Search

Cardiovascular diseases are the first leading cause of death and morbidity in developed countries. The use of animal models have contributed to increase our knowledge, providing new approaches focused to improve the diagnostic and the treatment of these pathologies. Several models have been developed to address cardiovascular complications, including atherothrombotic and cardiac diseases, and the same pathology have been successfully recreated in different species, including small and big animal models of disease. However, genetic and environmental factors play a significant role in cardiovascular pathophysiology, making difficult to match a particular disease, with a single experimental model. Therefore, no exclusive method perfectly recreates the human complication, and depending on the model, additional considerations of cost, infrastructure, and the requirement for specialized personnel, should also have in mind. Considering all these facts, and depending on the budgets available, models should be selected that best reproduce the disease being investigated. Here we will describe models of atherothrombotic diseases, including expanding and occlusive animal models, as well as models of heart failure. Given the wide range of models available, today it is possible to devise the best strategy, which may help us to find more efficient and reliable solutions against human cardiovascular diseases., Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Comunidad de Madrid, European Network, Euro Salud, Depto. de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Fac. de Ciencias Químicas, TRUE, pub

Objective: To identify proteins related to intraluminal thrombus biological activities that could help to find novel pathological mechanisms and therapeutic targets for human abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). Approach and results: Tissue-conditioned media from patients with AAA were analyzed by a mass spectrometry-based strategy using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Global pathway analysis by Ingenuity software highlighted the presence of several circulating proteins, among them were proteins from the complement system. Complement C3 concentration and activation were assessed in plasma from AAA patients (small AAA, AAA diameter=3-5 cm and large AAA, AAA diameter >5 cm), showing decreased C3 levels and activation in large AAA patients. No association of a combination of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in complement genes between large and small AAA patients was observed. Intense extracellular C3 inmunostaining, along with C9, was observed in AAA thrombus. Analysis of C3 in AAA tissue homogenates and tissue-conditioned media showed increased levels of C3 in AAA thrombus, as well as proteolytic fragments (C3a/C3c/C3dg), suggesting its local deposition and activation. Finally, the functional role of local complement activation in polymorphonuclear (PMN) cell activation was tested, showing that C3 blockade by anti-C3 antibody was able to decrease thrombus-induced neutrophil chemotaxis and reactive oxygen species production. Conclusions: A decrease of systemic C3 concentration and activity in the later stages of AAA associated with local complement retention, consumption, and proteolysis in the thrombus could induce PMN chemotaxis and activation, playing a detrimental role in AAA progression., Depto. de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Fac. de Ciencias Químicas, TRUE, pub

Recent studies have raised the possibility of a role for lipoproteins, including high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc), in abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). The study was conducted in plasmas from 39 large size AAA patients (aortic diameter > 50 mm), 81 small/medium size AAA patients (aortic diameter between 30 and 50 mm) and 38 control subjects (aortic diameter < 30 mm). We evaluated the potential of HDL-mediated macrophage cholesterol efflux (MCE) to predict AAA growth and/or the need for surgery. MCE was impaired in the large aortic diameter AAA group as compared with that in the small/medium size AAA group and the control group. However, no significant difference in HDL-mediated MCE capacity was observed in 3 different progression subgroups (classified according to growth rate < 1 mm per year, between 1 and 5 mm per year or >5 mm per year) in patients with small/medium size AAA. Moreover, no correlation was found between MCE capacity and the aneurysm growth rate. A multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed a significant association between lower MCE capacity with the need for surgery in all AAA patients. Nevertheless, the significance was lost when only small/medium size AAA patients were included. Our results suggest that MCE, a major HDL functional activity, is not involved in AAA progression.

BACKGROUND: The mechanisms underlying early atherosclerotic plaque formation are not completely understood. Moreover, plasma biomarkers of subclinical atherosclerosis are lacking., OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to analyze the temporal and topologically resolved protein changes taking place in human aortas with early atherosclerosis to find new potential diagnostic and/or therapeutic targets., METHODS: The protein composition of healthy aortas (media layer) or with early atheroma (fatty streak and fibrolipidic, media and intima layers) was analyzed by deep quantitative multiplexed proteomics. Further analysis was performed by Western blot, immunohistochemistry, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Plasma levels of complement C5 were analyzed in relation to the presence of generalized (>2 plaques) or incipient (0 to 2 plaques) subclinical atherosclerosis in 2 independent clinical cohorts (PESA [Progression of Early Subclinical Atherosclerosis] [n=360] and NEFRONA [National Observatory of Atherosclerosis in Nephrology] [n=394])., RESULTS: Proteins involved in lipid transport, complement system, immunoglobulin superfamily, and hemostasis are increased in early plaques. Components from the complement activation pathway were predominantly increased in the intima of fibrolipidic plaques. Among them, increased C5 protein levels were further confirmed by Western blot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunohistochemistry, and associated with in situ complement activation. Plasma C5 was significantly increased in individuals with generalized subclinical atherosclerosis in both PESA and NEFRONA cohorts, independently of risk factors. Moreover, in the PESA study, C5 plasma levels positively correlated with global plaque volume and coronary calcification., CONCLUSIONS: Activation of the complement system is a major alteration in early atherosclerotic plaques and is reflected by increased C5 plasma levels, which have promising value as a novel circulating biomarker of subclinicalatherosclerosis.

The aim of the first phase for this Service Learning (SL) project was to provide the physical education teachers responsible of applying the SL model to the target group, with initial information about their predisposition prior to the intervention, serving as a meta-evaluative and reflective tool. Three university students of the Degree in Primary Education with mention in physical education (21 and 24 years old) and enrolled in the subject "The Game and Sport", voluntarily participated in this pre-intervention with 30 primary school students from the Naüm socio-educational project. The IMAPS-AFD-FI scale, designed to observe the degree of satisfaction of the students when participating in PES projects, was used to assess professional competencies. Positive tendencies were obtained (between 3.33 and 4.67 out of 5 points on a Likert scale), with minimal standard deviations, for the items belonging to the dimensions learning; pedagogical value; social impact; professional development; professional skills and experience opinion. The implementation of this SL project seems to have a positive impact on the pre-intervention predisposition of university student learners. This fact that could have repercussions on better prosocial behavior, sense of social responsibility, meaningful learning, as well as on an emotional level., El objetivo del presente proyecto de Aprendizaje Servicio (ApS) fue otorgar a los docentes de la especialidad de educación física a cargo de la aplicación del modelo ApS al grupo diana, una información inicial sobre su predisposición previa a la intervención que les sirviera como herramienta metaevaluativa y reflexiva. Tres estudiantes universitarios del Grado en Educación Primaria con mención en educación física (21 y 24 años) y cursando la asignatura “El juego y Deporte”, participaron voluntariamente en esta pre-intervención con 30 alumnos/as de educación primara del proyecto socioeducativo Naüm. Para valorar las competencias profesionales se utilizó la escala IMAPS-AFD-FI, diseñada para observar el grado de satisfacción de los discentes al participar en proyectos ApS, basada en el cuestionario de Shinnamon et al. (1999). Se obtuvieron valores muy positivos (entre 3.33 y 4.67 sobre 5 puntos en una escala Likert), con desviaciones estándar mínimas, para los ítems pertenecientes a las dimensiones aprendizaje; valor pedagógico; impacto social; desarrollo profesional; habilidades profesionales y opinión experiencial. La implementación de este proyecto de ApS parece tener un impacto positivo en la predisposición previa a la intervención de los estudiantes universitarios dicentes, repercutiendo en su comportamiento prosocial, su sentido de responsabilidad social, el aprendizaje significativo, así como a nivel emocional.

A review of the literature has demonstrated the impact of active breaks (AB) on students’ cognition and academic performance. Despite the evidence, undergraduate students seem to remain passive during the lessons as the teaching is mostly traditional and revolves around the teacher. To break with this tendency in the university context, we included physical activity (PA) breaks during lessons. This study aimed to observe the acute effect of AB on the students’ attention and mathematical competence. A total of 25 undergraduate students (Mage = 23.36, SD = 1.98) participated in this study and performed an intervention under two conditions: i) control condition and ii) active-break condition. Results revealed that after receiving an AB (15 minutes) of moderate intensity students’ attention was improved. More specifically, participants were faster at D2 and their math tasks results improved., La literatura ha demostrado el impacto de los descansos activos (AB; active breaks en inglés) en la cognición y el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes. A pesar de la evidencia, los estudiantes universitarios parecen permanecer pasivos durante las lecciones, ya que la enseñanza es mayoritariamente tradicional y gira en torno al profesor. Para romper con esta tendencia en el contexto universitario, incluimos pausas de actividad física (AF) durante las clases. Este estudio de casos cruzados tiene como objetivo observar el efecto agudo de los descansos activos en la atención y la competencia matemática de los estudiantes. Un total de 25 estudiantes de grado (Medad = 23,36, DE = 1,98) participaron en este estudio y realizaron una intervención bajo dos condiciones: i) condición de control y ii) condición de descansos activos. Los resultados muestran que los estudiantes mejoraron su atención después de recibir una sesión de descanso activo (15 minutos) de intensidad moderada. En este sentido, los participantes fueron más rápidos en D2 y mejoraron sus resultados en la tarea de matemáticas.

Sport has experienced a huge evolution through the years, which is directly reflected on an increase in the population engaged in sport, as well as in the supply of sport facilities. In increasingly competitive markets, excellence in the provision of services plays a decisive role. Despite the importance of this subject, no studies have been found that evaluate the management of the commercial policy of sport centres and clubs and consequently no valid instruments have been found for this purpose. Therefore, the objective of the present research is to validate the TP-SPORTS instrument: a record sheet structured in eight dimensions and ninety variables that allows the analysis of the management of the commercial policy of sports centres and clubs. In order to validate it, an expert judgment assessment, inter and intrapersonal evaluation using Cohen's kappa test and a pilot test with 150 students of the Physical Activity and Sport Sciences degree have been used. In view of the above, it can be concluded that TP-SPORTS instrument proves to be an innovative and valid tool for the analysis of the commercial policy of sports centres and clubs in our country., El deporte ha experimentado una gran evolución a lo largo de los años, hecho que se ha manifestado en un incremento de la práctica deportiva, así como también en un aumento de la oferta de instalaciones deportivas. En mercados cada vez más competitivos, la excelencia en la prestación de servicios juega un papel decisivo. Pese a la importancia de dicha temática, no se han encontrado estudios que evalúen la gestión de la política comercial de los centros y clubs deportivos, y en consecuencia tampoco se han hallado instrumentos válidos para tal fin. Por ello, el objetivo de la presente investigación es validar el instrumento TP-SPORTS: una hoja de registro estructurada en ocho dimensiones y noventa variables que permite analizar la gestión de la política comercial de los centros y clubs deportivos. Para la validación de la misma se ha recurrido a una valoración de juicio de expertos, una evaluación inter e intrapersonal mediante la prueba kappa de Cohen y una prueba piloto con 150 alumnos del grado de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte. Tras estos pasos, se puede concluir que el instrumento TP-SPORTS manifiesta ser una herramienta innovadora, a la vez que válida para el análisis de la política comercial de los centros y clubs deportivos de nuestro país.

The aim of this work is to simulate the complex 3D hydrodynamics inside free-surface anti-roll tanks with obstacles and side sub-compartments. The case studies comprise a rectangular tank, a tank with a C-shaped section and a rectangular tank with baffles, for which experimental results are provided. The simulations have been performed for 3 and 6 degrees of roll, and for various filling levels. The Open Source Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tool OpenFOAM has been used to carry out the simulations. Various turbulence models and boundary condition implementations have been used. It is shown in the paper that thek-omega SST model with slip boundary condition is the one that provides the best trade-off between accuracy and computational efficiency. In order for present results to be easily reproducible, the simulations files, also including the geometrical ones, are provided as supplementary material.

BACKGROUND: Anaphylaxis includes mast cell (MC) activation, but less is known about downstream mechanisms (ie, vascular permeability controlled by endothelial cells [ECs]). The TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) and its sole receptor, fibroblast growth factor-inducible molecule 14 (Fn14), belong to the TNF superfamily and are involved in proinflammatory responses.OBJECTIVE: We sought to investigate the role of TWEAK/Fn14 axis in anaphylaxis.METHODS: In vivo vascular permeability and mouse models of passive systemic anaphylaxis (PSA) and active systemic anaphylaxis were applied to wild-type (WT), TWEAK- and Fn14-deficient mice (TWEAK-/- and Fn14-/-, respectively). Primary bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) and ECs from WT and Fn14-/- or TWEAK-/- mice were studied. The TWEAK/Fn14 axis was also investigated in human samples.RESULTS: Mice with PSA and active systemic anaphylaxis had increased Fn14 and TWEAK expression in lung tissues and increased serum soluble TWEAK concentrations. TWEAK and Fn14 deficiencies prevent PSA-related symptoms, resulting in resistance to decreased body temperature, less severe reactions, and maintained physical activity. Numbers of MCs after PSA are similar between genotypes in different tissue regions, such as ear skin and the trachea, tongue, peritoneum, lungs, and bone marrow. Moreover, in vitro studies revealed no differences in degranulation or mediator release between WT and Fn14-/- BMMCs after IgE-FcεRI stimulation. In vivo and in vitro histamine and platelet-activating factor administration increases Fn14 receptor expression in lungs and ECs. Moreover, Fn14 deficiency in ECs maintained in vitro impermeability when stimulated by mediators or activated BMMCs but not by TWEAK-/- BMMCs, indicating that Fn14 is crucial for endothelial barrier function. TWEAK/Fn14 deletion or TWEAK-blocking antibody prevented histamine/platelet-activating factor-induced vascular subcutaneous permeability. Circulating sol

Recent studies have raised the possibility of a role for lipoproteins, including high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc), in abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). The study was conducted in plasmas from 39 large size AAA patients (aortic diameter > 50 mm), 81 small/medium size AAA patients (aortic diameter between 30 and 50 mm) and 38 control subjects (aortic diameter < 30 mm). We evaluated the potential of HDL-mediated macrophage cholesterol efflux (MCE) to predict AAA growth and/or the need for surgery. MCE was impaired in the large aortic diameter AAA group as compared with that in the small/medium size AAA group and the control group. However, no significant difference in HDL-mediated MCE capacity was observed in 3 different progression subgroups (classified according to growth rate < 1 mm per year, between 1 and 5 mm per year or >5 mm per year) in patients with small/medium size AAA. Moreover, no correlation was found between MCE capacity and the aneurysm growth rate. A multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed a significant association between lower MCE capacity with the need for surgery in all AAA patients. Nevertheless, the significance was lost when only small/medium size AAA patients were included. Our results suggest that MCE, a major HDL functional activity, is not involved in AAA progression.

Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease characterized by the accumulation of macrophages in the vessel wall. Macrophages depend on their polarization to exert either pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory effects. Macrophages of the anti-inflammatory phenotype express high levels of CD163, a scavenger receptor for the hemoglobin-haptoglobin complex. CD163 can also bind to the pro-inflammatory cytokine TWEAK. Using ApoE-deficient or ApoE/CD163 double-deficient mice we aim to investigate the involvement of CD163 in atherosclerosis development and its capacity to neutralize the TWEAK actions. ApoE/CD163 double-deficient mice displayed a more unstable plaque phenotype characterized by an increased lipid and macrophage content, plaque size, and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. In vitro experiments demonstrated that the absence of CD163 in M2-type macrophages-induced foam cell formation through upregulation of CD36 expression. Moreover, exogenous TWEAK administration increased atherosclerotic lesion size, lipids, and macrophages content in ApoE/CD163 compared with ApoE/CD163 mice. Treatment with recombinant CD163 was able to neutralize the proatherogenic effects of TWEAK in ApoE/CD163 double-deficient mice. Recombinant CD163 abolished the pro-inflammatory actions of TWEAK on vascular smooth muscle cells, decreasing NF-kB activation, cytokines and metalloproteinases expression, and macrophages migration. In conclusion, CD163-expressing macrophages serve as a protective mechanism to prevent the deleterious effects of TWEAK on atherosclerotic plaque development and progression.

Background: High-density lipoproteins (HDL) are a complex mixture of lipids and proteins with vasculoprotective properties. However, HDL components could suffer post-translational modifications (PTMs) under pathological conditions, leading to dysfunctional HDL. We studied whether HDL are modified in abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and the effect on HDL functionality. Methods: HDL were isolated by ultracentrifugation from AAA tissue (HDL-T) and from plasma of healthy volunteers and then incubated with AAA tissue-conditioned medium (HDL-AAA CM). PTMs from these particles were characterized using Comet-PTM. The ability of HDL-AAA CM for promoting cholesterol efflux was determined ex vivo and in vivo by using J774A.1 [H]cholesterol-labeled mouse macrophages and after injecting [H]cholesterol-labeled mouse macrophages and HDL into the peritoneal cavity of wild-type C57BL/6 mice, respectively. Trp50 and Trp108 oxidized forms of APOA1 in HDL incubated with conditioned-medium of activated neutrophils and in plasma of AAA patients and controls were measured by targeted parallel reaction monitoring. Findings: Oxidation was the most prevalent PTM in apolipoproteins, particularly in APOA1. Trp50 and Trp108 in APOA1 were the residues most clearly affected by oxidation in HDL-T and in HDL-AAA CM, when compared to their controls. In addition, cholesterol efflux was decreased in macrophages incubated with HDL-AAA CM in vitro and a decreased macrophage-to-serum reverse cholesterol transport was also observed in mice injected with HDL-AAA CM. Finally, both oxidized Trp50 and Trp108 forms of APOA1 were increased in HDL incubated with conditioned-medium of activated neutrophils and in plasma of AAA patients in relation to controls. Interpretation: Oxidative modifications of HDL present in AAA tissue and plasma were closely associated with the loss of vasculoprotective properties of HDL in AAA. Fund: MINECO, ISCiii-FEDER, CIBERDEM, CIBERCV and LA CAIXA.

[ES] El aneurisma de aorta abdominal (AAA) es una patología vascular con una elevada tasa de morbimortalidad y una prevalencia que, en varones de más de 65 años, puede alcanzar el 8%. En esta enfermedad, habitualmente asintomática, se produce una dilatación progresiva de la pared vascular que puede llevar a su rotura, un fenómeno mortal en más de un 80% de los casos. El tratamiento de los pacientes con aneurismas asintomáticos se limita al seguimiento periódico con pruebas de imagen, el control de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular y un tratamiento con terapia antiagregante y estatinas, si bien actualmente no existe ningún tratamiento farmacológico efectivo capaz de limitar su progresión o evitar su rotura. En la actualidad el diámetro aórtico es el único marcador de riesgo de rotura y determina la necesidad de reparación quirúrgica cuando alcanza valores superiores a 5,5 cm. En esta revisión se tratan los principales aspectos relacionados con la epidemiología, los factores de riesgo, el diagnóstico y el manejo terapéutico del AAA, se exponen las dificultades para disponer de buenos biomarcadores de esta enfermedad y se describen las estrategias para la identificación de nuevas dianas terapéuticas y biomarcadores en el AAA., [EN] Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a vascular pathology with a high rate of morbidity and mortality and a prevalence that, in men over 65 years, can reach around 8%. In this disease, usually asymptomatic, there is a progressive dilatation of the vascular wall that can lead to its rupture, a fatal phenomenon in more than 80% of cases. The treatment of patients with asymptomatic aneurysms is limited to periodic monitoring with imaging tests, control of cardiovascular risk factors and treatment with statins and antiplatelet therapy. There is no effective pharmacological treatment capable of limiting AAA progression or avoiding their rupture. At present, the aortic diameter is the only marker of risk of rupture and determines the need for surgical repair when it reaches values greater than 5.5 cm. This review addresses the main aspects related to epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis and clinical management of AAA, exposes the difficulties to have good biomarkers of this pathology and describes the strategies for the identification of new therapeutic targets and biomarkers in AAA.

Gerra Zibila eta Frankismoa garai ilunak izan dira Espainiako historian. Lan honetan zehar, garai horiei buruzko sortutako korronte historiografiakoak aztertuko dira, bertan memoria, iraganaren ezagutza eta salaketa helburu nagusia delarik. Aztertutako korronte eta egile ezberdinen argudioak, aditzera emango dute, Espainian 1939-1975.urte bitartean, genozidioaren ezaugarriak bete zirela azpimarratzen dute, hau, Frankismoko eta Gerra Zibilean erabilitako metodoen bitartez egin eta bermatu zirelarik. Lan honetan zehar, historiagile moduan, argudio eta korronte historiografiko horiek aztertu eta interpretatuko dira. Azken hamarkadetan zehar, ikerketa ugari sortu izan dira, batzuk mundu akademikora bideraturik egongo direlarik, beste batzuk berriz, mundu sozialera bideratuak izan dira, bertan foruak, hitzaldiak, omenaldiak eta ikus-entzunezkoa materiala nagusitu egin direlarik. Guzti honek aditzera emango du gaur egongo gizartearen eta mundua akademikoaren premioa eta jakin nahia garai horiekiko. Lanaren hasieran, Espainian Gerra Zibil eta Frankismoan zehar sortutako historiografia korronteak aztertuko dira, gaiaren nondik norakoak ulertzeko eta egoeran kokatzeko. Gero, genozidio kontzeptu beraren lanketa adieraziko da, modu honetan gaizki ulertuak ekiditeko eta irakurlea kontzeptuaren garrantziaz jabetzeko. Amaierako zatian, genozidio eta historiografiarenarteko lotura emango da, egile ezberdinen interpretazio ezberdinak plazaratuz, hauekin batera, ondorio eta gogoeta propioak azalduko direlarik. Lanean zehar, gaur egun dagoen eztabaida landu eta azaltzea izango da, hau da, eztabaida horren nondik norakoak analizatuz. Adierazi daiteke, Espainiako Gerra Zibila eta Frankismoa gaur egungo gizartean min handia sortzen duen gaia dela. Historiagile moduan, interpretazioa burutzeko beharra ikuste dut, aldi berean, gizarteak eskatzen duen zehaztasun zientifikoaren beharrari bidea irekiz.

Gerra Zibila eta Frankismoa garai ilunak izan dira Espainiako historian. Lan honetan zehar, garai horiei buruzko sortutako korronte historiografiakoak aztertuko dira, bertan memoria, iraganaren ezagutza eta salaketa helburu nagusia delarik. Aztertutako korronte eta egile ezberdinen argudioak, aditzera emango dute, Espainian 1939-1975.urte bitartean, genozidioaren ezaugarriak bete zirela azpimarratzen dute, hau, Frankismoko eta Gerra Zibilean erabilitako metodoen bitartez egin eta bermatu zirelarik. Lan honetan zehar, historiagile moduan, argudio eta korronte historiografiko horiek aztertu eta interpretatuko dira. Azken hamarkadetan zehar, ikerketa ugari sortu izan dira, batzuk mundu akademikora bideraturik egongo direlarik, beste batzuk berriz, mundu sozialera bideratuak izan dira, bertan foruak, hitzaldiak, omenaldiak eta ikus-entzunezkoa materiala nagusitu egin direlarik. Guzti honek aditzera emango du gaur egongo gizartearen eta mundua akademikoaren premioa eta jakin nahia garai horiekiko. Lanaren hasieran, Espainian Gerra Zibil eta Frankismoan zehar sortutako historiografia korronteak aztertuko dira, gaiaren nondik norakoak ulertzeko eta egoeran kokatzeko. Gero, genozidio kontzeptu beraren lanketa adieraziko da, modu honetan gaizki ulertuak ekiditeko eta irakurlea kontzeptuaren garrantziaz jabetzeko. Amaierako zatian, genozidio eta historiografiarenarteko lotura emango da, egile ezberdinen interpretazio ezberdinak plazaratuz, hauekin batera, ondorio eta gogoeta propioak azalduko direlarik. Lanean zehar, gaur egun dagoen eztabaida landu eta azaltzea izango da, hau da, eztabaida horren nondik norakoak analizatuz. Adierazi daiteke, Espainiako Gerra Zibila eta Frankismoa gaur egungo gizartean min handia sortzen duen gaia dela. Historiagile moduan, interpretazioa burutzeko beharra ikuste dut, aldi berean, gizarteak eskatzen duen zehaztasun zientifikoaren beharrari bidea irekiz.

Gerra Zibila eta Frankismoa garai ilunak izan dira Espainiako historian. Lan honetan zehar, garai horiei buruzko sortutako korronte historiografiakoak aztertuko dira, bertan memoria, iraganaren ezagutza eta salaketa helburu nagusia delarik. Aztertutako korronte eta egile ezberdinen argudioak, aditzera emango dute, Espainian 1939-1975.urte bitartean, genozidioaren ezaugarriak bete zirela azpimarratzen dute, hau, Frankismoko eta Gerra Zibilean erabilitako metodoen bitartez egin eta bermatu zirelarik. Lan honetan zehar, historiagile moduan, argudio eta korronte historiografiko horiek aztertu eta interpretatuko dira. Azken hamarkadetan zehar, ikerketa ugari sortu izan dira, batzuk mundu akademikora bideraturik egongo direlarik, beste batzuk berriz, mundu sozialera bideratuak izan dira, bertan foruak, hitzaldiak, omenaldiak eta ikus-entzunezkoa materiala nagusitu egin direlarik. Guzti honek aditzera emango du gaur egongo gizartearen eta mundua akademikoaren premioa eta jakin nahia garai horiekiko. Lanaren hasieran, Espainian Gerra Zibil eta Frankismoan zehar sortutako historiografia korronteak aztertuko dira, gaiaren nondik norakoak ulertzeko eta egoeran kokatzeko. Gero, genozidio kontzeptu beraren lanketa adieraziko da, modu honetan gaizki ulertuak ekiditeko eta irakurlea kontzeptuaren garrantziaz jabetzeko. Amaierako zatian, genozidio eta historiografiarenarteko lotura emango da, egile ezberdinen interpretazio ezberdinak plazaratuz, hauekin batera, ondorio eta gogoeta propioak azalduko direlarik. Lanean zehar, gaur egun dagoen eztabaida landu eta azaltzea izango da, hau da, eztabaida horren nondik norakoak analizatuz. Adierazi daiteke, Espainiako Gerra Zibila eta Frankismoa gaur egungo gizartean min handia sortzen duen gaia dela. Historiagile moduan, interpretazioa burutzeko beharra ikuste dut, aldi berean, gizarteak eskatzen duen zehaztasun zientifikoaren beharrari bidea irekiz.

Esta comunicación analiza la posición de nuestros tribunales ante la vulneración del derecho a la intimidad de los pacientes por accesos indebidos a sus datos de salud.

Esta comunicación analiza la posición de nuestros tribunales ante la vulneración del derecho a la intimidad de los pacientes por accesos indebidos a sus datos de salud.

Essentials Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is asymptomatic and its evolution unpredictable. To find novel potential biomarkers of AAA, microvesicles are an excellent source of biomarkers. Ficolin-3 is increased in microvesicles obtained from activated platelets and AAA tissue. Increased ficolin-3 plasma levels are associated with AAA presence and progression.SUMMARY: Background Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) patients are usually asymptomatic and AAA evolution is unpredictable. Ficolin-3, mainly synthesized by the liver, is a molecule of the lectin complement-activation pathway involved in AAA pathophysiology. Objectives To define extra-hepatic sources of ficolin-3 in AAA and investigate the role of ficolin-3 as a biomarker of the presence and progression of AAA. Methods Microvesicles (exosomes and microparticles) were isolated from culture-conditioned medium of ADP-activated platelets, as well as from AAA tissue-conditioned medium (thrombus and wall). Ficolin-3 levels were analyzed by western-blot, real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry and ELISA. Results Increased ficolin-3 levels were observed in microvesicles isolated from activated platelets. Similarly, microvesicles released from AAA tissue display increased ficolin-3 levels as compared with those from healthy tissue. Moreover, ficolin-3 mRNA levels in the AAA wall were greatly increased compared with healthy aortic walls. Immunohistochemistry of AAA tissue demonstrated increased ficolin-3, whereas little staining was present in healthy walls. Finally, increased ficolin-3 levels were observed in AAA patients' plasma (n = 478) compared with control plasma (n = 176), which persisted after adjustment for risk factors (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 5.29; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.27, 8.57)]. Moreover, a positive association of ficolin-3 with aortic diameter (Rho, 0.25) and need for surgical repair was observed, also after adjustment for potential confounding factors (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.55; 95% CI, 1

Introduction Proteinuria is a common finding in glomerular diseases that contributes to the progression of chronic kidney injury. Tubular cells reabsorb the excess of albumin and other plasma proteins from the tubular lumen, triggering several pathophysiologic responses, such as overexpression of fibrogenic mediators and inflammatory chemokines. Chemokines are implicated both in the recruitment of inflammatory infiltrate and in a number of physiological and pathological processes related to protein overload. Areas covered In recent years, the specific chemokines and their receptors and the intracellular signaling pathways involved in proteinuria-induced renal damage have been identified. This review provides an overview of the role of chemokines and their receptors in proteinuria-related renal disease and summarizes novel therapeutic approaches to restrain the progression of renal damage. Expert opinion Inhibition of chemokine-induced biological activities is a promising therapeutic strategy in proteinuric disorders. Neutralizing antibodies and small organic molecules targeting chemokines and chemokine receptors have been proven to prevent inflammation and renal damage in experimental models of protein overload. Some of these compounds are currently being tested in human clinical trials. © 2012 Informa UK, Ltd.

The oenological quality of Spanish oak wood from Navarra (Quercus petraea Liebl.) in relation to French wood of recognised quality in cooperage has been evaluated. We have studied the effects of the Spanish wood on wine evolution during ageing, in regards to chromatic characteristics, polyphenols, and volatile compounds related to oak wood, in three different mono-varietal wines (cv. Tempranillo, cv. Cabernet Sauvignon and cv. Merlot) from the Origin Denomination Navarra. The results were compared with those obtained for the same wines aged in French oak barrels from central regions of France, obtained from five different French and Spanish cooperages. The wines aged in Spanish oak evolved in the same way as those aged in French. In general, at the end of the ageing process the differences in their chromatic and chemical characteristics were very small, although each wood type added special characteristics, the exact properties of which also depended on the grape variety. The Spanish oak wood (Q. petraea Liebl.) from Navarra has an oenological quality similar to French oak wood of the same species from Central region. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Recent evidence suggests that apoptosis may be involved in the control of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) number in atherosclerotic lesions. 3- Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors have been reported to induce apoptosis in a variety of tumor cell lines. To evaluate whether these agents also induce apoptosis of VSMCs, cultured rat VSMCs were treated with increasing doses of atorvastatin in the presence of FBS as a survival factor. The presence of apoptosis was evaluated by morphological criteria, annexin V binding, and DNA fragmentation and quantified as the proportion of hypodiploid cells by flow cytometry. Atorvastatin induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner, an effect also seen with simvastatin and lovastatin, but not with the hydrophilic drug pravastatin. The proapoptotic effect of statins was seen only when the inhibition of acetate incorporation into sterols was >95% and was fully reversed by mevalonate, farnesyl pyrophosphate, and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate but not by isopentenyl adenosine, ubiquinone, or squalene, suggesting a role for prenylated proteins in the regulation of VSMC apoptosis. To further assess the role of protein prenylation, VSMCs were exposed to the prenyl transferase inhibitors perillic acid and manumycin A. Both agents induced VSMC apoptosis as evaluated by the above-mentioned criteria. Finally, VSMC treatment with lipophilic statins was associated with decreased prenylation of p21-Rho B, further supporting the role of protein prenylation inhibition in statin- induced VSMC apoptosis. The present data suggest that interference with protein prenylation by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors or other agents may provide new strategies for the prevention of neointimal thickening.