarkers of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Calibration curves for individual sensors in the array were obtained following exposure to the four target molecules. A remarkable response to ammonia (NH3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), according to benchmarking with available data in the literature, was observed. Sensor array responses were analyzed through principal component analysis (PCA), thus assessing the array selectivity and its capability to discriminate the four different target volatile molecules. The sensor array was then exposed to exhaled breath samples from patients affected by COPD and healthy control volunteers. A combination of PCA, supported vector machine (SVM), and linear discrimination analysis (LDA) shows that the sensor array can be trained to accurately discriminate healthy from COPD subjects, in spite of the limited dataset.

Increases of water turbidity and suspended sediment transport in submarine canyons have been associated with high-energy events such as storms, river floods and dense shelf water cascading (DSWC), and occasionally with bottom trawling along canyon flanks and rims. To assess the variations on the water column turbidity and sediment transport in the Palamós Canyon linked to both natural and trawling-induced processes, an autonomous hydrographic profiler, as well as a near-bottom current meter and a turbidimeter were deployed in the canyon axis (929 m depth) from February to June 2017, covering a trawling closure (February) and trawling activities (March-June). Periods of enhanced water turbidity during the trawling closure were mostly associated with storms and DSWC events, transporting turbid dense waters into the canyon. In absence of such events, the water column displayed low suspended sediment concentrations (~ 0.3 mg L− 1) until the trawling season began, when particulate matter detachments, ranging between > 1 mg L− 1 and 3.8 mg L− 1, were observed at the water depths where the trawling grounds are found. During the trawling closure, high near-bottom suspended sediment fluxes (35–44 g m− 2 s− 1) were sporadically registered at ~ 920 m depth associated with a major storm and DSWC event. Smaller but more frequent increases of near-bottom suspended sediment fluxes (0.1–1.4 g m− 2 s− 1) were recorded during trawling activities. Despite these smaller trawling-induced suspended sediment fluxes, 30 days of continuous bottom trawling activity transported a total amount of 40 kg m− 2, of similar magnitude to that generated by a major DSWC event (50 kg m− 2). Since bottom trawling in Palamós Canyon is practiced on a daily basis throughout the year, a much larger contribution of anthropogenically derived water turbidity and suspended sediment transport can be expected

В статье рассматриваются проблемы формирования профессиональной компетентности инженеров по применению и эксплуатации АСУ в современных условиях, что связано с переходом на обучение в соответствии с ФГОС нового поколения. Предлагается решать проблемы через формирование узконаправленной профессиональной компетенции у курсантов военного вуза – будущих инженеров по применению и эксплуатации АСУ.

Тема магистерской диссертации – «История русской философии в информационной среде», в рамках которой было проведено исследование с использованием количественного метода сбора данных в информационной среде интернет-ресурсов. Цель исследования – выяснить популярность истории русской философии среди пользователей Интернета. Исследование состоит из двух частей, первая часть включает в себя теоретическое описание информационной среды. Вторая часть состоит из данных, собранных с интернет-ресурсов, и их интерпретации. Используя аналитические интернет-сервисы: «https://be1.ru/» и «https://www.liveinternet.ru/», мы проанализировали 5 популярных интернет-ресурсов: «https://ilibrary.ru/», «http://Lib.ru», «https://filosof.historic.ru», «https://arzamas.academy/» и «https://platona.net/», используя количественный метод, мы получили результаты, которые показывают, что история русской философии является популярным и востребованным предметом среди пользователей Интернета. Данное исследование уникально тем, что впервые мы получим ответ на вопрос, насколько история русской философии востребована современными пользователями Интернета., The subject of the master's thesis is «history of Russian philosophy in the information environment», in within the was conducted research using a quantitative method of data collection in the information environment of Internet resources. The purpose of the research is to find out the popularity of the history of Russian philosophy among Internet users. The study consists of two parts, the first part includes a theoretical description of the information environment. The second part consists of data collected from Internet resources and their interpretation. By using analytical Internet services: «https://be1.ru/» and «https://www.liveinternet.ru/», we analyzed 5 popular Internet resources: «https://ilibrary.ru/», «http://Lib.ru», «https://filosof.historic.ru», https://arzamas.academy/» and «https://platona.net/», using the quantitative method, we obtained results that show that the history of Russian philosophy is a popular and popular subject among Internet users. The research is unique because for the first time we will get an answer to the question of how much the history of Russian philosophy is in demand by modern Internet users.

Aim. To compare the number of insulin+ cells in the liver and exocrine part of the pancreas with the type of experimental diabetes, blood glycose and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level and with the number of Pdx1+ cells. Materials and methods. The experiment was carried out on 25 male Wistar rats (weighting (303.0 ± 25.3) g) that were divided into 3 groups: The first group consisted of intact animals, the second had animals with experimental diabetes type 1, and the third with animals with experimental diabetes type 2. Biochemical, immunohistochemical, ELISA methods and statistical analysis were used. Results. Insulin+ and Pdx1+ cells of rats with experimental diabetes were found in the liver and exocrine part of pancreas. The highest number of insulin+ cells in the liver was detected in type 2 diabetes (T2D). A strong positive correlation between the number of insulin+ cells in the liver and level of glycosylated hemoglobin in theblood was revealed in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Conclusion. Insulin+ cells are detected in the liver and acinar part of pancreas of both intact rats and rats with experimental diabetes. Group with T2D is characterized by the highest number of insulin+ cells in the liver compared with type 1 diabetes (T1D). The localization of insulin+ cells in the liver changes depending on the type of diabetes. In T2D insulin+ cells are located in all parts of liver acini, meanwhile in animals with T1D such cells are mainly detected in the periportal area. The expression of Pdx1+ in acinar cells of pancreas and liver cells is likely a mechanism for their reprogramming into insulin+ cells in experimental diabetes mellitus. © 2020 Siberian State Medical University. All rights reserved.

A sensor array based on heterojunctions between semiconducting organic layers and single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) films is produced to explore applications in breathomics, the molecular analysis of exhaled breath. The array is exposed to gas/volatiles relevant to specific diseases (ammonia, ethanol, acetone, 2-propanol, sodium hypochlorite, benzene, hydrogen sulfide, and nitrogen dioxide). Then, to evaluate its capability to operate with real relevant biological samples the array is exposed to human breath exhaled from healthy subjects. Finally, to provide a proof of concept of its diagnostic potential, the array is exposed to exhaled breath samples collected from subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), an airway chronic inflammatory disease not yet investigated with CNT-based sensor arrays, and the results are compared to those from healthy subjects breathprints. Principal component analysis shows that the sensor array is able to detect various target gas/volatiles with a clear fingerprint on a 2D subspace, is suitable for breath profiling in exhaled human breath, and is able to distinguish subjects with COPD from healthy subjects based on their breathprints. The classification ability is further improved by selecting the most responsive sensors to nitrogen dioxide, which is proposed as a biomarker of COPD

They presented the results of qualitative and quantitative indicator study concerning the motor activity of schoolchildren of both sexes, obtained by using individual wearable devices-fitness trackers. It was found that 8.2% of students, regardless of gender and age, are characterized by low values of this indicator; 3.4% demonstrate high values of the indicator relative to the hygiene norm.

They presented the results of qualitative and quantitative indicator study concerning the motor activity of schoolchildren of both sexes, obtained by using individual wearable devices-fitness trackers. It was found that 8.2% of students, regardless of gender and age, are characterized by low values of this indicator; 3.4% demonstrate high values of the indicator relative to the hygiene norm., Presentaron los resultados del estudio de indicadores cualitativos y cuantitativos sobre la actividad motora de escolares de ambos sexos, obtenidos mediante el uso de dispositivos portátiles individuales: rastreadores de estado físico. Se encontró que el 8.2% de los estudiantes, independientemente de su sexo y edad, se caracterizan por valores bajos de este indicador; El 3,4% demuestra valores altos del indicador en relación con la norma de higiene.

We explored how changes of viral abundance and community composition among four contrasting regions in the Southern Ocean relied on physicochemical and microbiological traits. During January–February 2015, we visited areas north and south of the South Orkney Islands (NSO and SSO) characterized by low temperature and salinity and high inorganic nutrient concentration, north of South Georgia Island (NSG) and west of Anvers Island (WA), which have relatively higher temperatures and lower inorganic nutrient concentrations. Surface viral abundance (VA) was highest in NSG (21.50 ± 10.70 × 106 viruses mL−1) and lowest in SSO (2.96 ± 1.48 × 106 viruses mL−1). VA was positively correlated with temperature, prokaryote abundance and prokaryotic heterotrophic production, chlorophyll a, diatoms, haptophytes, fluorescent organic matter, and isoprene concentration, and was negatively correlated with inorganic nutrients (NO3−, SiO42−, PO43−), and dimethyl sulfide (DMS) concentrations. Viral communities determined by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA–polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) were grouped according to the sampling location, being more similar within them than among regions. The first two axes of a canonical correspondence analysis, including physicochemical (temperature, salinity, inorganic nutrients—NO3−, SiO42−, and dimethyl sulfoniopropionate -DMSP- and isoprene concentrations) and microbiological (chlorophyll a, haptophytes and diatom, and prokaryote abundance and prokaryotic heterotrophic production) factors accounted for 62.9% of the variance. The first axis, temperature-related, accounted for 33.8%; the second one, salinity-related, accounted for 29.1%. Thus, different environmental situations likely select different hosts for viruses, leading to distinct viral communities.

A sensor array based on heterojunctions between semiconducting organic layers and single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) films is produced to explore applications in breathomics, the molecular analysis of exhaled breath. The array is exposed to gas/volatiles relevant to specific diseases (ammonia, ethanol, acetone, 2-propanol, sodium hypochlorite, benzene, hydrogen sulfide, and nitrogen dioxide). Then, to evaluate its capability to operate with real relevant biological samples the array is exposed to human breath exhaled from healthy subjects. Finally, to provide a proof of concept of its diagnostic potential, the array is exposed to exhaled breath samples collected from subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), an airway chronic inflammatory disease not yet investigated with CNT-based sensor arrays, and the results are compared to those from healthy subjects breathprints. Principal component analysis shows that the sensor array is able to detect various target gas/volatiles with a clear fingerprint on a 2D subspace, is suitable for breath profiling in exhaled human breath, and is able to distinguish subjects with COPD from healthy subjects based on their breathprints. The classification ability is further improved by selecting the most responsive sensors to nitrogen dioxide, which is proposed as a biomarker of COPD

Quota-based fairness mechanisms like the so-called Rooney rule or four-fifths rule are used in selection problems such as hiring or college admission to reduce inequalities based on sensitive demographic attributes. These mechanisms are often viewed as introducing a trade-off between selection fairness and utility. In recent work, however, Kleinberg and Raghavan showed that, in the presence of implicit bias in estimating candidates' quality, the Rooney rule can increase the utility of the selection process. We argue that even in the absence of implicit bias, the estimates of candidates' quality from different groups may differ in another fundamental way, namely, in their variance. We term this phenomenon implicit variance and we ask: can fairness mechanisms be beneficial to the utility of a selection process in the presence of implicit variance (even in the absence of implicit bias)? To answer this question, we propose a simple model in which candidates have a true latent quality that is drawn from a group-independent normal distribution. To make the selection, a decision maker receives an unbiased estimate of the quality of each candidate, with normal noise, but whose variance depends on the candidate's group. We then compare the utility obtained by imposing a fairness mechanism that we term $\gamma$-rule (it includes demographic parity and the four-fifths rule as special cases), to that of a group-oblivious selection algorithm that picks the candidates with the highest estimated quality independently of their group. Our main result shows that the demographic parity mechanism always increases the selection utility, while any $\gamma$-rule weakly increases it. We extend our model to a two-stage selection process where the true quality is observed at the second stage. We discuss multiple extensions of our results, in particular to different distributions of the true latent quality., Comment: 27 pages, 10 figures, Economics and Computation (EC'20)

We explored how changes of viral abundance and community composition among four contrasting regions in the Southern Ocean relied on physicochemical and microbiological traits. During January–February 2015, we visited areas north and south of the South Orkney Islands (NSO and SSO) characterized by low temperature and salinity and high inorganic nutrient concentration, north of South Georgia Island (NSG) and west of Anvers Island (WA), which have relatively higher temperatures and lower inorganic nutrient concentrations. Surface viral abundance (VA) was highest in NSG (21.50 ± 10.70 × 106 viruses mL−1) and lowest in SSO (2.96 ± 1.48 × 106 viruses mL−1). VA was positively correlated with temperature, prokaryote abundance and prokaryotic heterotrophic production, chlorophyll a, diatoms, haptophytes, fluorescent organic matter, and isoprene concentration, and was negatively correlated with inorganic nutrients (NO3−, SiO42−, PO43−), and dimethyl sulfide (DMS) concentrations. Viral communities determined by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA–polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) were grouped according to the sampling location, being more similar within them than among regions. The first two axes of a canonical correspondence analysis, including physicochemical (temperature, salinity, inorganic nutrients—NO3−, SiO42−, and dimethyl sulfoniopropionate -DMSP- and isoprene concentrations) and microbiological (chlorophyll a, haptophytes and diatom, and prokaryote abundance and prokaryotic heterotrophic production) factors accounted for 62.9% of the variance. The first axis, temperature-related, accounted for 33.8%; the second one, salinity-related, accounted for 29.1%. Thus, different environmental situations likely select different hosts for viruses, leading to distinct viral communities

A sensor array based on heterojunctions between semiconducting organic layers and single walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) films is produced to explore applications in breathomics, the molecular analysis of exhaled breath. The array is exposed to gas/volatiles relevant to specific diseases (ammonia, ethanol, acetone, 2-propanol, sodium hypochlorite, benzene, hydrogen sulfide, and nitrogen dioxide). Then, to evaluate its capability to operate with real relevant biological samples the array is exposed to human breath exhaled from healthy subjects. Finally, to provide a proof of concept of its diagnostic potential, the array is exposed to exhaled breath samples collected from subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), an airway chronic inflammatory disease not yet investigated with CNT-based sensor arrays, and breathprints are compared with those obtained from of healthy subjects. Principal component analysis shows that the sensor array is able to detect various target gas/volatiles with a clear fingerprint on a 2D subspace, is suitable for breath profiling in exhaled human breath, and is able to distinguish subjects with COPD from healthy subjects based on their breathprints. This classification ability is further improved by selecting the most responsive sensors to nitrogen dioxide, a potential biomarker of COPD