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Livsmedelsbutiker konsumerar betydande mängder energi, bland annat på grund av sina kylsystem. I kylprocessen bildas dessutom överskottsvärme som oftast går till spillo, vilket skapar stor potential för energieffektivisering. Implementering av värmeåtervinningssystem är således ett sätt att tillvarata och utnyttja denna överskottsvärme i exempelvis fastighetens värmesystem, vilket är det fall som detta arbete fokuserar på. Denna implementering kräver dock en samverkan mellan butiks- och fastighetsägare. Rapporten syftar därför till att visa att en samverkan för värmeåtervinning skulle vara lönsam för både butiks-och fastighetsägare samt underlätta utformningen av avtal och affärsmodeller för båda parter. Målet är att kartlägga de ekonomiska, tekniska och praktiska förutsättningar och utmaningar för ett energisamarbete, men också att utveckla och utvärdera avtal samt affärsmodeller. För att uppnå detta genomförs både en litteratur- och intervjustudie, som bidrar till teoretisk förståelse och praktiska insikter. Vidare resulterar arbetet i flera identifierade förutsättningar, utmaningar och incitament. Några förutsättningar är teknisk kunskap, goda relationer, intresse och incitament samt oberoende system. Utmaningar som kan uppstå utgörs bland annat av tekniska hinder, fakturering och varierande behov. Möjliga incitament kan vara ekonomisk vinst, miljöaspekter samt att övervinna befintliga tekniska utmaningar. Dessutom presenterar resultatet aspekter kring vad som kan ingå i ett avtal samt fem framtagna affärsmodeller som bygger på samverkan med ekonomisk ersättning, win-win situation och indirekt kompensation. Slutsatsen av detta arbete är att en samverkan för värmeåtervinning mellan fastighetsägare och livsmedelsbutiker är både genomförbar och lönsam. Utvecklingen och utvärderingen av avtal och affärsmodeller har dessutom visat att det är möjligt att skapa strukturerade och gynnsamma ramverk som underlättar implementeringen av värmeåtervinning. Med rätt förutsättni, Grocery stores consume significant amounts of energy, partly due to their refrigeration systems. Additionally, excess heat is generated during the cooling process, which is often wasted, creating great potential for energy efficiency improvements. Implementing heat recovery systems is thus a way to capture and utilize this excess heat in, for example, the building's heating system, which is the focus of this work. However, this implementation requires collaboration between store and property owners. The report therefore aims to demonstrate that cooperation for heat recovery would be profitable for both store and property owners and facilitate the development of agreements and business models for both parties. The goal is to map the economic, technical, and practical conditions and challenges for an energy collaboration, as well as to develop and evaluate agreements and business models. To achieve this, both a literature study and interviews are conducted, providing theoretical understanding and practical insights. Furthermore, the work results in several identified prerequisites, challenges, and incentives. Some prerequisites include technical knowledge, good relationships, interest and incentives, and independent systems. Challenges that may arise include technical barriers, billing issues, and varying needs. Possible incentives can be economic gain, environmental benefits, and overcoming existing technical challenges. Additionally, the results present aspects of what can be included in an agreement, as well as five developed business models based on cooperation with financial compensation, win-win situations, and indirect compensation. The conclusion of this work is that cooperation for heat recovery between property owners and grocery stores is both feasible and profitable. The development and evaluation of agreements and business models have also shown that it is possible to create structured and favorable frameworks that facilitate the implementation of heat re

Livsmedelsbutiker konsumerar betydande mängder energi, bland annat på grund av sina kylsystem. I kylprocessen bildas dessutom överskottsvärme som oftast går till spillo, vilket skapar stor potential för energieffektivisering. Implementering av värmeåtervinningssystem är således ett sätt att tillvarata och utnyttja denna överskottsvärme i exempelvis fastighetens värmesystem, vilket är det fall som detta arbete fokuserar på. Denna implementering kräver dock en samverkan mellan butiks- och fastighetsägare. Rapporten syftar därför till att visa att en samverkan för värmeåtervinning skulle vara lönsam för både butiks-och fastighetsägare samt underlätta utformningen av avtal och affärsmodeller för båda parter. Målet är att kartlägga de ekonomiska, tekniska och praktiska förutsättningar och utmaningar för ett energisamarbete, men också att utveckla och utvärdera avtal samt affärsmodeller. För att uppnå detta genomförs både en litteratur- och intervjustudie, som bidrar till teoretisk förståelse och praktiska insikter. Vidare resulterar arbetet i flera identifierade förutsättningar, utmaningar och incitament. Några förutsättningar är teknisk kunskap, goda relationer, intresse och incitament samt oberoende system. Utmaningar som kan uppstå utgörs bland annat av tekniska hinder, fakturering och varierande behov. Möjliga incitament kan vara ekonomisk vinst, miljöaspekter samt att övervinna befintliga tekniska utmaningar. Dessutom presenterar resultatet aspekter kring vad som kan ingå i ett avtal samt fem framtagna affärsmodeller som bygger på samverkan med ekonomisk ersättning, win-win situation och indirekt kompensation. Slutsatsen av detta arbete är att en samverkan för värmeåtervinning mellan fastighetsägare och livsmedelsbutiker är både genomförbar och lönsam. Utvecklingen och utvärderingen av avtal och affärsmodeller har dessutom visat att det är möjligt att skapa strukturerade och gynnsamma ramverk som underlättar implementeringen av värmeåtervinning. Med rätt förutsättni, Grocery stores consume significant amounts of energy, partly due to their refrigeration systems. Additionally, excess heat is generated during the cooling process, which is often wasted, creating great potential for energy efficiency improvements. Implementing heat recovery systems is thus a way to capture and utilize this excess heat in, for example, the building's heating system, which is the focus of this work. However, this implementation requires collaboration between store and property owners. The report therefore aims to demonstrate that cooperation for heat recovery would be profitable for both store and property owners and facilitate the development of agreements and business models for both parties. The goal is to map the economic, technical, and practical conditions and challenges for an energy collaboration, as well as to develop and evaluate agreements and business models. To achieve this, both a literature study and interviews are conducted, providing theoretical understanding and practical insights. Furthermore, the work results in several identified prerequisites, challenges, and incentives. Some prerequisites include technical knowledge, good relationships, interest and incentives, and independent systems. Challenges that may arise include technical barriers, billing issues, and varying needs. Possible incentives can be economic gain, environmental benefits, and overcoming existing technical challenges. Additionally, the results present aspects of what can be included in an agreement, as well as five developed business models based on cooperation with financial compensation, win-win situations, and indirect compensation. The conclusion of this work is that cooperation for heat recovery between property owners and grocery stores is both feasible and profitable. The development and evaluation of agreements and business models have also shown that it is possible to create structured and favorable frameworks that facilitate the implementation of heat re

In this essay Jon Fosse’s novel Trilogien is explored through the lens of Sigmund Freud’s well-known paper titled “Das Unheimliche”. Fosse has a significant style of writing, which is argued to have a vital influence on the content, specifically the characters and the time. The reading of Freud’s text helps to illuminate the ways in which Fosse’s story is operating on multiple levels at once. The first chapter of the analysis concerns the characters of the book, and how they can be understood by the motif of the double brought from Freud’s essay. It seems that the subject's whole being, and the story alike, is gliding. Subjects aren’t fixed in the world of Trilogien, and with the double motif we understand how that is contributing to the uncanniness felt when reading the book. Time is also not truly reliable here, it is more relative and elastic than the external world. Occurrences keep happening over and over, which are analyzed through Freud’s motif of repetition. When applied, we can see how the legacy of the family and the trauma of experience gives an explanation of how time functions in Trilogien. Lastly, the chapter of form is connected to both of the earlier chapters. Just like subjects and time are repeated, so is the text in itself with sentences being almost circular rather than linear. The story is having a hard time getting through all the worldly repetition, which seems to spill over into the content itself, creating a holistic being whose parts are drifting into each other.

In this essay Jon Fosse’s novel Trilogien is explored through the lens of Sigmund Freud’s well-known paper titled “Das Unheimliche”. Fosse has a significant style of writing, which is argued to have a vital influence on the content, specifically the characters and the time. The reading of Freud’s text helps to illuminate the ways in which Fosse’s story is operating on multiple levels at once. The first chapter of the analysis concerns the characters of the book, and how they can be understood by the motif of the double brought from Freud’s essay. It seems that the subject's whole being, and the story alike, is gliding. Subjects aren’t fixed in the world of Trilogien, and with the double motif we understand how that is contributing to the uncanniness felt when reading the book. Time is also not truly reliable here, it is more relative and elastic than the external world. Occurrences keep happening over and over, which are analyzed through Freud’s motif of repetition. When applied, we can see how the legacy of the family and the trauma of experience gives an explanation of how time functions in Trilogien. Lastly, the chapter of form is connected to both of the earlier chapters. Just like subjects and time are repeated, so is the text in itself with sentences being almost circular rather than linear. The story is having a hard time getting through all the worldly repetition, which seems to spill over into the content itself, creating a holistic being whose parts are drifting into each other.

Context: Inhalation of sulfur dioxide (SO2) affects the lungs and exposure to high concentrations can be lethal. The early pulmonary response after inhaled SO2 involves tissue injury, acute neutrophilic lung inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). In rats, long-term pulmonary fibrosis is evident 14 days post-exposure as indicated by analysis of collagen deposition in lung tissue. Early treatment with a single dose of dexamethasone (DEX,10 mg/kg) significantly attenuates the acute inflammatory response in airways. However, this single DEX-treatment is not sufficient for complete protection against SO2-induced injuries. Methods: Female Sprague–Dawley rats exposed to SO2 (2200 ppm, nose-only exposure, 10 min) were given treatments (1, 5 and 23 h after SO2-exposure) with the anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory substance Pirfenidone (PFD, 200 mg/kg) or DEX (10 mg/kg) to evaluate whether the inflammatory response, AHR and lung fibrosis could be counteracted. Results: Both treatment approaches significantly reduced the total leukocyte response in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and suppressed pulmonary edema. In contrast to DEX-treatment, PFD-treatment reduced the methacholine-induced AHR to almost control levels and partially suppressed the acute mucosal damage whereas multiple DEX-treatment was the only treatment that reduced collagen formation in lung tissue. Conclusions: To enable an accurate extrapolation of animal derived data to humans, a detailed understanding of the underlying mechanisms of the injury, and potential treatment options, is needed. The findings of the present study suggest that treatments with the capability to reduce both AHR, the inflammatory response, and fibrosis are needed to achieve a comprehensive mitigation of the acute lung injury caused by SO2.

The aim of this study was to investigate the inflammatory and immunological responses in airways and lung-draining lymph nodes (LDLNs), following lung exposure to iron oxide (hematite) nanoparticles (NPs). The responses to the hematite NPs were evaluated in both healthy non-sensitized mice, and in sensitized mice with an established allergic airway disease. The mice were exposed intratracheally to either hematite NPs or to vehicle (PBS) and the cellular responses were evaluated on days 1, 2, and 7, post-exposure. Exposure to hematite NPs increased the numbers of neutrophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes in the airways of non-sensitized mice on days 1 and 2 post-exposure; at these time points the number of lymphocytes was also elevated in the LDLNs. In contrast, exposing sensitized mice to hematite NPs induced a rapid and unspecific cellular reduction in the alveolar space on day 1 post-exposure; a similar decrease of lymphocytes was also observed in the LDLN. The results indicate that cells in the airways and in the LDLN of individuals with established airway inflammation undergo cell death when exposed to hematite NPs. A possible explanation for this toxic response is the extensive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the pro-oxidative environment of inflamed airways. This study demonstrates how sensitized and non-sensitized mice respond differently to hematite NP exposure, and it highlights the importance of including individuals with respiratory disorders when evaluating health effects of inhaled nanomaterials.

I The Pirate Bay-målet dömdes de tilltalade för medverkan till upphovsrättsintrång. De ansågs genom tillhandahållandet av internetleverantörstjänsten The Pirate Bay ha främjat brott. För att kunna aktualisera påföljder även för medverkansgärningar hänvisade HovR under målet till det medverkansansvar som enligt 23 kapitlet 4 § BrB kan åläggas den som inte anses som gärningsman men som främjat brottslig gärning med råd eller dåd. Domstolen uttrycker i målet att denna paragraf kan få orimliga konsekvenser vid en strikt ordalydelsetolkning, ändå synes det vara en liknande tolkning domstolen i slutänden använder sig utav vid aktualiserandet av medverkansansvar. Vid den bedömning domstolen gör av uppsåt för de tilltalades gärningar, framkommer det att uppsåt av svag karaktär, ett så kallat likgiltighetsuppsåt är tillräckligt. Vidare förs diskussioner från domstolens sida som framhäver att en tjänsts sociala adekvans är av betydelse för om leverantören av sidan bör anses som medhjälpare till brott. Var gränsen för en internetleverantörs ansvar egentligen går framstår onekligen som oklar, i slutänden verkar det helt vara en avvägning av den tillhandahållna tjänstens sociala adekvans i förhållande till vidtagna försiktighetsåtgärder. En sådan argumentation kan inte anses ge vidare vägledning för vad som egentligen krävs av internetleverantörer. HovR:s dom överklagades, HD beviljade dock inte prövningstillstånd för målet. HovR:s dom blev på så vis prejudicerande inför framtida mål inom ämnet. Det kan anses beklagligt att målet inte togs upp av HD då det lämnar vissa frågetecken kring vart gränsen för medhjälp till upphovsrättsintrång går. Det förekommer svårigheter att utifrån domen utreda gällande rätt och vad som faktiskt kan krävas av en internetleverantör för att denne ska kunna undgå att åläggas ett medverkansansvar., In the Pirate Bay Case, the defendants were convicted of complicity in copyright infringement. By providing the Internet service The Pirate Bay, they were considered conducive of crime. In order to bring penalties for participation deeds to the fore, the Court referred the case to the participation responsibilities under Section 23 Chapter 4 § BrB, which states that Penal Code may be imposed on those who are not considered offenders but promoting criminal activity by advice or deed. The Court expresses that the goal of this section may have a disproportionate impact if literally interpreted, yet it seems to be such an interpretation the Court ultimately used in the actual case, by judging involvement responsibilities. At the Court’s judgement of the defendants’ intent, it appears that a weak character of intent, a so-called indifference-intent, is sufficient. Furthermore, discussions of the Court highlights that a service's social adequacy is relevant when judging accessories to crimes by the provider of the web page. The limit of liability of an Internet service provider, is undeniably ambiguous, at the end it seems solely to be a question of balance between the social adequacy of the service provided and precautions taken. Such argumentation cannot be considered providing additional guidance for Internet Service Providers. Courts judgement was appealed, but not granted leave of appeal by the Supreme Court. Thus the Courts judgment will be precedent for future cases of this subject. It is to be considered unfortunate that the case was rejected by the Supreme Court, as it leaves some question marks on where the limit of action to copyright infringement goes. There are difficulties on the basis of this verdict to interpret current law and what is actually required of an Internet Service Provider to avoid being subject of a participation liability.

I The Pirate Bay-målet dömdes de tilltalade för medverkan till upphovsrättsintrång. De ansågs genom tillhandahållandet av internetleverantörstjänsten The Pirate Bay ha främjat brott. För att kunna aktualisera påföljder även för medverkansgärningar hänvisade HovR under målet till det medverkansansvar som enligt 23 kapitlet 4 § BrB kan åläggas den som inte anses som gärningsman men som främjat brottslig gärning med råd eller dåd. Domstolen uttrycker i målet att denna paragraf kan få orimliga konsekvenser vid en strikt ordalydelsetolkning, ändå synes det vara en liknande tolkning domstolen i slutänden använder sig utav vid aktualiserandet av medverkansansvar. Vid den bedömning domstolen gör av uppsåt för de tilltalades gärningar, framkommer det att uppsåt av svag karaktär, ett så kallat likgiltighetsuppsåt är tillräckligt. Vidare förs diskussioner från domstolens sida som framhäver att en tjänsts sociala adekvans är av betydelse för om leverantören av sidan bör anses som medhjälpare till brott. Var gränsen för en internetleverantörs ansvar egentligen går framstår onekligen som oklar, i slutänden verkar det helt vara en avvägning av den tillhandahållna tjänstens sociala adekvans i förhållande till vidtagna försiktighetsåtgärder. En sådan argumentation kan inte anses ge vidare vägledning för vad som egentligen krävs av internetleverantörer. HovR:s dom överklagades, HD beviljade dock inte prövningstillstånd för målet. HovR:s dom blev på så vis prejudicerande inför framtida mål inom ämnet. Det kan anses beklagligt att målet inte togs upp av HD då det lämnar vissa frågetecken kring vart gränsen för medhjälp till upphovsrättsintrång går. Det förekommer svårigheter att utifrån domen utreda gällande rätt och vad som faktiskt kan krävas av en internetleverantör för att denne ska kunna undgå att åläggas ett medverkansansvar., In the Pirate Bay Case, the defendants were convicted of complicity in copyright infringement. By providing the Internet service The Pirate Bay, they were considered conducive of crime. In order to bring penalties for participation deeds to the fore, the Court referred the case to the participation responsibilities under Section 23 Chapter 4 § BrB, which states that Penal Code may be imposed on those who are not considered offenders but promoting criminal activity by advice or deed. The Court expresses that the goal of this section may have a disproportionate impact if literally interpreted, yet it seems to be such an interpretation the Court ultimately used in the actual case, by judging involvement responsibilities. At the Court’s judgement of the defendants’ intent, it appears that a weak character of intent, a so-called indifference-intent, is sufficient. Furthermore, discussions of the Court highlights that a service's social adequacy is relevant when judging accessories to crimes by the provider of the web page. The limit of liability of an Internet service provider, is undeniably ambiguous, at the end it seems solely to be a question of balance between the social adequacy of the service provided and precautions taken. Such argumentation cannot be considered providing additional guidance for Internet Service Providers. Courts judgement was appealed, but not granted leave of appeal by the Supreme Court. Thus the Courts judgment will be precedent for future cases of this subject. It is to be considered unfortunate that the case was rejected by the Supreme Court, as it leaves some question marks on where the limit of action to copyright infringement goes. There are difficulties on the basis of this verdict to interpret current law and what is actually required of an Internet Service Provider to avoid being subject of a participation liability.

The aim of this study was to investigate the inflammatory and immunological responses in the airways and the lung-draining lymph nodes, following lung exposure to hematite nanoparticles (NPs). The responses to hematite NPs were evaluated in both non-sensitized healthy mice, and allergen-sensitized mice, in which the latter represent a group of sensitive individuals with allergic airway disease. This allergic airway disease was induced by sensitization and aerosol challenge to a respiratory allergen resulting in an established eosinophilic and lymphocytic airway inflammation at the time of NP exposure. The mice received either hematite NPs or vehicle (PBS) intratracheally and the cellular responses were evaluated on day 1, 2, and 7, following exposure. Intratracheal instillation of hematite NPs induced an increase of neutrophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes in the airways of non-sensitized mice on day 1 and 2 following exposure. At these time-points the lymphocytes in the lymph nodes were also increased. In contrast, exposure to hematite NPs in sensitized mice induced a rapid and unspecific cellular reduction in the alveolar space on the first day after exposure. A similar decrease of lymphocytes was also observed in the mediastinal lymph nodes draining the airways. The study did not indicate a reduction of inflammatory cells in the lung tissue or a translocation of cells from alveolar space to lung tissue. Although, mucociliary cellular clearance could be a possible explanation, our finding of cellular decrease also in lung draining lymph nodes point at cell death as the most likely cause to this unspecific cellular reduction. The results indicate that cells in the airways and lymph nodes of individuals with established airway inflammation undergo cell death when exposed to iron oxide NPs. A possible reason to the toxic response is extensive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the pro-oxidative environment of inflamed airways, which is further catalyzed, Forskningsfinansiär: Umeå center for environmental research, Swedish Minestry of Defence