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The COVID-19 outbreak and subsequent public health interventions have depressed demand and disrupted supply chains for many fishing businesses. This paper provides an analysis of the COVID-19 impacts on the profitability of the EU fishing fleets. Nowcasting techniques were used to estimate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the economic performance for the EU fishing fleet in 2020 and 2021. Our results show that the economic impact of COVID-19 on this sector was smaller than initially expected and overall profits remained positive. This was in part due to low fuel prices that reduced operating costs of fishing, and the early response from governments to support the sector. The results vary by fishing fleet, revealing that small-scale fleets and the fleets in the Mediterranean and Black seas have been more impacted than large-scale fleets and the fleets in the Northeast Atlantic.

Sustainable construction and energy efficiency in buildings are of paramount importance in today's global context. The construction sector stands as one of the largest consumers of natural resources and energy while significantly contributing to carbon emissions. In this context, the refurbishment of existing buildings is crucial for reducing the sector's environmental impact and advancing towards greater sustainability. This research aims to conduct an analysis of the economic impact, energy efficiency, and embodied energy implications of applying passive rehabilitation measures in different dwellings of Typology D-9 in the La Pau neighborhood. The specific objectives were achieved by affirming that among the simple refurbishment measures, exterior facade insulation stands out as the measure delivering the highest energy savings and a payback period of less than 6 years for all case studies. However, it involves a greater upfront investment. The renovation measure with the lowest percentage of energy savings, as well as the lowest investment volume and the most economically viable payback period is the replacement of single-pane glass with low emissivity double-glazed 4/16/4 glass, offering an average energy savings of 5%. Regarding combined measures, package 6 (a combination of exterior facade insulation with window replacements) stands out as the one providing the highest energy savings (averaging between 38.13% and 38.51%, depending on the material used) and an economic payback period of less than 10 years. However, it requires the highest upfront investment. Package 3, which combines air cavity insulation with the replacement of single-pane glass with low emissivity double-glazing, yields lower energy savings but at the same time requires a lower investment. As for embodied energy, PVC-framed windows and XPS as the exterior insulation material exhibit the highest consumption of primary energy.

Objective: The aim of this study is to analyzed the economic impact of tourism development in Mandalika as one of Super Priority Tourism Destinations Program to local communities. Theoritical Framework: This study explores the economic impact from sustainable tourism development. Sustainable tourism development suggest to give more impact to the local community. Method: This study is conducted using qualitative method. Data collection was carried out through observation, interviews and focus group discussion. The collected data will be organized into data categories and analyzed by studying all the collected data, coding the data based on the theme, and interpreting the meaning of the theme to answer the problems according to the research objectives. Sources used in this study are from local community, which consist of tourism industry, supporting industry and local society Findings: The results of this study indicate that there are direct and indirect economic impacts on the local community's economy, both in the core and buffer tourism zones.

Public administration is conceptualized as the set of actions carried out by state entities, at different levels of government, for the achievement of purposes, objectives and goals framed in government policies, using appropriate means and decision mechanisms for the allocation and Correct distribution of public resources for the welfare of the population. In recent decades, it has been part of the political agenda due to the phenomenon of corruption, due to the directing of resources to satisfy the personal interests of public officials, hindering equal access to essential goods and services, mainly affecting life, health and other important rights of citizens. The objective of this article is to understand corruption in public administration and the impact it generates on political, economic and social development, in the Peruvian context. A retrospective study was carried out based on a systematic review of research on the subject, whose results show corruption as the use of public resources of the State for private benefit, generating political, economic and social repercussions, violating human rights, to the detriment of the social development., La administración pública es conceptualizada como el conjunto de acciones que realizan las entidades del estado, en los diferentes niveles de gobierno, para el logro de fines, objetivos y metas enmarcadas en las políticas gubernamentales, utilizando medios adecuados y mecanismos de decisión para la asignación y distribución correcta de los recursos públicos en bienestar de la población. En las últimas décadas, viene siendo parte de la agenda política debido al fenómeno de la corrupción, por el direccionamiento de los recursos para satisfacer intereses personales de funcionarios públicos, dificultando el acceso igualitario a bienes y servicios esenciales, afectando principalmente la vida, la salud y otros importantes derechos de los ciudadanos. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo conocer la corrupción en la administración pública y el impacto que este genera en el desarrollo político, económico y social, en el contexto peruano. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo basado en una revisión sistemática en investigaciones sobre el tema, cuyos resultados muestran la corrupción como el aprovechamiento de los recursos públicos del Estado en beneficio particular, generando repercusiones políticas, económicas y sociales, vulnerando los derechos humanos, en perjuicio del desarrollo social.

Purpose: Multifaceted food waste behavior attracted the researchers from diversity of disciplines. Scholars have studied this subject from two primary sociological ontologies: behavioral and socio-psychological. There are several interrelating activities due to which behaviors and practices related with waste reductions are intricate. Methodology: This study contributed to an important extension of Partial Least Squares (PLS-SEM) route modelling: the comparison of PLS estimates across subpopulations, often known as multi-group analysis. Applying PLS-based multi-group analysis approaches have the drawback of relying on distributional assumptions. This work proposes PLS-MGA, a non-parametric PLS-based approach to multi-group analysis. Findings: The study has revealed that psychographic factors (attitude, Intentions) and routine related factors (household skill, leftover reuse routine, planning) play a crucial role to predict the food wastage behavior. In addition, it is also revealed that injunctive norms are direct predictor of food wastage behavior. Implications: Policy makers need to implement such measures and policies that can motivate consumers to reduce food waste by raising awareness toward environmental issues. The implications and recommendations presented in this study to prevent food waste may pave the path to success in reaching the national sustainability agenda.

Purpose: Multifaceted food waste behavior attracted the researchers from diversity of disciplines. Scholars have studied this subject from two primary sociological ontologies: behavioral and socio-psychological. There are several interrelating activities due to which behaviors and practices related with waste reductions are intricate. Methodology: This study contributed to an important extension of Partial Least Squares (PLS-SEM) route modelling: the comparison of PLS estimates across subpopulations, often known as multi-group analysis. Applying PLS-based multi-group analysis approaches have the drawback of relying on distributional assumptions. This work proposes PLS-MGA, a non-parametric PLS-based approach to multi-group analysis. Findings: The study has revealed that psychographic factors (attitude, Intentions) and routine related factors (household skill, leftover reuse routine, planning) play a crucial role to predict the food wastage behavior. In addition, it is also revealed that injunctive norms are direct predictor of food wastage behavior. Implications: Policy makers need to implement such measures and policies that can motivate consumers to reduce food waste by raising awareness toward environmental issues. The implications and recommendations presented in this study to prevent food waste may pave the path to success in reaching the national sustainability agenda.

Purpose: Multifaceted food waste behavior attracted the researchers from diversity of disciplines. Scholars have studied this subject from two primary sociological ontologies: behavioral and socio-psychological. There are several interrelating activities due to which behaviors and practices related with waste reductions are intricate. Methodology: This study contributed to an important extension of Partial Least Squares (PLS-SEM) route modelling: the comparison of PLS estimates across subpopulations, often known as multi-group analysis. Applying PLS-based multi-group analysis approaches have the drawback of relying on distributional assumptions. This work proposes PLS-MGA, a non-parametric PLS-based approach to multi-group analysis. Findings: The study has revealed that psychographic factors (attitude, Intentions) and routine related factors (household skill, leftover reuse routine, planning) play a crucial role to predict the food wastage behavior. In addition, it is also revealed that injunctive norms are direct predictor of food wastage behavior. Implications: Policy makers need to implement such measures and policies that can motivate consumers to reduce food waste by raising awareness toward environmental issues. The implications and recommendations presented in this study to prevent food waste may pave the path to success in reaching the national sustainability agenda.

Provides detailed coverage of information resources on U.S. Government information resources for federal regulations. Features historical background on these regulations, details on the Federal Register and Code of Federal Regulations, includes information on individuals can participate in the federal regulatory process by commenting on proposed agency regulations via https://regulations.gov/, describes the role of presidential executive orders, refers to recent and upcoming U.S. Supreme Court cases involving federal regulations, and describes current congressional legislation seeking to give Congress greater involvement in the federal regulatory process.

Although simulations from literature evidence and theories about the vulnerability of people with disabilities abound, the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with disabilities is largely unexplored in Ghana, thereby creating a research gap. In this study, the social and economic impacts of the pandemic on people with physical and visual disabilities were probed. The empirical evidence was gathered from the Ashanti region of Ghana, a known region with a high population of disabled people. The phenomenological research design was utilized, as it aided in studying the lived experiences of disabled people. Ethical approval was sought from the Human Ethics Office (HEO) of the University of Manitoba, while permission was sought from the Ghana Blind Union and Ghana Association of the Physically Disabled, Kumasi chapters. Using the purposive sampling technique, physically and visually impaired people were recruited if they met the following criteria: (i) 18 years old and above; (ii) willing to be interviewed; (iii) willing to be recorded; (iv) willing to voluntarily provide informed consent to participate in the study; and (v) able to communicate in Ashanti Twi or English language – the commonly spoken languages in the study area. In-depth telephone interviews were used as the data collection tool for this study, while the interview guide served as the data collection instrument. The data was analyzed to reflect the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) as double hermeneutics where participants interpret their experiences, then the researcher interprets the interpretation of their experiences. High awareness of COVID-19 and perceptions ranging from the transmission and deadly attribute of the viral disease was prevalent among the participants. The participants also perceived physical distancing, the wearing of masks and good hygiene practices as means of preventing the spread of the virus. Negative social impacts ranging from isolation, loneliness and feeli

Globally, conflicts arising from resource use are increasingly becoming common. This generated inter-ethnic violence that has caused death, strained relations among communities, led to loss of property, displacements, slowed economic growth, and increased sex-related crimes. Despite the government, local communities, and NGOs, among other institutions, putting effort into minimizing conflicts, they have yet to find a lasting solution. The overarching objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of resource-use practices on inter-ethnic conflicts in Nakuru County, Kenya. The study was conducted in Nakuru County and targeted household heads, government officials, civil society organizations, and community members. There were 246 respondents, taken as the sample size for the study. The study found that the major effects of conflicts were loss of life, displacement, loss of property, ethnic differences, and low income. The study concludes that the effects of resource-use practices on interethnic conflicts include loss of life, population displacement, discrimination, loss of property, and loss of market for goods, all of which have a significant impact on the economic status of the affected community. The research suggests that the consequences of resource-use practices on inter-ethnic disputes in the study area should be improved both at the national and county levels. This would make it possible for the people living in the area to advance economically.

Globally, conflicts arising from resource use are increasingly becoming common. This generated inter-ethnic violence that has caused death, strained relations among communities, led to loss of property, displacements, slowed economic growth, and increased sex-related crimes. Despite the government, local communities, and NGOs, among other institutions, putting effort into minimizing conflicts, they have yet to find a lasting solution. The overarching objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of resource-use practices on inter-ethnic conflicts in Nakuru County, Kenya. The study was conducted in Nakuru County and targeted household heads, government officials, civil society organizations, and community members. There were 246 respondents, taken as the sample size for the study. The study found that the major effects of conflicts were loss of life, displacement, loss of property, ethnic differences, and low income. The study concludes that the effects of resource-use practices on interethnic conflicts include loss of life, population displacement, discrimination, loss of property, and loss of market for goods, all of which have a significant impact on the economic status of the affected community. The research suggests that the consequences of resource-use practices on inter-ethnic disputes in the study area should be improved both at the national and county levels. This would make it possible for the people living in the area to advance economically.

Provides detailed coverage of information resources on U.S. Government information resources for federal regulations. Features historical background on these regulations, details on the Federal Register and Code of Federal Regulations, includes information on individuals can participate in the federal regulatory process by commenting on proposed agency regulations via https://regulations.gov/, describes the role of presidential executive orders, refers to recent and upcoming U.S. Supreme Court cases involving federal regulations, and describes current congressional legislation seeking to give Congress greater involvement in the federal regulatory process.

Special issue: The economics of mega-sporting events, Many economic impact studies assessed that mega-sporting events can have an influence on the level of economic activity of the host territory. The attraction of many tourists is usually at the centre of the analysis. During the Rugby World Cup 2007 in France, foreign spectators are at the root of most of the economic impact on French regions, with significant differences depending on their nationalities and their sociodemographic profiles. It thus appears that the regional impact of the event is even stronger since the host matches have attracted many foreign spectators with a high level of income and expenditure., Instituto Complutense de Estudios Internacionales, TRUE, pub

The fishery supply chain is facing challenges due to rising fuel costs and sharp declines in marine resources. Thus, it is imperative to establish a low-cost, hygienic, and greener fishery supply chain with the goals of lowering poverty, securing food, promoting gender equality, and mitigating the effects of climate change to achieve sustainability by 2030. In response to the profound implications of climate change, the United Nations has prioritized achieving net-zero carbon emissions in the near future. Thailand, as part of this global effort, has developed a comprehensive plan to reduce greenhouse gas emissions at 20–25 percent by 2030 based on current conditions. In this regard, the Training Department (TD) of SEAFDEC also supports the use of low-carbon emissions, energy-efficient technologies, and alternative energy sources to minimize greenhouse gas emissions from the fisheries sector to fulfill the Resolution on Sustainable Fisheries for Food Security for the ASEAN Region Towards 2030, specifically Resolution No. 9. Support the efforts to promote low carbon development technologies by minimizing the contribution of the fisheries sector to greenhouse gas emissions, with emphasis on promoting the use of energy-efficient equipment and alternative energy sources.

National parks are key parts of worldwide conservation initiatives. Increasingly, they are being founded not only to meet conservation goals but also because of their potential positive impact on regional economies. However, the results of previous research are ambiguous when it comes to assessing the magnitude of this effect and no such studies have been conducted for national parks in southern, central and western Sweden. This GIS-based study looks at five Swedish national parks (Fulufjället, Färnebofjärden, Kosterhavet, Söderåsen and Åsnen) and analyses business establishments in their vicinities over 30 years (1993 to 2022). This methodology demonstrates the utility of using GIS tools in tandem with business registers especially when other data, such as visitor spending figures, is not available. The results show that three of the five studied national parks had positive economic impacts on surrounding areas after they were established. Many previous studies assume tourism to be the primary vector of economic development, but this thesis’ results suggest the contrary: national parks seem to impact all industry sectors, albeit unevenly., Nationalparker utgör ett centralt element i naturvård runt hela jorden. Utöver naturvård så utgör tron på deras positiva effekt för regionalekonomisk utveckling en allt vanligare motivering för att grunda nya nationalparker. Forskningsläget kring omfattningen av sådana effekter är dock oklart och den ekonomiska effekten av nationalparker i Syd-, Väst, och Mellansverige har inte analyserats i någon större omfattning. Den här GIS-baserade studien tittar på fem svenska nationalparker (Fulufjället, Färnebofjärden, Kosterhavet, Söderåsen och Åsnen) och analyserar hur nyetableringen av företag i deras omedelbara närhet har sett ut under en 30-årsperiod (1993 till 2022). Metoden visar att det kan vara givande att kombinera GIS-verktyg med företagsregister för att studera ekonomiska effekter, särskilt när annan data såsom besökarstatistik, saknas. Studien visar att i tre av fem fall så hade grundandet av en nationalpark en positiv ekonomisk effekt på omkringliggande områden. Resultatet är dock inte enhetligt i alla studerade områden, och gäller inte för alla verksamhetssektorer. Ofta antas att turistsektorn är den som främst påverkas när en nationalpark grundas, men den här studien visar att även många andra sektorer påverkas.

Diet-related diseases kill millions of people every year and pose significant costs to the economy and society. In Sweden, this is an increasingly prevalent phenomenon. However, a healthy diet can prevent this. This thesis investigates what costs and benefits there are to adopting healthy eating habits and how these effects impact the Swedish economy. This thesis finds that the costs and benefits vary in the long-, and short-run, and if they are direct or indirect. The analysis finds that healthy eating habits would generate a net benefit of 198 and 2 347 billion SEK in the short-, and long run, respectively. Not all effects are quantified but are nonetheless shown to have major economic ramifications. This thesis concludes that adhering to healthy eating habits in Sweden has a predominately positive impact on the economy and society.

Airports have become one of the main factors of urban competitiveness, due to their role as communication nodes and also due to their ability to generate economic activity. The literature shows that, in many metropolitan areas, airports are an important pole of economic activity that attracts companies related to airport activity, but also other types of firms due to their accessibility and the lower price of land compared to the city center. This article describes the plan for the creation of an Airport City at Barcelona Airport and estimates the economic effect that its implementation would have on the Catalan and Spanish economy., Los aeropuertos se han convertido en uno de los principales factores de competitividad urbana, por su función de nodos de comunicaciones y también por su capacidad de generar actividad económica. La literatura demuestra que, en muchas áreas metropolitanas, los aeropuertos son un importante polo de actividad económica que atrae a empresas relacionadas con la actividad aeroportuaria, pero también a otros tipos de empresas debido a la accesibilidad y al menor precio del suelo respecto al centro. En este artículo se describe el plan para la creación de una Ciudad Aeroportuaria en el Aeropuerto de Barcelona y se estima el efecto económico que tendría su puesta en marcha sobre la economía catalana y española.

The purpose of this research work is to analyze the economic and financial impact of Covid-19 on family finances in Ecuador. The methodology applied was based on a descriptive research through data collection with a quantitative approach and a correlational research scope taking into account the sample of 384 families that was applied in zone 3 composed of the provinces of Cotopaxi, Tungurahua, Chimborazo and Pastaza. It was determined that the main results of the research inferred in the effects caused by Covid-19 in the labor field, since it increased the unemployment rate or reduced the hourly workloads, thus reducing workers' salaries. In conclusion, the effects of Covid-19 created economic instability in families due to the labor imbalance, which resulted in company closures and massive layoffs due to the decrease in production., El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como propósito analizar el impacto económico y financiero del Covid-19 en las finanzas familiares del Ecuador, la metodología aplicada se basó en una investigación descriptiva a través de la recopilación de datos con un enfoque cuantitativo y un alcance de investigación correlacional tomando en cuenta la muestra de 384 familias que se aplicó en la zona 3 compuesta por las provincias de Cotopaxi, Tungurahua, Chimborazo y Pastaza. Se determinó que los principales resultados de la investigación infieren en los efectos provocados por el Covid-19 en el ámbito laboral, puesto que, incrementó el índice de desempleo o se redujeron las cargas horarias, por ende, disminuyó las remuneraciones de los trabajadores. En conclusión, los efectos del Covid-19 crearon inestabilidad económica en las familias por el desequilibrio laboral, que se convirtió en cierres de empresas y despidos masivos debido al descenso de la producción.

During the last years, In Ecuador the digital transformation of citizen services has been a process gradually implemented. However, it is not clear the impact that the digital transformation has on organisational revenue. For this reason, the aim of this study is to analyse the economic impact of digital transformation on citizen services, using the Municipal Autonomous Decentralized Government of Portoviejo as the case study. For this purpose, a mixed and exploratory research was carried out: for the quantitative approach, secondary financial data provided by the institution was used, which was analysed using statistical methods. And, for the qualitative approach, we interview citizens to understand their perceptions and adoption of digital services. These data were analysed using content analysis techniques. The results show that revenue through digital services in this institution has gradually increased. In 2014 these services contributed 0.2% of the total collection and in 2021 it is 12.3%. Similarly, the number of users accessing them has increased, which has a highly positive correlation with the amounts collected. However, there are still limitations especially regarding to access to the Internet and trust in technological tools. The implications of this study are practical and can serve as support for decision makers to develop strategies for the implementation of digital services to the largest number of citizens possible., En Ecuador, la transformación digital de servicios que se brindan a la ciudadanía ha sido un proceso que se ha implementado paulatinamente durante los últimos años. Sin embargo, más allá de su disponibilidad, no es claro el impacto que la transformación digital tiene sobre la recaudación organizacional. Por este motivo, el objetivo de este estudio es analizar el impacto económico de la transformación digital en los servicios ciudadanos, usando como caso de estudio al Gobierno Autónomo Descentralizado Municipal de Portoviejo. Para este propósito, se ejecutó una investigación mixta y exploratoria: para el enfoque cuantitativo se usaron datos financieros secundarios provistos por la institución, que se analizaron usando métodos estadísticos. Mientras que, para el enfoque cualitativo se entrevistó a ciudadanos para entender sus percepciones de adopción de los servicios digitales y estos datos fueron analizados mediante técnicas de análisis de contenido. Los resultados demuestran que la recaudación a través de servicios digitales en la institución ha incrementado paulatinamente. En el 2014 estos servicios aportaban al 0.2% de la recaudación total y al 2021 es del 12.3%. De igual forma, el número de usuarios accediendo a ellos ha incrementado, mismo que tiene una correlación altamente positiva con los valores recaudados. Sin embargo, siguen existiendo limitaciones de acceso a Internet y de confianza hacia las herramientas tecnológicas. Las implicaciones de este estudio son prácticas y pueden servir de apoyo a los tomadores de decisión para desarrollar estrategias de implementación de servicios digitales a la mayor cantidad de ciudadanos posibles.

Climate change poses a significant challenge to economies throughout the world; understanding its potential economic impacts at the regional level is important for making informed policy decisions and mapping out effective adaptation strategies. This thesis examines the long-run effect of climate change in Sweden, an environmentally diverse, developed country with ambitious sustainability goals. By using a half-panel Jackknife Fixed Effect (HPJ-FE) method that estimates the effect of deviations in temperature and precipitation from long-run historical norms on the growth of different county-level economic performance indicators between 1968 and 2021. The study suggests that deviations in temperature have a positive effect on the growth rates of real GRP, real GRP per capita, and employment in Sweden, while productivity sees a negative effect. The results are compared to the United States and suggest that Sweden is seeing fewer negative effects and adapting faster to climate change than the United States.

To forge a path towards livestock disease emergency preparedness in Denmark, 15 different strategies to mitigate foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) were examined by modelling epidemics initiated in cattle, pig or small ruminant herds across various production systems located in four different Danish regions (Scenario 1), or in one specific livestock production system within each of the three species geographically distributed throughout Denmark (Scenario 2). When additional mitigation strategies were implemented on top of basic control strategies in the European foot-and-mouth disease spread model (EuFMDiS), no significant benefits were predicted in terms of the number of infected farms, the epidemic control duration, and the total economic cost. Further, the model results indicated that the choice of index herd, the resources for outbreak control, and the detection time of FMD significantly influenced the course of an epidemic. The present study results emphasise the importance of basic mitigation strategies, including an effective back-and-forward traceability system, adequate resources for outbreak response, and a high level of awareness among farmers and veterinarians concerning the detection and reporting of FMD at an early stage of an outbreak for FMD control in Denmark.

To forge a path towards livestock disease emergency preparedness in Denmark, 15 different strategies to mitigate foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) were examined by modelling epidemics initiated in cattle, pig or small ruminant herds across various production systems located in four different Danish regions (Scenario 1), or in one specific livestock production system within each of the three species geographically distributed throughout Denmark (Scenario 2). When additional mitigation strategies were implemented on top of basic control strategies in the European foot-and-mouth disease spread model (EuFMDiS), no significant benefits were predicted in terms of the number of infected farms, the epidemic control duration, and the total economic cost. Further, the model results indicated that the choice of index herd, the resources for outbreak control, and the detection time of FMD significantly influenced the course of an epidemic. The present study results emphasise the importance of basic mitigation strategies, including an effective back-and-forward traceability system, adequate resources for outbreak response, and a high level of awareness among farmers and veterinarians concerning the detection and reporting of FMD at an early stage of an outbreak for FMD control in Denmark.

Climate change poses a significant challenge to economies throughout the world; understanding its potential economic impacts at the regional level is important for making informed policy decisions and mapping out effective adaptation strategies. This thesis examines the long-run effect of climate change in Sweden, an environmentally diverse, developed country with ambitious sustainability goals. By using a half-panel Jackknife Fixed Effect (HPJ-FE) method that estimates the effect of deviations in temperature and precipitation from long-run historical norms on the growth of different county-level economic performance indicators between 1968 and 2021. The study suggests that deviations in temperature have a positive effect on the growth rates of real GRP, real GRP per capita, and employment in Sweden, while productivity sees a negative effect. The results are compared to the United States and suggest that Sweden is seeing fewer negative effects and adapting faster to climate change than the United States.

El municipio de Lebrija actualmente tiene una problemática en el tratamiento de los residuos del ciclo productivo del cultivo de piña. El presente trabajo evaluó diferentes alternativas de tratamiento convencional a los residuos del cultivo. La zona de análisis fue en Lebrija, Colombia en donde se realizó la cuantificación, a través de las herramientas geoespaciales ArcGIS y Google Earth Pro y una evaluación de impacto ambiental utilizando el método Matriz Conesa simplificado. Además, se implementó una evaluación económica por medio de un diseño de matriz. Dentro de las alternativas se seleccionó la de bolso de mujer ya que obtuvo menores impactos ambientales severos y críticos con naturalidad negativa en comparación con la alternativa Bioetanol. El bolso de mujer obtuvo valoraciones ambientales de -1114 para 48 acciones comparado con -1105 para 41 acciones del Bioetanol. En la matriz económica se observó que el porcentaje de crecimiento del sector de la alternativa seleccionada en el 2018 fue positivo. Para la alternativa seleccionada bolso de mujer a partir de material vegetal se definió un flujograma del proceso, junto a la tecnología usada, encontrando que es un mercado de proyección positiva y no existe complejidad en el proceso., The municipality of Lebrija currently has a problem in the treatment of residues from the productive cycle of pineapple cultivation. The present work evaluated different alternatives for conventional treatment of crop residues. The analysis area is Lebrija, Colombia, where the quantification was carried out, through the geospatial tools ArcGIS and Google Earth Pro and an environmental impact assessment using the “Matriz Conesa simplificado” method. In addition, an economic evaluation was implemented through a matrix design. Among the alternatives, the women’s bag was selected as it obtained less severe and critical environmental impacts with negative naturalness compared to the Bioethanol alternative. The women’s bag obtained environmental valuations of -1114 for 48 shares compared to -1105 for 41 shares of Bioethanol. In the economic matrix, it was observed that the growth percentage of the sector of the selected alternative in 2018 was positive. For the selected alternative women’s bag made from plant material, a process flow chart was defined, together with the technology used, finding that it is a market with a positive projection and there is no complexity in the process.

MXenes are currently a research hotspot in the field of 2D materials, hinting to revolutionize material technology. Their layered architecture allows for molecular intercalation, defect engineering, and surface band gap functionalization, with applications as diverse as energy storage and drinking water desalination. Its structural and functional integrity has prompted the scientific community to investigate novel compositions in an effort to leverage electrochemical activity, mechanical robustness, flexibility and environmental stability. However, the current synthesis routes present a bottleneck in proposing MXenes as a sustainable material for the future. Therefore, by expanding the reach of synthetic chemistry towards efficient strategies for green production, we present the first comprehensive introspection of the use of green solvents and their impact on material properties during MXene synthesis. This review is an attempt to quantify the intriguing characteristics of MXene nanocomposites by embracing design tools like the ‘iceberg model’. To further evaluate the performance of MXenes fabricated using green strategies (such as eutectic etching) we have made an attempt to critically compare them with conventional MXenes by examining surface characteristics, electrochemical analysis, charge transfer mechanisms etc. Conclusively, we aim to instigate concern about the environmental impact of MXene synthesis and instil a multidisciplinary approach to tailor environmentally benign, scalable and efficient MXene derivatives for commercial energy applications. The review provides an immersive account linking UN sustainable development goals with the industrial outlook of green MXenes, it highlights their impact on climate change, potential to build technically advanced economies, low cost production and range of applications.

The environmental impacts of activities such as raw material extraction, construction of infrastructure, and demolition, place construction as one of the sectors that exert the highest pressures on the environment, society, and economy. Some of the major environmental impacts for which the construction industry is responsible are mineral resource depletion, greenhouse gas emissions, and waste generation. Among the different strategies that exist to decrease such impacts, recycling demolition waste into recycled concrete aggregates has been considered a promising alternative. As such, at present, the literature dealing with the impact assessment of recycled aggregate concrete structures is very extensive. Therefore, the objective of this article is to present a critical view of the state-of-the-art in terms of sustainability assessment of recycled aggregate concrete structures, taking a holistic perspective by considering environmental, social, and economic impacts., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

The COVID-19 outbreak and subsequent public health interventions have depressed demand and disrupted supply chains for many fishing businesses. This paper provides an analysis of the COVID-19 impacts on the profitability of the EU fishing fleets. Nowcasting techniques were used to estimate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the economic performance for the EU fishing fleet in 2020 and 2021. Our results show that the economic impact of COVID-19 on this sector was smaller than initially expected and overall profits remained positive. This was in part due to low fuel prices that reduced operating costs of fishing, and the early response from governments to support the sector. The results vary by fishing fleet, revealing that small-scale fleets and the fleets in the Mediterranean and Black seas have been more impacted than large-scale fleets and the fleets in the Northeast Atlantic.

The Russia-Ukraine war, which began February 24, 2022, is ongoing, with a cost of many thousands of lives, catastrophic property destruction, and displacement of millions. As the international community grapples with nuclear threats and a humanitarian disaster resulting from the war, many small states in the region are struggling to maintain economic stability and military security. Perhaps no small state is more immediately affected than geographically unique Mongolia, situated between world powers Russia and China. This thesis examines how Russia’s war in Ukraine is impacting Mongolia in the economic and military domains. The thesis finds that because Mongolia’s 2011 foreign policy concept and 2015 military strategy remain in place, there is little chance of any change in current military strategy. The economic effects, however, have been pronounced: fuel prices have risen by 68 percent and consumer goods by 15.7 percent. The thesis concludes that Mongolia’s overreliance on Russia leaves it vulnerable to severe economic impacts over which it has little control. The thesis recommends that Mongolia pursue economic self-sufficiency in critical areas such as electrical power and that it assess ways to stabilize its economy in times of regional or international conflict. The thesis also recommends that Mongolia’s military innovate in response to the war and continue to develop its strength., Major, Mongolian Armed Forces, Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

The COVID-19 outbreak and subsequent public health interventions have depressed demand and disrupted supply chains for many fishing businesses. This paper provides an analysis of the COVID-19 impacts on the profitability of the EU fishing fleets. Nowcasting techniques were used to estimate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the economic performance for the EU fishing fleet in 2020 and 2021. Our results show that the economic impact of COVID-19 on this sector was smaller than initially expected and overall profits remained positive. This was in part due to low fuel prices that reduced operating costs of fishing, and the early response from governments to support the sector. The results vary by fishing fleet, revealing that small-scale fleets and the fleets in the Mediterranean and Black seas have been more impacted than large-scale fleets and the fleets in the Northeast Atlantic.

The economic fallout from the war in Ukraine has been very significant. The consequences of a war in East Asia involving the United States and China would be much worse. And even if a Sino-US military confrontation can be avoided, geo-economic conflict between the two powers is going to intensify. Washington will put increasing pressure on Germany and Europe to align their policies with Washington’s geo-economic strategy.

Cross-border investment and trade give rise to both economic gains and economic vulnerabilities. As geopolitical competition is intensifying, governments increasingly resort to restricting cross-border investment and trade. Policies are informed by a desire to limit security risks and secure technological advantages rather than pursue efficiency gains.

Wine and tourism represent a perfect symbiosis, as they offer a different experience to tourists and also promote the economic, social, and environmental development of wine regions. In Spain, wine tourism is an increasingly important research field and several studies have been conducted on the role of wine routes in boosting the competitiveness of a territory, increasing wine production, improving the quality of life of citizens, and respecting the environment. However, to the best of our knowledge, the economic impact generated by these routes in Spain has not been addressed in the academic literature. To overcome this research gap, this paper aims to analyze the supply and demand of tourism activities by examining the evolution of the institutions involved in the Spanish wine routes, on the one hand, and the economic impact of these routes, on the other. The results show a sharp drop in the supply of institutions and the demand for tourist routes in 2020 as a result of COVID-19, with a decrease of 2.58% in the total number of institutions adhered to the wine routes, a decrease of 73.53% in the total number of visitors to the different Wine Routes of Spain and a decrease of 74.7% in the economic impact compared to the previous year. Likewise, the research shows the existence of differences between the Wine Routes of Spain in terms of the number of visitors and their economic impact, which could serve as a guide for managers to make investments through acquisitions and/or their own investments in wineries located on the routes with the greatest economic impact., El vino y el turismo representan una simbiosis perfecta, ya que ofrecen una experiencia diferente a los turistas, además de promover el desarrollo económico, social y medioambiental de las regiones vinícolas. En España, el enoturismo es un campo de estudio cada vez más destacado, existiendo varios estudios sobre el papel de las rutas del vino en el impulso de la competitividad de un territorio, el aumento de la producción de vino, la mejora de la calidad de vida de los ciudadanos y el respeto al medio ambiente. Sin embargo, hasta donde sabemos, el impacto económico generado por estas rutas en el país ibérico no ha sido abordado en la literatura académica. Para superar este gap de investigación, este trabajo pretende analizar la oferta y la demanda de actividades turísticas mediante el análisis de la evolución de las instituciones implicadas en las rutas del vino españolas, por un lado, y el impacto económico de estas rutas, por otro. Los resultados muestran un fuerte descenso de la oferta de instituciones y de la demanda de las rutas turísticas en 2020 como consecuencia de la COVID-19, con una disminución del 2,58% en el número total de instituciones adheridas a las rutas del vino, un descenso del 73,53% en el número total de visitantes a las diferentes Rutas del Vino de España y un descenso del 74,7% en el impacto económico respecto al año anterior. Asimismo, la investigación pone de manifiesto la existencia de diferencias entre las Rutas del Vino de España en cuanto al número de visitantes y su impacto económico, lo que podría servir de guía a los directivos para realizar inversiones mediante adquisiciones y/o inversiones propias en las bodegas ubicadas en las rutas con mayor impacto económico.

COVID-19 pandemic has generated global challenges such as health emergencies and economic crises, which have had direct effects on all economic sectors, including tourism and travel, which are the main contributors to the service industry worldwide; this industry experienced the impacts of the pandemic more severely due to the mobility restrictions established by the different levels of government, as a contingency measure in the face of growing infections. At national level, the losses in tourism were close to USD 1,810 million, and a shortfall of approximately 70,000 full employment positions. In this context, the objective of this study is to examine the way in which the owners and administrators of commercial premises in the Turi parish of the Cuenca canton, coped with the pandemic and its effects, using quantitative analysis methods and tools. The information that supports the analysis was obtained through a survey process in the territory using structured questionnaires, which allowed collecting the perceptions of the main actors related to tourism in Turi with respect to the variables where the effects of the pandemic are manifested. The main results suggest that in the parish there is little presence of public policies aimed at reactivating tourism, so the sustainability of small businesses is vulnerable. The main conclusion of this research is focused on the importance of activating rural community tourism, positioning it as an economic activity for the population of Turi., La pandemia del COVID-19 ha generado desafíos globales, como emergencias sanitarias y crisis económicas, que han provocado efectos directos en todos los sectores económicos, incluido el turismo y los viajes, que son los principales contribuyentes a la industria de servicios en todo el mundo. Esta industria experimentó los impactos de la pandemia con más severidad debido a las restricciones de movilidad establecidas por los diferentes niveles de gobierno, como medida de contingencia ante los crecientes contagios. A nivel nacional, las pérdidas en el turismo se aproximaron a los USD 1.810 millones, así como de aproximadamente 70.000 plazas de empleo pleno; en este contexto, el objetivo de este estudio se centró en examinar la forma en que los propietarios y administradores de los locales comerciales en la parroquia Turi del cantón Cuenca, sobrellevaron la pandemia y sus efectos, utilizando métodos y herramientas de análisis cuantitativo. La información que sustenta el análisis se obtuvo mediante el levantamiento de información en territorio utilizando cuestionarios estructurados, los cuales permitieron recoger las percepciones de los principales actores relacionados con la actividad turística en Turi con respecto a las variables donde se manifiestan los efectos de la pandemia. Los principales resultados sugieren que en la parroquia existe poca presencia de políticas públicas destinadas a la reactivación turística, por lo que la sostenibilidad de los pequeños negocios se presenta vulnerable. La principal conclusión de esta investigación señala la importancia de activar el turismo comunitario rural, colocándolo como primordial actividad económica para la población objeto del estudio.

The research project was carried out in the MIXTA CTM TRANSPORTATION Company located in the 24 de Mayo canton, which provides transportation or mobilization services with the Jipijapa route. It was determined that the company has poor customer service due to not having enough knowledge, which does not allow a better economic and business develop-ment of the organization. The objective is to analyze customer service and its impact on the development of the company. In the execution process, the bibliographic, descriptive, analytical and inductive methods were used, with which it was possible to obtain information and know the current situation of the Company. In addition, research techniques such as surveys were used, which allowed obtaining the perception of the partners about the service provided and a description of the Manager about the company's problems in order, in order to detect different needs. As a result, it was possible to detect that in the Transport cooperative it has been observed that there is poor customer service, since it does not have any knowledge and there are continuous complaints from customers. In conclusion, it is necessary to indicate that customer service is one of the key points to have customer preference, in addition to applying the different strategies for the growth of the company. The lack of clear, precise and reliable information from the staff has caused customers to lose interest in going to the cooperative. Not having all these requirements., Esta investigação estuda o impacto económico nos produtores e comerciantes de calçado. A economia do país, nos diferentes sectores económicos, foi afectada pela pandemia da COVID 19. Os diferentes sectores, devido à situação actual da economia nos primeiros meses, tiveram de alterar a sua actividade económica a fim de gerar rendimentos. O objectivo da investigação é analisar o impacto da pandemia nos comerciantes e produtores de calçado no cantão de Por-toviejo, considerando as abordagens teóricas baseadas na relação das variáveis do estudo. O impacto económico e as microempresas que produzem e comercializam calçado são fundamentais e importantes na economia de um país desde que o primeiro tenta ver que efeitos tem sobre a economia e o outro gera rendimentos. Para tal, foi utilizado um desenho metodológico descritivo e bibliográfico, que permitirá a revisão de fontes secundárias com o objectivo de analisar o ponto mais relevante do assunto. Finalmente, conclui-se que, devido à situação actual devido à pandemia da COVID 19, embora desde 2021 a economia tenha sido reactivada, os números do desemprego, o encerramento de empresas ou negócios, a taxa de pobreza aumentou significativamente no ano 2020 em comparação com o ano anterior, o confinamento e as medidas tomadas no país para reduzir a propagação desta pandemia sendo um factor significativo, muitos decidiram., Esta investigación estudia el impacto económico en las productoras y comercializadoras de calzado. La economía del país, en los diferentes sectores económicos se vieron afectados por la pandemia del COVID 19. Los diferentes sectores debido a la situación actual de la economía en los primeros meses tuvieron que cambiar su actividad económica para poder generar ingresos. El objetivo de la investigación es Analizar el impacto de la pandemia en las comercializadoras y productora de calzado en el cantón Portoviejo, considerando los planteamientos teóricos en base a la relación de las variables de estudio. El impacto económico y las microempresas productoras y comercializadora de calzado son fundamentales e importante en la economía de un país ya que la primera trata de ver qué efectos tiene en la economía y la otra genera ingresos. Para ello se utilizó un diseño metodológico de tipo descriptivo y bibliográfico, que permitirá la revisión de fuentes secundarias con el propósito de analizar los puntos más relevantes del tema. Finalmente se concluye que debido a la situación actual por la pandemia del COVID 19 aunque desde el 2021 se han ido reactivando la economía, las cifras de desempleo, cierre de negocios o empresas, el índice de pobreza aumentó significativamente en el año 2020 en comparación con el año anterior, siendo un factor significativo el confinamiento y las medidas que se tomaron dentro del país para reducir los contagios de esta pandemia, muchos decidieron por emprender desde sus casas realizando ventas por internet con entregas a domicilio.

The impact on economic activity due to the confinement and temporary closure decreed to non-essential companies by COVID-19 caused a differentiated impact by gender in Sonoran MSMEs. Objective: To describe the economic impact of the COVID-19 contingency in Sonoran MSMEs, identifying differences by gender. Methodology: Relational, comparative, cross-sectional exploratory study using unstructured survey and interview techniques, simple random sampling method, sample size 107 of businesspersons and women from the formal sector in Sonora. For data processing, the SPSS version 25 Program was used. Limitations: Since the survey was applied during confinement by COVID-19, business chambers were asked to provide support to answer it, registering a lower participation by municipalities. Results: That are more significant correlations were found for women entrepreneurs than for men in: jobs generated, income level, dismissal of workers and essential activity, as well as the problems caused by COVID-19. Conclusion: Evidence was found that for women entrepreneurs MSMEs in Sonora, the effect of the pandemic is greater than for men in these types of companies, El impacto en la actividad económica por el confinamiento y cierre temporal decretado a empresas no esenciales por el COVID-19, ocasionó un impacto diferenciado por género en las Mipymes sonorenses. Objetivo: describir el impacto económico de la contingencia por COVID-19 en Mipymes sonorenses identificando diferencias por género. Metodología: estudio exploratorio, comparativo, de corte transversal utilizando técnicas de encuesta, método de muestreo aleatorio simple, tamaño de muestra 107 de empresarios y empresarias del sector formal en Sonora. Para el procesamiento de datos se utilizó el Programa SPSS versión 25. Limitaciones: debido a que la encuesta se aplicó durante el confinamiento por COVID-19, se pidió a las cámaras empresariales el apoyo para responderla, registrándose una menor participación por parte de los municipios. Resultados: se encontraron más correlaciones significativas para las mujeres empresarias que para los hombres en: empleos generados, nivel de ingresos, despido de trabajadores y actividad esencial, así como los problemas producto del COVID-19. Conclusión: se encontró evidencia que para las mujeres empresarias Mipymes de Sonora, el efecto de la pandemia es mayor que para los hombres de este tipo de empresas.

The research project was carried out in the MIXTA CTM TRANSPORTATION Company located in the 24 de Mayo canton, which provides transportation or mobilization services with the Jipijapa route. It was determined that the company has poor customer service due to not having enough knowledge, which does not allow a better economic and business develop-ment of the organization. The objective is to analyze customer service and its impact on the development of the company. In the execution process, the bibliographic, descriptive, analytical and inductive methods were used, with which it was possible to obtain information and know the current situation of the Company. In addition, research techniques such as surveys were used, which allowed obtaining the perception of the partners about the service provided and a description of the Manager about the company's problems in order, in order to detect different needs. As a result, it was possible to detect that in the Transport cooperative it has been observed that there is poor customer service, since it does not have any knowledge and there are continuous complaints from customers. In conclusion, it is necessary to indicate that customer service is one of the key points to have customer preference, in addition to applying the different strategies for the growth of the company. The lack of clear, precise and reliable information from the staff has caused customers to lose interest in going to the cooperative. Not having all these requirements., Esta investigação estuda o impacto económico nos produtores e comerciantes de calçado. A economia do país, nos diferentes sectores económicos, foi afectada pela pandemia da COVID 19. Os diferentes sectores, devido à situação actual da economia nos primeiros meses, tiveram de alterar a sua actividade económica a fim de gerar rendimentos. O objectivo da investigação é analisar o impacto da pandemia nos comerciantes e produtores de calçado no cantão de Por-toviejo, considerando as abordagens teóricas baseadas na relação das variáveis do estudo. O impacto económico e as microempresas que produzem e comercializam calçado são fundamentais e importantes na economia de um país desde que o primeiro tenta ver que efeitos tem sobre a economia e o outro gera rendimentos. Para tal, foi utilizado um desenho metodológico descritivo e bibliográfico, que permitirá a revisão de fontes secundárias com o objectivo de analisar o ponto mais relevante do assunto. Finalmente, conclui-se que, devido à situação actual devido à pandemia da COVID 19, embora desde 2021 a economia tenha sido reactivada, os números do desemprego, o encerramento de empresas ou negócios, a taxa de pobreza aumentou significativamente no ano 2020 em comparação com o ano anterior, o confinamento e as medidas tomadas no país para reduzir a propagação desta pandemia sendo um factor significativo, muitos decidiram., Esta investigación estudia el impacto económico en las productoras y comercializadoras de calzado. La economía del país, en los diferentes sectores económicos se vieron afectados por la pandemia del COVID 19. Los diferentes sectores debido a la situación actual de la economía en los primeros meses tuvieron que cambiar su actividad económica para poder generar ingresos. El objetivo de la investigación es Analizar el impacto de la pandemia en las comercializadoras y productora de calzado en el cantón Portoviejo, considerando los planteamientos teóricos en base a la relación de las variables de estudio. El impacto económico y las microempresas productoras y comercializadora de calzado son fundamentales e importante en la economía de un país ya que la primera trata de ver qué efectos tiene en la economía y la otra genera ingresos. Para ello se utilizó un diseño metodológico de tipo descriptivo y bibliográfico, que permitirá la revisión de fuentes secundarias con el propósito de analizar los puntos más relevantes del tema. Finalmente se concluye que debido a la situación actual por la pandemia del COVID 19 aunque desde el 2021 se han ido reactivando la economía, las cifras de desempleo, cierre de negocios o empresas, el índice de pobreza aumentó significativamente en el año 2020 en comparación con el año anterior, siendo un factor significativo el confinamiento y las medidas que se tomaron dentro del país para reducir los contagios de esta pandemia, muchos decidieron por emprender desde sus casas realizando ventas por internet con entregas a domicilio.

The research project was carried out in the MIXTA CTM TRANSPORTATION Company located in the 24 de Mayo canton, which provides transportation or mobilization services with the Jipijapa route. It was determined that the company has poor customer service due to not having enough knowledge, which does not allow a better economic and business develop-ment of the organization. The objective is to analyze customer service and its impact on the development of the company. In the execution process, the bibliographic, descriptive, analytical and inductive methods were used, with which it was possible to obtain information and know the current situation of the Company. In addition, research techniques such as surveys were used, which allowed obtaining the perception of the partners about the service provided and a description of the Manager about the company's problems in order, in order to detect different needs. As a result, it was possible to detect that in the Transport cooperative it has been observed that there is poor customer service, since it does not have any knowledge and there are continuous complaints from customers. In conclusion, it is necessary to indicate that customer service is one of the key points to have customer preference, in addition to applying the different strategies for the growth of the company. The lack of clear, precise and reliable information from the staff has caused customers to lose interest in going to the cooperative. Not having all these requirements., Esta investigação estuda o impacto económico nos produtores e comerciantes de calçado. A economia do país, nos diferentes sectores económicos, foi afectada pela pandemia da COVID 19. Os diferentes sectores, devido à situação actual da economia nos primeiros meses, tiveram de alterar a sua actividade económica a fim de gerar rendimentos. O objectivo da investigação é analisar o impacto da pandemia nos comerciantes e produtores de calçado no cantão de Por-toviejo, considerando as abordagens teóricas baseadas na relação das variáveis do estudo. O impacto económico e as microempresas que produzem e comercializam calçado são fundamentais e importantes na economia de um país desde que o primeiro tenta ver que efeitos tem sobre a economia e o outro gera rendimentos. Para tal, foi utilizado um desenho metodológico descritivo e bibliográfico, que permitirá a revisão de fontes secundárias com o objectivo de analisar o ponto mais relevante do assunto. Finalmente, conclui-se que, devido à situação actual devido à pandemia da COVID 19, embora desde 2021 a economia tenha sido reactivada, os números do desemprego, o encerramento de empresas ou negócios, a taxa de pobreza aumentou significativamente no ano 2020 em comparação com o ano anterior, o confinamento e as medidas tomadas no país para reduzir a propagação desta pandemia sendo um factor significativo, muitos decidiram., Esta investigación estudia el impacto económico en las productoras y comercializadoras de calzado. La economía del país, en los diferentes sectores económicos se vieron afectados por la pandemia del COVID 19. Los diferentes sectores debido a la situación actual de la economía en los primeros meses tuvieron que cambiar su actividad económica para poder generar ingresos. El objetivo de la investigación es Analizar el impacto de la pandemia en las comercializadoras y productora de calzado en el cantón Portoviejo, considerando los planteamientos teóricos en base a la relación de las variables de estudio. El impacto económico y las microempresas productoras y comercializadora de calzado son fundamentales e importante en la economía de un país ya que la primera trata de ver qué efectos tiene en la economía y la otra genera ingresos. Para ello se utilizó un diseño metodológico de tipo descriptivo y bibliográfico, que permitirá la revisión de fuentes secundarias con el propósito de analizar los puntos más relevantes del tema. Finalmente se concluye que debido a la situación actual por la pandemia del COVID 19 aunque desde el 2021 se han ido reactivando la economía, las cifras de desempleo, cierre de negocios o empresas, el índice de pobreza aumentó significativamente en el año 2020 en comparación con el año anterior, siendo un factor significativo el confinamiento y las medidas que se tomaron dentro del país para reducir los contagios de esta pandemia, muchos decidieron por emprender desde sus casas realizando ventas por internet con entregas a domicilio.

The research project was carried out in the MIXTA CTM TRANSPORTATION Company located in the 24 de Mayo canton, which provides transportation or mobilization services with the Jipijapa route. It was determined that the company has poor customer service due to not having enough knowledge, which does not allow a better economic and business develop-ment of the organization. The objective is to analyze customer service and its impact on the development of the company. In the execution process, the bibliographic, descriptive, analytical and inductive methods were used, with which it was possible to obtain information and know the current situation of the Company. In addition, research techniques such as surveys were used, which allowed obtaining the perception of the partners about the service provided and a description of the Manager about the company's problems in order, in order to detect different needs. As a result, it was possible to detect that in the Transport cooperative it has been observed that there is poor customer service, since it does not have any knowledge and there are continuous complaints from customers. In conclusion, it is necessary to indicate that customer service is one of the key points to have customer preference, in addition to applying the different strategies for the growth of the company. The lack of clear, precise and reliable information from the staff has caused customers to lose interest in going to the cooperative. Not having all these requirements., Esta investigação estuda o impacto económico nos produtores e comerciantes de calçado. A economia do país, nos diferentes sectores económicos, foi afectada pela pandemia da COVID 19. Os diferentes sectores, devido à situação actual da economia nos primeiros meses, tiveram de alterar a sua actividade económica a fim de gerar rendimentos. O objectivo da investigação é analisar o impacto da pandemia nos comerciantes e produtores de calçado no cantão de Por-toviejo, considerando as abordagens teóricas baseadas na relação das variáveis do estudo. O impacto económico e as microempresas que produzem e comercializam calçado são fundamentais e importantes na economia de um país desde que o primeiro tenta ver que efeitos tem sobre a economia e o outro gera rendimentos. Para tal, foi utilizado um desenho metodológico descritivo e bibliográfico, que permitirá a revisão de fontes secundárias com o objectivo de analisar o ponto mais relevante do assunto. Finalmente, conclui-se que, devido à situação actual devido à pandemia da COVID 19, embora desde 2021 a economia tenha sido reactivada, os números do desemprego, o encerramento de empresas ou negócios, a taxa de pobreza aumentou significativamente no ano 2020 em comparação com o ano anterior, o confinamento e as medidas tomadas no país para reduzir a propagação desta pandemia sendo um factor significativo, muitos decidiram., Esta investigación estudia el impacto económico en las productoras y comercializadoras de calzado. La economía del país, en los diferentes sectores económicos se vieron afectados por la pandemia del COVID 19. Los diferentes sectores debido a la situación actual de la economía en los primeros meses tuvieron que cambiar su actividad económica para poder generar ingresos. El objetivo de la investigación es Analizar el impacto de la pandemia en las comercializadoras y productora de calzado en el cantón Portoviejo, considerando los planteamientos teóricos en base a la relación de las variables de estudio. El impacto económico y las microempresas productoras y comercializadora de calzado son fundamentales e importante en la economía de un país ya que la primera trata de ver qué efectos tiene en la economía y la otra genera ingresos. Para ello se utilizó un diseño metodológico de tipo descriptivo y bibliográfico, que permitirá la revisión de fuentes secundarias con el propósito de analizar los puntos más relevantes del tema. Finalmente se concluye que debido a la situación actual por la pandemia del COVID 19 aunque desde el 2021 se han ido reactivando la economía, las cifras de desempleo, cierre de negocios o empresas, el índice de pobreza aumentó significativamente en el año 2020 en comparación con el año anterior, siendo un factor significativo el confinamiento y las medidas que se tomaron dentro del país para reducir los contagios de esta pandemia, muchos decidieron por emprender desde sus casas realizando ventas por internet con entregas a domicilio.

The majority of Nepal's population relies on agriculture, so invasive and native pests' ability to reduce farmers' crop yields is a significant concern. To protect farm households' food security and livelihoods, it is imperative to find effective pest management products and practices. Integrated pest management (IPM) is an arguably cheaper and less harmful alternative to conventional synthetic pesticides and is a way of managing and preventing agricultural pests using different levels of control methods (e.g., biological, cultural, and chemical) that have minimal adverse environmental and human health impacts. This study provides information on the extent of IPM practices by Nepali vegetable farmers, adds to the understanding of factors that influence the IPM adoption decision, and compares the economic benefits and performance of IPM to other conventional pest management practices. Our survey of 346 vegetable farmers in four districts throughout Nepal provides the primary data we use in our analysis. We distinguish practices into two categories: simple IPM practices that are commonly used and require limited knowledge and complex practices that typically require more knowledge and conscious use of IPM itself. We use a probit model to determine the factors that significantly affect the decision to adopt complex IPM practices. Our results find two explanatory variables that consistently affect complex IPM adoption: gender and IPM training. We compare the costs and benefits of using IPM to other conventional pest management practices by analyzing results from experimental field trials conducted in Nepal's Banke and Surkhet districts. Using an economic surplus approach, we estimate the market-level benefits of using IPM practices for three vegetables in Banke and four vegetables in Surkhet. The results predict cumulative IPM benefits of $1.06 to $1.44 million across the two districts.

The research project was carried out in the MIXTA CTM TRANSPORTATION Company located in the 24 de Mayo canton, which provides transportation or mobilization services with the Jipijapa route. It was determined that the company has poor customer service due to not having enough knowledge, which does not allow a better economic and business develop-ment of the organization. The objective is to analyze customer service and its impact on the development of the company. In the execution process, the bibliographic, descriptive, analytical and inductive methods were used, with which it was possible to obtain information and know the current situation of the Company. In addition, research techniques such as surveys were used, which allowed obtaining the perception of the partners about the service provided and a description of the Manager about the company's problems in order, in order to detect different needs. As a result, it was possible to detect that in the Transport cooperative it has been observed that there is poor customer service, since it does not have any knowledge and there are continuous complaints from customers. In conclusion, it is necessary to indicate that customer service is one of the key points to have customer preference, in addition to applying the different strategies for the growth of the company. The lack of clear, precise and reliable information from the staff has caused customers to lose interest in going to the cooperative. Not having all these requirements., Esta investigação estuda o impacto económico nos produtores e comerciantes de calçado. A economia do país, nos diferentes sectores económicos, foi afectada pela pandemia da COVID 19. Os diferentes sectores, devido à situação actual da economia nos primeiros meses, tiveram de alterar a sua actividade económica a fim de gerar rendimentos. O objectivo da investigação é analisar o impacto da pandemia nos comerciantes e produtores de calçado no cantão de Por-toviejo, considerando as abordagens teóricas baseadas na relação das variáveis do estudo. O impacto económico e as microempresas que produzem e comercializam calçado são fundamentais e importantes na economia de um país desde que o primeiro tenta ver que efeitos tem sobre a economia e o outro gera rendimentos. Para tal, foi utilizado um desenho metodológico descritivo e bibliográfico, que permitirá a revisão de fontes secundárias com o objectivo de analisar o ponto mais relevante do assunto. Finalmente, conclui-se que, devido à situação actual devido à pandemia da COVID 19, embora desde 2021 a economia tenha sido reactivada, os números do desemprego, o encerramento de empresas ou negócios, a taxa de pobreza aumentou significativamente no ano 2020 em comparação com o ano anterior, o confinamento e as medidas tomadas no país para reduzir a propagação desta pandemia sendo um factor significativo, muitos decidiram., Esta investigación estudia el impacto económico en las productoras y comercializadoras de calzado. La economía del país, en los diferentes sectores económicos se vieron afectados por la pandemia del COVID 19. Los diferentes sectores debido a la situación actual de la economía en los primeros meses tuvieron que cambiar su actividad económica para poder generar ingresos. El objetivo de la investigación es Analizar el impacto de la pandemia en las comercializadoras y productora de calzado en el cantón Portoviejo, considerando los planteamientos teóricos en base a la relación de las variables de estudio. El impacto económico y las microempresas productoras y comercializadora de calzado son fundamentales e importante en la economía de un país ya que la primera trata de ver qué efectos tiene en la economía y la otra genera ingresos. Para ello se utilizó un diseño metodológico de tipo descriptivo y bibliográfico, que permitirá la revisión de fuentes secundarias con el propósito de analizar los puntos más relevantes del tema. Finalmente se concluye que debido a la situación actual por la pandemia del COVID 19 aunque desde el 2021 se han ido reactivando la economía, las cifras de desempleo, cierre de negocios o empresas, el índice de pobreza aumentó significativamente en el año 2020 en comparación con el año anterior, siendo un factor significativo el confinamiento y las medidas que se tomaron dentro del país para reducir los contagios de esta pandemia, muchos decidieron por emprender desde sus casas realizando ventas por internet con entregas a domicilio.

Supplementary table with templates and name of primers used for PCR amplifications during the construction of the indicated plasmids are shown.

Chromatograms of Sanger sequencing results of the DNA fragment of interest amplified by RT-PCR. RNA samples obtained from upper non-inoculated leaves of cassava plants inoculated with the UCBSV-HAM1T1A-2xMyc mutant, and from plants derived from a stem cutting passage were used as template. Leaves for RNA preparation were harvested at 60- and 180-days post-infection (dpi). Residues derived from the original mutation and from the spontaneous second mutation are surrounded by a red circle. The amino acid that appears as the reversion to the wild type variant is surrounded by a blue circle.

Supplementary table with templates and name of primers used for PCR amplifications during the construction of the indicated plasmids are shown.

Supplementary table with a relation of oligonucleotides used in the main article.

(A) Representative pictures under white light of infected and non-treated N. benthamiana plants at 11 days post-inoculation. White bar = 4 cm. (B) Representative pictures under white light of upper non-inoculated leaves, at 40 days post-inoculation (dpi), of cassava plants inoculated with the indicated viruses. White arrows indicate the presence of leaf chlorosis induced by UCBSV in cassava. White bar = 4 cm. (C) Representative pictures under white light of stems, at 90 dpi, of cassava plants inoculated with the indicated viruses. Black arrows indicate the presence of brown streaks induced by UCBSV in cassava. (D) Chromatograms of Sanger sequencing results of the DNA fragment of interest amplified by RT-PCR. RNA samples deriving from upper non-inoculated leaves of the indicated cassava plant inoculated with UCBSV-HAM1N35A were used as template. Leaves for RNA preparation were harvested at both 90 and 120 days post-infection (dpi). Coloured circles surround both the original and the naturally introduced mutation. (E) Cropped polyacrylamide gel stained with coomasie blue that shows that equivalent amounts of the indicated proteins were used for the experiment in Fig 4E. 1:20 dilutions (10, 20 and 40 nanograms, correspondingly) were used for the measurement of ITPase activity.

Representative pictures of infected and non-treated N. benthamiana plants taken at 12 days post-inoculation. Bar = 4 cm. This image complements the information shown in Fig 6.

Supplementary table with templates and name of primers used for PCR amplifications during the construction of the indicated plasmids are shown.

One of the main issues in the treatment of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) deals with the choice between continuous or fixed-duration therapy. Continuous ibrutinib (IB), the first-in-class BTK inhibitor, and obinutuzumab-chlorambucil (G-CHL) are commonly used therapies for elderly and/or comorbid patients. No head-to-head comparison has been carried out. Within the Italian campus CLL network, we performed a retrospective study on CLL patients without TP53 disruption treated with IB or G-CHL as first-line therapy. Patients in the G-CHL arm had a higher CIRS score and the worst renal function. The overall response rates between the G-CHL and IB arms were similar, but more complete remissions (CRs) were achieved with G-CHL (p = 0.0029). After a median follow-up of 30 months, the progression-free survival (PFS, p = 0.0061) and time to next treatment (TTNT, p = 0.0043), but not overall survival (OS, p = 0.6642), were better with IB than with G-CHL. Similar results were found after propensity score matching and multivariate analysis. While PFS and TTNT were longer with IB than with G-CHL in IGHV unmutated patients (p = 0.0190 and 0.0137), they were superimposable for IGHV mutated patients (p = 0.1900 and 0.1380). In the G-CHL arm, the depth of response (79% vs. 68% vs. 38% for CR, PR and SD/PD; p < 0.0001) and measurable residual disease (MRD) influenced PFS (78% vs. 53% for undetectable MRD vs. detectable MRD, p = 0.0203). Hematological toxicities were common in the G-CHL arm, while IB was associated with higher costs. Although continuous IB provides better disease control in CLL, IGHV mutated patients and those achieving an undetectable MRD show a marked clinical and economic benefit from a fixed-duration obinutuzumab-based treatment.