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1. Evolutionary trends in host physiology outweigh dietary niche in structuring primate gut microbiomes.

Author

Amato, Katherine R, Amato, Katherine R, G Sanders, Jon, Song, Se Jin, Nute, Michael, Metcalf, Jessica L, Thompson, Luke R, Morton, James T, Amir, Amnon, J McKenzie, Valerie, Humphrey, Gregory, Gogul, Grant, Gaffney, James, L Baden, Andrea, A O Britton, Gillian, P Cuozzo, Frank, Di Fiore, Anthony, J Dominy, Nathaniel, L Goldberg, Tony, Gomez, Andres, Kowalewski, Martin M, J Lewis, Rebecca, Link, Andres, L Sauther, Michelle, Tecot, Stacey, A White, Bryan, E Nelson, Karen, M Stumpf, Rebecca, Knight, Rob, R Leigh, Steven, Amato, Katherine R, Amato, Katherine R, G Sanders, Jon, Song, Se Jin, Nute, Michael, Metcalf, Jessica L, Thompson, Luke R, Morton, James T, Amir, Amnon, J McKenzie, Valerie, Humphrey, Gregory, Gogul, Grant, Gaffney, James, L Baden, Andrea, A O Britton, Gillian, P Cuozzo, Frank, Di Fiore, Anthony, J Dominy, Nathaniel, L Goldberg, Tony, Gomez, Andres, Kowalewski, Martin M, J Lewis, Rebecca, Link, Andres, L Sauther, Michelle, Tecot, Stacey, A White, Bryan, E Nelson, Karen, M Stumpf, Rebecca, Knight, Rob, and R Leigh, Steven

Abstract

Over the past decade several studies have reported that the gut microbiomes of mammals with similar dietary niches exhibit similar compositional and functional traits. However, these studies rely heavily on samples from captive individuals and often confound host phylogeny, gut morphology, and diet. To more explicitly test the influence of host dietary niche on the mammalian gut microbiome we use 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and shotgun metagenomics to compare the gut microbiota of 18 species of wild non-human primates classified as either folivores or closely related non-folivores, evenly distributed throughout the primate order and representing a range of gut morphological specializations. While folivory results in some convergent microbial traits, collectively we show that the influence of host phylogeny on both gut microbial composition and function is much stronger than that of host dietary niche. This pattern does not result from differences in host geographic location or actual dietary intake at the time of sampling, but instead appears to result from differences in host physiology. These findings indicate that mammalian gut microbiome plasticity in response to dietary shifts over both the lifespan of an individual host and the evolutionary history of a given host species is constrained by host physiological evolution. Therefore, the gut microbiome cannot be considered separately from host physiology when describing host nutritional strategies and the emergence of host dietary niches.

Published
2019

2. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy in higher eukaryotes

Author

Klionsky, Daniel J., Abeliovich, Hagai, Agostinis, Patrizia, Agrawal, Devendra K., Aliev, Giumrakch, S. Askew, David, Baba, Misuzu, H. Baehrecke, Eric, A. Bahr, Ben, Ballabio, Andrea, A. Bamber, Bruce, C. Bassham, Diane, Bergamini, Ettore, Bi, Xiaoning, Biard-Piechaczyk, Martine, S. Blum, Janice, E. Breclesen, Dale, L. Brodsky, Jeffrey, H. Brumell, John, Brunk, Ulf T., Bursch, Wilfried, Camougrand, Nadine, Cebollero, Eduardo, Cecconi, Francesco, Chen, Yingyu, Chin, Lih-Shen, Choi, Augustine, T. Chu, Charleen, Chung, Jongkyeong, G. H. Clarke, Peter, S. B. Clark, Robert, G. Clarke, Steven, Clave, Corinne, L. Cleveland, John, Codogno, Patrice, I. Colombo, Maria, Coto-Montes, Ana, M. Cregg, James, Maria Cuervo, Ana, Debnath, Jayanta, Demarchi, Francesca, B. Dennis, Patrick, A. Dennis, Phillip, Deretic, Vojo, J. Devenish, Rodney, Di Sano, Federica, Fred Dice, J., DiFiglia, Marian, Dinesh-Kumar, Savithramma, W. Distelhorst, Clark, Djavaheri-Mergny, Mojgan, C. Dorsey, Frank, Droege, Wulf, Dron, Michel, A. Jr. Dunn, William, Duszenko, Michael, Tony Eissa, N., Elazar, Zvulun, Esclatine, Audrey, Eskelinen, Eeva-Liisa, Fesues, Laszlo, D. Finley, Kim, M. Fuentes, Jose, Fueyo, Juan, Fujisaki, Kozo, Galliot, Brigitte, Gao, Fen-Biao, A. Gewirtz, David, B. Gibson, Spencer, Gohla, Antje, L. Goldberg, Alfred, Gonzalez, Ramon, Gonzalez-Estevez, Cristina, Gorski, Sharon, A. Gottlieb, Roberta, Haussinger, Dieter, He, You-Wen, Heidenreich, Kim, A. Hill, Joseph, Hoyer-Hansen, Maria, Hu, Xun, Huang, Wei-Pang, Iwasaki, Akiko, Jaattela, Marja, T. Jackson, William, Jiang, Xuejun, Jin, Shengkan, Johansen, Terje, U. Jung, Jae, Kadowaki, Motoni, Kang, Chanhee, Kelekar, Ameeta, H. Kessel, David, A. K. W. Kiel, Jan, Pyo Kim, Hong, Kimchi, Adi, J. Kinsella, Timothy, Kiselyov, Kirill, Kitamoto, Katsuhiko, Knecht, Erwin, Komatsu, Masaaki, Kominami, Eiki, Kondo, Seiji, L. Kovacs, Attila, Kroemer, Guido, Kuan, Chia-Yi, Kumar, Rakesh, Kundu, Mondira, Landry, Jacques, Laporte, Marianne, Le, Weidong, Lei, Huan-Yao, J. Lenardo, Michael, Levine, Beth, Lieberman, Andrew, Lim, Kah-Leong, Lin, Fu-Cheng, Liou, Willisa, F. Liu, Leroy, Lopez-Berestein, Gabriel, Lopez-Otin, Carlos, Lu, Bo, F. Macleod, Kay, Malorni, Walter, Martinet, Wim, Matsuoka, Ken, Mautner, Josef, J. Meijer, Alfred, Melendez, Alicia, Michels, Paul, Miotto, Giovanni, P. Mistiaen, Wilhelm, Mizushima, Noboru, Mograbi, Baharia, Monastyrska, Iryna, N. Moore, Michael, I. Moreira, Paula, Moriyasu, Yuji, Motyl, Tomasz, Muenz, Christian, O. Murphy, Leon, I. Naqvi, Naweed, Neufeld, Thomas, Nishino, Ichizo, A. Nixon, Ralph, Noda, Takeshi, Nuernberg, Bernd, Ogawa, Michinaga, L. Oleinick, Nancy, J. Olsen, Laura, Ozpolat, Bulent, Paglin, Shoshana, E. Palmer, Glen, Papassideri, Issidora, Parkes, Miles, H. Perlmutter, David, Perry, George, Piacentini, Mauro, Pinkas-Kramarski, Ronit, Prescott, Mark, Proikas-Cezanne, Tassula, Raben, Nina, Rami, Abdelhaq, Reggiori, Fulvio, Rohrer, Baerbel, C. Rubinsztein, David, M. Ryan, Kevin, Sadoshima, Junichi, Sakagami, Hiroshi, Sakai, Yasuyoshi, Sandri, Marco, Sasakawa, Chihiro, Sass, Miklos, Schneider, Claudio, O. Seglen, Per, Seleverstov, Oleksandr, Settleman, Jeffre, J. Shacka, John, M. Shapiro, Irving, Sibirny, Andrei, C. M. Silva-Zacarin, Elaine, Simon, Hans-Uwe, Simone, Cristiano, Simonsen, Anne, A. Smith, Mark, Spanel-Borowski, Katharina, Srinivas, Vickram, Steeves, Meredith, Stenmark, Harald, E. Stromhaug, Per, S. Subauste, Carlos, Sugimoto, Seiichiro, Sulzer, David, Suzuki, Toshihiko, S. Swanson, Michele, Takeshita, Fumihiko, J. Talbot, Nicholas., Talloczy, Zsolt, Tanaka, Keiji, Tanaka, Kozo, Tanida, Isei, S. Taylor, Graham, Paul Taylor, J., Terman, Alexei, Tettamanti, Gianluca, B. Thompson, Craig, Thumm, Michael, M. Tolkovsky, Aviva, A. Tooze, Sharon, Truant, Ray, V. Tumanovska, Lesya, Uchiyama, Yasuo, Ueno, Takashi, L. Uzcategui, Nestor, van der Klei, Ida, C. Vaquero, Eva, Vellai, Tibor, W. Vogel, Michael, Wang, Hong-Gang, Webster, Paul, W. Wiley, John, Xi, Zhijun, Xiao, Gutian, Yahalom, Joachim, Yang, Jin-Ming, Yap, George, Yin, Xiao-Min, Yoshimori, Tamotsu, Yu, Li, Yue, Zhenyu, Yuzaki, Michisuke, Zabirnyk, Olga, Zheng, Xiaoxiang, Zhu, Xiongwei, L. Deter, Russell, Tabas, Ira, Klionsky, Daniel J., Abeliovich, Hagai, Agostinis, Patrizia, Agrawal, Devendra K., Aliev, Giumrakch, S. Askew, David, Baba, Misuzu, H. Baehrecke, Eric, A. Bahr, Ben, Ballabio, Andrea, A. Bamber, Bruce, C. Bassham, Diane, Bergamini, Ettore, Bi, Xiaoning, Biard-Piechaczyk, Martine, S. Blum, Janice, E. Breclesen, Dale, L. Brodsky, Jeffrey, H. Brumell, John, Brunk, Ulf T., Bursch, Wilfried, Camougrand, Nadine, Cebollero, Eduardo, Cecconi, Francesco, Chen, Yingyu, Chin, Lih-Shen, Choi, Augustine, T. Chu, Charleen, Chung, Jongkyeong, G. H. Clarke, Peter, S. B. Clark, Robert, G. Clarke, Steven, Clave, Corinne, L. Cleveland, John, Codogno, Patrice, I. Colombo, Maria, Coto-Montes, Ana, M. Cregg, James, Maria Cuervo, Ana, Debnath, Jayanta, Demarchi, Francesca, B. Dennis, Patrick, A. Dennis, Phillip, Deretic, Vojo, J. Devenish, Rodney, Di Sano, Federica, Fred Dice, J., DiFiglia, Marian, Dinesh-Kumar, Savithramma, W. Distelhorst, Clark, Djavaheri-Mergny, Mojgan, C. Dorsey, Frank, Droege, Wulf, Dron, Michel, A. Jr. Dunn, William, Duszenko, Michael, Tony Eissa, N., Elazar, Zvulun, Esclatine, Audrey, Eskelinen, Eeva-Liisa, Fesues, Laszlo, D. Finley, Kim, M. Fuentes, Jose, Fueyo, Juan, Fujisaki, Kozo, Galliot, Brigitte, Gao, Fen-Biao, A. Gewirtz, David, B. Gibson, Spencer, Gohla, Antje, L. Goldberg, Alfred, Gonzalez, Ramon, Gonzalez-Estevez, Cristina, Gorski, Sharon, A. Gottlieb, Roberta, Haussinger, Dieter, He, You-Wen, Heidenreich, Kim, A. Hill, Joseph, Hoyer-Hansen, Maria, Hu, Xun, Huang, Wei-Pang, Iwasaki, Akiko, Jaattela, Marja, T. Jackson, William, Jiang, Xuejun, Jin, Shengkan, Johansen, Terje, U. Jung, Jae, Kadowaki, Motoni, Kang, Chanhee, Kelekar, Ameeta, H. Kessel, David, A. K. W. Kiel, Jan, Pyo Kim, Hong, Kimchi, Adi, J. Kinsella, Timothy, Kiselyov, Kirill, Kitamoto, Katsuhiko, Knecht, Erwin, Komatsu, Masaaki, Kominami, Eiki, Kondo, Seiji, L. Kovacs, Attila, Kroemer, Guido, Kuan, Chia-Yi, Kumar, Rakesh, Kundu, Mondira, Landry, Jacques, Laporte, Marianne, Le, Weidong, Lei, Huan-Yao, J. Lenardo, Michael, Levine, Beth, Lieberman, Andrew, Lim, Kah-Leong, Lin, Fu-Cheng, Liou, Willisa, F. Liu, Leroy, Lopez-Berestein, Gabriel, Lopez-Otin, Carlos, Lu, Bo, F. Macleod, Kay, Malorni, Walter, Martinet, Wim, Matsuoka, Ken, Mautner, Josef, J. Meijer, Alfred, Melendez, Alicia, Michels, Paul, Miotto, Giovanni, P. Mistiaen, Wilhelm, Mizushima, Noboru, Mograbi, Baharia, Monastyrska, Iryna, N. Moore, Michael, I. Moreira, Paula, Moriyasu, Yuji, Motyl, Tomasz, Muenz, Christian, O. Murphy, Leon, I. Naqvi, Naweed, Neufeld, Thomas, Nishino, Ichizo, A. Nixon, Ralph, Noda, Takeshi, Nuernberg, Bernd, Ogawa, Michinaga, L. Oleinick, Nancy, J. Olsen, Laura, Ozpolat, Bulent, Paglin, Shoshana, E. Palmer, Glen, Papassideri, Issidora, Parkes, Miles, H. Perlmutter, David, Perry, George, Piacentini, Mauro, Pinkas-Kramarski, Ronit, Prescott, Mark, Proikas-Cezanne, Tassula, Raben, Nina, Rami, Abdelhaq, Reggiori, Fulvio, Rohrer, Baerbel, C. Rubinsztein, David, M. Ryan, Kevin, Sadoshima, Junichi, Sakagami, Hiroshi, Sakai, Yasuyoshi, Sandri, Marco, Sasakawa, Chihiro, Sass, Miklos, Schneider, Claudio, O. Seglen, Per, Seleverstov, Oleksandr, Settleman, Jeffre, J. Shacka, John, M. Shapiro, Irving, Sibirny, Andrei, C. M. Silva-Zacarin, Elaine, Simon, Hans-Uwe, Simone, Cristiano, Simonsen, Anne, A. Smith, Mark, Spanel-Borowski, Katharina, Srinivas, Vickram, Steeves, Meredith, Stenmark, Harald, E. Stromhaug, Per, S. Subauste, Carlos, Sugimoto, Seiichiro, Sulzer, David, Suzuki, Toshihiko, S. Swanson, Michele, Takeshita, Fumihiko, J. Talbot, Nicholas., Talloczy, Zsolt, Tanaka, Keiji, Tanaka, Kozo, Tanida, Isei, S. Taylor, Graham, Paul Taylor, J., Terman, Alexei, Tettamanti, Gianluca, B. Thompson, Craig, Thumm, Michael, M. Tolkovsky, Aviva, A. Tooze, Sharon, Truant, Ray, V. Tumanovska, Lesya, Uchiyama, Yasuo, Ueno, Takashi, L. Uzcategui, Nestor, van der Klei, Ida, C. Vaquero, Eva, Vellai, Tibor, W. Vogel, Michael, Wang, Hong-Gang, Webster, Paul, W. Wiley, John, Xi, Zhijun, Xiao, Gutian, Yahalom, Joachim, Yang, Jin-Ming, Yap, George, Yin, Xiao-Min, Yoshimori, Tamotsu, Yu, Li, Yue, Zhenyu, Yuzaki, Michisuke, Zabirnyk, Olga, Zheng, Xiaoxiang, Zhu, Xiongwei, L. Deter, Russell, and Tabas, Ira

Abstract

Research in autophagy continues to accelerate,1 and as a result many new scientists are entering the field. Accordingly, it is important to establish a standard set of criteria for monitoring macroautophagy in different organisms. Recent reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose.2,3 There are many useful and convenient methods that can be used to monitor macroautophagy in yeast, but relatively few in other model systems, and there is much confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure macroautophagy in higher eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers of autophagosomes versus those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway; thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from fully functional autophagy that includes delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of the methods that can be used by investigators who are attempting to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as by reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that investigate these processes. This set of guidelines is not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to verify an autophagic response.

Published
2008

3. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy in higher eukaryotes

Author

Klionsky, Daniel J., Abeliovich, Hagai, Agostinis, Patrizia, Agrawal, Devendra K., Aliev, Giumrakch, S. Askew, David, Baba, Misuzu, H. Baehrecke, Eric, A. Bahr, Ben, Ballabio, Andrea, A. Bamber, Bruce, C. Bassham, Diane, Bergamini, Ettore, Bi, Xiaoning, Biard-Piechaczyk, Martine, S. Blum, Janice, E. Breclesen, Dale, L. Brodsky, Jeffrey, H. Brumell, John, Brunk, Ulf T., Bursch, Wilfried, Camougrand, Nadine, Cebollero, Eduardo, Cecconi, Francesco, Chen, Yingyu, Chin, Lih-Shen, Choi, Augustine, T. Chu, Charleen, Chung, Jongkyeong, G. H. Clarke, Peter, S. B. Clark, Robert, G. Clarke, Steven, Clave, Corinne, L. Cleveland, John, Codogno, Patrice, I. Colombo, Maria, Coto-Montes, Ana, M. Cregg, James, Maria Cuervo, Ana, Debnath, Jayanta, Demarchi, Francesca, B. Dennis, Patrick, A. Dennis, Phillip, Deretic, Vojo, J. Devenish, Rodney, Di Sano, Federica, Fred Dice, J., DiFiglia, Marian, Dinesh-Kumar, Savithramma, W. Distelhorst, Clark, Djavaheri-Mergny, Mojgan, C. Dorsey, Frank, Droege, Wulf, Dron, Michel, A. Jr. Dunn, William, Duszenko, Michael, Tony Eissa, N., Elazar, Zvulun, Esclatine, Audrey, Eskelinen, Eeva-Liisa, Fesues, Laszlo, D. Finley, Kim, M. Fuentes, Jose, Fueyo, Juan, Fujisaki, Kozo, Galliot, Brigitte, Gao, Fen-Biao, A. Gewirtz, David, B. Gibson, Spencer, Gohla, Antje, L. Goldberg, Alfred, Gonzalez, Ramon, Gonzalez-Estevez, Cristina, Gorski, Sharon, A. Gottlieb, Roberta, Haussinger, Dieter, He, You-Wen, Heidenreich, Kim, A. Hill, Joseph, Hoyer-Hansen, Maria, Hu, Xun, Huang, Wei-Pang, Iwasaki, Akiko, Jaattela, Marja, T. Jackson, William, Jiang, Xuejun, Jin, Shengkan, Johansen, Terje, U. Jung, Jae, Kadowaki, Motoni, Kang, Chanhee, Kelekar, Ameeta, H. Kessel, David, A. K. W. Kiel, Jan, Pyo Kim, Hong, Kimchi, Adi, J. Kinsella, Timothy, Kiselyov, Kirill, Kitamoto, Katsuhiko, Knecht, Erwin, Komatsu, Masaaki, Kominami, Eiki, Kondo, Seiji, L. Kovacs, Attila, Kroemer, Guido, Kuan, Chia-Yi, Kumar, Rakesh, Kundu, Mondira, Landry, Jacques, Laporte, Marianne, Le, Weidong, Lei, Huan-Yao, J. Lenardo, Michael, Levine, Beth, Lieberman, Andrew, Lim, Kah-Leong, Lin, Fu-Cheng, Liou, Willisa, F. Liu, Leroy, Lopez-Berestein, Gabriel, Lopez-Otin, Carlos, Lu, Bo, F. Macleod, Kay, Malorni, Walter, Martinet, Wim, Matsuoka, Ken, Mautner, Josef, J. Meijer, Alfred, Melendez, Alicia, Michels, Paul, Miotto, Giovanni, P. Mistiaen, Wilhelm, Mizushima, Noboru, Mograbi, Baharia, Monastyrska, Iryna, N. Moore, Michael, I. Moreira, Paula, Moriyasu, Yuji, Motyl, Tomasz, Muenz, Christian, O. Murphy, Leon, I. Naqvi, Naweed, Neufeld, Thomas, Nishino, Ichizo, A. Nixon, Ralph, Noda, Takeshi, Nuernberg, Bernd, Ogawa, Michinaga, L. Oleinick, Nancy, J. Olsen, Laura, Ozpolat, Bulent, Paglin, Shoshana, E. Palmer, Glen, Papassideri, Issidora, Parkes, Miles, H. Perlmutter, David, Perry, George, Piacentini, Mauro, Pinkas-Kramarski, Ronit, Prescott, Mark, Proikas-Cezanne, Tassula, Raben, Nina, Rami, Abdelhaq, Reggiori, Fulvio, Rohrer, Baerbel, C. Rubinsztein, David, M. Ryan, Kevin, Sadoshima, Junichi, Sakagami, Hiroshi, Sakai, Yasuyoshi, Sandri, Marco, Sasakawa, Chihiro, Sass, Miklos, Schneider, Claudio, O. Seglen, Per, Seleverstov, Oleksandr, Settleman, Jeffre, J. Shacka, John, M. Shapiro, Irving, Sibirny, Andrei, C. M. Silva-Zacarin, Elaine, Simon, Hans-Uwe, Simone, Cristiano, Simonsen, Anne, A. Smith, Mark, Spanel-Borowski, Katharina, Srinivas, Vickram, Steeves, Meredith, Stenmark, Harald, E. Stromhaug, Per, S. Subauste, Carlos, Sugimoto, Seiichiro, Sulzer, David, Suzuki, Toshihiko, S. Swanson, Michele, Takeshita, Fumihiko, J. Talbot, Nicholas., Talloczy, Zsolt, Tanaka, Keiji, Tanaka, Kozo, Tanida, Isei, S. Taylor, Graham, Paul Taylor, J., Terman, Alexei, Tettamanti, Gianluca, B. Thompson, Craig, Thumm, Michael, M. Tolkovsky, Aviva, A. Tooze, Sharon, Truant, Ray, V. Tumanovska, Lesya, Uchiyama, Yasuo, Ueno, Takashi, L. Uzcategui, Nestor, van der Klei, Ida, C. Vaquero, Eva, Vellai, Tibor, W. Vogel, Michael, Wang, Hong-Gang, Webster, Paul, W. Wiley, John, Xi, Zhijun, Xiao, Gutian, Yahalom, Joachim, Yang, Jin-Ming, Yap, George, Yin, Xiao-Min, Yoshimori, Tamotsu, Yu, Li, Yue, Zhenyu, Yuzaki, Michisuke, Zabirnyk, Olga, Zheng, Xiaoxiang, Zhu, Xiongwei, L. Deter, Russell, Tabas, Ira, Klionsky, Daniel J., Abeliovich, Hagai, Agostinis, Patrizia, Agrawal, Devendra K., Aliev, Giumrakch, S. Askew, David, Baba, Misuzu, H. Baehrecke, Eric, A. Bahr, Ben, Ballabio, Andrea, A. Bamber, Bruce, C. Bassham, Diane, Bergamini, Ettore, Bi, Xiaoning, Biard-Piechaczyk, Martine, S. Blum, Janice, E. Breclesen, Dale, L. Brodsky, Jeffrey, H. Brumell, John, Brunk, Ulf T., Bursch, Wilfried, Camougrand, Nadine, Cebollero, Eduardo, Cecconi, Francesco, Chen, Yingyu, Chin, Lih-Shen, Choi, Augustine, T. Chu, Charleen, Chung, Jongkyeong, G. H. Clarke, Peter, S. B. Clark, Robert, G. Clarke, Steven, Clave, Corinne, L. Cleveland, John, Codogno, Patrice, I. Colombo, Maria, Coto-Montes, Ana, M. Cregg, James, Maria Cuervo, Ana, Debnath, Jayanta, Demarchi, Francesca, B. Dennis, Patrick, A. Dennis, Phillip, Deretic, Vojo, J. Devenish, Rodney, Di Sano, Federica, Fred Dice, J., DiFiglia, Marian, Dinesh-Kumar, Savithramma, W. Distelhorst, Clark, Djavaheri-Mergny, Mojgan, C. Dorsey, Frank, Droege, Wulf, Dron, Michel, A. Jr. Dunn, William, Duszenko, Michael, Tony Eissa, N., Elazar, Zvulun, Esclatine, Audrey, Eskelinen, Eeva-Liisa, Fesues, Laszlo, D. Finley, Kim, M. Fuentes, Jose, Fueyo, Juan, Fujisaki, Kozo, Galliot, Brigitte, Gao, Fen-Biao, A. Gewirtz, David, B. Gibson, Spencer, Gohla, Antje, L. Goldberg, Alfred, Gonzalez, Ramon, Gonzalez-Estevez, Cristina, Gorski, Sharon, A. Gottlieb, Roberta, Haussinger, Dieter, He, You-Wen, Heidenreich, Kim, A. Hill, Joseph, Hoyer-Hansen, Maria, Hu, Xun, Huang, Wei-Pang, Iwasaki, Akiko, Jaattela, Marja, T. Jackson, William, Jiang, Xuejun, Jin, Shengkan, Johansen, Terje, U. Jung, Jae, Kadowaki, Motoni, Kang, Chanhee, Kelekar, Ameeta, H. Kessel, David, A. K. W. Kiel, Jan, Pyo Kim, Hong, Kimchi, Adi, J. Kinsella, Timothy, Kiselyov, Kirill, Kitamoto, Katsuhiko, Knecht, Erwin, Komatsu, Masaaki, Kominami, Eiki, Kondo, Seiji, L. Kovacs, Attila, Kroemer, Guido, Kuan, Chia-Yi, Kumar, Rakesh, Kundu, Mondira, Landry, Jacques, Laporte, Marianne, Le, Weidong, Lei, Huan-Yao, J. Lenardo, Michael, Levine, Beth, Lieberman, Andrew, Lim, Kah-Leong, Lin, Fu-Cheng, Liou, Willisa, F. Liu, Leroy, Lopez-Berestein, Gabriel, Lopez-Otin, Carlos, Lu, Bo, F. Macleod, Kay, Malorni, Walter, Martinet, Wim, Matsuoka, Ken, Mautner, Josef, J. Meijer, Alfred, Melendez, Alicia, Michels, Paul, Miotto, Giovanni, P. Mistiaen, Wilhelm, Mizushima, Noboru, Mograbi, Baharia, Monastyrska, Iryna, N. Moore, Michael, I. Moreira, Paula, Moriyasu, Yuji, Motyl, Tomasz, Muenz, Christian, O. Murphy, Leon, I. Naqvi, Naweed, Neufeld, Thomas, Nishino, Ichizo, A. Nixon, Ralph, Noda, Takeshi, Nuernberg, Bernd, Ogawa, Michinaga, L. Oleinick, Nancy, J. Olsen, Laura, Ozpolat, Bulent, Paglin, Shoshana, E. Palmer, Glen, Papassideri, Issidora, Parkes, Miles, H. Perlmutter, David, Perry, George, Piacentini, Mauro, Pinkas-Kramarski, Ronit, Prescott, Mark, Proikas-Cezanne, Tassula, Raben, Nina, Rami, Abdelhaq, Reggiori, Fulvio, Rohrer, Baerbel, C. Rubinsztein, David, M. Ryan, Kevin, Sadoshima, Junichi, Sakagami, Hiroshi, Sakai, Yasuyoshi, Sandri, Marco, Sasakawa, Chihiro, Sass, Miklos, Schneider, Claudio, O. Seglen, Per, Seleverstov, Oleksandr, Settleman, Jeffre, J. Shacka, John, M. Shapiro, Irving, Sibirny, Andrei, C. M. Silva-Zacarin, Elaine, Simon, Hans-Uwe, Simone, Cristiano, Simonsen, Anne, A. Smith, Mark, Spanel-Borowski, Katharina, Srinivas, Vickram, Steeves, Meredith, Stenmark, Harald, E. Stromhaug, Per, S. Subauste, Carlos, Sugimoto, Seiichiro, Sulzer, David, Suzuki, Toshihiko, S. Swanson, Michele, Takeshita, Fumihiko, J. Talbot, Nicholas., Talloczy, Zsolt, Tanaka, Keiji, Tanaka, Kozo, Tanida, Isei, S. Taylor, Graham, Paul Taylor, J., Terman, Alexei, Tettamanti, Gianluca, B. Thompson, Craig, Thumm, Michael, M. Tolkovsky, Aviva, A. Tooze, Sharon, Truant, Ray, V. Tumanovska, Lesya, Uchiyama, Yasuo, Ueno, Takashi, L. Uzcategui, Nestor, van der Klei, Ida, C. Vaquero, Eva, Vellai, Tibor, W. Vogel, Michael, Wang, Hong-Gang, Webster, Paul, W. Wiley, John, Xi, Zhijun, Xiao, Gutian, Yahalom, Joachim, Yang, Jin-Ming, Yap, George, Yin, Xiao-Min, Yoshimori, Tamotsu, Yu, Li, Yue, Zhenyu, Yuzaki, Michisuke, Zabirnyk, Olga, Zheng, Xiaoxiang, Zhu, Xiongwei, L. Deter, Russell, and Tabas, Ira

Abstract

Research in autophagy continues to accelerate,1 and as a result many new scientists are entering the field. Accordingly, it is important to establish a standard set of criteria for monitoring macroautophagy in different organisms. Recent reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose.2,3 There are many useful and convenient methods that can be used to monitor macroautophagy in yeast, but relatively few in other model systems, and there is much confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure macroautophagy in higher eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers of autophagosomes versus those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway; thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from fully functional autophagy that includes delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of the methods that can be used by investigators who are attempting to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as by reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that investigate these processes. This set of guidelines is not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to verify an autophagic response.

Published
2008

4. Like It Is, October 26, 1980 (Transcript)

Author

Donald A. Tabbert; John D. Tinder; Andrew J. Brown; Arthur Johnson Jr.; Donald A. Tabbert; Lawrence M. Reuben; Lawrence "Larry" J. Hembree; Linda Mendelson; Patty Haddock; Janet Melville; Alexis S. Weissenberg; Norma L. Goldberg; Frederick B. Price; Esther E. Peterson; Gary Brown; James Perkins Jr. and Donald A. Tabbert; John D. Tinder; Andrew J. Brown; Arthur Johnson Jr.; Donald A. Tabbert; Lawrence M. Reuben; Lawrence "Larry" J. Hembree; Linda Mendelson; Patty Haddock; Janet Melville; Alexis S. Weissenberg; Norma L. Goldberg; Frederick B. Price; Esther E. Peterson; Gary Brown; James Perkins Jr.

Abstract

This audio recording transcript of WTLC's news radio show Like It Is details information on daylight saving time, endorsements for Jimmy Carter and other democratic candidates by local ministers, the acceptance of a plea bargain by a former CAAP official, updates on a discrimination case against the Riviera Club, the sentencing of a man to death, information on knitting, tips on women's business attire, an appreciation week for Indiana foster parents, an update on the Methodist LifeLine helicopter ambulance, tips for dealing with high grocery prices, an interview with pianist Alexis Weissenberg, and updates on sports including the world series, boxing, high school football, the Pacers, cross country running, and baseball.

5. Like It Is, October 26, 1980

Author

Donald A. Tabbert; John D. Tinder; Andrew J. Brown; Arthur Johnson Jr.; Donald A. Tabbert; Lawrence M. Reuben; Lawrence "Larry" J. Hembree; Linda Mendelson; Patty Haddock; Janet Melville; Alexis S. Weissenberg; Norma L. Goldberg; Frederick B. Price; Esther E. Peterson; Gary Brown; James Perkins Jr. and Donald A. Tabbert; John D. Tinder; Andrew J. Brown; Arthur Johnson Jr.; Donald A. Tabbert; Lawrence M. Reuben; Lawrence "Larry" J. Hembree; Linda Mendelson; Patty Haddock; Janet Melville; Alexis S. Weissenberg; Norma L. Goldberg; Frederick B. Price; Esther E. Peterson; Gary Brown; James Perkins Jr.

Abstract

This audio recording of WTLC's news radio show Like It Is details information on daylight saving time, endorsements for Jimmy Carter and other democratic candidates by local ministers, the acceptance of a plea bargain by a former CAAP official, updates on a discrimination case against the Riviera Club, the sentencing of a man to death, information on knitting, tips on women's business attire, an appreciation week for Indiana foster parents, an update on the Methodist LifeLine helicopter ambulance, tips for dealing with high grocery prices, an interview with pianist Alexis Weissenberg, and updates on sports including the world series, boxing, high school football, the Pacers, cross country running, and baseball.

6. Black Demands Information: Facts (May 1969)

Author

Student Council; Locklin, Wilbert E. (Wilbert Edwin); Libow, Lawrence M.; Briggs, John C.; Gough, Bradford L.; Goldberg, Steven A. and Student Council; Locklin, Wilbert E. (Wilbert Edwin); Libow, Lawrence M.; Briggs, John C.; Gough, Bradford L.; Goldberg, Steven A.

Abstract

A six-page packet of information titled "Black Demands Information: Facts" that was prepared by the Springfield College Student Council. The packet contains a number of different documents, including a copy of the 11 demands given by the Black students, message released by the Student Council dated May 12, 1969, the response to the Black Student Demands: Presented May 10, 1969 by Dr. Wilbert E. Locklin, president of Springfield College, The Faculty Statement: Concerning Black Demands dated May 12, 1969, and Chronology of Events from May 8, 1969 to May 12, 1969.

7. Black Demands Information Facts: Wednesday, May 14, 1969

Author

Student Council; Locklin, Wilbert E. (Wilbert Edwin); Libow, Lawrence M.; Briggs, John C.; Gough, Bradford L.; Goldberg, Steven A.; Costello, John J. and Student Council; Locklin, Wilbert E. (Wilbert Edwin); Libow, Lawrence M.; Briggs, John C.; Gough, Bradford L.; Goldberg, Steven A.; Costello, John J.

Abstract

A 12-page packet of information titled "Black Demands Information FACTS May 14, 1969 Wednesday" that was prepared by the Springfield College Student Council. The packet contains a number of different documents, including the original 11 Black student demands, the response to the Black Student Demands: Presented May 10, 1969 by Dr. Wilbert E. Locklin, president of Springfield College, The Faculty Statement: Concerning Black Demands dated May 12, 1969, Message to the Students of Springfield College written by Dean John J. Costello, a message released by the Council dated May 12, 1969, a Chronology of Events from May 8, 1969 to May 12, 1969, a message to black students from the Executive Board of the Student Government, a document outlining the Black Studies Program, and a list of 8 demands presented by the communities of Springfield surrounding Springfield College.

8. Black Demands Information: Facts (May 1969)

Author

Student Council; Locklin, Wilbert E. (Wilbert Edwin); Libow, Lawrence M.; Briggs, John C.; Gough, Bradford L.; Goldberg, Steven A. and Student Council; Locklin, Wilbert E. (Wilbert Edwin); Libow, Lawrence M.; Briggs, John C.; Gough, Bradford L.; Goldberg, Steven A.

Abstract

A six-page packet of information titled "Black Demands Information: Facts" that was prepared by the Springfield College Student Council. The packet contains a number of different documents, including a copy of the 11 demands given by the Black students, message released by the Student Council dated May 12, 1969, the response to the Black Student Demands: Presented May 10, 1969 by Dr. Wilbert E. Locklin, president of Springfield College, The Faculty Statement: Concerning Black Demands dated May 12, 1969, and Chronology of Events from May 8, 1969 to May 12, 1969.

9. Black Demands Information Facts: Wednesday, May 14, 1969

Author

Student Council; Locklin, Wilbert E. (Wilbert Edwin); Libow, Lawrence M.; Briggs, John C.; Gough, Bradford L.; Goldberg, Steven A.; Costello, John J. and Student Council; Locklin, Wilbert E. (Wilbert Edwin); Libow, Lawrence M.; Briggs, John C.; Gough, Bradford L.; Goldberg, Steven A.; Costello, John J.

Abstract

A 12-page packet of information titled "Black Demands Information FACTS May 14, 1969 Wednesday" that was prepared by the Springfield College Student Council. The packet contains a number of different documents, including the original 11 Black student demands, the response to the Black Student Demands: Presented May 10, 1969 by Dr. Wilbert E. Locklin, president of Springfield College, The Faculty Statement: Concerning Black Demands dated May 12, 1969, Message to the Students of Springfield College written by Dean John J. Costello, a message released by the Council dated May 12, 1969, a Chronology of Events from May 8, 1969 to May 12, 1969, a message to black students from the Executive Board of the Student Government, a document outlining the Black Studies Program, and a list of 8 demands presented by the communities of Springfield surrounding Springfield College.

10. Black Demands Information: Facts (May 1969)

Author

Student Council; Locklin, Wilbert E. (Wilbert Edwin); Libow, Lawrence M.; Briggs, John C.; Gough, Bradford L.; Goldberg, Steven A. and Student Council; Locklin, Wilbert E. (Wilbert Edwin); Libow, Lawrence M.; Briggs, John C.; Gough, Bradford L.; Goldberg, Steven A.

Abstract

A six-page packet of information titled "Black Demands Information: Facts" that was prepared by the Springfield College Student Council. The packet contains a number of different documents, including a message released by the Council dated May 12, 1969, the response to the Black Student Demands: Presented May 10, 1969 by Dr. Wilbert E. Locklin, president of Springfield College, The Faculty Statement: Concerning Black Demands dated May 12, 1969, and Chronology of Events from May 8, 1969 to May 12, 1969. The packet was Larry Libow's and is signed by him on the cover.

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