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Unrestricted, One of the main goals of my doctoral training has been to gain experience working with a variety of types of epidemiologic data. The three projects that compose this dissertation have provided me with the opportunity to work with several different data structures: (1) published summary data, (2) population-based family data, (3) prospective cohort data, and (4) population-based case-control data.; For my dissertation, I have employed each of these data structures to investigate the role of steroid hormones in the etiology of several urologic diseases. In the last several decades of epidemiologic research, it has become clear that steroid hormones are involved in many disease processes. For my research, I have studied the relationships between steroid hormone exposure and molecules of steroid hormone response and female bladder cancer, as well as two male urologic diseases: infertility and testicular germ cell tumors.; In my first paper, I investigated the association between male infertility and a polymorphic CAG repeat tract in the androgen receptor gene (AR) through the meta-analysis of a large body of existing literature on the topic. I quantitatively summarized 33 studies, and found that infertile male cases had statistically significantly longer mean CAG repeat length than controls (SMD: 0.19, 95% CI: 0.09-0.29). Meta-analysis of a select subset of 13 studies that used more stringent case and control selection criteria revealed a larger difference between cases and controls (SMD: 0.31, 95% CI: 0.14-0.47). This meta-analysis provides support for an association between increased androgen receptor CAG length and idiopathic male infertility, and brings together for the first time results from many published reports on this topic.; In my second paper, I expanded upon the results of the meta-analysis to conduct an original data analysis studying the association between androgen receptor CAG repeat length and risk of testicular germ cell tumors. Increasing rates of te

Dr. Augustine Washington Tucker is reading some papers at his desk in St. Luke's Hospital in Shanghai.; This photo is from the papers of Elizabeth H. Falck, a member of the American Church Mission (ACM) in Shanghai, China (ca. 1923-1929).

A commercial truck has been converted into a makeshift ambulance. Four patients are lying in the open cargo space in the back of the vehicle. The ambulance crew are standing on the side walk.; This photo is from the papers of Elizabeth H. Falck who was a member of the American Church Mission (ACM) in Shanghai, China (ca. 1923-1929). Her papers include many writings and photographs relating to hospitals in China.

Dr. H. H. Morris examines the abdomen of a Chinese patient at St. Luke's Hospital in Shanghai.; This photo is from the papers of Elizabeth H. Falck who was a member of the American Church Mission (ACM) in Shanghai, China (ca. 1923-1929). Her papers include many writings and photographs relating to hospitals in China.

A group of Chinese medical students pose together in front of a table with a microscope. This particular group of students were specializing in bacteriology. The photograph was taken in during the spring semester of 1930.; This photo is from the papers of Elizabeth H. Falck who was a member of the American Church Mission (ACM) in Shanghai, China (ca. 1923-1929). Her papers include many writings and photographs relating to hospitals in China.

Dr. Ellen C. Fuller, a physician at St. Elizabeth's Refugee Hospital in Shanghai, stands on a staircase running her finger around the rim of a bowl.; This photo is from the papers of Elizabeth H. Falck who was a member of the American Church Mission (ACM) in Shanghai, China (ca. 1923-1929). Her papers include many writings and photographs relating to hospitals in China.

A Chinese doctor with a broad smile holds a baby in his arms. An older Chinese woman stands by him holding the baby's right arm. The baby's face is dirty and he appears to he holding food in both of his hands. This picture was taken at St. Luke's Hospital in Shanghai. The name "Y. T. Yang" was written beneath this photograph.; This photo is from the papers of Elizabeth H. Falck, a member of the American Church Mission (ACM) in Shanghai, China (ca. 1923-1929).

"A youthful picture of Dr. Francis Lister Hawks Pott" who was president of St. John's University in Shanghai (1896-1947). Dr. Pott was an educator and Protestant Episcopal Church missionary in China. He was born in New York City and educated at Columbia University and General Theological Seminary. He was ordained in 1888. He married Susan N. Wong, the daughter of the first Chinese priest ordained by his church in China.; This photo is from the papers of Elizabeth H. Falck, a member of the American Church Mission (ACM) in Shanghai, China (ca. 1923-1929).

A street level view of St. Luke's Hospital in Shanghai. Parked automobiles line the street side while rickshaws pass by. Street lamps are hanging over the middle of the road.; This photo is from the papers of Elizabeth H. Falck, a member of the American Church Mission (ACM) in Shanghai, China (ca. 1923-1929).

Dr. A. W. Tucker was a physician at St. Luke's Hospital in Shanghai.; This photo is from the papers of Elizabeth H. Falck, a member of the American Church Mission (ACM) in Shanghai, China (ca. 1923-1929).

Two wounded Chinese boys are seated together in a bed at St. Luke's Hospital in Shanghai. One boy has a bandage wrapped around his crown. The other boy has a patch on his left eye. Despite their injuries they are both smiling. Written beneath this photograph is the caption: "The one-eyed boy".; This photo is from the papers of Elizabeth H. Falck, a member of the American Church Mission (ACM) in Shanghai, China (ca. 1923-1929).

A patient is unloaded from a Red Cross ambulance. He is being taken into St. Luke's Hospital in Shanghai. The Chinese men carrying the patient are referred to as "coolies" by the photographer.; This photo is from the papers of Elizabeth H. Falck, a member of the American Church Mission (ACM) in Shanghai, China (ca. 1923-1929).

An impoverished Chinese woman sleeps on the doorstep of a Western building with her three children. The mother appears to have hung some of her clothing on the door. A caption written on the back of the photograph reads "the family who lived in our doorway".; This photo is from the papers of Elizabeth H. Falck, a member of the American Church Mission (ACM) in Shanghai, China (ca. 1923-1929).

Uniformed Chinese paramedics load a patient into an ambulance. The patient is on a stretcher and he is covered in linens. A few other uniformed officers stand by watching the event.; This photo is from the papers of Elizabeth H. Falck, a member of the American Church Mission (ACM) in Shanghai, China (ca. 1923-1929).

A Chinese ambulance disembarks in front of St. John's University. At the time this photograph was taken St. John's University's facilities were being used by the staff of St. Luke's Hospital. The rear doors of the ambulance are ajar and its interior is clearly visible.; This photo is from the papers of Elizabeth H. Falck, a member of the American Church Mission (ACM) in Shanghai, China (ca. 1923-1929).

The interior of All Saints' Church in Shanghai is shown. All of the pews and the altar are visible. Four large chandeliers hang from the ceiling.; This photo is from the papers of Elizabeth H. Falck, a member of the American Church Mission (ACM) in Shanghai, China (ca. 1923-1929).

The altar at All Saints' Church in Shanghai has a golden cross, a bible, and some candles resting upon it and flowers to either side.; This photo is from the papers of Elizabeth H. Falck, a member of the American Church Mission (ACM) in Shanghai, China (ca. 1923-1929).

Some paramedics load a stretcher onto a Red Cross ambulance.; This photo is from the papers of Elizabeth H. Falck, a member of the American Church Mission (ACM) in Shanghai, China (ca. 1923-1929).

Christmas carolers congregate in the children's ward of St. Luke's Hospital in Shanghai. The crowd is composed of a mixture of Chinese and Westerners. The ward is decorated for the holiday.; This photo is from the papers of Elizabeth H. Falck, a member of the American Church Mission (ACM) in Shanghai, China (ca. 1923-1929).

Three ambulances disembark in front of St. John's University in Shanghai. The University's facilities were being used by the staff of St. Luke's Hospital at the time this picture was taken. A large group of people has formed around the ambulances. A note attached to this photograph reads: "Because of Japanese invasion into Honkew [Hongkou], 1932, St. Luke's was obliged to occupy the dormitories and class rooms of St. John's University in [illegible] five miles outside the city."; This photo is from the papers of Elizabeth H. Falck, a member of the American Church Mission (ACM) in Shanghai, China (ca. 1923-1929).

A courtyard at St. John's University in Honkew [Hongkou]. Honkew [Hongkou] was a district of Shanghai that housed a large Jewish minority. The courtyard is surrounded by a two story brick building. The university's facilities were utilized by the staff of St. Luke's Hospital at the time this photograph was taken. Several patients can be seen passing through the open air corridors of the building facing the courtyard.; This photo is from the papers of Elizabeth H. Falck, a member of the American Church Mission (ACM) in Shanghai, China (ca. 1923-1929).

Dr. Augustine Washington Tucker checks on a Chinese patient in his bed at St. Luke's Hospital in Shanghai. The patient has an IV tube.; This photo is from the papers of Elizabeth H. Falck, a member of the American Church Mission (ACM) in Shanghai, China (ca. 1923-1929).

A small class of eight Chinese students pose for their graduation from St Luke's School of Nursing in Shanghai. All of the graduates are men. They are holding their diplomas. Several Western nurses and professors, both Western and Chinese, are also present in the photograph.; This photo is from the papers of Elizabeth H. Falck, a member of the American Church Mission (ACM) in Shanghai, China (ca. 1923-1929).

A few patients are being treated in the Outpatients Department at St. Luke's Hospital in Shanghai. One man removes gauze from his left leg. Two hospital staff members dressed in white stand by. Two young children are also present.; This photo is from the papers of Elizabeth H. Falck, a member of the American Church Mission (ACM) in Shanghai, China (ca. 1923-1929).

Doctors and their supporting staff perform an operation on a patient in the operating room at St. Luke's Hospital in Shanghai. A tray full of surgical implements is resting on the patient's legs. Artificial lighting is present. Two buckets lay on the floor at the foot of the patient's bed.; This photo is from the papers of Elizabeth H. Falck, a member of the American Church Mission (ACM) in Shanghai, China (ca. 1923-1929).

A large crowd gathers in front of a hospital to watch an ambulance unload its patients. A rickshaw man is hurrying along the street to the far left. Some children are present in the crowd. One man is lighting up a cigarette. Several of the men are wearing Western hats with their Chinese outfits.; This photo is from the papers of Elizabeth H. Falck, a member of the American Church Mission (ACM) in Shanghai, China (ca. 1923-1929).

A Chinese boy, who is missing his right leg, poses for a photograph with his crutches in front of a painted background. The painting gives the illusion that he is standing in front of a bridge on a body of water surrounded by mountains. A note in the album sleeve of this photograph states that he was "The Telephone Boy".; This photo is from the papers of Elizabeth H. Falck, a member of the American Church Mission (ACM) in Shanghai, China (ca. 1923-1929).

A young Chinese boy named Tsung Seng displays his injuries with his sleeves rolled up. His left hand has been amputated and his right hand appears to have been mangled.; This photo is from the papers of Elizabeth H. Falck, a member of the American Church Mission (ACM) in Shanghai, China (ca. 1923-1929).

A Chinese boy stands on a balcony overlooking Shanghai in St. Luke's Hospital. A caption written on the back of the photograph reads: "anti-foreign feeling; anti-foreign demonstrations and riots." The photograph was taken in April 1927.; This photo is from the papers of Elizabeth H. Falck, a member of the American Church Mission (ACM) in Shanghai, China (ca. 1923-1929).

Several small wooden Chinese boats are in the foreground. A few larger steel steam ships can seen beyond them. The skyline of Shanghai can be seen on a distant bank across the river.; This photo is from the papers of Rev. Dean Goddard, an American Baptist missionary who served in Ningpo, Chekiang, China from 1870-1903.

The nurses of the graduating class of St. Luke's School of Nursing in Shanghai poses for a photograph with their teachers. Written on the back of the photograph: "From left to right: A. M. Groff, director of nurses. Back row: Dr. U. K. Koo, Rev. Henry McNulty, Marian Hurst (McGeary), Anne McRae, E. H. Falck, the Rev. Dr. McRae, Chaplin Center Dr. A. W. Tucker."; This photo is from the papers of Elizabeth H. Falck, a member of the American Church Mission (ACM) in Shanghai, China (ca. 1923-1929).

"Women of Tien An Tang Church, Shanghai 1915. Miss A Clark, Mrs. Burnip, Mrs. Davenport, Miss K.B. Evans". Group portrait of missionaries' wives with Chinese women and children.