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Contains fulltext : 147443.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access), UNLABELLED: Ethologically inspired models of movement preparation view the sensorimotor system as sampling information from the environment in a parallel fashion in preparation for multiple potential actions. In support, the configuration of the physical workspace, manipulated by the number or spatial separation of potential targets, has been shown to modulate sensorimotor neural activity. It is unclear, however, whether this modulation is driven by the sensory layout of the workspace or through the associated motor plans. Here, we combine a delayed-movement pre-cuing task with visuomotor adaptation to address this question in human subjects while recording MEG. By dissociating visual and motor coordinates of two targets using visuomotor adaptation, the task was designed to evaluate, in a selective fashion, the effects of visual and movement target separation on movement preparatory activity. The results did not allow the intended comparison due to an unanticipated effect of the direction of visuomotor adaptation on baseline oscillatory power in beta and low-gamma bands. Fortuitously, this effect was dependent on whether the adaptation direction decreased or increased the angular separation between alternative movements. That is, there was a sustained reduction of oscillatory power, which was stronger at small compared with large target separation. These results support a direct influence of movement target separation on motor cortex neural activity, mediated by lateral interactions between simultaneously active motor plans. The results further demonstrate a novel effect of visuomotor adaptation on motor cortex oscillatory activity, with properties that support the local nature of learned changes in visuomotor mapping. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: There is growing evidence that the motor cortex routinely prepares for different movements simultaneously, each suited to a possible course of events in the immediate environment. The preparatory motor cortex activity for diffe

Contains fulltext : 152711.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access), Ethologically inspired models of movement preparation view the sensorimotor system as sampling information from the environment in a parallel fashion in preparation for multiple potential actions. In support, the configuration of the physical workspace, manipulated by the number or spatial separation of potential targets, has been shown to modulate sensorimotor neural activity. It is unclear, however, whether this modulation is driven by the sensory layout of the workspace or through the associated motor plans. Here, we combine a delayed-movement pre-cuing task with visuomotor adaptation to address this question in human subjects while recording MEG. By dissociating visual and motor coordinates of two targets using visuomotor adaptation, the task was designed to evaluate, in a selective fashion, the effects of visual and movement target separation on movement preparatory activity. The results did not allow the intended comparison due to an unanticipated effect of the direction of visuomotor adaptation on baseline oscillatory power in beta and low-gamma bands. Fortuitously, this effect was dependent on whether the adaptation direction decreased or increased the angular separation between alternative movements. That is, there was a sustained reduction of oscillatory power, which was stronger at small compared with large target separation. These results support a direct influence of movement target separation on motor cortex neural activity, mediated by lateral interactions between simultaneously active motor plans. The results further demonstrate a novel effect of visuomotor adaptation on motor cortex oscillatory activity, with properties that support the local nature of learned changes in visuomotor mapping. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: There is growing evidence that the motor cortex routinely prepares for different movements simultaneously, each suited to a possible course of events in the immediate environment. The preparatory motor cortex activity for different movemen

Contains fulltext : 147443.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access), UNLABELLED: Ethologically inspired models of movement preparation view the sensorimotor system as sampling information from the environment in a parallel fashion in preparation for multiple potential actions. In support, the configuration of the physical workspace, manipulated by the number or spatial separation of potential targets, has been shown to modulate sensorimotor neural activity. It is unclear, however, whether this modulation is driven by the sensory layout of the workspace or through the associated motor plans. Here, we combine a delayed-movement pre-cuing task with visuomotor adaptation to address this question in human subjects while recording MEG. By dissociating visual and motor coordinates of two targets using visuomotor adaptation, the task was designed to evaluate, in a selective fashion, the effects of visual and movement target separation on movement preparatory activity. The results did not allow the intended comparison due to an unanticipated effect of the direction of visuomotor adaptation on baseline oscillatory power in beta and low-gamma bands. Fortuitously, this effect was dependent on whether the adaptation direction decreased or increased the angular separation between alternative movements. That is, there was a sustained reduction of oscillatory power, which was stronger at small compared with large target separation. These results support a direct influence of movement target separation on motor cortex neural activity, mediated by lateral interactions between simultaneously active motor plans. The results further demonstrate a novel effect of visuomotor adaptation on motor cortex oscillatory activity, with properties that support the local nature of learned changes in visuomotor mapping. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: There is growing evidence that the motor cortex routinely prepares for different movements simultaneously, each suited to a possible course of events in the immediate environment. The preparatory motor cortex activity for diffe

Contains fulltext : 152711.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access), Ethologically inspired models of movement preparation view the sensorimotor system as sampling information from the environment in a parallel fashion in preparation for multiple potential actions. In support, the configuration of the physical workspace, manipulated by the number or spatial separation of potential targets, has been shown to modulate sensorimotor neural activity. It is unclear, however, whether this modulation is driven by the sensory layout of the workspace or through the associated motor plans. Here, we combine a delayed-movement pre-cuing task with visuomotor adaptation to address this question in human subjects while recording MEG. By dissociating visual and motor coordinates of two targets using visuomotor adaptation, the task was designed to evaluate, in a selective fashion, the effects of visual and movement target separation on movement preparatory activity. The results did not allow the intended comparison due to an unanticipated effect of the direction of visuomotor adaptation on baseline oscillatory power in beta and low-gamma bands. Fortuitously, this effect was dependent on whether the adaptation direction decreased or increased the angular separation between alternative movements. That is, there was a sustained reduction of oscillatory power, which was stronger at small compared with large target separation. These results support a direct influence of movement target separation on motor cortex neural activity, mediated by lateral interactions between simultaneously active motor plans. The results further demonstrate a novel effect of visuomotor adaptation on motor cortex oscillatory activity, with properties that support the local nature of learned changes in visuomotor mapping. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: There is growing evidence that the motor cortex routinely prepares for different movements simultaneously, each suited to a possible course of events in the immediate environment. The preparatory motor cortex activity for different movemen

Contains fulltext : 147443.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access), UNLABELLED: Ethologically inspired models of movement preparation view the sensorimotor system as sampling information from the environment in a parallel fashion in preparation for multiple potential actions. In support, the configuration of the physical workspace, manipulated by the number or spatial separation of potential targets, has been shown to modulate sensorimotor neural activity. It is unclear, however, whether this modulation is driven by the sensory layout of the workspace or through the associated motor plans. Here, we combine a delayed-movement pre-cuing task with visuomotor adaptation to address this question in human subjects while recording MEG. By dissociating visual and motor coordinates of two targets using visuomotor adaptation, the task was designed to evaluate, in a selective fashion, the effects of visual and movement target separation on movement preparatory activity. The results did not allow the intended comparison due to an unanticipated effect of the direction of visuomotor adaptation on baseline oscillatory power in beta and low-gamma bands. Fortuitously, this effect was dependent on whether the adaptation direction decreased or increased the angular separation between alternative movements. That is, there was a sustained reduction of oscillatory power, which was stronger at small compared with large target separation. These results support a direct influence of movement target separation on motor cortex neural activity, mediated by lateral interactions between simultaneously active motor plans. The results further demonstrate a novel effect of visuomotor adaptation on motor cortex oscillatory activity, with properties that support the local nature of learned changes in visuomotor mapping. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: There is growing evidence that the motor cortex routinely prepares for different movements simultaneously, each suited to a possible course of events in the immediate environment. The preparatory motor cortex activity for diffe

Contains fulltext : 152711.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access), Ethologically inspired models of movement preparation view the sensorimotor system as sampling information from the environment in a parallel fashion in preparation for multiple potential actions. In support, the configuration of the physical workspace, manipulated by the number or spatial separation of potential targets, has been shown to modulate sensorimotor neural activity. It is unclear, however, whether this modulation is driven by the sensory layout of the workspace or through the associated motor plans. Here, we combine a delayed-movement pre-cuing task with visuomotor adaptation to address this question in human subjects while recording MEG. By dissociating visual and motor coordinates of two targets using visuomotor adaptation, the task was designed to evaluate, in a selective fashion, the effects of visual and movement target separation on movement preparatory activity. The results did not allow the intended comparison due to an unanticipated effect of the direction of visuomotor adaptation on baseline oscillatory power in beta and low-gamma bands. Fortuitously, this effect was dependent on whether the adaptation direction decreased or increased the angular separation between alternative movements. That is, there was a sustained reduction of oscillatory power, which was stronger at small compared with large target separation. These results support a direct influence of movement target separation on motor cortex neural activity, mediated by lateral interactions between simultaneously active motor plans. The results further demonstrate a novel effect of visuomotor adaptation on motor cortex oscillatory activity, with properties that support the local nature of learned changes in visuomotor mapping. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: There is growing evidence that the motor cortex routinely prepares for different movements simultaneously, each suited to a possible course of events in the immediate environment. The preparatory motor cortex activity for different movemen

Contains fulltext : 130558.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access), Choice behavior is influenced by factors such as reward and number of alternatives but also by physical context, for instance, the relative position of alternative movement targets. At small separation, speeded eye or hand movements are more likely to land between targets (spatial averaging) than at larger separation. Neurocomputational models explain such behavior in terms of cortical activity being preshaped by the movement environment. Here, we manipulate target separation, as a determinant of motor cortical activity in choice behavior, to address neural mechanisms of response selection. Specifically, we investigate whether context-induced changes in the balance of cooperative and competitive interactions between competing groups of neurons are expressed in the power spectrum of sensorimotor rhythms. We recorded magnetoencephalography while participants were precued to two possible movement target locations at different angles of separation (30, 60, or 90 degrees ). After a delay, one of the locations was cued as the target for a joystick pointing movement. We found that late delay-period movement-preparatory activity increased more strongly for alternative targets at 30 than at 60 or 90 degrees of separation. This nonlinear pattern was evident in slow event-related fields as well as in beta- and low-gamma-band suppression. A comparable pattern was found within an earlier window for theta-band synchronization. We interpret the late delay effects in terms of increased movement-preparatory activity when there is greater overlap and hence less competition between groups of neurons encoding two response alternatives. Early delay-period theta-band synchronization may reflect covert response activation relevant to behavioral spatial averaging effects.

Contains fulltext : 130558.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access), Choice behavior is influenced by factors such as reward and number of alternatives but also by physical context, for instance, the relative position of alternative movement targets. At small separation, speeded eye or hand movements are more likely to land between targets (spatial averaging) than at larger separation. Neurocomputational models explain such behavior in terms of cortical activity being preshaped by the movement environment. Here, we manipulate target separation, as a determinant of motor cortical activity in choice behavior, to address neural mechanisms of response selection. Specifically, we investigate whether context-induced changes in the balance of cooperative and competitive interactions between competing groups of neurons are expressed in the power spectrum of sensorimotor rhythms. We recorded magnetoencephalography while participants were precued to two possible movement target locations at different angles of separation (30, 60, or 90 degrees ). After a delay, one of the locations was cued as the target for a joystick pointing movement. We found that late delay-period movement-preparatory activity increased more strongly for alternative targets at 30 than at 60 or 90 degrees of separation. This nonlinear pattern was evident in slow event-related fields as well as in beta- and low-gamma-band suppression. A comparable pattern was found within an earlier window for theta-band synchronization. We interpret the late delay effects in terms of increased movement-preparatory activity when there is greater overlap and hence less competition between groups of neurons encoding two response alternatives. Early delay-period theta-band synchronization may reflect covert response activation relevant to behavioral spatial averaging effects.

Contains fulltext : 130558.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access), Choice behavior is influenced by factors such as reward and number of alternatives but also by physical context, for instance, the relative position of alternative movement targets. At small separation, speeded eye or hand movements are more likely to land between targets (spatial averaging) than at larger separation. Neurocomputational models explain such behavior in terms of cortical activity being preshaped by the movement environment. Here, we manipulate target separation, as a determinant of motor cortical activity in choice behavior, to address neural mechanisms of response selection. Specifically, we investigate whether context-induced changes in the balance of cooperative and competitive interactions between competing groups of neurons are expressed in the power spectrum of sensorimotor rhythms. We recorded magnetoencephalography while participants were precued to two possible movement target locations at different angles of separation (30, 60, or 90 degrees ). After a delay, one of the locations was cued as the target for a joystick pointing movement. We found that late delay-period movement-preparatory activity increased more strongly for alternative targets at 30 than at 60 or 90 degrees of separation. This nonlinear pattern was evident in slow event-related fields as well as in beta- and low-gamma-band suppression. A comparable pattern was found within an earlier window for theta-band synchronization. We interpret the late delay effects in terms of increased movement-preparatory activity when there is greater overlap and hence less competition between groups of neurons encoding two response alternatives. Early delay-period theta-band synchronization may reflect covert response activation relevant to behavioral spatial averaging effects.

Contains fulltext : 130558.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access), Choice behavior is influenced by factors such as reward and number of alternatives but also by physical context, for instance, the relative position of alternative movement targets. At small separation, speeded eye or hand movements are more likely to land between targets (spatial averaging) than at larger separation. Neurocomputational models explain such behavior in terms of cortical activity being preshaped by the movement environment. Here, we manipulate target separation, as a determinant of motor cortical activity in choice behavior, to address neural mechanisms of response selection. Specifically, we investigate whether context-induced changes in the balance of cooperative and competitive interactions between competing groups of neurons are expressed in the power spectrum of sensorimotor rhythms. We recorded magnetoencephalography while participants were precued to two possible movement target locations at different angles of separation (30, 60, or 90 degrees ). After a delay, one of the locations was cued as the target for a joystick pointing movement. We found that late delay-period movement-preparatory activity increased more strongly for alternative targets at 30 than at 60 or 90 degrees of separation. This nonlinear pattern was evident in slow event-related fields as well as in beta- and low-gamma-band suppression. A comparable pattern was found within an earlier window for theta-band synchronization. We interpret the late delay effects in terms of increased movement-preparatory activity when there is greater overlap and hence less competition between groups of neurons encoding two response alternatives. Early delay-period theta-band synchronization may reflect covert response activation relevant to behavioral spatial averaging effects.

Item does not contain fulltext

Item does not contain fulltext, Neurophysiological studies in non-human primates have provided evidence for simultaneous activation of competing responses in the (pre)motor cortex. Human evidence, however, is limited, partly because experimental approaches have often mapped competing responses to paired effectors represented in opposite hemispheres, which restricts the analysis to between-hemisphere comparisons and allows simultaneous execution. A demonstration of competition between different movement plans in the motor cortex is more compelling when simultaneous execution of the alternative responses is ruled out and they are represented in one motor cortex. Therefore, in the current MEG study we have used a unimanual Eriksen flanker paradigm with alternative responses assigned to flexion and extension of the right index finger, activating different direction-sensitive neurons within the finger representation area of the same motor cortex. Results showed that for stimuli eliciting response competition the pre-response motor cortex beta-band (17-29 Hz) power decreased stronger than for stimuli that did not induce response competition. Furthermore, response competition elicited an additional pre-response mid-frontal high-gamma band (60-90 Hz) power increase. Finally, larger gamma-band effect sizes correlated with greater behavioral response delay induced by response competition. Taken together, our results provide evidence for co-activation of competing responses in the human brain, consistent with evidence from non-human primates.

Item does not contain fulltext

Item does not contain fulltext, Neurophysiological studies in non-human primates have provided evidence for simultaneous activation of competing responses in the (pre)motor cortex. Human evidence, however, is limited, partly because experimental approaches have often mapped competing responses to paired effectors represented in opposite hemispheres, which restricts the analysis to between-hemisphere comparisons and allows simultaneous execution. A demonstration of competition between different movement plans in the motor cortex is more compelling when simultaneous execution of the alternative responses is ruled out and they are represented in one motor cortex. Therefore, in the current MEG study we have used a unimanual Eriksen flanker paradigm with alternative responses assigned to flexion and extension of the right index finger, activating different direction-sensitive neurons within the finger representation area of the same motor cortex. Results showed that for stimuli eliciting response competition the pre-response motor cortex beta-band (17-29 Hz) power decreased stronger than for stimuli that did not induce response competition. Furthermore, response competition elicited an additional pre-response mid-frontal high-gamma band (60-90 Hz) power increase. Finally, larger gamma-band effect sizes correlated with greater behavioral response delay induced by response competition. Taken together, our results provide evidence for co-activation of competing responses in the human brain, consistent with evidence from non-human primates.

Item does not contain fulltext

Item does not contain fulltext, Neurophysiological studies in non-human primates have provided evidence for simultaneous activation of competing responses in the (pre)motor cortex. Human evidence, however, is limited, partly because experimental approaches have often mapped competing responses to paired effectors represented in opposite hemispheres, which restricts the analysis to between-hemisphere comparisons and allows simultaneous execution. A demonstration of competition between different movement plans in the motor cortex is more compelling when simultaneous execution of the alternative responses is ruled out and they are represented in one motor cortex. Therefore, in the current MEG study we have used a unimanual Eriksen flanker paradigm with alternative responses assigned to flexion and extension of the right index finger, activating different direction-sensitive neurons within the finger representation area of the same motor cortex. Results showed that for stimuli eliciting response competition the pre-response motor cortex beta-band (17-29 Hz) power decreased stronger than for stimuli that did not induce response competition. Furthermore, response competition elicited an additional pre-response mid-frontal high-gamma band (60-90 Hz) power increase. Finally, larger gamma-band effect sizes correlated with greater behavioral response delay induced by response competition. Taken together, our results provide evidence for co-activation of competing responses in the human brain, consistent with evidence from non-human primates.

Directing attention selectively to an expected event has already been known for a long time to recruit a network of frontal and parietal brain attentional control areas. In addition, this frontal-parietal control network has been hypothesized to signal stimulus-specific sensory (e.g. visual cortex) areas to increase preparatory (biasing) activity in an attempt to improve subsequent perceptual processing of the expected stimulus. The research presented in this thesis shows that there might actually be multiple, rather than one, frontal-parietal attentional control network, one being more medial-dorsal and the other being more lateral-dorsal in location. In addition, strong evidence was found for a frontal cortex initiation of top-down attentional control, rather than a parietal cortex initiation, as was hypothesized by some selective attention theories. Furthermore, it was found that the subsequently triggered sensory cortex biasing-related activity actually consisted of two different, coexisting, mechanisms: 1) a slow-wave baseline shift mechanism that can lower perceptual stimulus thresholds, and 2) an oscillatory alpha-frequency rhythm that can store an attentional trace (template), including both stimulus and response characteristics and their behavioral relevance. Finally, it was shown that voluntary choices in task strategies could selectively determine which frontal-parietal network would be activated (more medial-dorsal or more lateral-dorsal) and which sensory cortex mechanism would be selectively boosted. In short, an attention-for-perception based strategy recruits mostly a medial-dorsal frontal-parietal network and boosts most strongly the baseline shift mechanism, whereas an attention-for-action based strategy boosts more strongly the formation of an attentional template in sensory cortical areas. In conclusion, top-down attentional control is not a unitary mechanism, but includes multiple different processes that can be boosted selectively through volun