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AI systems are increasingly being used to support human decision making. It is important that AI advice is followed appropriately. However, according to existing literature, users typically under-rely or over-rely on AI systems, and this leads to sub-optimal team performance. In this context, we investigate the role of stated system accuracy by contrasting the lack of system information with the presence of system accuracy in a loan prediction task. We explore how the degree to which humans understand system accuracy influences their reliance on the AI system, by investigating numeracy levels and with the aid of analogies to explain system accuracy in a first of its kind between-subjects study (N=281). We found that explaining the stated accuracy of a system using analogies failed to help users rely on the AI systemappropriately (i.e., the tendency of users to rely on the system when the system is correct, or on themselves otherwise). To eliminate the impact of subjective attitudes towards analogy domains, we conducted a within-subjects study (N=248) where each participant worked on tasks with analogy-based explanations from different domains. Results from this second study confirmed that explaining stated accuracy of the system with analogies was not sufficient to facilitate appropriate reliance on the AI system in the context of loan prediction tasks, irrespective of individual user differences. Based on our findings from the two studies, we reason that the under-reliance on the AI system may be a result of users' overestimation of their own ability to solve the given task. Thus, although familiar analogies can be effective in improving the intelligibility of stated accuracy of the system, an improved understanding of system accuracy does not necessarily lead to improved system reliance and team performance., Web Information Systems, Ethics & Philosophy of Technology

Ensuring "public trust" in AI seems to be a priority for policymakers and the private sector. It is expected that without public trust, such innovations cannot be implemented with legitimacy, and there is a risk of potential public backlash or resistance (for example cases of Cambridge Analytica, predictive policing, or Clearview AI). There is a rich body of research relating to public trust in data use that suggests that "building public trust" can too often place the burden on the public to be "more trusting" and will do little to address other concerns, including whether trust is a desirable and attainable characteristic of human-AI relation. I argue that there is good reason for the public not to trust AI, especially in the absence of regulatory structures that afford genuine accountability, but at the same time AI can be considered reliable. To that end, the main argument of this paper is 1. We are asked to trust an entity that cannot enter the trust relationship, because it doesn’t fulfil the conditions spelled out by the definitions of trust. 2. We are presented with a misdescription of the agent. Who we trust in fact are developers or policy makers. I also argue that the term "reliance" should be used instead of "trust", as by definition it is more fitting current AI applications. Additionally, the focus should be on framing trust as part of practices expected from AI solution providers, developers and regulators.

Ensuring "public trust" in AI seems to be a priority for policymakers and the private sector. It is expected that without public trust, such innovations cannot be implemented with legitimacy, and there is a risk of potential public backlash or resistance (for example cases of Cambridge Analytica, predictive policing, or Clearview AI). There is a rich body of research relating to public trust in data use that suggests that "building public trust" can too often place the burden on the public to be "more trusting" and will do little to address other concerns, including whether trust is a desirable and attainable characteristic of human-AI relation. I argue that there is good reason for the public not to trust AI, especially in the absence of regulatory structures that afford genuine accountability, but at the same time AI can be considered reliable. To that end, the main argument of this paper is 1. We are asked to trust an entity that cannot enter the trust relationship, because it doesn’t fulfil the conditions spelled out by the definitions of trust. 2. We are presented with a misdescription of the agent. Who we trust in fact are developers or policy makers. I also argue that the term "reliance" should be used instead of "trust", as by definition it is more fitting current AI applications. Additionally, the focus should be on framing trust as part of practices expected from AI solution providers, developers and regulators.

This study examined students’ level of academic cognitive engagement in the learning of Economics. The study was a quantitative research that employed the descriptive cross-sectional survey design. In total, 422 Senior High School Economics students were selected for the study. The Academic Cognitive Engagement Scale (ACES) was used to gather data for the study. Descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (One-Way MANOVA) were used to analyse the data. The study revealed that Economics students’ level of academic cognitive engagement was high. Also, it was found that there were statistically significant differences in Economics students’ level of academic cognitive engagement based on their school location. In addition, the study showed that there were statistically significant differences in Economics students’ academic cognitive engagement based on school category. Therefore, it was recommended that teachers should continue to engage students in instructional activities that require students to use deep strategies. Additionally, teachers in rural schools should employ teaching strategies that would help students employ deep learning strategies in the learning of Economics. Lastly, in the organisation of Continuous Professional Development (CPD) programmes and seminars for teachers on how to sustain and improve the cognitive engagement level of students, equal attention should be given to all the students in the various school categories. The practical implications of the findings are discussed in the study.

This study examined students’ level of academic cognitive engagement in the learning of Economics. The study was a quantitative research that employed the descriptive cross-sectional survey design. In total, 422 Senior High School Economics students were selected for the study. The Academic Cognitive Engagement Scale (ACES) was used to gather data for the study. Descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (One-Way MANOVA) were used to analyse the data. The study revealed that Economics students’ level of academic cognitive engagement was high. Also, it was found that there were statistically significant differences in Economics students’ level of academic cognitive engagement based on their school location. In addition, the study showed that there were statistically significant differences in Economics students’ academic cognitive engagement based on school category. Therefore, it was recommended that teachers should continue to engage students in instructional activities that require students to use deep strategies. Additionally, teachers in rural schools should employ teaching strategies that would help students employ deep learning strategies in the learning of Economics. Lastly, in the organisation of Continuous Professional Development (CPD) programmes and seminars for teachers on how to sustain and improve the cognitive engagement level of students, equal attention should be given to all the students in the various school categories. The practical implications of the findings are discussed in the study.

Customer satisfaction, a term frequently used in marketing, is a measure of how products and services supplied by a company meets customer’s expectation. It is a measurement that determines how happy customers are with a company's products, services, and capabilities. Customer satisfaction information, including surveys and ratings, can help a company to determine how to improve or changes can be taken towards its products and services. Reliance JIO Limited (RJL) a subsidiary of Reliance Industry Limited (RIL) is India's largest private sector company, which is the most first telecom operator to hold pan India unified license. The company provides all communications services except global mobile personal communication by satellite serviced. The objective of this study is to know customer's satisfaction level of reliance Jio Sim service in Mandya city. For this purpose convenient sampling technique has been used and the sample size is 120. In order to analyze the objectives of the study, several statistical methods and tests namely percentage analysis, chi square analysis, point analysis and rank method were used. The study found that respondents are satisfied with the services of JIO-SIM. The study concluded that the reliance jio limited must improve their network speed in Mandya city to reach maximum customers.

Customer satisfaction, a term frequently used in marketing, is a measure of how products and services supplied by a company meets customer’s expectation. It is a measurement that determines how happy customers are with a company's products, services, and capabilities. Customer satisfaction information, including surveys and ratings, can help a company to determine how to improve or changes can be taken towards its products and services. Reliance JIO Limited (RJL) a subsidiary of Reliance Industry Limited (RIL) is India's largest private sector company, which is the most first telecom operator to hold pan India unified license. The company provides all communications services except global mobile personal communication by satellite serviced. The objective of this study is to know customer's satisfaction level of reliance Jio Sim service in Mandya city. For this purpose convenient sampling technique has been used and the sample size is 120. In order to analyze the objectives of the study, several statistical methods and tests namely percentage analysis, chi square analysis, point analysis and rank method were used. The study found that respondents are satisfied with the services of JIO-SIM. The study concluded that the reliance jio limited must improve their network speed in Mandya city to reach maximum customers.

Since deregulation of hydrocarbon activities and the privatization of the state-run oil company in the 90’s, Argentina entered the global energy value chain in a subordinate position. This dynamic implied an adaptation to foreign processes both by international and local companies that operate transnationally, which led to a persistent drainage of resources. Under this framework, as of 2010, Argentina went through a new process of external restrictions. Even though there are several factors that explain this scarcity in currency, the energy sector had a clear effect. Thus, the objective of this article is to analyze the impact of the energy complex on the external sector during the 2003 – 2005 period. Unlike existing studies that only consider the flow of energy goods published by the INDEC, the totality of the energy complex’s current account is analyzed, as well as its capital and financial accounts, considering the Central Bank’s Foreign Exchange Balance as a source of information. In brief, this is a broader analysis that allows a deeper understanding of the flow of currency from the energy sector., Desde la desregulación de la actividad hidrocarburífera y la privatización de la petrolera estatal en la década de los años de 1990, Argentina ingresó de forma subordinada en la cadena de valor global de la energía. Esta dinámica implicó una adaptación a los procesos del exterior tanto por parte de las empresas internacionales como de las locales que operan de forma transnacionalizada, lo que derivó en un persistente drenaje de recursos al exterior. Bajo este marco, a partir de 2010 Argentina experimentó un nuevo proceso de restricción externa. Si bien son varios los factores que explican esta escasez de divisas, el sector energético tuvo una clara incidencia. Así, el objetivo de este artículo es analizar el impacto del complejo energético en el sector externo durante el período 2003-2015. A diferencia de los estudios existentes que consideran únicamente el flujo de bienes energéticos publicados por el INDEC, aquí se analiza la totalidad de la cuenta corriente del complejo energético, así como también la cuenta capital y financiera, considerando como fuente de información el Balance Cambiario del Banco Central. Se trata —en suma— de un análisis más amplio que permite tener una comprensión más cabal del flujo de divisas del sector energético.

Customer satisfaction, a term frequently used in marketing, is a measure of how products and services supplied by a company meets customer’s expectation. It is a measurement that determines how happy customers are with a company's products, services, and capabilities. Customer satisfaction information, including surveys and ratings, can help a company to determine how to improve or changes can be taken towards its products and services. Reliance JIO Limited (RJL) a subsidiary of Reliance Industry Limited (RIL) is India's largest private sector company, which is the most first telecom operator to hold pan India unified license. The company provides all communications services except global mobile personal communication by satellite serviced. The objective of this study is to know customer's satisfaction level of reliance Jio Sim service in Mandya city. For this purpose convenient sampling technique has been used and the sample size is 120. In order to analyze the objectives of the study, several statistical methods and tests namely percentage analysis, chi square analysis, point analysis and rank method were used. The study found that respondents are satisfied with the services of JIO-SIM. The study concluded that the reliance jio limited must improve their network speed in Mandya city to reach maximum customers.

Customer satisfaction, a term frequently used in marketing, is a measure of how products and services supplied by a company meets customer’s expectation. It is a measurement that determines how happy customers are with a company's products, services, and capabilities. Customer satisfaction information, including surveys and ratings, can help a company to determine how to improve or changes can be taken towards its products and services. Reliance JIO Limited (RJL) a subsidiary of Reliance Industry Limited (RIL) is India's largest private sector company, which is the most first telecom operator to hold pan India unified license. The company provides all communications services except global mobile personal communication by satellite serviced. The objective of this study is to know customer's satisfaction level of reliance Jio Sim service in Mandya city. For this purpose convenient sampling technique has been used and the sample size is 120. In order to analyze the objectives of the study, several statistical methods and tests namely percentage analysis, chi square analysis, point analysis and rank method were used. The study found that respondents are satisfied with the services of JIO-SIM. The study concluded that the reliance jio limited must improve their network speed in Mandya city to reach maximum customers.

Since deregulation of hydrocarbon activities and the privatization of the state-run oil company in the 90’s, Argentina entered the global energy value chain in a subordinate position. This dynamic implied an adaptation to foreign processes both by international and local companies that operate transnationally, which led to a persistent drainage of resources. Under this framework, as of 2010, Argentina went through a new process of external restrictions. Even though there are several factors that explain this scarcity in currency, the energy sector had a clear effect. Thus, the objective of this article is to analyze the impact of the energy complex on the external sector during the 2003 – 2005 period. Unlike existing studies that only consider the flow of energy goods published by the INDEC, the totality of the energy complex’s current account is analyzed, as well as its capital and financial accounts, considering the Central Bank’s Foreign Exchange Balance as a source of information. In brief, this is a broader analysis that allows a deeper understanding of the flow of currency from the energy sector., Desde la desregulación de la actividad hidrocarburífera y la privatización de la petrolera estatal en la década de los años de 1990, Argentina ingresó de forma subordinada en la cadena de valor global de la energía. Esta dinámica implicó una adaptación a los procesos del exterior tanto por parte de las empresas internacionales como de las locales que operan de forma transnacionalizada, lo que derivó en un persistente drenaje de recursos al exterior. Bajo este marco, a partir de 2010 Argentina experimentó un nuevo proceso de restricción externa. Si bien son varios los factores que explican esta escasez de divisas, el sector energético tuvo una clara incidencia. Así, el objetivo de este artículo es analizar el impacto del complejo energético en el sector externo durante el período 2003-2015. A diferencia de los estudios existentes que consideran únicamente el flujo de bienes energéticos publicados por el INDEC, aquí se analiza la totalidad de la cuenta corriente del complejo energético, así como también la cuenta capital y financiera, considerando como fuente de información el Balance Cambiario del Banco Central. Se trata —en suma— de un análisis más amplio que permite tener una comprensión más cabal del flujo de divisas del sector energético.

Advancements in technology have accelerated the utilization of unmanned systems, which has led to an increased adoption rate of military human-machine teams. This study explored human reliance on automation in the context of stress, motivation, and automation reliability. A laboratory experiment was conducted with participants who were exposed to either a high- or low-stress condition and motivation or non-motivation condition. The participants executed a series of tasks alongside two automated decision aids that differed in reliability, and their decision on whether or not to rely on the decision aids was the measure of interest. The results indicate that the aid’s reliability was the primary driver for reliance decisions such that the participants relied on the high-reliability aid more than on the low-reliability aid. The aid’s reliability also affected the participants’ reaction times, such that they made decisions with the high-reliability aid faster than with the low-reliability aid. Finally, motivation had a significant effect on reliance decisions of the male participants such that in the stress condition, and when they were motivated, males relied on the decision aids more than when they were not motivated. More research is needed to fully understand the effects investigated in this experiment, and future studies should include a larger female population to allow for exploration of gender differences., Outstanding Thesis, Captain, United States Marine Corps, Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

Customer satisfaction, a term frequently used in marketing, is a measure of how products and services supplied by a company meets customer’s expectation. It is a measurement that determines how happy customers are with a company's products, services, and capabilities. Customer satisfaction information, including surveys and ratings, can help a company to determine how to improve or changes can be taken towards its products and services. Reliance JIO Limited (RJL) a subsidiary of Reliance Industry Limited (RIL) is India's largest private sector company, which is the most first telecom operator to hold pan India unified license. The company provides all communications services except global mobile personal communication by satellite serviced. The objective of this study is to know customer's satisfaction level of reliance Jio Sim service in Mandya city. For this purpose convenient sampling technique has been used and the sample size is 120. In order to analyze the objectives of the study, several statistical methods and tests namely percentage analysis, chi square analysis, point analysis and rank method were used. The study found that respondents are satisfied with the services of JIO-SIM. The study concluded that the reliance jio limited must improve their network speed in Mandya city to reach maximum customers.

In today's high pace of globalization and constant development of organizations, it is highly crucial that companies are able to adapt and figure out how to do things differently, such as to resolve how to streamline their work with the resources they have in the best possible way. One way of doing this is through the concept of Self-leadership which is a phenomenon providing the employees with more freedom and working independently more frequently without constant external executive control. Therefore, the authors of this paper have studied how the employees can use self-leadership with the purpose to examine if self-leadership can be used as a universal concept as well as in which situations it can be utilized. Thus, this master's thesis aims to contribute to the theoretical and empirical findings regarding this concept. This, by presenting various theories about the aspects of self-leadership in order to get a better understanding of how trust, communication and reliance may facilitate the entire process and how the leader of an organization could affect the practice and outcome of self-leadership. In order to provide a more in-depth aspect regarding the individuals practicing it on a daily basis, the authors have also studied the psychological aspects that may affect the practice, bearing in mind the cultural aspects that one possesses to see how these two factors may be intertwined to the concept of self-leadership. Additionally, the authors have studied the pros and cons with self-leadership as well as to find out whether or not self-leadership can be used as a universal concept that can be applicable in all working situations, independent of what role one has or in what sector one operates in, which is also one of the focal points of this study. Further, it has been examined to what extent self-leadership affects the performance of the person practicing it. Based on the theoretical findings and empirical data collected from practitioners working with self-lea

Customer satisfaction, a term frequently used in marketing, is a measure of how products and services supplied by a company meets customer’s expectation. It is a measurement that determines how happy customers are with a company's products, services, and capabilities. Customer satisfaction information, including surveys and ratings, can help a company to determine how to improve or changes can be taken towards its products and services. Reliance JIO Limited (RJL) a subsidiary of Reliance Industry Limited (RIL) is India's largest private sector company, which is the most first telecom operator to hold pan India unified license. The company provides all communications services except global mobile personal communication by satellite serviced. The objective of this study is to know customer's satisfaction level of reliance Jio Sim service in Mandya city. For this purpose convenient sampling technique has been used and the sample size is 120. In order to analyze the objectives of the study, several statistical methods and tests namely percentage analysis, chi square analysis, point analysis and rank method were used. The study found that respondents are satisfied with the services of JIO-SIM. The study concluded that the reliance jio limited must improve their network speed in Mandya city to reach maximum customers.

Customer satisfaction, a term frequently used in marketing, is a measure of how products and services supplied by a company meets customer’s expectation. It is a measurement that determines how happy customers are with a company's products, services, and capabilities. Customer satisfaction information, including surveys and ratings, can help a company to determine how to improve or changes can be taken towards its products and services. Reliance JIO Limited (RJL) a subsidiary of Reliance Industry Limited (RIL) is India's largest private sector company, which is the most first telecom operator to hold pan India unified license. The company provides all communications services except global mobile personal communication by satellite serviced. The objective of this study is to know customer's satisfaction level of reliance Jio Sim service in Mandya city. For this purpose convenient sampling technique has been used and the sample size is 120. In order to analyze the objectives of the study, several statistical methods and tests namely percentage analysis, chi square analysis, point analysis and rank method were used. The study found that respondents are satisfied with the services of JIO-SIM. The study concluded that the reliance jio limited must improve their network speed in Mandya city to reach maximum customers.

In today's high pace of globalization and constant development of organizations, it is highly crucial that companies are able to adapt and figure out how to do things differently, such as to resolve how to streamline their work with the resources they have in the best possible way. One way of doing this is through the concept of Self-leadership which is a phenomenon providing the employees with more freedom and working independently more frequently without constant external executive control. Therefore, the authors of this paper have studied how the employees can use self-leadership with the purpose to examine if self-leadership can be used as a universal concept as well as in which situations it can be utilized. Thus, this master's thesis aims to contribute to the theoretical and empirical findings regarding this concept. This, by presenting various theories about the aspects of self-leadership in order to get a better understanding of how trust, communication and reliance may facilitate the entire process and how the leader of an organization could affect the practice and outcome of self-leadership. In order to provide a more in-depth aspect regarding the individuals practicing it on a daily basis, the authors have also studied the psychological aspects that may affect the practice, bearing in mind the cultural aspects that one possesses to see how these two factors may be intertwined to the concept of self-leadership. Additionally, the authors have studied the pros and cons with self-leadership as well as to find out whether or not self-leadership can be used as a universal concept that can be applicable in all working situations, independent of what role one has or in what sector one operates in, which is also one of the focal points of this study. Further, it has been examined to what extent self-leadership affects the performance of the person practicing it. Based on the theoretical findings and empirical data collected from practitioners working with self-lea

Customer satisfaction, a term frequently used in marketing, is a measure of how products and services supplied by a company meets customer’s expectation. It is a measurement that determines how happy customers are with a company's products, services, and capabilities. Customer satisfaction information, including surveys and ratings, can help a company to determine how to improve or changes can be taken towards its products and services. Reliance JIO Limited (RJL) a subsidiary of Reliance Industry Limited (RIL) is India's largest private sector company, which is the most first telecom operator to hold pan India unified license. The company provides all communications services except global mobile personal communication by satellite serviced. The objective of this study is to know customer's satisfaction level of reliance Jio Sim service in Mandya city. For this purpose convenient sampling technique has been used and the sample size is 120. In order to analyze the objectives of the study, several statistical methods and tests namely percentage analysis, chi square analysis, point analysis and rank method were used. The study found that respondents are satisfied with the services of JIO-SIM. The study concluded that the reliance jio limited must improve their network speed in Mandya city to reach maximum customers.

The objective of this research is to explore how external auditors rely on the work of internal auditors in audit firms in China. This study uses a qualitative method of semi-structured data collection interviews. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with internal auditors and external auditors working in China. On the basis of a summary of the existing literature on internal audit, external audit, the reliance of external audits on internal audit and audit quality, this paper analyses and compares the external auditor’s reliance on internal audit and conceptualizes the results of the data analysis. Nevertheless, according to interviews, at present, small and medium- sized enterprises rarely set up an internal audit department, only large companies and government departments in China set up an internal audit, because, firstly, the cost of an internal audit, secondly , the lack of professional internal audit staff and internal audit outsourcing in China is of this kind of legal form. The study showed that the qualitative analysis has provided evidence of the dependence of external audits on internal audits continue to exist in China. In addition, the study showed that Internal auditing needs to maintain independence and objectivity, while external auditing needs to ensure professionalism, independence and authenticity. To a certain extent, external audit relies on internal audit to save time and improve efficiency in order to improve audit quality in china. However, this dependence is based on the independence of the internal audit and the external audit and cannot be entirely dependent on the authenticity that will lead to the recurrence of similar Yin Guangxia incidents.

Health and education are fundamental aspects of human and social development, which we will analyze through the lens of the Socio-phenomenological approach applied in both health promotion and education. Health is constitutively related to education, and it cannot be intended just as a psycho-biological condition. Self-determination of our own health requires assuming responsibility and active citizenship. The right of deciding about our own health cannot be automatically accomplished through an «innate» capacity, but it requires education, metaphorically intended as a flywheel that initially allows the individual to acquire awareness of his/her health needs/desires and, later, to assume a political position in the community, in order to make those needs/desires acknowledged. How can we avoid to reduce health promotion activities in schools and community to standardized practices, which do not consider the embodied needs/desires of the individuals? The Socio-phenomenological approach calls to the «human» component of preventive activities, connecting the individuals’ need for wellbeing with the common good.

The present longitudinal study described developmental patterns of perceived psychological need satisfaction (PNS) from the end of elementary school to the end of high school and their contribution to school adjustment at the end of high school. The first goal thus consisted in estimating whether developmental trajectories of perceived PNS were homogeneous (i.e., all students reported similar developmental patterns) or heterogeneous (i.e., there were several distinct developmental trajectories). The second goal involved comparing trajectory groups on dimensions of school adjustment (social, academic, and emotional–personal). A stratified sample of 609 students (277 boys, 332 girls) was surveyed annually on a 6-year period, from the end of elementary school until the end of high school. Results of group-based trajectory modeling (Nagin, 1999, 2005) revealed that developmental trajectories of PNS were heterogeneous for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. For each need, four distinct developmental patterns were identified. These trajectories varied in shape, composition, and magnitude such that some students reported increasing PNS over time while others reported stable or decreasing PNS. Results from multivariate analyses revealed that students in upper trajectories (e.g., reporting higher levels of PNS, either stable or increasing) generally reported higher levels of academic, social, and personal–emotional adjustment at the end of high school. Results are discussed with respect to their implications for research and interventions.

The objective of this research is to explore how external auditors rely on the work of internal auditors in audit firms in China. This study uses a qualitative method of semi-structured data collection interviews. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with internal auditors and external auditors working in China. On the basis of a summary of the existing literature on internal audit, external audit, the reliance of external audits on internal audit and audit quality, this paper analyses and compares the external auditor’s reliance on internal audit and conceptualizes the results of the data analysis. Nevertheless, according to interviews, at present, small and medium- sized enterprises rarely set up an internal audit department, only large companies and government departments in China set up an internal audit, because, firstly, the cost of an internal audit, secondly , the lack of professional internal audit staff and internal audit outsourcing in China is of this kind of legal form. The study showed that the qualitative analysis has provided evidence of the dependence of external audits on internal audits continue to exist in China. In addition, the study showed that Internal auditing needs to maintain independence and objectivity, while external auditing needs to ensure professionalism, independence and authenticity. To a certain extent, external audit relies on internal audit to save time and improve efficiency in order to improve audit quality in china. However, this dependence is based on the independence of the internal audit and the external audit and cannot be entirely dependent on the authenticity that will lead to the recurrence of similar Yin Guangxia incidents.

En hommage à Edgar Morin, nous centrons la présente contribution sur le débat de la complexité en éducation, dans un contexte spécifique celui des planifications curriculaires et des programmes de formation en santé, et sur un objet particulier, celui des taxonomies en éducation. Au départ, nous formulons un triple postulat :épistémologique, celui d’un glissement de l’objet d’enseignement et d’apprentissage du savoir vers la pratique dans une perspective constructiviste (Le Moigne, 2012) et pragmatiste (Steiner, 2008) ;anthropologique, celui d’une ouverture à la pluralité des savoirs (Coutellec, 2015 ;Schurmans, 2006) permettant de rencontrer l’être humain dans toute sa complexité ;éthique, celui d’une interprétation non téléologique de l’intentionnalité de l’agir humain en référence aux travaux de Hans Joas (Joas, 2001). Le concept de « l’agir-adéquatement-en-santé » présente ce triple postulat de départ et constitue l’objet de la taxonomie de l’approche par compétences intégrée au regard des quatre critères de la systémique de Durand (2010) :la globalité, l’organisation, l’interaction et la complexité. Outre les ouvertures réflexives émises lors de la présentation de la taxonomie (comme celles liées à la reliance, à la relecture husserlienne du sujet transcendantal), la discussion finale en soulève d’autres comme la nécessité d’approfondir et de prolonger la réflexion de Kant en faisant appel, d’une part aux théories de l’action, et d’autre part à la théorie de la créativité de l’agir développée par Hans Joas (2001)., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Background and aims: Little is known about the evolutionary and ecological drivers of carnivory in plants, particularly for those terrestrial species that do not occur in typical swamp or bog habitats. The Mediterranean endemic Drosophyllum lusitanicum (Drosophyllaceae) is one of very few terrestrial carnivorous plant species outside of Australia to occur in seasonally dry, fire-prone habitats, and is thus an ecological rarity. Here we assess the nutritional benefits of prey capture for D. lusitanicum under differing levels of soil fertility in situ. Methods: We measured the total nitrogen and stable nitrogen and carbon isotope ratios of D. lusitanicum leaves, neighbouring non-carnivorous plant leaves, and groups of insect prey in three populations in southern Spain. We calculated trophic enrichment (ϵ15N) and estimated the proportion of prey-derived nitrogen (%Nprey) in D. lusitanicum leaves, and related these factors to soil chemistry parameters measured at each site. Key results: In all three populations studied, D. lusitanicum plants were significantly isotopically enriched compared with neighbouring non-carnivorous plants. We estimated that D. lusitanicum gain ~36 %Nprey at the Puerto de Gáliz site, ~54 %Nprey at the Sierra Carbonera site and ~75 %Nprey at the Montera del Torero site. Enrichment in N isotope (ϵ15N) differed considerably among sites; however, it was not found to be significantly related to log10(soil N), log10(soil P) or log10(soil K). Conclusions: Drosophyllum lusitanicum individuals gain a significant nutritional benefit from captured prey in their natural habitat, exhibiting proportions of prey-derived nitrogen that are similar to those recorded for carnivorous plants occurring in more mesic environments. This study adds to the growing body of literature confirming that carnivory is a highly beneficial nutritional strategy not only in mesic habitats but also in seasonally dry environments, and provides insights to inform conservation strategi

This longitudinal study examined the role of school attachment and three sources of relatedness (friends, parents, teachers) in predicting students’ intrinsic and identified regulation. A total of 946 high school students from disadvantaged neighborhoods completed self-report measures. Results of a CFA provided support for the distinctiveness of the sources of relatedness and school attachment. Results of SEM revealed that school attachment predicted intrinsic regulation, whereas relatedness to teachers predicted identified regulation. Relatedness to parents and friends did not explain a significant percentage of the variance in outcomes. All results were obtained while controlling for initial levels of the outcomes. In sum, students with low levels of intrinsic and identified regulation for learning activities may benefit from practices designed to increase school attachment and relatedness with their teachers.

Inom den kommunala revisionen samarbetar förtroendevalda och externa revisorer för att tillsammans genomföra en granskning av kommunens räkenskaper och förvaltning. Kommunfullmäktige utser politiskt utvalda förtroendevalda revisorer och de ska enligt kommunallagen biträdas av externa revisorer för att kunna fullgöra sitt uppdrag utifrån god revisionssed. Majoriteten av kommunerna i Skåne väljer att upphandla en extern revisionsbyrå på marknaden, där PwC, KPMG samt EY tillhörande the Big 4 konkurrerar om att bli upphandlade. Relationen mellan de externa och förtroendevalda revisorerna är outforskad och syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka relationen mellan de förtroendevalda revisorerna och de externa revisorerna, och vidare granska hur samarbetet fungerar och för vem revisionen skapar värde. Tre kommuner i Skåne har medverkat i uppsatsen där tre förtroendevalda samt fyra externa revisorer från kommunernas upphandlade revisionsbyrå intervjuats. Utifrån studiens empiriska material har tre aspekter av relationen identifierats: relationens uppkomst, relationens utformning samt relationens slutliga framställning. Relationen uppstår efter en upphandlingsprocess där relationens utformning bland annat influeras av de fem elementen reliance, competence, independence, earlier work performancesamt trust. De förtroendevalda revisorerna måste uppleva en tillit till det arbete som de externa revisorerna utför eftersom de externa framställer underlag, rapporter och revisionsberättelsen åt de förtroendevaldas vägnar. Competence, independence, earlier work performancehar en inverkan på graden av upplevd relianceoch trustär ett element som är av stor vikt för ett effektivt samarbete och revisionskvalitén. Relationens slutliga framställning är en revisionsberättelse som är tänkt att bidra som underlag till kommunfullmäktige och skapa värde för allmänheten., The municipal audit system in Sweden consists of political appointed and external auditors that together audit the municipality's accounts and management. The municipal council elects politically appointed auditors, which are assisted by external auditors in order to fulfill their assignment according to the Swedish municipal law. The majority of the municipalities acquire external auditors from PwC, KPMG or EY. The relationship between the political and the external auditors is unexplored and the purpose of this thesis is to investigate the relationship between the political and the external auditors, and examine how the cooperation works and to whom the audit system creates value for. Three political auditors and four external auditors from three municipalities were interviewed. Based on the empirical material, three aspects of the relationship have been identified: the origin of the relation, the relationship's configuration and the relationship's final output. The relationship begins when the municipality selects an external audit firm. The relationship's configuration is influenced by five elements: reliance, competence, independence, earlier work performance and trust. The political auditors experience a high level of confidence in the work made by the external auditors, as the external auditors construct the audit reports on behalf of the political auditors. Competence, independence and earlier work performance have an impact on the extent of reliance and trust is of great importance for an effective collaboration. The output of the relationship is an audit report that is intended to be of value for both the council and the public.

Youths' help-seeking orientation on the individual level, and the presence of bonding and bridging social capital at the contextual level, are important factors in explaining at-risk urban youths' self-sufficiency. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 22 at-risk youths aged 15-25 years in an urban area, to study youths' perceptions of help-seeking and social capital. Consequently, we attempted to uncover the associations between these concepts. The results indicate that only few youths had positive help-seeking orientations, irrespective of their preference for self-reliance. Sources of help that youths feel comfortable to activate in their immediate environment are limited, but support is also found in extended family members. Bridging social capital is mainly provided by professionals and comprises instrumental and informational support. Many youths believe they can be understood only by individuals who are similar to them, but simultaneously indicate a need for additional support from significant others.

Without the maternal hold, without its herethical ethics and sublimation, without the stability (fragile as it may be) that this hold can bring, we are melancholically or defensively driven to commit the most heinous acts of atrocity and violence in the name of eternal life, development, and progress. For the most part, Kristeva has described the combination of personal loss and social, cultural, and historical pressures brought to bear on the vexed (but ultimately successful) sublimation of the maternal hold by artists like Giovanni Bellini. More recently, however, her attention has turned to other contemporary examples, in particular, Max Beckmann whose works, she claims, sublimate the loss of the maternal hold itself. They are examples of a Sacred Family, a Pietà, or a Dormition that have undergone a radical transformation. They are representations of a society, a culture, indeed a world, that is losing its maternal hold; a world that is losing both its herethical ethics, and the capacity to sublimate its apoptotic inheritance. Following Kristeva, I will put Eduardo Lalo’s book of poems and drawings Necrópolis (2014) in a tradition of representation of the maternal hold that is close to a thousand years old. This tradition goes from the confrontation with nothingness in Theophane the Greek’s Dormition (1392) to the modern matricide represented in Pablo Picasso’s Maternity Apple (1971).

Youths' help-seeking orientation on the individual level, and the presence of bonding and bridging social capital at the contextual level, are important factors in explaining at-risk urban youths' self-sufficiency. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 22 at-risk youths aged 15-25 years in an urban area, to study youths' perceptions of help-seeking and social capital. Consequently, we attempted to uncover the associations between these concepts. The results indicate that only few youths had positive help-seeking orientations, irrespective of their preference for self-reliance. Sources of help that youths feel comfortable to activate in their immediate environment are limited, but support is also found in extended family members. Bridging social capital is mainly provided by professionals and comprises instrumental and informational support. Many youths believe they can be understood only by individuals who are similar to them, but simultaneously indicate a need for additional support from significant others.

The purpose of this study is to explore how external auditors experience their decision to rely on internal auditors’ work. This study employs both qualitative and quantitative methods consisting of semi-structured interviews and questionnaires administered to external auditors in Sweden. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with external auditors who are working in Big 4 audit firms in Sweden and have engagements with internal audit functions. A questionnaire was administered to authorized/approved auditors, members of the Swedish Association of Certified Public Accountants (FAR). Findings indicate that external auditors use the work of internal auditors as they gain efficiency in performing their work. Nevertheless, external auditors may compromise their independence and professionalism through closer involvement with internal auditors, which may lead to uncritical evaluation and use of the reports prepared by internal auditors. At the same time, while relying on the internal auditors’ reports, external auditors appear to be conscious of the consequences for the audit quality they deliver. The study highlights the dilemma faced by external auditors in their cooperative work with internal auditors and the balance/imbalance in their opinions concerning efficiency gains, independence, professionalism and audit quality. © 2018, The Author(s).

The purpose of this study is to explore how external auditors experience their decision to rely on internal auditors’ work. This study employs both qualitative and quantitative methods consisting of semi-structured interviews and questionnaires administered to external auditors in Sweden. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with external auditors who are working in Big 4 audit firms in Sweden and have engagements with internal audit functions. A questionnaire was administered to authorized/approved auditors, members of the Swedish Association of Certified Public Accountants (FAR). Findings indicate that external auditors use the work of internal auditors as they gain efficiency in performing their work. Nevertheless, external auditors may compromise their independence and professionalism through closer involvement with internal auditors, which may lead to uncritical evaluation and use of the reports prepared by internal auditors. At the same time, while relying on the internal auditors’ reports, external auditors appear to be conscious of the consequences for the audit quality they deliver. The study highlights the dilemma faced by external auditors in their cooperative work with internal auditors and the balance/imbalance in their opinions concerning efficiency gains, independence, professionalism and audit quality.

Inom den kommunala revisionen samarbetar förtroendevalda och externa revisorer för att tillsammans genomföra en granskning av kommunens räkenskaper och förvaltning. Kommunfullmäktige utser politiskt utvalda förtroendevalda revisorer och de ska enligt kommunallagen biträdas av externa revisorer för att kunna fullgöra sitt uppdrag utifrån god revisionssed. Majoriteten av kommunerna i Skåne väljer att upphandla en extern revisionsbyrå på marknaden, där PwC, KPMG samt EY tillhörande the Big 4 konkurrerar om att bli upphandlade. Relationen mellan de externa och förtroendevalda revisorerna är outforskad och syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka relationen mellan de förtroendevalda revisorerna och de externa revisorerna, och vidare granska hur samarbetet fungerar och för vem revisionen skapar värde. Tre kommuner i Skåne har medverkat i uppsatsen där tre förtroendevalda samt fyra externa revisorer från kommunernas upphandlade revisionsbyrå intervjuats. Utifrån studiens empiriska material har tre aspekter av relationen identifierats: relationens uppkomst, relationens utformning samt relationens slutliga framställning. Relationen uppstår efter en upphandlingsprocess där relationens utformning bland annat influeras av de fem elementen reliance, competence, independence, earlier work performancesamt trust. De förtroendevalda revisorerna måste uppleva en tillit till det arbete som de externa revisorerna utför eftersom de externa framställer underlag, rapporter och revisionsberättelsen åt de förtroendevaldas vägnar. Competence, independence, earlier work performancehar en inverkan på graden av upplevd relianceoch trustär ett element som är av stor vikt för ett effektivt samarbete och revisionskvalitén. Relationens slutliga framställning är en revisionsberättelse som är tänkt att bidra som underlag till kommunfullmäktige och skapa värde för allmänheten., The municipal audit system in Sweden consists of political appointed and external auditors that together audit the municipality's accounts and management. The municipal council elects politically appointed auditors, which are assisted by external auditors in order to fulfill their assignment according to the Swedish municipal law. The majority of the municipalities acquire external auditors from PwC, KPMG or EY. The relationship between the political and the external auditors is unexplored and the purpose of this thesis is to investigate the relationship between the political and the external auditors, and examine how the cooperation works and to whom the audit system creates value for. Three political auditors and four external auditors from three municipalities were interviewed. Based on the empirical material, three aspects of the relationship have been identified: the origin of the relation, the relationship's configuration and the relationship's final output. The relationship begins when the municipality selects an external audit firm. The relationship's configuration is influenced by five elements: reliance, competence, independence, earlier work performance and trust. The political auditors experience a high level of confidence in the work made by the external auditors, as the external auditors construct the audit reports on behalf of the political auditors. Competence, independence and earlier work performance have an impact on the extent of reliance and trust is of great importance for an effective collaboration. The output of the relationship is an audit report that is intended to be of value for both the council and the public.

Equitable access to medicines is a right of all patients and they may have great expectations of rapid and efficient regulatory processes that contribute to accelerated access to safe and effective innovative new medicines. A variety of approaches have been developed to accelerate the regulatory review of medicines. We characterise these expedited pathways as facilitated regulatory pathways (FRPs): designed to accelerate product development, the submission of market authorisation applications, and regulatory reviews. The goal of FRPs is to speed the assessment of new drugs often for serious diseases or where there is an unmet medical need. But FRPs may be applicable to a broader group of products, including generics, biologics and vaccines. In spite of the on-going trend towards global regulatory convergence, no internationally relevant guidelines or best practices have been promulgated that describe the elements or conditions needed to implement an accelerated regulatory review pathway. The diversity of FRPs found across high-, middle- and low-income countries creates confusion for stakeholders, with uncertainty about the accelerated review requirements and processes across jurisdictions; this results in patients questioning the timing or divergences in access to important medicines. Therefore, this research was conducted to identify and characterise the key building blocks that provide context and support for the efficient use of FRPs. We hypothesised that through the methodical assessment of four key themes (stakeholder support and the regulatory environment; processes that contribute to predictability in regulatory decision making; use and interpretation of evidence associated with regulatory outcomes; post-authorisation assessments) we would be able to characterise a globally applicable pragmatic framework for the use of a diverse set of currently available FRPs. This thesis presents our observations that support our proposal for a globally applicable approach

This longitudinal study examined the role of school attachment and three sources of relatedness (friends, parents, teachers) in predicting students’ intrinsic and identified regulation. A total of 946 high school students from disadvantaged neighborhoods completed self-report measures. Results of a CFA provided support for the distinctiveness of the sources of relatedness and school attachment. Results of SEM revealed that school attachment predicted intrinsic regulation, whereas relatedness to teachers predicted identified regulation. Relatedness to parents and friends did not explain a significant percentage of the variance in outcomes. All results were obtained while controlling for initial levels of the outcomes. In sum, students with low levels of intrinsic and identified regulation for learning activities may benefit from practices designed to increase school attachment and relatedness with their teachers.

30954, open, The work has the aim of examining the impact of European law on the institute of concession, especially in the light of the recent law according to UE Directive 2014/UE/23 on the award of concession contracts. To do so, it has been important to focus on the definition of concession itself. This institute has been framed oh the speculative level: from the concept as a measure, to the concept of the institute as a contract. With the passage of the time, however, it had to take note of the contractual qualification that the European law gave to the figure. Once acquired the contractual nature of the European concession, it has been crucial to distinguish it from the tender contract. Also the development has been slow, having initially focused the attention to the tripartite nature of the concession, rather than on remuneration. Only later, it received instead the concept of operational risk as unambiguously distinctive element of the concession. So it was issued the UE Directive on concessions transfused into the new public contract code, d.lgs. n. 50/2016. The third part of the paper is dedicated to the impact of the new law on the institute of concession. The new code has unified the law of works and services concessions, both on the side of reliance and the side of execution. The latter, in particular, has been affected by a complete law which has enhanced the phase of development of the relationship on the subcontracting plan, the ius variandi, and the early termination of “synallagma”. In this context, a specific attention must have the financial plan, true heart of the institute. In the end, we have to focus on at least three points. One aspect is about the utility of the distinction in the code between concessions and the public-private partnership, a category which is not reflected in the European Directive. Secondary, it is necessary to meditate on the fate of the concession contracts below the EU threshold. Finally, the most important point. The European legi, No, open, Verri, P, Verri, P

The work has the aim of examining the impact of European law on the institute of concession, especially in the light of the recent law according to UE Directive 2014/UE/23 on the award of concession contracts. To do so, it has been important to focus on the definition of concession itself. This institute has been framed oh the speculative level: from the concept as a measure, to the concept of the institute as a contract. With the passage of the time, however, it had to take note of the contractual qualification that the European law gave to the figure. Once acquired the contractual nature of the European concession, it has been crucial to distinguish it from the tender contract. Also the development has been slow, having initially focused the attention to the tripartite nature of the concession, rather than on remuneration. Only later, it received instead the concept of operational risk as unambiguously distinctive element of the concession. So it was issued the UE Directive on concessions transfused into the new public contract code, d.lgs. n. 50/2016. The third part of the paper is dedicated to the impact of the new law on the institute of concession. The new code has unified the law of works and services concessions, both on the side of reliance and the side of execution. The latter, in particular, has been affected by a complete law which has enhanced the phase of development of the relationship on the subcontracting plan, the ius variandi, and the early termination of “synallagma”. In this context, a specific attention must have the financial plan, true heart of the institute. In the end, we have to focus on at least three points. One aspect is about the utility of the distinction in the code between concessions and the public-private partnership, a category which is not reflected in the European Directive. Secondary, it is necessary to meditate on the fate of the concession contracts below the EU threshold. Finally, the most important point. The European legi

Práce se zabývá problematikou sběru a přenosu dat na lodích. Z lodí se data posílají pomocí bezdrátové komunikace do operátorského pracoviště v přístavu, kde se vyhodnocují. V operátorském pracovišti se dále řídí chod nabíjení jednotlivých lodí. Program pro řízení PLC je psán v prostředí TIA portál. Vizualizační aplikace je vytvořena ve vývojovém prostředí Reliance 4., The thesis deals with the issue of data collection and transmission on ships. From ships, data are transmitted via wireless communication to the operator's workplace in the port where they are evaluated. At the operating site, the charging of individual ships is controlled. The PLC control program is written in the TIA portal environment. The visual application is created in the Reliance 4 development environment., Fakulta elektrotechniky a informatiky, \par{Cílem diplomové práce bylo navrhnout a realizovat systém pro sběr informací o nabíjení a stavu baterie lodi, pro řízení nabíjení, pro komunikaci mezi lodí a nabíjecí stanicí a navrhnout vizualizaci nabíjení v dispečerském pracovišti.~Struktura práce není navržena příliš vhodně. Některé kapitoly jsou příliš obsáhlé a jiné by zasloužily naopak více rozvést. Diplomant vytvořil vizualizační aplikaci pro dispečerské pracoviště. Musel řešit problematiku komunikace DC/DC měnič s řídicím systémem lodi pro sběrnici RS485, mezi řídicím systémem lodi a přístavištěm pomocí Bluetooth a mezi řídicím systémem nabíjecí stanice a nabíječi pomocí UDP protokolu. Tím prokázal, že se v této oblasti dobře orientuje a že je schopný teoretické znalosti aplikovat.\par}, Dokončená práce s úspěšnou obhajobou

Cost efficiency and reliability are mayor concerns in structural engineering, e.g. bridges. Acquisition costs depend strongly on buildability. Traditional approaches to lower maintenance costs are efficient maintenance and robust or maintenance-free design, normally expensive. This study's approach is systematic and successive life-cycle assessment of reliability, availability, maintainability, safety (RAMS) and sustainability (LCCA, e-LCA, s-LCA, risk and legitimacy). IMF (index of maintenance-friendliness), IAC (algorithm for the identification of collateral components) can be used to quantify maintainability, e.g. low accessibility for inspection or operation, unease to operate, unsafety, etc. A holistic model has been suggested to confront these concerns in urban development. More than simplifying complexity, the authors suggest to deal with it., Conference code: 127207; Export Date: 24 October 2017; Conference Paper; Correspondence Address: Mancera, R.; Nacka MunicipalitySweden; email: rafael.mancera@nacka.se. QC 20171114

Les MOOC (Massive Online Open Courses) ont déjà fait couler beaucoup d’encre et cet article ne vise pas à faire le panégyrique des cours en lignes ni des TICE (Technologies de l’Information et de la Communication appliquées à l’Enseignement) en général. Il s’agit plutôt de prendre appui sur ces modalités éducatives émergentes afin de réfléchir sur le bien-fondé des critères scientifiques de la recherche en sciences de l’éducation. On montrera tout d’abord que bien des concepts actuellement présentés comme à la pointe de l’innovation pédagogique ont déjà été pensés il y a bien des années et que c’est uniquement grâce à un contexte social et technologique favorable que l’éducation 2.0 a pu voir le jour. Ce premier point invite à repenser le constructivisme, paradigme dominant en sciences de l’éducation, et à poser la question de sa pertinence dans le cadre actuel de la société de la connaissance. En effet, les caractéristiques de la pensée complexe telle que la décrit Edgar Morin permettent une prise en compte plus complète et donc plus réelle de l’équation pédagogique et annoncent la possibilité d’un nouveau paradigme, le paradigme de la reliance.

Les MOOC (Massive Online Open Courses) ont déjà fait couler beaucoup d’encre et cet article ne vise pas à faire le panégyrique des cours en lignes ni des TICE (Technologies de l’Information et de la Communication appliquées à l’Enseignement) en général. Il s’agit plutôt de prendre appui sur ces modalités éducatives émergentes afin de réfléchir sur le bien-fondé des critères scientifiques de la recherche en sciences de l’éducation. On montrera tout d’abord que bien des concepts actuellement présentés comme à la pointe de l’innovation pédagogique ont déjà été pensés il y a bien des années et que c’est uniquement grâce à un contexte social et technologique favorable que l’éducation 2.0 a pu voir le jour. Ce premier point invite à repenser le constructivisme, paradigme dominant en sciences de l’éducation, et à poser la question de sa pertinence dans le cadre actuel de la société de la connaissance. En effet, les caractéristiques de la pensée complexe telle que la décrit Edgar Morin permettent une prise en compte plus complète et donc plus réelle de l’équation pédagogique et annoncent la possibilité d’un nouveau paradigme, le paradigme de la reliance.

Syftet med den här studien är att undersöka hur rörlig bild kan öka konsumentens förtroende för en produkt vid e-handel, och för att se om det eventuella ökandet av förtroende för produkter kan få fler kunder att vilja handla online. Målet med studien är att se hur påverkad användaren blir av rörlig bild när den handlar kläder på en webbplats. Den utvalda metoden för studien var en observation med sju kvinnor i form av ett användartest där respondenterna fick visualisera ett köp av en specifik produkt på två olika webbplatser, med en efterföljande intervju med tio öppna frågor. Resultatet av studien visade att majoriteten av de tillfrågade föredrog att handla på en webbplats som använde rörlig bild vid presentation av produkten, eftersom det gav en mer realistisk bild av klänningen. Slutsatsen resulterade i att rörlig bild visualiserade produkten mer verklighetstroget till skillnad från en e-handelsplats som endast använde produktbilder. Den rörliga bilden var det närmaste konsumenten kunde komma till verkligenheten och det ökade i sin tur förtroendet för produkten och har resulterat i att fler konsumenter ville handla produkten. Den rörliga bilden fungerade därmed som ett substitut för den fysiska kontakten konsumenten annars skulle haft med produkten i realiteten. Slutsatsen kan därför dras om att rörlig bild ökar förtroendet för en specifik produkt vid e-handel., The purpose of the study is to research how moving images can increase the confidence for the customer in a specific product in e-commerce. Furthermore, the study aimed to see if moving images could increase the number of people wanting to shop online. The reason behind the study is to see how customers who are interested in buying clothes respond to moving images. The chosen method for the study was to observe seven women participating in a usability test to envision purchasing a chosen product on two separate websites. Following the usability test, each woman was interviewed with ten open questions.The results of the study showed that the majority of the respondents preferred to shop on awebsite that used moving images to present a product, as it presented the product in a morerealistic image. Because the respondents could not see the dress in reality, a catwalk video was the most effective way to present the dress to the customer. The catwalk video thus increased the confidence of the customer in the product, in which subsequently lead to an increased number of consumers wanting to purchase the product. The moving images served as a substitute for the physical contact the consumer would otherwise have with the product in reality. It is therefore appropriate to conclude that moving images can increase the confidence in a customer for a certain product in e-commerce.

The goal of this study is to examine how school counselors looks on collaboration and trust in relation to collaboration. I am using qualitative methods such as interviews and observations and my empirical work is based on three school counselors from the same municipality with the same management and guidelines. I chose to interview school counselors from the same municipality to get a common ground to stand on. Two of the informants have worked as a school counselor for over 10 years and one of them has worked as a school counselor for two months. I have supplemented my empirical data-collection with additional interviews with informants over the phone. My research questions I have based my study on are: How does the requirements for collaboration affect the school counselor's role? The results from my research question showed that internal collaboration is consensus-oriented where the school counselor is part of a team with other professionals in the school and this makes the school counselor’s role more clear for the children while the external collaboration is more conflict-oriented, where various power-constellation are formed. This makes the school counselor’s role unsure in front of the children and this harms the reliance the children have for the school counselors.

Syftet med den här studien är att undersöka hur rörlig bild kan öka konsumentens förtroende för en produkt vid e-handel, och för att se om det eventuella ökandet av förtroende för produkter kan få fler kunder att vilja handla online. Målet med studien är att se hur påverkad användaren blir av rörlig bild när den handlar kläder på en webbplats. Den utvalda metoden för studien var en observation med sju kvinnor i form av ett användartest där respondenterna fick visualisera ett köp av en specifik produkt på två olika webbplatser, med en efterföljande intervju med tio öppna frågor. Resultatet av studien visade att majoriteten av de tillfrågade föredrog att handla på en webbplats som använde rörlig bild vid presentation av produkten, eftersom det gav en mer realistisk bild av klänningen. Slutsatsen resulterade i att rörlig bild visualiserade produkten mer verklighetstroget till skillnad från en e-handelsplats som endast använde produktbilder. Den rörliga bilden var det närmaste konsumenten kunde komma till verkligenheten och det ökade i sin tur förtroendet för produkten och har resulterat i att fler konsumenter ville handla produkten. Den rörliga bilden fungerade därmed som ett substitut för den fysiska kontakten konsumenten annars skulle haft med produkten i realiteten. Slutsatsen kan därför dras om att rörlig bild ökar förtroendet för en specifik produkt vid e-handel., The purpose of the study is to research how moving images can increase the confidence for the customer in a specific product in e-commerce. Furthermore, the study aimed to see if moving images could increase the number of people wanting to shop online. The reason behind the study is to see how customers who are interested in buying clothes respond to moving images. The chosen method for the study was to observe seven women participating in a usability test to envision purchasing a chosen product on two separate websites. Following the usability test, each woman was interviewed with ten open questions.The results of the study showed that the majority of the respondents preferred to shop on awebsite that used moving images to present a product, as it presented the product in a morerealistic image. Because the respondents could not see the dress in reality, a catwalk video was the most effective way to present the dress to the customer. The catwalk video thus increased the confidence of the customer in the product, in which subsequently lead to an increased number of consumers wanting to purchase the product. The moving images served as a substitute for the physical contact the consumer would otherwise have with the product in reality. It is therefore appropriate to conclude that moving images can increase the confidence in a customer for a certain product in e-commerce.

The goal of this study is to examine how school counselors looks on collaboration and trust in relation to collaboration. I am using qualitative methods such as interviews and observations and my empirical work is based on three school counselors from the same municipality with the same management and guidelines. I chose to interview school counselors from the same municipality to get a common ground to stand on. Two of the informants have worked as a school counselor for over 10 years and one of them has worked as a school counselor for two months. I have supplemented my empirical data-collection with additional interviews with informants over the phone. My research questions I have based my study on are: How does the requirements for collaboration affect the school counselor's role? The results from my research question showed that internal collaboration is consensus-oriented where the school counselor is part of a team with other professionals in the school and this makes the school counselor’s role more clear for the children while the external collaboration is more conflict-oriented, where various power-constellation are formed. This makes the school counselor’s role unsure in front of the children and this harms the reliance the children have for the school counselors.

This report details three studies that have been conducted in order to explore user calibration of trust in automation. In the first, we discover that all-or-none thinking about automation reliability was associated with severe decreases in trust following an aid error, but high expectations for automation performance were not. In the second study, we examine predictors and outcomes of calibration of trust. We measured calibration in three different ways. We found that awareness of the aid's accuracy trajectory (whether it was getting more or less reliable over time) was a significant predictor of calibration. However, we found that none of the three measurements of calibration had strong associations with task performance or the ability to identify aid errors. We also describe the conceptual premise and design of our third and final study. This study examines the development, loss, and recovery of trust in a route planning aid in a military simulation context. The results of this study will be presented in our final report.

The present longitudinal study described developmental patterns of perceived psychological need satisfaction (PNS) from the end of elementary school to the end of high school and their contribution to school adjustment at the end of high school. The first goal thus consisted in estimating whether developmental trajectories of perceived PNS were homogeneous (i.e., all students reported similar developmental patterns) or heterogeneous (i.e., there were several distinct developmental trajectories). The second goal involved comparing trajectory groups on dimensions of school adjustment (social, academic, and emotional–personal). A stratified sample of 609 students (277 boys, 332 girls) was surveyed annually on a 6-year period, from the end of elementary school until the end of high school. Results of group-based trajectory modeling (Nagin, 1999, 2005) revealed that developmental trajectories of PNS were heterogeneous for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. For each need, four distinct developmental patterns were identified. These trajectories varied in shape, composition, and magnitude such that some students reported increasing PNS over time while others reported stable or decreasing PNS. Results from multivariate analyses revealed that students in upper trajectories (e.g., reporting higher levels of PNS, either stable or increasing) generally reported higher levels of academic, social, and personal–emotional adjustment at the end of high school. Results are discussed with respect to their implications for research and interventions.

This paper considers a buyer’s viability to negotiate risk distribution provisions in stock and asset purchase agreements in Colombia’s legal system. Such provisions are acquired by the buyer in order to rely on the representations and guarantees negotiated with the seller regardless of buyer’s knowledge of misrepresentations or the untruthfulness of the representations and guarantees. These provisions are called pro-sandbagging provisions in North America’s legal culture. Thus, this essay analyzes the good faith principle expressed in loyalty, safeguard and information duties in order to establish pro-sandbagging provisions in Colombia., En el presente escrito se analiza la viabilidad, en el sistema legal colombiano, de pactar cláusulas que distribuyan los riesgos en contratos de adquisición de acciones o activos y que permitan al comprador hacer efectivas las garantías pactadas, sin importar si tuvo conocimiento de la falta de veracidad o inexactitudes de estas en la etapa precontractual. En el contexto del derecho contractual norteamericano, estas cláusulas se han denominado pro-sandbagging. Se analiza también el principio de la buena fe objetiva, materializada en los deberes de lealtad, salvaguarda e información, para implementar esta figura en Colombia., No presente escrito é analisada a viabilidade, no sistema legal colombiano, de pactuar cláusulas que distribuam os riscos em contratos de aquisição de ações ou ativos e que permitam o comprador tonar efetivas as garantias pactuadas, sem importar se teve conhecimento da falta de veracidade ou inexatidões destas na etapa pré-contratual. No contexto do direito contratual norte-americano, estas cláusulas foram denominadas pro-sandbagging. É analisado também o princípio da boa fé objetiva, materializada nos deveres de lealdade, salvaguarda e informação, para implementar esta figura na Colômbia.

Recent decisions of the French Court of Cassation upraised new inquiries on the topic known as Fraud. Fraud has always been an ambiguous notion, plenty of controversies. The purpose of this paper is to provide a general overview of French law approaches in the area of fraud. The discussion on these doctrinal and jurisprudential approaches involves confronting several thorny issues, especially the reticence, the dolus incidens, and fraudulent misrepresentation from a non-contracting party. This paper also approaches the fraud in relationship to mistake of value, and to inexcusable mistake. Finally, considering the application of law, the paper focus on the loss of chance, and the duty to renegotiate contract (réfaction). Between doctrinal and jurisprudential debate, in French law this topic is characterized more by their approaches than for its consistency, outlining by contrast the obstacles to avoid on the research., Numerosos fallos recientes de la Corte de Casación francesa en materia de dolo han suscitado nuevas investigaciones en la materia. El dolo siempre ha sido una noción ambigua, objeto de un sinnúmero de discusiones. El propósito que se persigue consiste en ofrecer un panorama muy general de las tendencias francesas en esta materia. Estudiar estas tendencias, doctrinales y jurisprudenciales, implica confrontarse con varios temas espinosos, especialmente los de la reticencia, el dolo incidente y el dolo por parte del tercero. También se analiza el dolo con relación a otros conceptos: el error sobre el valor, el error inexcusable, y, en materia de sanción, tanto la pérdida de oportunidad como la noción de refacción del contrato. Entre debates doctrinales y vacilaciones jurisprudenciales, en este tema el derecho francés se caracteriza más por sus aproximaciones que por su rigor, delineando por contraste los impases a evitar.

This Article hopes to make evident two trends seemingly in conflict. The first trend is toward raising the standards of probity and veridicality in contractual relations toward greater accountability and liability on market actors operating outside traditional bounds. The first is expressed by new rules that: require good faith and fair dealing between parties; ensure sellers are obligated to disclose material facts about a property otherwise unavailable to buyers; and make wrongdoing parties liable to non-parties who foreseeably relied on the wrongdoers' contractual undertakings. This trend promises to avert injury, achieve efficiency, and seems to accord with society's evolving notions of fairness. The second trend, exemplified in Teers, counters the first. Because humans are innately self-interested, entrepreneurs (and rascals) have devised techniques to avoid these new levels and kinds of exposure to potential liability for non-disclosure and to non-parties. They have employed market and contract strategies that purport to shift to the other party the onus of uncovering the truth--which might be buried under layers of misrepresentations and that limit non-parties' right to rely on contract promises. The effect is to enable a market actor to contract away liability for intentional wrongdoing by the simple expedients of “as is” and “disclaimer-of-reliance” clauses--the result in Teers. This is troubling in a number of respects. First, the clauses undercut the fundamental character of enforceable contracts being the product of free will. Indeed, the first requirement of contract formation is a meeting of minds. Fraud, ostensibly camouflaged by disclaimers, negates the unknowing party's free will. Second, such liability-avoidance techniques, although ostensibly consistent with the contracting parties' free will, disturb the markets because of the externalities. Absent the truth about the quality or condition of the property, buyers enter into transactions, or pay to