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Holmen Paper Braviken har nyligen ändrat sitt produktutbud till viss del, deras kundkrets kommer därför förändras. Braviken vill uppdatera det presentationsmaterial som används vid kundbesök för att skapa en mer intressantväckande känsla samt kunna fokusera sin kommunikation på de delar som anses mer viktiga. Syftet med det här arbetet var att undersöka hur olika utformningar av informationsgrafik kan påverka intressenternas upplevelse av presentationsmaterial. Detta görs för att ta reda på om en annan typ av grafik kan uppnå det Braviken vill förmedla. För att kunna besvara detta syfte är tre stycken frågeställningar formulerade. Ett antal undersökningar som ämnar svara på frågeställningarna genomfördes och litteratur inom området samlades in. Först samlades litteratur in, sedan data från uppdragsgivaren och sist gjordes en fokusgrupp för att se vad respondenterna tyckte om den nya respektive den gamla grafiken. Då undersökningarna var avklarade och datan sammanställd och analyserad kunde en slutsats dras som även diskuterades. Utformningen har stor inverkan på upplevelsen, vilken utformning som ansågs bra berodde dock på vilken typ av användningsområde som respondenterna i fokusgruppen diskuterade. Detta tyder på att det finns rum för ytterligare studier inom området för Braviken. Det var möjligt att ta fram ett antal punkter som Braviken böra ta hänsyn till under skapandet av presentationsmaterial, dessa är: • Naturlig och verklighetstrogen färgsättning ökar förståelse och intresse. • Enkelhet uppskattas till en viss grad, den får inte inverka negativt på förståelsen. • Användningsområde styr utformning, a) Beskärning kan vara uppskattat vid utförliga muntliga presentationer b) Ramar är överlag alltid uppskattat c) Formen på ramar styrs av hur bilden ska användas, till exempel om illustrationerna skall vara klickbara uppskattas en bekant form. • Indikatorer för läsriktning bör användas med försiktighet då dessa lätt kan bli störande moment. • Uppfattningen av mat

Holmen Paper Braviken har nyligen ändrat sitt produktutbud till viss del, deras kundkrets kommer därför förändras. Braviken vill uppdatera det presentationsmaterial som används vid kundbesök för att skapa en mer intressantväckande känsla samt kunna fokusera sin kommunikation på de delar som anses mer viktiga. Syftet med det här arbetet var att undersöka hur olika utformningar av informationsgrafik kan påverka intressenternas upplevelse av presentationsmaterial. Detta görs för att ta reda på om en annan typ av grafik kan uppnå det Braviken vill förmedla. För att kunna besvara detta syfte är tre stycken frågeställningar formulerade. Ett antal undersökningar som ämnar svara på frågeställningarna genomfördes och litteratur inom området samlades in. Först samlades litteratur in, sedan data från uppdragsgivaren och sist gjordes en fokusgrupp för att se vad respondenterna tyckte om den nya respektive den gamla grafiken. Då undersökningarna var avklarade och datan sammanställd och analyserad kunde en slutsats dras som även diskuterades. Utformningen har stor inverkan på upplevelsen, vilken utformning som ansågs bra berodde dock på vilken typ av användningsområde som respondenterna i fokusgruppen diskuterade. Detta tyder på att det finns rum för ytterligare studier inom området för Braviken. Det var möjligt att ta fram ett antal punkter som Braviken böra ta hänsyn till under skapandet av presentationsmaterial, dessa är: • Naturlig och verklighetstrogen färgsättning ökar förståelse och intresse. • Enkelhet uppskattas till en viss grad, den får inte inverka negativt på förståelsen. • Användningsområde styr utformning, a) Beskärning kan vara uppskattat vid utförliga muntliga presentationer b) Ramar är överlag alltid uppskattat c) Formen på ramar styrs av hur bilden ska användas, till exempel om illustrationerna skall vara klickbara uppskattas en bekant form. • Indikatorer för läsriktning bör användas med försiktighet då dessa lätt kan bli störande moment. • Uppfattningen av mat

The tone value increase in halftone printing commonly referred to as dot gain actually encompasses two fundamentally different phenomena. Physical dot gain refers to the fact that the size of the printed halftone dots differs from their nominal size, and is related to the printing process. Optical dot gain originates from light scattering inside the substrate, causing light exchanges between different chromatic areas. Due to their different intrinsic nature, physical and optical dot gains need to be treated separately. In this study, we characterize and compare the dot gain properties for offset prints on coated and uncoated paper, using AM and first and second generation FM halftoning. Spectral measurements are used to compute the total dot gain. Microscopic images are used to separate the physical and optical dot gain, to study ink spreading and ink penetration, and to compute the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) for the different substrates. The experimental results show that the physical dot gain depends on ink penetration and ink spreading properties. Microscopic images of the prints reveal that the ink penetrates into the pores and cavities of the uncoated paper, resulting in inhomogeneous dot shapes. For the coated paper, the ink spread on top of the surface, giving a more homogenous dot shape, but also covering a larger area, and hence larger physical dot gain. The experimental results further show that the total dot gain is larger for the uncoated paper, because of larger optical dot gain. The effect of optical dot gain depends on the lateral light scattering within the substrate, the size of the halftone dots, and on the halftone dot shape, especially the dot perimeter.

This paper describes a method for 3-D surface estimation based on reflection measurements in different orientationsof the light source and the paper. To facilitate the estimation, surface facets that probably support specular reflection weremarked and isolated, so as to enable the application of sample Lambertian reflectance model over those non-specular reflectionpoints. A computer controlled imaging device was used to capture images in a large number of orientations. The image capturewas performed using several different exposures in order to present larger dynamic irradiance range. Images together with theircounterpoints under antithetical illuminations were used to deal with the possible situation that light failed illumination arrivalson some points locate behind bulges.Iteration using difference approximation as well as enforcing integrability algorithm wereused to calculate the surface height based on Shaping from Shading algorithm.

This paper describes a method for 3-D surface estimation based on reflection measurements in different orientationsof the light source and the paper. To facilitate the estimation, surface facets that probably support specular reflection weremarked and isolated, so as to enable the application of sample Lambertian reflectance model over those non-specular reflectionpoints. A computer controlled imaging device was used to capture images in a large number of orientations. The image capturewas performed using several different exposures in order to present larger dynamic irradiance range. Images together with theircounterpoints under antithetical illuminations were used to deal with the possible situation that light failed illumination arrivalson some points locate behind bulges.Iteration using difference approximation as well as enforcing integrability algorithm wereused to calculate the surface height based on Shaping from Shading algorithm.

The amount of trapping has a great impact on the gray balance and color reproduction of printed products. Therefore, conventional print density based models to estimate the effect of trapping have been created, which only give percentage values. In an earlier paper (Hauck and Gooran, 2011) we have proposed a trapping model based on reflectance spectra, which defines the trapping effect as the DE*ab colorimetric differences between the measurements and the calculated values. Therefore, this model is more useful and meaningful for the press machine operators than the conventional trapping models. The surface (gloss) and ground (ink penetration) effect may have an impact on the print results depending on the substrate and inks but these effects have mainly been ignored in all previous trapping models. In the present paper, we extend our earlier model to investigate the impact of both effects for high quality glossy coated paper and a set of sheet-fed offset inks. An ink mileage test was carried out to find the surface and ink penetration effects. The results of our investigation demonstrates that these two effects compensate each other and their total impact is almost negligible for the tested materials. This means that our previously proposed model can successfully be used for high quality glossy coated papers to determine the trapping value.

Studien Panta med Swish! undersöker på vilket sätt pekskärmsgränssnittet för så kallade Pantamera Express-automater och i synnerhet dess digitala utbetalningsmetod kan göras mer effektivt. Baserat på användarintervjuer och analyser av det befintliga gränssnittet utvecklades först en pappersprototyp. Pappersprototypen föreslog en rad olika lösningar för att effektivisera designen från grunden. Med denna utfördes senare prototyptester som avslöjade aspekter att ta till vara på så väl som aspekter som krävde förbättring. I nästa fas av designprocessen utvecklades prototypten ytterligare och gavs en digital form - den blev nu en datorprototyp. Denna iteration av prototypen bar Pantameras varumärkesidentitet och gjorde designen mer påtaglig. När väl datorprototypen skapats togs även en informativ affisch fram för att förklara det nya gränssnittet, dess digitala utbetalningsmetod samt hur denna används. Den heuristiska utvärderingen som följde tydde på att designerna med endast små justeringar kunde leva upp till rapportens syfte; syftet som formuleras i forskningsfrågan: “Hur bör ett gränssnitt omformas för att effektivisera dess digitala utbetalningsmetod?”. Efter att de slutgiltiga förändringarna genomförts kunde slutsatsen göras att användare behöver övertygelse för att kunna tänka sig använda en främmande utbetalningsmetod. Det därför är bra att i ett gränssnitt integrera en utbetalningstjänst som redan är välanvänd och som har ett välkänt varumärke. Det är också viktigt att framhäva detta varumärke för att användare ska känna sig uppmanade att testa den främmande metoden. Studien visar att lösningen är integrering av Swish, att göra automatens gränssnittet mer tillåtande och att komplettera detta med ytterligare information som förbereder användare, skapar en mer effektiv process för användarna och en i stort förbättrad användarupplevelse., The study Panta med Swish! researches in what way a touchscreen interface for so-called Pantamera Express machines and, particularly its digital disbursement method can be made more effective. Based on user interviews and analyses of the existing interface a paper prototype was first developed. The paper prototype suggested a number of solutions to streamline the interface. User tests were then carried out with this prototype. These tests revealed both promising aspects as well as aspects in need of betterment. In the next phase of the design process, the prototype was developed further and a digital prototype was created. This iteration of the prototype carried Pantamera’s brand identity, and made the design over all more tangible. After the digital prototype had been developed an informative poster was made to explain the new interface, its digital disbursement method and how it is used. The heuristic evaluation that followed indicated that the designs, with only minor adjustments, could live up to the set purpose of this paper: “How should an interface be re-developed in order to streamline its digital disbursement method?”. After the final adjustments had been made, the conclusion was drawn that users need convincing in order to consider using an unfamiliar disbursement method. Therefore, it is useful to integrate a disbursement service that is well-used and is associated with a well-known brand. It is also important to highlight said brand, in order to make users feel inclined to try said method out. The study shows that the solution is the integration of Swish, and to make the interface more allowing as well as to complement this with some additional information that prepares users, will create a more effective process for the users, and an all in all improved user experience.

Studien Panta med Swish! undersöker på vilket sätt pekskärmsgränssnittet för så kallade Pantamera Express-automater och i synnerhet dess digitala utbetalningsmetod kan göras mer effektivt. Baserat på användarintervjuer och analyser av det befintliga gränssnittet utvecklades först en pappersprototyp. Pappersprototypen föreslog en rad olika lösningar för att effektivisera designen från grunden. Med denna utfördes senare prototyptester som avslöjade aspekter att ta till vara på så väl som aspekter som krävde förbättring. I nästa fas av designprocessen utvecklades prototypten ytterligare och gavs en digital form - den blev nu en datorprototyp. Denna iteration av prototypen bar Pantameras varumärkesidentitet och gjorde designen mer påtaglig. När väl datorprototypen skapats togs även en informativ affisch fram för att förklara det nya gränssnittet, dess digitala utbetalningsmetod samt hur denna används. Den heuristiska utvärderingen som följde tydde på att designerna med endast små justeringar kunde leva upp till rapportens syfte; syftet som formuleras i forskningsfrågan: “Hur bör ett gränssnitt omformas för att effektivisera dess digitala utbetalningsmetod?”. Efter att de slutgiltiga förändringarna genomförts kunde slutsatsen göras att användare behöver övertygelse för att kunna tänka sig använda en främmande utbetalningsmetod. Det därför är bra att i ett gränssnitt integrera en utbetalningstjänst som redan är välanvänd och som har ett välkänt varumärke. Det är också viktigt att framhäva detta varumärke för att användare ska känna sig uppmanade att testa den främmande metoden. Studien visar att lösningen är integrering av Swish, att göra automatens gränssnittet mer tillåtande och att komplettera detta med ytterligare information som förbereder användare, skapar en mer effektiv process för användarna och en i stort förbättrad användarupplevelse., The study Panta med Swish! researches in what way a touchscreen interface for so-called Pantamera Express machines and, particularly its digital disbursement method can be made more effective. Based on user interviews and analyses of the existing interface a paper prototype was first developed. The paper prototype suggested a number of solutions to streamline the interface. User tests were then carried out with this prototype. These tests revealed both promising aspects as well as aspects in need of betterment. In the next phase of the design process, the prototype was developed further and a digital prototype was created. This iteration of the prototype carried Pantamera’s brand identity, and made the design over all more tangible. After the digital prototype had been developed an informative poster was made to explain the new interface, its digital disbursement method and how it is used. The heuristic evaluation that followed indicated that the designs, with only minor adjustments, could live up to the set purpose of this paper: “How should an interface be re-developed in order to streamline its digital disbursement method?”. After the final adjustments had been made, the conclusion was drawn that users need convincing in order to consider using an unfamiliar disbursement method. Therefore, it is useful to integrate a disbursement service that is well-used and is associated with a well-known brand. It is also important to highlight said brand, in order to make users feel inclined to try said method out. The study shows that the solution is the integration of Swish, and to make the interface more allowing as well as to complement this with some additional information that prepares users, will create a more effective process for the users, and an all in all improved user experience.

Today a lot of libraries, tools and techniques exist to create visual appealing renders for the web. In this thesis, a prototype for visualizing baseboards in the web browser was developed. The prototype demonstrates how certain libraries and techniques were used in order to achieve a generalized, appealing and realistic visualization of the baseboards in a 3D-visualization. This paper also covers why certain libraries and techniques were used for this prototype. The resulting prototype, use Three.js and takes advantage of PBR, different mapping methods and lighting sources that can be changed during runtime through a GUI. To get results on different aspects, such as the visual appeal, how realistic, and what lighting sources worked best for the prototype, a web-survey was sent out and the results evaluated. The evaluation showed that the usage of PBR, a roughness-metalness workflow, environment mapping, physical correct lighting and a point light solution in Three.js all made a good job in creating an appealing, generalized and realistic visualization tool for the web.

Today a lot of libraries, tools and techniques exist to create visual appealing renders for the web. In this thesis, a prototype for visualizing baseboards in the web browser was developed. The prototype demonstrates how certain libraries and techniques were used in order to achieve a generalized, appealing and realistic visualization of the baseboards in a 3D-visualization. This paper also covers why certain libraries and techniques were used for this prototype. The resulting prototype, use Three.js and takes advantage of PBR, different mapping methods and lighting sources that can be changed during runtime through a GUI. To get results on different aspects, such as the visual appeal, how realistic, and what lighting sources worked best for the prototype, a web-survey was sent out and the results evaluated. The evaluation showed that the usage of PBR, a roughness-metalness workflow, environment mapping, physical correct lighting and a point light solution in Three.js all made a good job in creating an appealing, generalized and realistic visualization tool for the web.

In printing, halftoning algorithms are applied in order to reproduce a continuous-tone image by a binary printing system. The image is transformed into a bitmap composed of dots varying in size and/or frequency. Nevertheless, this causes that the sparse dots found in light shades of cyan (C) and magenta (M) appear undesirably noticeable against white substrate. The solution is to apply light cyan (Lc) and light magenta (Lm) inks in those regions. In order to predict the color of CMYLcLm prints, we make use of the fact that Lc and Lm have similar spectral characteristics as C and M respectively. The goal of this paper is to present a model to characterize a five-channel CMYLcLm printing system using a three-channel color prediction model, where we treat the ink combinations Lc+C and Lm+M as new compound inks. This characterization is based on our previous three-channel CMY color prediction model that is capable of predicting both colorimetric tri-stimulus values and spectral reflectance. The drawback of the proposed model in this paper is the requirement of large number of training samples. Strategies are proposed to reduce this number, which resulted in expected larger but acceptable color differences.

In printing, halftoning algorithms are applied in order to reproduce a continuous-tone image by a binary printing system. The image is transformed into a bitmap composed of dots varying in size and/or frequency. Nevertheless, this causes that the sparse dots found in light shades of cyan (C) and magenta (M) appear undesirably noticeable against white substrate. The solution is to apply light cyan (Lc) and light magenta (Lm) inks in those regions. In order to predict the color of CMYLcLm prints, we make use of the fact that Lc and Lm have similar spectral characteristics as C and M respectively. The goal of this paper is to present a model to characterize a five-channel CMYLcLm printing system using a three-channel color prediction model, where we treat the ink combinations Lc+C and Lm+M as new compound inks. This characterization is based on our previous three-channel CMY color prediction model that is capable of predicting both colorimetric tri-stimulus values and spectral reflectance. The drawback of the proposed model in this paper is the requirement of large number of training samples. Strategies are proposed to reduce this number, which resulted in expected larger but acceptable color differences.

In printing, halftoning algorithms are applied in order to reproduce a continuous-tone image by a binary printing system. The image is transformed into a bitmap composed of dots varying in size and/or frequency. Nevertheless, this causes that the sparse dots found in light shades of cyan (C) and magenta (M) appear undesirably noticeable against white substrate. The solution is to apply light cyan (Lc) and light magenta (Lm) inks in those regions. In order to predict the color of CMYLcLm prints, we make use of the fact that Lc and Lm have similar spectral characteristics as C and M respectively. The goal of this paper is to present a model to characterize a five-channel CMYLcLm printing system using a three-channel color prediction model, where we treat the ink combinations Lc+C and Lm+M as new compound inks. This characterization is based on our previous three-channel CMY color prediction model that is capable of predicting both colorimetric tri-stimulus values and spectral reflectance. The drawback of the proposed model in this paper is the requirement of large number of training samples. Strategies are proposed to reduce this number, which resulted in expected larger but acceptable color differences.

Printing using more than four ink channels visually improves the reproduction. Nevertheless, if the ink layer thickness at any given point exceeds a certain limit, ink bleeding and colour accuracy problems would occur. Halftoning algorithms that process channels dependently are one way of dealing with this shortcoming of multi-channel printing. A multilevel halftoning algorithm that processes a channel so that it is printed with multiple inks of same chromatic value was introduced in our research group. Here we implement this multilevel algorithm using three achromatic inks – photo grey, grey, black – in a real paper-ink setup. The challenges lay in determining the thresholds for ink separation and in dot gain compensation. Dot gain results in a darker reproduction and since it originates from the interaction between a specific ink and paper, compensating the original image for multilevel halftone means expressing dot gain of three inks in terms of the nominal coverage of a single ink. Results prove a successful multilevel halftone implementation workflow using multiple inks while avoiding dot-on-dot placement and accounting for dot gain. Results show the multilevel halftoned image is visually improved in terms of graininess and detail enhancement when compared to the bi-level halftoned image.

In printing, halftoning algorithms are applied in order to reproduce a continuous-tone image by a binary printing system. The image is transformed into a bitmap composed of dots varying in size and/or frequency. Nevertheless, this causes that the sparse dots found in light shades of cyan (C) and magenta (M) appear undesirably noticeable against white substrate. The solution is to apply light cyan (Lc) and light magenta (Lm) inks in those regions. In order to predict the color of CMYLcLm prints, we make use of the fact that Lc and Lm have similar spectral characteristics as C and M respectively. The goal of this paper is to present a model to characterize a five-channel CMYLcLm printing system using a three-channel color prediction model, where we treat the ink combinations Lc+C and Lm+M as new compound inks. This characterization is based on our previous three-channel CMY color prediction model that is capable of predicting both colorimetric tri-stimulus values and spectral reflectance. The drawback of the proposed model in this paper is the requirement of large number of training samples. Strategies are proposed to reduce this number, which resulted in expected larger but acceptable color differences.

Printing using more than four ink channels visually improves the reproduction. Nevertheless, if the ink layer thickness at any given point exceeds a certain limit, ink bleeding and colour accuracy problems would occur. Halftoning algorithms that process channels dependently are one way of dealing with this shortcoming of multi-channel printing. A multilevel halftoning algorithm that processes a channel so that it is printed with multiple inks of same chromatic value was introduced in our research group. Here we implement this multilevel algorithm using three achromatic inks – photo grey, grey, black – in a real paper-ink setup. The challenges lay in determining the thresholds for ink separation and in dot gain compensation. Dot gain results in a darker reproduction and since it originates from the interaction between a specific ink and paper, compensating the original image for multilevel halftone means expressing dot gain of three inks in terms of the nominal coverage of a single ink. Results prove a successful multilevel halftone implementation workflow using multiple inks while avoiding dot-on-dot placement and accounting for dot gain. Results show the multilevel halftoned image is visually improved in terms of graininess and detail enhancement when compared to the bi-level halftoned image.

Printing using more than four ink channels visually improves the reproduction. Nevertheless, if the ink layer thickness at any given point exceeds a certain limit, ink bleeding and colour accuracy problems would occur. Halftoning algorithms that process channels dependently are one way of dealing with this shortcoming of multi-channel printing. A multilevel halftoning algorithm that processes a channel so that it is printed with multiple inks of same chromatic value was introduced in our research group. Here we implement this multilevel algorithm using three achromatic inks – photo grey, grey, black – in a real paper-ink setup. The challenges lay in determining the thresholds for ink separation and in dot gain compensation. Dot gain results in a darker reproduction and since it originates from the interaction between a specific ink and paper, compensating the original image for multilevel halftone means expressing dot gain of three inks in terms of the nominal coverage of a single ink. Results prove a successful multilevel halftone implementation workflow using multiple inks while avoiding dot-on-dot placement and accounting for dot gain. Results show the multilevel halftoned image is visually improved in terms of graininess and detail enhancement when compared to the bi-level halftoned image.

Printing using more than four ink channels visually improves the reproduction. Nevertheless, if the ink layer thickness at any given point exceeds a certain limit, ink bleeding and colour accuracy problems would occur. Halftoning algorithms that process channels dependently are one way of dealing with this shortcoming of multi-channel printing. A multilevel halftoning algorithm that processes a channel so that it is printed with multiple inks of same chromatic value was introduced in our research group. Here we implement this multilevel algorithm using three achromatic inks – photo grey, grey, black – in a real paper-ink setup. The challenges lay in determining the thresholds for ink separation and in dot gain compensation. Dot gain results in a darker reproduction and since it originates from the interaction between a specific ink and paper, compensating the original image for multilevel halftone means expressing dot gain of three inks in terms of the nominal coverage of a single ink. Results prove a successful multilevel halftone implementation workflow using multiple inks while avoiding dot-on-dot placement and accounting for dot gain. Results show the multilevel halftoned image is visually improved in terms of graininess and detail enhancement when compared to the bi-level halftoned image.

In printing, halftoning algorithms are applied in order to reproduce a continuous-tone image by a binary printing system. The image is transformed into a bitmap composed of dots varying in size and/or frequency. Nevertheless, this causes that the sparse dots found in light shades of cyan (C) and magenta (M) appear undesirably noticeable against white substrate. The solution is to apply light cyan (Lc) and light magenta (Lm) inks in those regions. In order to predict the color of CMYLcLm prints, we make use of the fact that Lc and Lm have similar spectral characteristics as C and M respectively. The goal of this paper is to present a model to characterize a five-channel CMYLcLm printing system using a three-channel color prediction model, where we treat the ink combinations Lc+C and Lm+M as new compound inks. This characterization is based on our previous three-channel CMY color prediction model that is capable of predicting both colorimetric tri-stimulus values and spectral reflectance. The drawback of the proposed model in this paper is the requirement of large number of training samples. Strategies are proposed to reduce this number, which resulted in expected larger but acceptable color differences.

Printing using more than four ink channels visually improves the reproduction. Nevertheless, if the ink layer thickness at any given point exceeds a certain limit, ink bleeding and colour accuracy problems would occur. Halftoning algorithms that process channels dependently are one way of dealing with this shortcoming of multi-channel printing. A multilevel halftoning algorithm that processes a channel so that it is printed with multiple inks of same chromatic value was introduced in our research group. Here we implement this multilevel algorithm using three achromatic inks – photo grey, grey, black – in a real paper-ink setup. The challenges lay in determining the thresholds for ink separation and in dot gain compensation. Dot gain results in a darker reproduction and since it originates from the interaction between a specific ink and paper, compensating the original image for multilevel halftone means expressing dot gain of three inks in terms of the nominal coverage of a single ink. Results prove a successful multilevel halftone implementation workflow using multiple inks while avoiding dot-on-dot placement and accounting for dot gain. Results show the multilevel halftoned image is visually improved in terms of graininess and detail enhancement when compared to the bi-level halftoned image.

Infusion of nanotechnology applications into modern life is in progress. Nanoscale innovation comes with the ever-pressing need to provide citizens and learners with scientific knowledge for informing perceptions and attitudes surrounding the societal impact of nanotechnology. In rising to the challenge, this paper reports the first developmental phase of a broader research agenda concerned with building and investigating virtual environments for communicating nano-ideas. Methods involved elucidating core nano-principles upon which two purposefully contrasting nanotechnology “risk” and “benefit” scenario tasks were designed for incorporation into an intended virtual environment. The result was construction of a 3D immersive virtual architecture where users’ multisensory interactive experiences of conducting the two tasks are anticipated as a gateway for engendering nano-related understanding underpinning perceived hopes and fears. In this revised paper, post-acceptance for presentation, initial results from a pilot study are also presented attained from exploring learners’ and citizens’ interaction with the constructed virtual environment.

Infusion of nanotechnology applications into modern life is in progress. Nanoscale innovation comes with the ever-pressing need to provide citizens and learners with scientific knowledge for informing perceptions and attitudes surrounding the societal impact of nanotechnology. In rising to the challenge, this paper reports the first developmental phase of a broader research agenda concerned with building and investigating virtual environments for communicating nano-ideas. Methods involved elucidating core nano-principles upon which two purposefully contrasting nanotechnology “risk” and “benefit” scenario tasks were designed for incorporation into an intended virtual environment. The result was construction of a 3D immersive virtual architecture where users’ multisensory interactive experiences of conducting the two tasks are anticipated as a gateway for engendering nano-related understanding underpinning perceived hopes and fears. In this revised paper, post-acceptance for presentation, initial results from a pilot study are also presented attained from exploring learners’ and citizens’ interaction with the constructed virtual environment.

Infusion of nanotechnology applications into modern life is in progress. Nanoscale innovation comes with the ever-pressing need to provide citizens and learners with scientific knowledge for informing perceptions and attitudes surrounding the societal impact of nanotechnology. In rising to the challenge, this paper reports the first developmental phase of a broader research agenda concerned with building and investigating virtual environments for communicating nano-ideas. Methods involved elucidating core nano-principles upon which two purposefully contrasting nanotechnology “risk” and “benefit” scenario tasks were designed for incorporation into an intended virtual environment. The result was construction of a 3D immersive virtual architecture where users’ multisensory interactive experiences of conducting the two tasks are anticipated as a gateway for engendering nano-related understanding underpinning perceived hopes and fears. In this revised paper, post-acceptance for presentation, initial results from a pilot study are also presented attained from exploring learners’ and citizens’ interaction with the constructed virtual environment.

Infusion of nanotechnology applications into modern life is in progress. Nanoscale innovation comes with the ever-pressing need to provide citizens and learners with scientific knowledge for informing perceptions and attitudes surrounding the societal impact of nanotechnology. In rising to the challenge, this paper reports the first developmental phase of a broader research agenda concerned with building and investigating virtual environments for communicating nano-ideas. Methods involved elucidating core nano-principles upon which two purposefully contrasting nanotechnology “risk” and “benefit” scenario tasks were designed for incorporation into an intended virtual environment. The result was construction of a 3D immersive virtual architecture where users’ multisensory interactive experiences of conducting the two tasks are anticipated as a gateway for engendering nano-related understanding underpinning perceived hopes and fears. In this revised paper, post-acceptance for presentation, initial results from a pilot study are also presented attained from exploring learners’ and citizens’ interaction with the constructed virtual environment.

The paper considers how the integration between visualization and storytelling can make statistical findings more comprehensible and accessible to the general public. Traditional practices for geovisual analytics methods applied to official statistics require tools for greater user participation and an improved user experience. The approach set out in this paper allows the analyst (the author) to communicate with interested readers through visual discoveries captured in snapshots with descriptive text. The paper introduces HTML5 based geovisual analytics tools that facilitate storytelling aimed at producing statistical news content in support of an automatic authoring process. The author simply presses a button to publish the knowledge gained from a visual interactive discovery process within an interactive web context that could more engagingly draw the user into reflections and sometimes change a perspective altogether.

The paper considers how the integration between visualization and storytelling can make statistical findings more comprehensible and accessible to the general public. Traditional practices for geovisual analytics methods applied to official statistics require tools for greater user participation and an improved user experience. The approach set out in this paper allows the analyst (the author) to communicate with interested readers through visual discoveries captured in snapshots with descriptive text. The paper introduces HTML5 based geovisual analytics tools that facilitate storytelling aimed at producing statistical news content in support of an automatic authoring process. The author simply presses a button to publish the knowledge gained from a visual interactive discovery process within an interactive web context that could more engagingly draw the user into reflections and sometimes change a perspective altogether. Keywords: Geovisual analytics, storytelling, HTML5

Infusion of nanotechnology applications into modern life is in progress. Nanoscale innovation comes with the ever-pressing need to provide citizens and learners with scientific knowledge for informing perceptions and attitudes surrounding the societal impact of nanotechnology. In rising to the challenge, this paper reports the first developmental phase of a broader research agenda concerned with building and investigating virtual environments for communicating nano-ideas. Methods involved elucidating core nano-principles upon which two purposefully contrasting nanotechnology “risk” and “benefit” scenario tasks were designed for incorporation into an intended virtual environment. The result was construction of a 3D immersive virtual architecture where users’ multisensory interactive experiences of conducting the two tasks are anticipated as a gateway for engendering nano-related understanding underpinning perceived hopes and fears. In this revised paper, post-acceptance for presentation, initial results from a pilot study are also presented attained from exploring learners’ and citizens’ interaction with the constructed virtual environment.

Studiens syfte var att utforska hur bokomslag för självhjälpsböcker inom kategorin depression bör formges för att passa den specificerade målgruppens perspektiv och ämnets karaktär. Syftet besvarades med hjälp av fyra frågeställningar. Inledningsvis undersöktes teori och målgruppens preferenser i en förstudie. Därefter följde ett designarbete där författarna formgav fyra bokomslag utifrån förstudien: Bokomslag 1 (Bubblor) som fokuserar på ett abstrakt, personligt, modernt och dynamiskt uttryckssätt, Bokomslag 2 (Vattenfärg) vars gröna vattenfärgsmotiv går från mörkt till ljust för att symbolisera livets olika nyanser och skeden, Bokomslag 3 (Paper Art 1) vars motiv symboliserar att ta sig igenom det mörka för att komma fram till ljuset, samt Bokomslag 4 (Paper Art 2) som med sitt motiv väcker associationer till hav och fokuserar på att skapa en harmonisk och hoppfull känsla. Avslutningsvis utvärderades omslagen av målgruppen, där Bokomslag 2 och 4 fick bäst respons och ansågs mest lyckade. Den avslutande frågeställningen var övergripande och syftade till att hitta aspekter som kan vara viktiga att ta i beaktande vid formgivning av bokomslag inom kategorin. I studien kunde ett antal mönster utrönas i vad målgruppen värdesätter. Följande riktlinjer skapades därefter, som rekommendationer vid formgivningen: det är svårt men viktigt att skapa en balans mellan positivt och dystert i omslagets stämning; abstrakta motiv med en lämplig symbolisk koppling till ämnet är att föredra; det är positivt om bokomslaget sticker ut från mängden; målgruppen uppskattar omslag som känns estetiskt tilltalande, moderna och färgrika; linjära teckensnitt är att föredra då de upplevs moderna och tydliga; omslaget bör inte avslöja bokens innehåll och ämne för tydligt.

This paper presents one of the participating methods to the intervertebral disc segmentation challenge organized in conjunction with the 3rd MICCAI Workshop amp; Challenge on Computational Methods and Clinical Applications for Spine Imaging - MICCAI-CSI2015. The presented method consist of three steps. In the first step, vertebral bodies are detected and labeled using integral channel features and a graphical parts model. The second step consists of image registration, where a set of image volumes with corresponding intervertebral disc atlases are registered to the target volume using the output from the first step as initialization. In the final step, the registered atlases are combined using label fusion to derive the final segmentation. The pipeline was evaluated using a set of 15 + 10 T2-weighted image volumes provided as training and test data respectively for the segmentation challenge. For the training data, a mean disc centroid distance of 0.86 mm and an average DICE score of 91% was achieved, and for the test data the corresponding results were 0.90 mm and 90%.

Studiens syfte var att utforska hur bokomslag för självhjälpsböcker inom kategorin depression bör formges för att passa den specificerade målgruppens perspektiv och ämnets karaktär. Syftet besvarades med hjälp av fyra frågeställningar. Inledningsvis undersöktes teori och målgruppens preferenser i en förstudie. Därefter följde ett designarbete där författarna formgav fyra bokomslag utifrån förstudien: Bokomslag 1 (Bubblor) som fokuserar på ett abstrakt, personligt, modernt och dynamiskt uttryckssätt, Bokomslag 2 (Vattenfärg) vars gröna vattenfärgsmotiv går från mörkt till ljust för att symbolisera livets olika nyanser och skeden, Bokomslag 3 (Paper Art 1) vars motiv symboliserar att ta sig igenom det mörka för att komma fram till ljuset, samt Bokomslag 4 (Paper Art 2) som med sitt motiv väcker associationer till hav och fokuserar på att skapa en harmonisk och hoppfull känsla. Avslutningsvis utvärderades omslagen av målgruppen, där Bokomslag 2 och 4 fick bäst respons och ansågs mest lyckade. Den avslutande frågeställningen var övergripande och syftade till att hitta aspekter som kan vara viktiga att ta i beaktande vid formgivning av bokomslag inom kategorin. I studien kunde ett antal mönster utrönas i vad målgruppen värdesätter. Följande riktlinjer skapades därefter, som rekommendationer vid formgivningen: det är svårt men viktigt att skapa en balans mellan positivt och dystert i omslagets stämning; abstrakta motiv med en lämplig symbolisk koppling till ämnet är att föredra; det är positivt om bokomslaget sticker ut från mängden; målgruppen uppskattar omslag som känns estetiskt tilltalande, moderna och färgrika; linjära teckensnitt är att föredra då de upplevs moderna och tydliga; omslaget bör inte avslöja bokens innehåll och ämne för tydligt.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Haptic and Audio Interaction Design, HAID 2012, held in Lund, Sweden, in August 2012. The 15 full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from numerous submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on haptics and audio in navigation, supporting experiences and activities, object and interface, test and evaluation., NanoSim

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Haptic and Audio Interaction Design, HAID 2012, held in Lund, Sweden, in August 2012. The 15 full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from numerous submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on haptics and audio in navigation, supporting experiences and activities, object and interface, test and evaluation., NanoSim

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Haptic and Audio Interaction Design, HAID 2012, held in Lund, Sweden, in August 2012. The 15 full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from numerous submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on haptics and audio in navigation, supporting experiences and activities, object and interface, test and evaluation., NanoSim

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Haptic and Audio Interaction Design, HAID 2012, held in Lund, Sweden, in August 2012. The 15 full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from numerous submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on haptics and audio in navigation, supporting experiences and activities, object and interface, test and evaluation., NanoSim

A major challenge when designing general purpose graphics hardware is to allow efficient access to texture data. Although different rendering paradigms vary with respect to their data access patterns, there is no flexibility when it comes to data caching provided by the graphics architecture. In this paper we focus on volume ray-casting, and show the benefits of algorithm-aware data caching. Our Marching Caches method exploits inter-ray coherence and thus utilizes the memory layout of the highly parallel processors by allowing them to share data througha cache which marches along with the ray front. By exploiting Marching Caches we can apply higher-order reconstruction and enhancement filters to generate more accurate and enriched renderings with an improved rendering performance. We have tested our Marching Caches with seven different filters, e. g., Catmul-Rom, B-spline, ambient occlusion projection, and could show that a speed up of four times can be achieved compared to using the caching implicitly provided by the graphics hardware, and that the memory bandwidth to global memory can be reduced by orders of magnitude. Throughout the paper, we will introduce the Marching Cache concept, provide implementation details and discuss the performance and memory bandwidth impact when using different filters., CADICS, CMIV

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Haptic and Audio Interaction Design, HAID 2012, held in Lund, Sweden, in August 2012. The 15 full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from numerous submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on haptics and audio in navigation, supporting experiences and activities, object and interface, test and evaluation., NanoSim

The purpose of this paper is to present how, using a visualization method, electricity use can be derived from the everyday activity patterns of household members. Target groups are, on the one hand, professionals in the energy sector and energy advisors who need more knowledge about household energy use, and, on the other hand, household members wanting to reduce the energy use by revealing their own habits and thereby finding out how changed activity performance may influence electricity use. The focus is on the relation between utilizing electric appliances to perform everyday life activities and the use of electricity. The visualization method is based on the time-geographic approach developed by Hägerstrand and includes a model that estimates appliance electricity use from household members’ activities. Focus, in this paper, is put on some basic activities performed to satisfy daily life needs: cooking and use of information, communication and entertainment devices. These activities appear frequently in the everyday life of households, even though not all household members perform them all. The method is applied on a data material comprising time-diaries written by 463 individuals (aged 10 to 85+) in 179 households in different parts of Sweden. The visualization method reveals when and for how long activities that claim electric appliances are performed by which individual(s). It also shows electricity load curves generated from the use of appliances at different levels, such as individual, household and group or population levels. At household level the method can reveal which household members are the main users of electricity, i.e. the division of labour between household members. Thereby it also informs about whom could be approached by energy companies and energy advisors in information campaigns. The main result of the study is that systematic differences in activity patterns in subgroups of a population can be identified (e.g. men and women) but that dir

The purpose of this paper is to present how, using a visualization method, electricity use can be derived from the everyday activity patterns of household members. Target groups are, on the one hand, professionals in the energy sector and energy advisors who need more knowledge about household energy use, and, on the other hand, household members wanting to reduce the energy use by revealing their own habits and thereby finding out how changed activity performance may influence electricity use. The focus is on the relation between utilizing electric appliances to perform everyday life activities and the use of electricity. The visualization method is based on the time-geographic approach developed by Hägerstrand and includes a model that estimates appliance electricity use from household members’ activities. Focus, in this paper, is put on some basic activities performed to satisfy daily life needs: cooking and use of information, communication and entertainment devices. These activities appear frequently in the everyday life of households, even though not all household members perform them all. The method is applied on a data material comprising time-diaries written by 463 individuals (aged 10 to 85+) in 179 households in different parts of Sweden. The visualization method reveals when and for how long activities that claim electric appliances are performed by which individual(s). It also shows electricity load curves generated from the use of appliances at different levels, such as individual, household and group or population levels. At household level the method can reveal which household members are the main users of electricity, i.e. the division of labour between household members. Thereby it also informs about whom could be approached by energy companies and energy advisors in information campaigns. The main result of the study is that systematic differences in activity patterns in subgroups of a population can be identified (e.g. men and women) but that dir

The purpose of this paper is to present how, using a visualization method, electricity use can be derived from the everyday activity patterns of household members. Target groups are, on the one hand, professionals in the energy sector and energy advisors who need more knowledge about household energy use, and, on the other hand, household members wanting to reduce the energy use by revealing their own habits and thereby finding out how changed activity performance may influence electricity use. The focus is on the relation between utilizing electric appliances to perform everyday life activities and the use of electricity. The visualization method is based on the time-geographic approach developed by Hägerstrand and includes a model that estimates appliance electricity use from household members’ activities. Focus, in this paper, is put on some basic activities performed to satisfy daily life needs: cooking and use of information, communication and entertainment devices. These activities appear frequently in the everyday life of households, even though not all household members perform them all. The method is applied on a data material comprising time-diaries written by 463 individuals (aged 10 to 85+) in 179 households in different parts of Sweden. The visualization method reveals when and for how long activities that claim electric appliances are performed by which individual(s). It also shows electricity load curves generated from the use of appliances at different levels, such as individual, household and group or population levels. At household level the method can reveal which household members are the main users of electricity, i.e. the division of labour between household members. Thereby it also informs about whom could be approached by energy companies and energy advisors in information campaigns. The main result of the study is that systematic differences in activity patterns in subgroups of a population can be identified (e.g. men and women) but that dir

The purpose of this paper is to present how, using a visualization method, electricity use can be derived from the everyday activity patterns of household members. Target groups are, on the one hand, professionals in the energy sector and energy advisors who need more knowledge about household energy use, and, on the other hand, household members wanting to reduce the energy use by revealing their own habits and thereby finding out how changed activity performance may influence electricity use. The focus is on the relation between utilizing electric appliances to perform everyday life activities and the use of electricity. The visualization method is based on the time-geographic approach developed by Hägerstrand and includes a model that estimates appliance electricity use from household members’ activities. Focus, in this paper, is put on some basic activities performed to satisfy daily life needs: cooking and use of information, communication and entertainment devices. These activities appear frequently in the everyday life of households, even though not all household members perform them all. The method is applied on a data material comprising time-diaries written by 463 individuals (aged 10 to 85+) in 179 households in different parts of Sweden. The visualization method reveals when and for how long activities that claim electric appliances are performed by which individual(s). It also shows electricity load curves generated from the use of appliances at different levels, such as individual, household and group or population levels. At household level the method can reveal which household members are the main users of electricity, i.e. the division of labour between household members. Thereby it also informs about whom could be approached by energy companies and energy advisors in information campaigns. The main result of the study is that systematic differences in activity patterns in subgroups of a population can be identified (e.g. men and women) but that dir

Most of the color prediction models use single dot gain curve, few assume that dot gain changes when ink superposition happens, but still, use single dot gain curve for each ink to compensate the effective ink coverage. Considering the fact that optical dot gain is the effect of light scattering in paper, it is reasonable that light with different wavelength might produce different optical dot gain for each ink. In this study, for each primary ink we utilized three different curves obtained by CIEX, Y and Z, which approximately stand for three special wavelength bands, to calculate color coordinates. In addition, we noticed that dot gain curves obtained from the print samples with single ink printed on paper do not work well for the prints where ink is printed on another, or others. Therefore, dot gain curves for different ink superposition situations are optimized by matching the calculated tri-stimulus values of training patches to their measurement counterpoints. For each ink, dividing the dot gain into several dot gain actions responding to different ink superposition situations, we got the final dot gain as a group of multiple curves that takes into account all possible 'dot gain actions' with certain probability coefficients.

Haptics has in earlier work shown the potential to assist in the understanding of an otherwise overwhelming amount of information in scientific and medical visualization. In the typical scientific data, with many different properties such as pressure, temperature, strain, etc, the user is required to switch between what data to represent through the haptic feedback. In this paper we explore the possibility to simultaneously represent, in a comprehensive way, more than one property through the haptic feedback by dividing the feedback into the two components of the haptic sense. Two vibrotactile metaphors for scalar data are described, roughness and transition cue, that can be used in combination with a kinaesthetic representation of either scalar or vector data. The paper also presents an evaluation that shows that the individual cues from the two haptic metaphors can be discriminated, and that the combined feedback can be used to find combinations of features in data.

The purpose of this paper is to present how, using a visualization method, electricity use can be derived from the everyday activity patterns of household members. Target groups are, on the one hand, professionals in the energy sector and energy advisors who need more knowledge about household energy use, and, on the other hand, household members wanting to reduce the energy use by revealing their own habits and thereby finding out how changed activity performance may influence electricity use. The focus is on the relation between utilizing electric appliances to perform everyday life activities and the use of electricity. The visualization method is based on the time-geographic approach developed by Hägerstrand and includes a model that estimates appliance electricity use from household members’ activities. Focus, in this paper, is put on some basic activities performed to satisfy daily life needs: cooking and use of information, communication and entertainment devices. These activities appear frequently in the everyday life of households, even though not all household members perform them all. The method is applied on a data material comprising time-diaries written by 463 individuals (aged 10 to 85+) in 179 households in different parts of Sweden. The visualization method reveals when and for how long activities that claim electric appliances are performed by which individual(s). It also shows electricity load curves generated from the use of appliances at different levels, such as individual, household and group or population levels. At household level the method can reveal which household members are the main users of electricity, i.e. the division of labour between household members. Thereby it also informs about whom could be approached by energy companies and energy advisors in information campaigns. The main result of the study is that systematic differences in activity patterns in subgroups of a population can be identified (e.g. men and women) but that dir

Modeling color reproduction in halftone prints is difficult, mainly because of light scattering in the substrate, causing optical dot gain. Most available models are limited to macroscopic color measurements, averaging the reflectance over an area that is large relative the halftone dot size. The reflectance values for the full tone ink and the unprinted paper are used as input, and these values are assumed to be constant. An experimental imaging system, combining the accuracy of color measurement instruments with a high spatial resolution, allows us to measure the individual halftone dots, as well as the paper between them. Microscopic reflectance measurements reveal that the micro-reflectance of the printed dots and the paper between them is not constant, but varies with the dot area coverage. By incorporating the varying micro-reflectance values of the ink and paper in an expanded Murray-Davies model, we have previously shown that the resulting prediction errors are smaller than for the famous Yule-Nielsen model. Moreover, unlike Yule-Nielsen, the expanded Murray-Davies model takes into account the varying micro-reflectance for the printed dots and the paper, thus providing a better physical description of optical dot gain in halftone reproduction. In this study, we further extend the methodology to handle color prints, predicting tristimulus values for prints with multiple and overlapping colorants. After converting the microscopic images of halftone prints into CIEXYZ color space, 3D histograms are computed. In the 3D histograms, the paper and the inks appear as clusters, with the transitions between the clusters corresponding to the edges of halftone dots. The tristimulus values for the paper and the different combinations of ink are computed as the centers of gravity for the clusters in the 3D histogram. From the microscopic images we can also compute the physical dot area coverage for each of the Neugebauer primaries, which typically differ from the nomina

This paper studies the accuracy of the estimated eyepoint of an Optical See-Through Head-Mounted Display (OST HMD) calibrated using the Single Point Active Alignment Method (SPAAM). Quantitative evaluation of calibration procedures for OST HMDs is complicated as it is currently not possible to share the subject’s view. Temporarily replacing the subject’s eye with a camera during the calibration or evaluation stage has been proposed, but the uncertainty of a correct eyepoint estimation remains. In the experiment reported in this paper, subjects were used for all stages of calibration and the results were verified with a 3D measurement device. The nine participants constructed 25 visual alignments per calibration after which the estimated pinhole camera model was decomposed into its intrinsic and extrinsic parameters using two common methods. Unique to this experiment, compared to previous evaluations, is the measurement device used to cup the subject’s eyeball. It measures the eyepoint location relative to the head tracker, thereby establishing the calibration accuracy of the estimated eyepoint location. As the results on accuracy are expressed as individual pinhole camera parameters, rather than a compounded registration error, this paper complements previously published work on parameter variance as the former denotes bias and the latter represents noise. Results indicate that the calibrated eyepoint is on average 5 cm away from its measured location and exhibits a vertical bias which potentially causes dipvergence for stereoscopic vision for objects located further away than 5.6 m. Lastly, this paper closes with a discussion on the suitability of the traditional pinhole camera model for OST HMD calibration.

By separating the optical dot gain from the physical dot gain, it is possible to study different behaviors of color inks on different papers. In this study we are investigating the dependency of dot gain and wavelength in color print. Microscopic images have been used to separate optical and physical dot gain from each other. The optical behavior of primary color inks in different absorbing wavelength bands has been studied. It has been illustrated that the light scattering in the paper is wavelength independent, and therefore the Point Spread Function which indicates the probability of light scattering of the paper does not change in visible wavelengths (380 nm -700 nm). We have shown that it is possible to separate two printed color inks on one specific wavelength, due to the filtering behavior of the color inks. By considering the fact that light scattering in the paper is wavelength independent, it was possible to separately analyze the dot gain of each color.

Most of the color prediction models use single dot gain curve, few assume that dot gain changes when ink superposition happens, but still, use single dot gain curve for each ink to compensate the effective ink coverage. Considering the fact that optical dot gain is the effect of light scattering in paper, it is reasonable that light with different wavelength might produce different optical dot gain for each ink. In this study, for each primary ink we utilized three different curves obtained by CIEX, Y and Z, which approximately stand for three special wavelength bands, to calculate color coordinates. In addition, we noticed that dot gain curves obtained from the print samples with single ink printed on paper do not work well for the prints where ink is printed on another, or others. Therefore, dot gain curves for different ink superposition situations are optimized by matching the calculated tri-stimulus values of training patches to their measurement counterpoints. For each ink, dividing the dot gain into several dot gain actions responding to different ink superposition situations, we got the final dot gain as a group of multiple curves that takes into account all possible 'dot gain actions' with certain probability coefficients.

Most of the color prediction models use single dot gain curve, few assume that dot gain changes when ink superposition happens, but still, use single dot gain curve for each ink to compensate the effective ink coverage. Considering the fact that optical dot gain is the effect of light scattering in paper, it is reasonable that light with different wavelength might produce different optical dot gain for each ink. In this study, for each primary ink we utilized three different curves obtained by CIEX, Y and Z, which approximately stand for three special wavelength bands, to calculate color coordinates. In addition, we noticed that dot gain curves obtained from the print samples with single ink printed on paper do not work well for the prints where ink is printed on another, or others. Therefore, dot gain curves for different ink superposition situations are optimized by matching the calculated tri-stimulus values of training patches to their measurement counterpoints. For each ink, dividing the dot gain into several dot gain actions responding to different ink superposition situations, we got the final dot gain as a group of multiple curves that takes into account all possible 'dot gain actions' with certain probability coefficients.

Most of the color prediction models use single dot gain curve, few assume that dot gain changes when ink superposition happens, but still, use single dot gain curve for each ink to compensate the effective ink coverage. Considering the fact that optical dot gain is the effect of light scattering in paper, it is reasonable that light with different wavelength might produce different optical dot gain for each ink. In this study, for each primary ink we utilized three different curves obtained by CIEX, Y and Z, which approximately stand for three special wavelength bands, to calculate color coordinates. In addition, we noticed that dot gain curves obtained from the print samples with single ink printed on paper do not work well for the prints where ink is printed on another, or others. Therefore, dot gain curves for different ink superposition situations are optimized by matching the calculated tri-stimulus values of training patches to their measurement counterpoints. For each ink, dividing the dot gain into several dot gain actions responding to different ink superposition situations, we got the final dot gain as a group of multiple curves that takes into account all possible 'dot gain actions' with certain probability coefficients.

The purpose of this paper is to present how, using a visualization method, electricity use can be derived from the everyday activity patterns of household members. Target groups are, on the one hand, professionals in the energy sector and energy advisors who need more knowledge about household energy use, and, on the other hand, household members wanting to reduce the energy use by revealing their own habits and thereby finding out how changed activity performance may influence electricity use. The focus is on the relation between utilizing electric appliances to perform everyday life activities and the use of electricity. The visualization method is based on the time-geographic approach developed by Hägerstrand and includes a model that estimates appliance electricity use from household members’ activities. Focus, in this paper, is put on some basic activities performed to satisfy daily life needs: cooking and use of information, communication and entertainment devices. These activities appear frequently in the everyday life of households, even though not all household members perform them all. The method is applied on a data material comprising time-diaries written by 463 individuals (aged 10 to 85+) in 179 households in different parts of Sweden. The visualization method reveals when and for how long activities that claim electric appliances are performed by which individual(s). It also shows electricity load curves generated from the use of appliances at different levels, such as individual, household and group or population levels. At household level the method can reveal which household members are the main users of electricity, i.e. the division of labour between household members. Thereby it also informs about whom could be approached by energy companies and energy advisors in information campaigns. The main result of the study is that systematic differences in activity patterns in subgroups of a population can be identified (e.g. men and women) but that dir