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Holmen Paper Braviken har nyligen ändrat sitt produktutbud till viss del, deras kundkrets kommer därför förändras. Braviken vill uppdatera det presentationsmaterial som används vid kundbesök för att skapa en mer intressantväckande känsla samt kunna fokusera sin kommunikation på de delar som anses mer viktiga. Syftet med det här arbetet var att undersöka hur olika utformningar av informationsgrafik kan påverka intressenternas upplevelse av presentationsmaterial. Detta görs för att ta reda på om en annan typ av grafik kan uppnå det Braviken vill förmedla. För att kunna besvara detta syfte är tre stycken frågeställningar formulerade. Ett antal undersökningar som ämnar svara på frågeställningarna genomfördes och litteratur inom området samlades in. Först samlades litteratur in, sedan data från uppdragsgivaren och sist gjordes en fokusgrupp för att se vad respondenterna tyckte om den nya respektive den gamla grafiken. Då undersökningarna var avklarade och datan sammanställd och analyserad kunde en slutsats dras som även diskuterades. Utformningen har stor inverkan på upplevelsen, vilken utformning som ansågs bra berodde dock på vilken typ av användningsområde som respondenterna i fokusgruppen diskuterade. Detta tyder på att det finns rum för ytterligare studier inom området för Braviken. Det var möjligt att ta fram ett antal punkter som Braviken böra ta hänsyn till under skapandet av presentationsmaterial, dessa är: • Naturlig och verklighetstrogen färgsättning ökar förståelse och intresse. • Enkelhet uppskattas till en viss grad, den får inte inverka negativt på förståelsen. • Användningsområde styr utformning, a) Beskärning kan vara uppskattat vid utförliga muntliga presentationer b) Ramar är överlag alltid uppskattat c) Formen på ramar styrs av hur bilden ska användas, till exempel om illustrationerna skall vara klickbara uppskattas en bekant form. • Indikatorer för läsriktning bör användas med försiktighet då dessa lätt kan bli störande moment. • Uppfattningen av mat

Holmen Paper Braviken har nyligen ändrat sitt produktutbud till viss del, deras kundkrets kommer därför förändras. Braviken vill uppdatera det presentationsmaterial som används vid kundbesök för att skapa en mer intressantväckande känsla samt kunna fokusera sin kommunikation på de delar som anses mer viktiga. Syftet med det här arbetet var att undersöka hur olika utformningar av informationsgrafik kan påverka intressenternas upplevelse av presentationsmaterial. Detta görs för att ta reda på om en annan typ av grafik kan uppnå det Braviken vill förmedla. För att kunna besvara detta syfte är tre stycken frågeställningar formulerade. Ett antal undersökningar som ämnar svara på frågeställningarna genomfördes och litteratur inom området samlades in. Först samlades litteratur in, sedan data från uppdragsgivaren och sist gjordes en fokusgrupp för att se vad respondenterna tyckte om den nya respektive den gamla grafiken. Då undersökningarna var avklarade och datan sammanställd och analyserad kunde en slutsats dras som även diskuterades. Utformningen har stor inverkan på upplevelsen, vilken utformning som ansågs bra berodde dock på vilken typ av användningsområde som respondenterna i fokusgruppen diskuterade. Detta tyder på att det finns rum för ytterligare studier inom området för Braviken. Det var möjligt att ta fram ett antal punkter som Braviken böra ta hänsyn till under skapandet av presentationsmaterial, dessa är: • Naturlig och verklighetstrogen färgsättning ökar förståelse och intresse. • Enkelhet uppskattas till en viss grad, den får inte inverka negativt på förståelsen. • Användningsområde styr utformning, a) Beskärning kan vara uppskattat vid utförliga muntliga presentationer b) Ramar är överlag alltid uppskattat c) Formen på ramar styrs av hur bilden ska användas, till exempel om illustrationerna skall vara klickbara uppskattas en bekant form. • Indikatorer för läsriktning bör användas med försiktighet då dessa lätt kan bli störande moment. • Uppfattningen av mat

We here, present a flexible handwriting driven nanogenerator (NG) based on zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires (NWs)/polymer composite grown/deposited on paper substrate. The targeted configuration is composed of ZnO NWs/PVDF polymer ink pasted and sandwiched between two pieces of paper with ZnO NWs grown chemically on one side of each piece of paper. Other configurations utilizing a ZnO/PVDF ink with different ZnO morphologies on paper platform and others on plastic platform were fabricated for comparison. The mechanical pressure exerted on the paper platform while handwriting is then harvested by the ZnO NWs/polymer based NG to deliver electrical energy. Two handwriting modes were tested; these were slow (low pressure) and fast (high pressure) handwriting. The maximum achieved harvested open circuit voltage was 4.8 V. While an out power density as high as 1.3 mW/mm(2) was estimated when connecting the NG to a 100 Omega load resistor. The observed results were stable and reproducible. The present NG provides a low cost and scalable approach with many potential applications, like e.g. programmable paper for signature verification.

Mobile diagnostics for healthcare, food safety and environmental monitoring demand a new generation of inexpensive sensing systems that can be produced in high volume to open up new market niches. By combining the virtues of printed biosensors and paper-based diagnostics, we have introduced a new disposable instrument range exploiting the latest advances in printed electronics. This approach combines the sophistication of advanced electrochemical biosensors with a simple manufacturing technique to create a use-and-throw instrument. The system is manufactured in ambient atmosphere. All interconnections are printed and an anisotropic conductive glue is used for interconnection between the chip and conductors. The current chip is MICROCHIP-PIC24F16KA101 and this can be upgraded for advanced electroanalysis using a further chip such as the Texas Instrument LMP91000. The Enfucell 3V manganese dioxide battery is from our partner company. A vertical electrochrome display (VECD) is incorporated in the demonstrator. The display is produced in house by screen printing. The active electrode is made from a PEDOT:PSS ink and serves both as electro-chromic material and electrical conductor. A solid polymer electrolyte is printed on top of the active electrode and UV cured. The final layer is a screen-printed carbon-based top electrode. When a voltage is applied across the electrodes, a redox reaction occurs, in which the reduced electrode becomes dark blue. The display is paper-like in the sense that it works in reflective mode, that is, no backlight is used to light up the pixels. Screen-printed biosensors are then added as required based on Electrodag PF-407A ink (Henkel) incorporating stabilisers such as lacititol, detergent and binders together with a Ag/AgCl reference electrode. Performance of the overall system rivals that of current hand-held devices, but can be sold at a fraction of their cost.

We here, present a flexible handwriting driven nanogenerator (NG) based on zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires (NWs)/polymer composite grown/deposited on paper substrate. The targeted configuration is composed of ZnO NWs/PVDF polymer ink pasted and sandwiched between two pieces of paper with ZnO NWs grown chemically on one side of each piece of paper. Other configurations utilizing a ZnO/PVDF ink with different ZnO morphologies on paper platform and others on plastic platform were fabricated for comparison. The mechanical pressure exerted on the paper platform while handwriting is then harvested by the ZnO NWs/polymer based NG to deliver electrical energy. Two handwriting modes were tested; these were slow (low pressure) and fast (high pressure) handwriting. The maximum achieved harvested open circuit voltage was 4.8 V. While an out power density as high as 1.3 mW/mm(2) was estimated when connecting the NG to a 100 Omega load resistor. The observed results were stable and reproducible. The present NG provides a low cost and scalable approach with many potential applications, like e.g. programmable paper for signature verification.

The tone value increase in halftone printing commonly referred to as dot gain actually encompasses two fundamentally different phenomena. Physical dot gain refers to the fact that the size of the printed halftone dots differs from their nominal size, and is related to the printing process. Optical dot gain originates from light scattering inside the substrate, causing light exchanges between different chromatic areas. Due to their different intrinsic nature, physical and optical dot gains need to be treated separately. In this study, we characterize and compare the dot gain properties for offset prints on coated and uncoated paper, using AM and first and second generation FM halftoning. Spectral measurements are used to compute the total dot gain. Microscopic images are used to separate the physical and optical dot gain, to study ink spreading and ink penetration, and to compute the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) for the different substrates. The experimental results show that the physical dot gain depends on ink penetration and ink spreading properties. Microscopic images of the prints reveal that the ink penetrates into the pores and cavities of the uncoated paper, resulting in inhomogeneous dot shapes. For the coated paper, the ink spread on top of the surface, giving a more homogenous dot shape, but also covering a larger area, and hence larger physical dot gain. The experimental results further show that the total dot gain is larger for the uncoated paper, because of larger optical dot gain. The effect of optical dot gain depends on the lateral light scattering within the substrate, the size of the halftone dots, and on the halftone dot shape, especially the dot perimeter.

We here, present a flexible handwriting driven nanogenerator (NG) based on zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires (NWs)/polymer composite grown/deposited on paper substrate. The targeted configuration is composed of ZnO NWs/PVDF polymer ink pasted and sandwiched between two pieces of paper with ZnO NWs grown chemically on one side of each piece of paper. Other configurations utilizing a ZnO/PVDF ink with different ZnO morphologies on paper platform and others on plastic platform were fabricated for comparison. The mechanical pressure exerted on the paper platform while handwriting is then harvested by the ZnO NWs/polymer based NG to deliver electrical energy. Two handwriting modes were tested; these were slow (low pressure) and fast (high pressure) handwriting. The maximum achieved harvested open circuit voltage was 4.8 V. While an out power density as high as 1.3 mW/mm(2) was estimated when connecting the NG to a 100 Omega load resistor. The observed results were stable and reproducible. The present NG provides a low cost and scalable approach with many potential applications, like e.g. programmable paper for signature verification.

We here, present a flexible handwriting driven nanogenerator (NG) based on zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires (NWs)/polymer composite grown/deposited on paper substrate. The targeted configuration is composed of ZnO NWs/PVDF polymer ink pasted and sandwiched between two pieces of paper with ZnO NWs grown chemically on one side of each piece of paper. Other configurations utilizing a ZnO/PVDF ink with different ZnO morphologies on paper platform and others on plastic platform were fabricated for comparison. The mechanical pressure exerted on the paper platform while handwriting is then harvested by the ZnO NWs/polymer based NG to deliver electrical energy. Two handwriting modes were tested; these were slow (low pressure) and fast (high pressure) handwriting. The maximum achieved harvested open circuit voltage was 4.8 V. While an out power density as high as 1.3 mW/mm(2) was estimated when connecting the NG to a 100 Omega load resistor. The observed results were stable and reproducible. The present NG provides a low cost and scalable approach with many potential applications, like e.g. programmable paper for signature verification.

We here, present a flexible handwriting driven nanogenerator (NG) based on zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires (NWs)/polymer composite grown/deposited on paper substrate. The targeted configuration is composed of ZnO NWs/PVDF polymer ink pasted and sandwiched between two pieces of paper with ZnO NWs grown chemically on one side of each piece of paper. Other configurations utilizing a ZnO/PVDF ink with different ZnO morphologies on paper platform and others on plastic platform were fabricated for comparison. The mechanical pressure exerted on the paper platform while handwriting is then harvested by the ZnO NWs/polymer based NG to deliver electrical energy. Two handwriting modes were tested; these were slow (low pressure) and fast (high pressure) handwriting. The maximum achieved harvested open circuit voltage was 4.8 V. While an out power density as high as 1.3 mW/mm(2) was estimated when connecting the NG to a 100 Omega load resistor. The observed results were stable and reproducible. The present NG provides a low cost and scalable approach with many potential applications, like e.g. programmable paper for signature verification.

Holmen Paper is one of Sweden’s leading manufacturer of paper, with two Swedish production facilities located in Norrköping and Hallstavik. The European continent constitutes the company’s largest customer base which makes the company’s distribution system an integral part of the business. Historically, much of the produced paper has been transported by vessels, as vessels allow large volumes of goods and deliveries to markets which are difficult to reach with other modes of transportation. On the first of January 2015, a new EU directive enters into force which regulates the allowed fuels for vessel transports. This directive leads to an increase in cost for vessel transports due to more expensive fuels needing to be used to comply with the new rules. Therefore, Holmen Paper is interested in evaluating alternatives to the distribution system used today, focusing on the product flow between the Swedish production facilities. Thereof, the purpose of this study is to evaluate four predetermined scenarios regarding the distribution system from a capacity and cost perspective. The first scenario is based on the same distribution system Holmen Paper is using today, which does not include a product flow between the Swedish production facilities. The other three scenarios, in contrast to the first, do include a production flow between Hallstavik and Norrköping. For these scenarios a particular volume of the produced paper in Hallstavik will firstly be transported to Norrköping, then be placed in the warehouse of finished goods and lastly be loaded on new modes of transportation. For the second scenario, the production flow between Hallstavik and Norrköping is based on a combination between rail and road transports. The third scenario is based on only road transports and the last scenario is based on vessel transports between Hallstavik and Norrköping. To perform an evaluation of each scenario, the authors designed a study-specific course of action whose structure is based

In this study, we have proposed a new nanoparticle-containing test paper sensor that could be used as an inexpensive, easy-to-use, portable, and highly selective sensor to detect Cu2+ ions in aqueous solutions. This disposable paper sensor is based on ZnO@ZnS core-shell nanoparticles. The core-shell nanoparticles were synthesized using a chemical method and then they were used for coating the paper. The synthesis of the ZnO@ZnS core-shell nanoparticles was performed at a temperature as low as 60 degrees C, and so far this is the lowest temperature for the synthesis of such core-shell nanoparticles. The sensitivity of the paper sensor was investigated for different Cu2+ ion concentrations in aqueous solutions and the results show a direct linear relation between the Cu2+ ions concentration and the color intensity of the paper sensor with a visual detection limit as low as 15 mu M (similar to 0.96 ppm). Testing the present paper sensor on real river turbulent water shows a maximum 5% relative error for determining the Cu2+ ions concentration, which confirms that the presented paper sensor can successfully be used efficiently for detection in complex solutions with high selectivity. Photographs of the paper sensor taken using a regular digital camera were transferred to a computer and analyzed by ImageJ Photoshop software. This finding demonstrates the potential of the present disposable paper sensor for the development of a portable, accurate, and selective heavy metal detection technology., Funding Agencies|Shahid Chamran University; Linkoping University

In this study, we have proposed a new nanoparticle-containing test paper sensor that could be used as an inexpensive, easy-to-use, portable, and highly selective sensor to detect Cu2+ ions in aqueous solutions. This disposable paper sensor is based on ZnO@ZnS core-shell nanoparticles. The core-shell nanoparticles were synthesized using a chemical method and then they were used for coating the paper. The synthesis of the ZnO@ZnS core-shell nanoparticles was performed at a temperature as low as 60 degrees C, and so far this is the lowest temperature for the synthesis of such core-shell nanoparticles. The sensitivity of the paper sensor was investigated for different Cu2+ ion concentrations in aqueous solutions and the results show a direct linear relation between the Cu2+ ions concentration and the color intensity of the paper sensor with a visual detection limit as low as 15 mu M (similar to 0.96 ppm). Testing the present paper sensor on real river turbulent water shows a maximum 5% relative error for determining the Cu2+ ions concentration, which confirms that the presented paper sensor can successfully be used efficiently for detection in complex solutions with high selectivity. Photographs of the paper sensor taken using a regular digital camera were transferred to a computer and analyzed by ImageJ Photoshop software. This finding demonstrates the potential of the present disposable paper sensor for the development of a portable, accurate, and selective heavy metal detection technology., Funding Agencies|Shahid Chamran University; Linkoping University

In this study, we have proposed a new nanoparticle-containing test paper sensor that could be used as an inexpensive, easy-to-use, portable, and highly selective sensor to detect Cu2+ ions in aqueous solutions. This disposable paper sensor is based on ZnO@ZnS core-shell nanoparticles. The core-shell nanoparticles were synthesized using a chemical method and then they were used for coating the paper. The synthesis of the ZnO@ZnS core-shell nanoparticles was performed at a temperature as low as 60 degrees C, and so far this is the lowest temperature for the synthesis of such core-shell nanoparticles. The sensitivity of the paper sensor was investigated for different Cu2+ ion concentrations in aqueous solutions and the results show a direct linear relation between the Cu2+ ions concentration and the color intensity of the paper sensor with a visual detection limit as low as 15 mu M (similar to 0.96 ppm). Testing the present paper sensor on real river turbulent water shows a maximum 5% relative error for determining the Cu2+ ions concentration, which confirms that the presented paper sensor can successfully be used efficiently for detection in complex solutions with high selectivity. Photographs of the paper sensor taken using a regular digital camera were transferred to a computer and analyzed by ImageJ Photoshop software. This finding demonstrates the potential of the present disposable paper sensor for the development of a portable, accurate, and selective heavy metal detection technology., Funding Agencies|Shahid Chamran University; Linkoping University

In this study, we have proposed a new nanoparticle-containing test paper sensor that could be used as an inexpensive, easy-to-use, portable, and highly selective sensor to detect Cu2+ ions in aqueous solutions. This disposable paper sensor is based on ZnO@ZnS core-shell nanoparticles. The core-shell nanoparticles were synthesized using a chemical method and then they were used for coating the paper. The synthesis of the ZnO@ZnS core-shell nanoparticles was performed at a temperature as low as 60 degrees C, and so far this is the lowest temperature for the synthesis of such core-shell nanoparticles. The sensitivity of the paper sensor was investigated for different Cu2+ ion concentrations in aqueous solutions and the results show a direct linear relation between the Cu2+ ions concentration and the color intensity of the paper sensor with a visual detection limit as low as 15 mu M (similar to 0.96 ppm). Testing the present paper sensor on real river turbulent water shows a maximum 5% relative error for determining the Cu2+ ions concentration, which confirms that the presented paper sensor can successfully be used efficiently for detection in complex solutions with high selectivity. Photographs of the paper sensor taken using a regular digital camera were transferred to a computer and analyzed by ImageJ Photoshop software. This finding demonstrates the potential of the present disposable paper sensor for the development of a portable, accurate, and selective heavy metal detection technology., Funding Agencies|Shahid Chamran University; Linkoping University

Holmen Paper is one of Sweden’s leading manufacturer of paper, with two Swedish production facilities located in Norrköping and Hallstavik. The European continent constitutes the company’s largest customer base which makes the company’s distribution system an integral part of the business. Historically, much of the produced paper has been transported by vessels, as vessels allow large volumes of goods and deliveries to markets which are difficult to reach with other modes of transportation. On the first of January 2015, a new EU directive enters into force which regulates the allowed fuels for vessel transports. This directive leads to an increase in cost for vessel transports due to more expensive fuels needing to be used to comply with the new rules. Therefore, Holmen Paper is interested in evaluating alternatives to the distribution system used today, focusing on the product flow between the Swedish production facilities. Thereof, the purpose of this study is to evaluate four predetermined scenarios regarding the distribution system from a capacity and cost perspective. The first scenario is based on the same distribution system Holmen Paper is using today, which does not include a product flow between the Swedish production facilities. The other three scenarios, in contrast to the first, do include a production flow between Hallstavik and Norrköping. For these scenarios a particular volume of the produced paper in Hallstavik will firstly be transported to Norrköping, then be placed in the warehouse of finished goods and lastly be loaded on new modes of transportation. For the second scenario, the production flow between Hallstavik and Norrköping is based on a combination between rail and road transports. The third scenario is based on only road transports and the last scenario is based on vessel transports between Hallstavik and Norrköping. To perform an evaluation of each scenario, the authors designed a study-specific course of action whose structure is based

In this study, we have proposed a new nanoparticle-containing test paper sensor that could be used as an inexpensive, easy-to-use, portable, and highly selective sensor to detect Cu2+ ions in aqueous solutions. This disposable paper sensor is based on ZnO@ZnS core-shell nanoparticles. The core-shell nanoparticles were synthesized using a chemical method and then they were used for coating the paper. The synthesis of the ZnO@ZnS core-shell nanoparticles was performed at a temperature as low as 60 degrees C, and so far this is the lowest temperature for the synthesis of such core-shell nanoparticles. The sensitivity of the paper sensor was investigated for different Cu2+ ion concentrations in aqueous solutions and the results show a direct linear relation between the Cu2+ ions concentration and the color intensity of the paper sensor with a visual detection limit as low as 15 mu M (similar to 0.96 ppm). Testing the present paper sensor on real river turbulent water shows a maximum 5% relative error for determining the Cu2+ ions concentration, which confirms that the presented paper sensor can successfully be used efficiently for detection in complex solutions with high selectivity. Photographs of the paper sensor taken using a regular digital camera were transferred to a computer and analyzed by ImageJ Photoshop software. This finding demonstrates the potential of the present disposable paper sensor for the development of a portable, accurate, and selective heavy metal detection technology., Funding Agencies|Shahid Chamran University; Linkoping University

A fiber-level simulation of paper forming in a twin-wire roll former is conducted with a furnish typical of fine paper. A mix of bleached kraft softwood and hardwood pulps was chosen, each refined to different levels. The resultant web structure obtained from the couch roll was determined from these numerical experiments. This wet web structure is used as input to a simulation of wet pressing, which produces a consolidated sheet structure. Results regarding how the change in fiber mix (e.g. HW/SW ratio) and changes in pulp refining affect the structure of the web are shown. Important features such as sheet fiber orientations, anisotropy, retention of fibers, fines and fillers and sheet exit moisture are all predicted by the simulation.

Based on a study of policy-induced changes in the Swedish pulp and paper industry, this paper follows a process of socio-technical regime destabilisation. Results from the study show that in industries where established firms have significant power, processes of endogenous renewal are more likely to destabilise established regimes than processes based on niche solutions. Further, the study shows how policy measures aimed to destabilise the current regime may result in different responses, owing to the different capabilities of individual firms. The analysis suggests that heterogeneous capabilities within established industries provide possibilities for policy makers to initiate change.

Automated solutions for manufacturing composite products based on prepreg often imply Automatic Fiber Placement or Automatic Tape Laying. These systems are generally associated with huge investments. For certain manufacturing applications it is interesting to investigate alternatives to find simpler and less costly automation. One example of an automated system could be the use of a standard industrial robot to pick single prepreg plies from an automated cutting machine and stack them to form a plane laminate. This paper is based on a case illustrating a product from the aircraft manufacturing industry. The case will demonstrate a pick and place concept on a general level and illustrate challenges that must be solved. The challenge selected to be the main focus for this paper is an automated process for backing paper removal. A literature review of different gripping technologies reveals several interesting technologies, and the most promising are tested for backing paper removal. The tests show that an automated removal process can be designed by using standard vacuum grippers in combination with mechanical clamping grippers. In order to lift the backing paper with a vacuum gripper an initial separation between the backing paper and prepreg is needed. This separation is most easily mechanically induced by bending the material. The proposed solution for automatic backing paper removal can be integrated in a manufacturing cell for manufacturing of the studied product., SAE Technical Paper 2013-01-2289

Automated solutions for manufacturing composite products based on prepreg often imply Automatic Fiber Placement or Automatic Tape Laying. These systems are generally associated with huge investments. For certain manufacturing applications it is interesting to investigate alternatives to find simpler and less costly automation. One example of an automated system could be the use of a standard industrial robot to pick single prepreg plies from an automated cutting machine and stack them to form a plane laminate. This paper is based on a case illustrating a product from the aircraft manufacturing industry. The case will demonstrate a pick and place concept on a general level and illustrate challenges that must be solved. The challenge selected to be the main focus for this paper is an automated process for backing paper removal. A literature review of different gripping technologies reveals several interesting technologies, and the most promising are tested for backing paper removal. The tests show that an automated removal process can be designed by using standard vacuum grippers in combination with mechanical clamping grippers. In order to lift the backing paper with a vacuum gripper an initial separation between the backing paper and prepreg is needed. This separation is most easily mechanically induced by bending the material. The proposed solution for automatic backing paper removal can be integrated in a manufacturing cell for manufacturing of the studied product., SAE Technical Paper 2013-01-2289

Based on a study of policy-induced changes in the Swedish pulp and paper industry, this paper follows a process of socio-technical regime destabilisation. Results from the study show that in industries where established firms have significant power, processes of endogenous renewal are more likely to destabilise established regimes than processes based on niche solutions. Further, the study shows how policy measures aimed to destabilise the current regime may result in different responses, owing to the different capabilities of individual firms. The analysis suggests that heterogeneous capabilities within established industries provide possibilities for policy makers to initiate change.

ZnO-organic hybrid white-light-emitting diodes (WLEDs) were demonstrated on a paper substrate. The configuration used for ZnO-organic hybrid WLEDs consists a layer of poly (9,9)-(dioctylfluorene) (PFO) on poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly (styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT: PSS) on n-type ZnO nanorods grown by a low-temperature chemical aqueous method on paper substrate. Room temperature photoluminescence, electroluminescence, and cathodoluminescence (CL) spectra reveal a broad visible region covering the range from 420 to 800nm. By using room temperature-CL, we got luminescence information, especially to verify the origin of specific emissions, the internal absorption of the ultraviolet and the spatial distribution of radiative defects. It was observed that the visible wavelength range depends on the penetration depth of the excitation. This suggests that the concentration of deep levels responsible for the visible luminescence is at the sample surface to a depth of 1-2 mu m when using an accelerating voltage up to 20-30kV. The results indicate that demonstration of WLEDs on paper substrate with reasonable electrical performance greatly influences the reduction of substrate cost, furthermore, this may open way to fabricate optoelectronics devices on disposable substrates for large-area applications.

Automated solutions for manufacturing composite products based on prepreg often imply Automatic Fiber Placement or Automatic Tape Laying. These systems are generally associated with huge investments. For certain manufacturing applications it is interesting to investigate alternatives to find simpler and less costly automation. One example of an automated system could be the use of a standard industrial robot to pick single prepreg plies from an automated cutting machine and stack them to form a plane laminate. This paper is based on a case illustrating a product from the aircraft manufacturing industry. The case will demonstrate a pick and place concept on a general level and illustrate challenges that must be solved. The challenge selected to be the main focus for this paper is an automated process for backing paper removal. A literature review of different gripping technologies reveals several interesting technologies, and the most promising are tested for backing paper removal. The tests show that an automated removal process can be designed by using standard vacuum grippers in combination with mechanical clamping grippers. In order to lift the backing paper with a vacuum gripper an initial separation between the backing paper and prepreg is needed. This separation is most easily mechanically induced by bending the material. The proposed solution for automatic backing paper removal can be integrated in a manufacturing cell for manufacturing of the studied product., SAE Technical Paper 2013-01-2289

Automated solutions for manufacturing composite products based on prepreg often imply Automatic Fiber Placement or Automatic Tape Laying. These systems are generally associated with huge investments. For certain manufacturing applications it is interesting to investigate alternatives to find simpler and less costly automation. One example of an automated system could be the use of a standard industrial robot to pick single prepreg plies from an automated cutting machine and stack them to form a plane laminate. This paper is based on a case illustrating a product from the aircraft manufacturing industry. The case will demonstrate a pick and place concept on a general level and illustrate challenges that must be solved. The challenge selected to be the main focus for this paper is an automated process for backing paper removal. A literature review of different gripping technologies reveals several interesting technologies, and the most promising are tested for backing paper removal. The tests show that an automated removal process can be designed by using standard vacuum grippers in combination with mechanical clamping grippers. In order to lift the backing paper with a vacuum gripper an initial separation between the backing paper and prepreg is needed. This separation is most easily mechanically induced by bending the material. The proposed solution for automatic backing paper removal can be integrated in a manufacturing cell for manufacturing of the studied product., SAE Technical Paper 2013-01-2289

Automated solutions for manufacturing composite products based on prepreg often imply Automatic Fiber Placement or Automatic Tape Laying. These systems are generally associated with huge investments. For certain manufacturing applications it is interesting to investigate alternatives to find simpler and less costly automation. One example of an automated system could be the use of a standard industrial robot to pick single prepreg plies from an automated cutting machine and stack them to form a plane laminate. This paper is based on a case illustrating a product from the aircraft manufacturing industry. The case will demonstrate a pick and place concept on a general level and illustrate challenges that must be solved. The challenge selected to be the main focus for this paper is an automated process for backing paper removal. A literature review of different gripping technologies reveals several interesting technologies, and the most promising are tested for backing paper removal. The tests show that an automated removal process can be designed by using standard vacuum grippers in combination with mechanical clamping grippers. In order to lift the backing paper with a vacuum gripper an initial separation between the backing paper and prepreg is needed. This separation is most easily mechanically induced by bending the material. The proposed solution for automatic backing paper removal can be integrated in a manufacturing cell for manufacturing of the studied product., SAE Technical Paper 2013-01-2289

Automated solutions for manufacturing composite products based on prepreg often imply Automatic Fiber Placement or Automatic Tape Laying. These systems are generally associated with huge investments. For certain manufacturing applications it is interesting to investigate alternatives to find simpler and less costly automation. One example of an automated system could be the use of a standard industrial robot to pick single prepreg plies from an automated cutting machine and stack them to form a plane laminate. This paper is based on a case illustrating a product from the aircraft manufacturing industry. The case will demonstrate a pick and place concept on a general level and illustrate challenges that must be solved. The challenge selected to be the main focus for this paper is an automated process for backing paper removal. A literature review of different gripping technologies reveals several interesting technologies, and the most promising are tested for backing paper removal. The tests show that an automated removal process can be designed by using standard vacuum grippers in combination with mechanical clamping grippers. In order to lift the backing paper with a vacuum gripper an initial separation between the backing paper and prepreg is needed. This separation is most easily mechanically induced by bending the material. The proposed solution for automatic backing paper removal can be integrated in a manufacturing cell for manufacturing of the studied product., SAE Technical Paper 2013-01-2289

Automated solutions for manufacturing composite products based on prepreg often imply Automatic Fiber Placement or Automatic Tape Laying. These systems are generally associated with huge investments. For certain manufacturing applications it is interesting to investigate alternatives to find simpler and less costly automation. One example of an automated system could be the use of a standard industrial robot to pick single prepreg plies from an automated cutting machine and stack them to form a plane laminate. This paper is based on a case illustrating a product from the aircraft manufacturing industry. The case will demonstrate a pick and place concept on a general level and illustrate challenges that must be solved. The challenge selected to be the main focus for this paper is an automated process for backing paper removal. A literature review of different gripping technologies reveals several interesting technologies, and the most promising are tested for backing paper removal. The tests show that an automated removal process can be designed by using standard vacuum grippers in combination with mechanical clamping grippers. In order to lift the backing paper with a vacuum gripper an initial separation between the backing paper and prepreg is needed. This separation is most easily mechanically induced by bending the material. The proposed solution for automatic backing paper removal can be integrated in a manufacturing cell for manufacturing of the studied product., SAE Technical Paper 2013-01-2289

This paper describes a method for 3-D surface estimation based on reflection measurements in different orientationsof the light source and the paper. To facilitate the estimation, surface facets that probably support specular reflection weremarked and isolated, so as to enable the application of sample Lambertian reflectance model over those non-specular reflectionpoints. A computer controlled imaging device was used to capture images in a large number of orientations. The image capturewas performed using several different exposures in order to present larger dynamic irradiance range. Images together with theircounterpoints under antithetical illuminations were used to deal with the possible situation that light failed illumination arrivalson some points locate behind bulges.Iteration using difference approximation as well as enforcing integrability algorithm wereused to calculate the surface height based on Shaping from Shading algorithm.

This paper describes a method for 3-D surface estimation based on reflection measurements in different orientationsof the light source and the paper. To facilitate the estimation, surface facets that probably support specular reflection weremarked and isolated, so as to enable the application of sample Lambertian reflectance model over those non-specular reflectionpoints. A computer controlled imaging device was used to capture images in a large number of orientations. The image capturewas performed using several different exposures in order to present larger dynamic irradiance range. Images together with theircounterpoints under antithetical illuminations were used to deal with the possible situation that light failed illumination arrivalson some points locate behind bulges.Iteration using difference approximation as well as enforcing integrability algorithm wereused to calculate the surface height based on Shaping from Shading algorithm.

In this study, we demonstrate piezoelectric power generation from zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires grown on paper substrate. Vertically aligned ZnO nanowires are deflected by an atomic force microscopy (AFM) tip in contact mode which generates an output voltage of up to 7 mV. Furthermore, the effects of different parameters mainly influencing the magnitude of the output voltage are discussed. We expect that due to its simplicity, this approach represents an important step within the development of nanoscale power generators. It offers a promising alternative powering source for the next generation of nanodevices on disposable paper.

In this study, we demonstrate piezoelectric power generation from zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires grown on paper substrate. Vertically aligned ZnO nanowires are deflected by an atomic force microscopy (AFM) tip in contact mode which generates an output voltage of up to 7 mV. Furthermore, the effects of different parameters mainly influencing the magnitude of the output voltage are discussed. We expect that due to its simplicity, this approach represents an important step within the development of nanoscale power generators. It offers a promising alternative powering source for the next generation of nanodevices on disposable paper.

In this study, we demonstrate piezoelectric power generation from zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires grown on paper substrate. Vertically aligned ZnO nanowires are deflected by an atomic force microscopy (AFM) tip in contact mode which generates an output voltage of up to 7 mV. Furthermore, the effects of different parameters mainly influencing the magnitude of the output voltage are discussed. We expect that due to its simplicity, this approach represents an important step within the development of nanoscale power generators. It offers a promising alternative powering source for the next generation of nanodevices on disposable paper.

In this study, we demonstrate piezoelectric power generation from zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires grown on paper substrate. Vertically aligned ZnO nanowires are deflected by an atomic force microscopy (AFM) tip in contact mode which generates an output voltage of up to 7 mV. Furthermore, the effects of different parameters mainly influencing the magnitude of the output voltage are discussed. We expect that due to its simplicity, this approach represents an important step within the development of nanoscale power generators. It offers a promising alternative powering source for the next generation of nanodevices on disposable paper.

In this study, we demonstrate piezoelectric power generation from zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires grown on paper substrate. Vertically aligned ZnO nanowires are deflected by an atomic force microscopy (AFM) tip in contact mode which generates an output voltage of up to 7 mV. Furthermore, the effects of different parameters mainly influencing the magnitude of the output voltage are discussed. We expect that due to its simplicity, this approach represents an important step within the development of nanoscale power generators. It offers a promising alternative powering source for the next generation of nanodevices on disposable paper.

The amount of trapping has a great impact on the gray balance and color reproduction of printed products. Therefore, conventional print density based models to estimate the effect of trapping have been created, which only give percentage values. In an earlier paper (Hauck and Gooran, 2011) we have proposed a trapping model based on reflectance spectra, which defines the trapping effect as the DE*ab colorimetric differences between the measurements and the calculated values. Therefore, this model is more useful and meaningful for the press machine operators than the conventional trapping models. The surface (gloss) and ground (ink penetration) effect may have an impact on the print results depending on the substrate and inks but these effects have mainly been ignored in all previous trapping models. In the present paper, we extend our earlier model to investigate the impact of both effects for high quality glossy coated paper and a set of sheet-fed offset inks. An ink mileage test was carried out to find the surface and ink penetration effects. The results of our investigation demonstrates that these two effects compensate each other and their total impact is almost negligible for the tested materials. This means that our previously proposed model can successfully be used for high quality glossy coated papers to determine the trapping value.

This paper evaluates system aspects of biorefineries based on biomass gasification integrated with pulp and paper production. As a case the Billerud Karlsborg mill is used. Two biomass gasification concepts are considered: BIGDME (biomass integrated gasification dimethyl ether production) and BIGCC (biomass integrated gasification combined cycle). The systems analysis is made with respect to economic performance, global CO2 emissions and primary energy use. As reference cases. BIGDME and BIGCC integrated with district heating are considered. Biomass gasification is shown to be potentially profitable for the mill. The results are highly dependent on assumed energy market parameters, particularly policy support. With strong policies promoting biofuels or renewable electricity, the calculated opportunity to invest in a gasification-based biorefinery exceeds investment cost estimates from the literature. When integrated with district heating the BIGDME case performs better than the BIGCC case, which shows high sensitivity to heat price and annual operating time. The BIGCC cases show potential to contribute to decreased global CO2 emissions and energy use, which the BIGDME cases do not, mainly due to high biomass demand. As biomass is a limited resource, increased biomass use due to investments in gasification plants will lead to increased use of fossil fuels elsewhere in the system., Original Publication:Elisabeth Wetterlund, Karin Pettersson and Simon Harvey, Systems analysis of integrating biomass gasification with pulp and paper production - Effects on economic performance, CO2 emissions and energy use, 2011, ENERGY, (36), 2, 932-941.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2010.12.017Copyright: Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam.http://www.elsevier.com

Industrial energy efficiency is stated as a major means of reducing the threat of increased global warming, caused by human use of fossil fuels. Energy service companies (ESCOs) have been expected to play an important role in promoting energy efficiency in different sectors of the economy, including industry. Energy related outsourcing in the complex energy intensive pulp and paper industry, with a continuous production process, represents one of the more challenging types of industrial outsourcing. This paper studies the role of ESCOs as a method to promote energy efficiency in the Swedish pulp and paper industry. A questionnaire was used, complemented by in-depth interviews with mill executives in order to gain more knowledge of the issue. The main conclusion from this paper is that the utilization of ESCOs in the pulp and paper industry is higher in activities with a lower level of energy integration in the production process, and on the contrary, the utilization of ESCOs is lower with a higher level of energy integration in the production process. Since the PPI is a mature industry with a globally well-known and well-spread technique, results from this paper, may plausibly be generalized for PPIs in other countries as well., ©2011 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or to reuse any copyrighted component of this work in other works must be obtained from the IEEE. Patrik Thollander and Mikael Ottosson, Energy related outsourcing: - The case of ESCOs in the Swedish pulp and paper industry, 2011, IEEE International Technology Management Conference, 329-337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ITMC.2011.5995962

Industrial energy efficiency is stated as a major means of reducing the threat of increased global warming, caused by human use of fossil fuels. Energy service companies (ESCOs) have been expected to play an important role in promoting energy efficiency in different sectors of the economy, including industry. Energy related outsourcing in the complex energy intensive pulp and paper industry, with a continuous production process, represents one of the more challenging types of industrial outsourcing. This paper studies the role of ESCOs as a method to promote energy efficiency in the Swedish pulp and paper industry. A questionnaire was used, complemented by in-depth interviews with mill executives in order to gain more knowledge of the issue. The main conclusion from this paper is that the utilization of ESCOs in the pulp and paper industry is higher in activities with a lower level of energy integration in the production process, and on the contrary, the utilization of ESCOs is lower with a higher level of energy integration in the production process. Since the PPI is a mature industry with a globally well-known and well-spread technique, results from this paper, may plausibly be generalized for PPIs in other countries as well., ©2011 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or to reuse any copyrighted component of this work in other works must be obtained from the IEEE. Patrik Thollander and Mikael Ottosson, Energy related outsourcing: - The case of ESCOs in the Swedish pulp and paper industry, 2011, IEEE International Technology Management Conference, 329-337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ITMC.2011.5995962

Industrial energy efficiency is stated as a major means of reducing the threat of increased global warming, caused by human use of fossil fuels. Energy service companies (ESCOs) have been expected to play an important role in promoting energy efficiency in different sectors of the economy, including industry. Energy related outsourcing in the complex energy intensive pulp and paper industry, with a continuous production process, represents one of the more challenging types of industrial outsourcing. This paper studies the role of ESCOs as a method to promote energy efficiency in the Swedish pulp and paper industry. A questionnaire was used, complemented by in-depth interviews with mill executives in order to gain more knowledge of the issue. The main conclusion from this paper is that the utilization of ESCOs in the pulp and paper industry is higher in activities with a lower level of energy integration in the production process, and on the contrary, the utilization of ESCOs is lower with a higher level of energy integration in the production process. Since the PPI is a mature industry with a globally well-known and well-spread technique, results from this paper, may plausibly be generalized for PPIs in other countries as well., ©2011 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or to reuse any copyrighted component of this work in other works must be obtained from the IEEE. Patrik Thollander and Mikael Ottosson, Energy related outsourcing: - The case of ESCOs in the Swedish pulp and paper industry, 2011, IEEE International Technology Management Conference, 329-337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ITMC.2011.5995962

Industrial energy efficiency is stated as a major means of reducing the threat of increased global warming, caused by human use of fossil fuels. Energy service companies (ESCOs) have been expected to play an important role in promoting energy efficiency in different sectors of the economy, including industry. Energy related outsourcing in the complex energy intensive pulp and paper industry, with a continuous production process, represents one of the more challenging types of industrial outsourcing. This paper studies the role of ESCOs as a method to promote energy efficiency in the Swedish pulp and paper industry. A questionnaire was used, complemented by in-depth interviews with mill executives in order to gain more knowledge of the issue. The main conclusion from this paper is that the utilization of ESCOs in the pulp and paper industry is higher in activities with a lower level of energy integration in the production process, and on the contrary, the utilization of ESCOs is lower with a higher level of energy integration in the production process. Since the PPI is a mature industry with a globally well-known and well-spread technique, results from this paper, may plausibly be generalized for PPIs in other countries as well., ©2011 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or to reuse any copyrighted component of this work in other works must be obtained from the IEEE. Patrik Thollander and Mikael Ottosson, Energy related outsourcing: - The case of ESCOs in the Swedish pulp and paper industry, 2011, IEEE International Technology Management Conference, 329-337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ITMC.2011.5995962

Industrial energy efficiency is stated as a major means of reducing the threat of increased global warming, caused by human use of fossil fuels. Energy service companies (ESCOs) have been expected to play an important role in promoting energy efficiency in different sectors of the economy, including industry. Energy related outsourcing in the complex energy intensive pulp and paper industry, with a continuous production process, represents one of the more challenging types of industrial outsourcing. This paper studies the role of ESCOs as a method to promote energy efficiency in the Swedish pulp and paper industry. A questionnaire was used, complemented by in-depth interviews with mill executives in order to gain more knowledge of the issue. The main conclusion from this paper is that the utilization of ESCOs in the pulp and paper industry is higher in activities with a lower level of energy integration in the production process, and on the contrary, the utilization of ESCOs is lower with a higher level of energy integration in the production process. Since the PPI is a mature industry with a globally well-known and well-spread technique, results from this paper, may plausibly be generalized for PPIs in other countries as well., ©2011 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or to reuse any copyrighted component of this work in other works must be obtained from the IEEE. Patrik Thollander and Mikael Ottosson, Energy related outsourcing: - The case of ESCOs in the Swedish pulp and paper industry, 2011, IEEE International Technology Management Conference, 329-337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ITMC.2011.5995962

The economic policy support for biofuels was studied to determine the amount of support necessary to make investments in a gasification based biorefinery producing dimethyl ether profitable for a pulp and paper mill. The required support ranged from lower than the present tax exemption, to more than four times the exemption, depending mainly on the price relation between oil and biomass. The required support is sensitive to changes of the capital cost, but not to the pulp and paper production rate of the host mill. Thus, strong policy instruments will be required for forest industry based biorefineries to be desirable for the future. This is an abstract of a paper presented at the 19th International Congress of Chemical and Process Engineering and 7th European Congress of Chemical Engineering (Prague, Czech Republic 8/28/2010-9/1/2010).

The Swedish pulp- and paper industry is a considerable user of energy, accounting for about 50 percent of the Swedish industrial energy use and 2 percent of the EU-25 industrial energy use. Its high energy use makes this industry particularly important in terms of energy efficiency. Previous research has emphasised the need for companies’ to have well functioning energy management practices in order to increase energy efficiency. This paper describes and analyses energy management practices in the Swedish pulp and paper industry. A questionnaire was sent out to the person in charge of the energy issue at all Swedish mills and 40 replies were received, a response frequency of 68 percent. The results show that the energy issue has been given increasingly higher priority over the past 10 years. However, in spite of this, overall results from the questionnaire show that there is still potential for improving energy management in the studied industry. More than 20 percent of the studied mills lack a long-term energy strategy, and less than half of the studied mills have an energy strategy covering at least five years. These results indicate that the implementation of a long-term energy strategy in this energy intensive industry, in combination with other means, could be of utmost importance for increasing energy efficiency. In conclusion, based on the research results presented in this paper, a different energy policy design for the industry seems to be needed, which could be very fruitful if it focuses on establishing more efficient energy management practices and includes all energy carriers. Moreove, the fact that more than 20 percent of the studied mills lack a long-term energy strategy and the fact that the Swedish EMS standard does not require such a strategy to be formulated indicates the need for further studies regarding a plausible inclusion of a long-term energy strategy in the EMS standard.

Biomass gasification offers several advantages; primarily the potential for higher electrical efficiency and the possibility to synthesise for example biofuels for transportation. Gasification based processes have a considerable surplus of heat that can be used in other processes in order to raise the overall efficiency. In this paper we study system aspects of integrating biomass gasification with a pulp and paper mill having a steam deficit, thus creating a biorefinery. Two different gasification concepts are considered: BIGCC (electricity production in biomass integrated gasification combined cycle) and BIGDME (biomass integrated gasification production of dimethyl ether, DME, for use as transportation fuel). Heat from the gasification processes replaces boiler steam in the pulp and paper mill. The systems analysis is made with respect to economic performance and global fossil CO2 emissions. As reference cases, BIGCC and BIGDME integrated with a district heating network are considered. The results show that in particular BIGCC can be economically profitable for the pulp and paper mill, with a calculated investment opportunity of 120-150 MEUR, but that the results are highly dependent on the assumed level of certificates promoting green electricity. For the BIGDME case the policy tools are of even larger importance. When strong policies promoting biofuels are assumed the investment opportunity is estimated at 300-330 MEUR, while there is no investment opportunity if no policies are in place. If BIGCC or BIGDME technologies are integrated instead with a district heating network, the investments only become profitable if the heat price is high and the annual heat delivery time is long (8000 hours). Biomass gasification has a larger CO2 reduction potential when integrated with a pulp and paper mill than when the mill and the gasification plant operate separately. The potential for the mill to implement biomass gasification as a means to reduce CO2 emissions is, howev

The structure of paper influences its properties and simulations of it are necessary to understand the impact of fiber and papermaking conditions on the sheet properties. We show a method to develop a representative structure of paper by merging different simulation techniques for the forming section and the pressing operation. The simulation follows the bending and drape of fibers over one another in the final structure and allows estimation of sheet properties without recourse to arbitrary bending rules or experimental measurements of density and/or RBA. Fibers are first modeled as jointed beams following the fluid mechanics in the forming section. The sheet structure obtained from this is representative of the wet sheet from the couch. The pressing simulation discretizes fibers into a number of solid elements around the lumen. Bonding between fibers is simulated using spring elements. The resulting fiber network was analyzed to determine its elastic modulus and deformation under small strains. The influence of fiber dimensions, namely fiber lengths, widths and thicknesses as well as bond stiffnesses on the elasticity of the network are studied. A brief account of inclusion of fines, represented by individual cubical elements is also shown.

As a case study, an energy audit was performed at an integrated pulp and paper mill. A top-down approach was applied to identify and categorize the use of electricity, steam and hot water and the results of the audit are presented in this paper. Also, the connections and cooperation with both the nearby district heating system and a local steam deliverer, partly owned by the mill, are described. Potential ways to save energy are pointed out and changes in the cooperation are discussed. Moreover, a discussion of how the system can benefit from the taxation structure is presented, as the design of the studied system, in combination with the introduction of tradable green certificates, creates possibilities to exploit such benefits. As a result from this design it is shown that the introduction of these certificates promotes the use of oil to produce electricity.

A novel vertical architecture for all-printed organic electrochemical transistors, based on poly(3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate), realized on flexible substrates, is reported. The transistors are manufactured along both faces of plastic or paper substrates and via connections are realized using laser ablation or simple punch through using a pin. Successful modulation of the electric current that flows between the two sides of the substrate is achieved using electrolyte-gating and electrochemical modulation of the electronic charge transport of the bulk of the transistor channel. In addition to this, the transistors are exhibiting fast switching and high ON/OFF current ratios.

A novel vertical architecture for all-printed organic electrochemical transistors, based on poly(3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate), realized on flexible substrates, is reported. The transistors are manufactured along both faces of plastic or paper substrates and via connections are realized using laser ablation or simple punch through using a pin. Successful modulation of the electric current that flows between the two sides of the substrate is achieved using electrolyte-gating and electrochemical modulation of the electronic charge transport of the bulk of the transistor channel. In addition to this, the transistors are exhibiting fast switching and high ON/OFF current ratios.

A novel vertical architecture for all-printed organic electrochemical transistors, based on poly(3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate), realized on flexible substrates, is reported. The transistors are manufactured along both faces of plastic or paper substrates and via connections are realized using laser ablation or simple punch through using a pin. Successful modulation of the electric current that flows between the two sides of the substrate is achieved using electrolyte-gating and electrochemical modulation of the electronic charge transport of the bulk of the transistor channel. In addition to this, the transistors are exhibiting fast switching and high ON/OFF current ratios.

A novel vertical architecture for all-printed organic electrochemical transistors, based on poly(3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate), realized on flexible substrates, is reported. The transistors are manufactured along both faces of plastic or paper substrates and via connections are realized using laser ablation or simple punch through using a pin. Successful modulation of the electric current that flows between the two sides of the substrate is achieved using electrolyte-gating and electrochemical modulation of the electronic charge transport of the bulk of the transistor channel. In addition to this, the transistors are exhibiting fast switching and high ON/OFF current ratios.