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Elrika Anastasia Wijaya, Purboyo Solek, Dedi Rachmadi, Sri Endah Rahayuningsih, Rodman Tarigan, Dany Hilmanto Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, West Java, IndonesiaCorrespondence: Dany Hilmanto, Tel +628122266879, Email danyhilmanto@yahoo.comIntroduction: As the highest function in the brain that regulates our daily activity, executive dysfunction might affect someone’s health-related quality of life (HRQoL), especially in those with chronic diseases, including chronic kidney disease (CKD). Neurocognitive functions, including intelligence quotient (IQ) and executive function can be affected through various mechanisms in CKD. However, there was still no specific study regarding how IQ and executive function might affect HRQoL in children with CKD.Purpose: To assess Executive Function’s impact on HRQoL and to find association between treatment modalities and CKD stages with HRQoL in children with CKD.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted at Pediatric Nephrology Clinic at Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia from September 2022 to April 2023. We included 38 children whose age range were 6– 16 years 11 months old with CKD stage III – V. Assessment tools used were: BRIEF questionnaire for executive function; WISC III tool for IQ; PedsQLTM questionnaire generic module for HRQoL. Data was analyzed using SPSS ver. 26.0.Results: Total number of samples was 38. Complete examinations were done on 30 patients. Eight other patients did not undergo the IQ test. There was a negative correlation between executive function components scores (GEC, BRI, MI) with HRQoL scores on parents’ proxy in all domains. We found no correlation between HRQoL and IQ scores, but we found a correlation between IQ and CKD stage. There was a significant difference in HRQoL from the children’s perspective among the three modalities; children who underwent conservative treatment were having

Rongcui Sui,1– 3 Jie Li,4 Yunhan Shi,1– 3 Shizhen Yuan,1– 3 Huijun Wang,1– 3 Jianhong Liao,1– 3 Xiang Gao,1– 3 Demin Han,1– 3 Yanru Li,1– 3 Xingjun Wang4 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China; 2Obstructive Sleep Apnea-Hypopnea Syndrome Clinical Diagnosis and Therapy and Research Centre, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China; 3Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China; 4Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Demin Han; Yanru Li, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, 1 Dongjiaominxiang, Dongcheng District, Beijing, People’s Republic of China, Email deminhan_ent@hotmail.com; liyanruru@aliyun.comPurpose: This study aimed to investigate the association between sleep spindle metrics and executive function in individuals with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Furthermore, we examined the association of age and education on executive function.Patients and Methods: A total of 230 (40.90 ± 8.83 years, F/M = 45/185) participants were enrolled. Overnight electroencephalogram (C3-M2) recording detected sleep spindles by a novel U-Net-type neural network that integrates temporal information with time-frequency images. Sleep spindle metrics, including frequency (Hz), overall density (events/min), fast density (events/min), slow density (events/min), duration (sec) and amplitude (μV), were measured. Executive function was assessed using standardized neuropsychological tests. Associations between sleep spindle metrics, executive function, and demographic factors were analyzed using multivariate linear regression.Results: In fully adjusted linear regression models, higher overall sleep spindl

Shan-Wen Liu,1 Xiao-Ting Ma,1 Shuai Yu,2 Xiao-Fen Weng,3 Meng Li,4 Jiangtao Zhu,4 Chun-Feng Liu,1 Hua Hu1 1Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, 215000, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Geriatric Medicine, the Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, 215000, People’s Republic of China; 4Department of Imaging, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Hua Hu, Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 San Xiang Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215004, People’s Republic of China, Email sz_huhua@126.comObjective: To investigate the correlation between specific fiber tracts and grip strength and cognitive function in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) by fixel-based analysis (FBA).Methods: AD patients were divided into AD with low grip strength (AD-LGS, n=29) and AD without low grip strength (AD-nLGS, n=25), along with 31 normal controls (NC). General data, neuropsychological tests, grip strength and cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were collected. FBA evaluated white matter (WM) fiber metrics, including fiber density (FD), fiber cross-sectional (FC), and fiber density and cross-sectional area (FDC). The mean fiber indicators of the fiber tracts of interest (TOI) were extracted in cerebral region of significant statistical differences in FBA to further compare the differences between groups and analyze the correlation between fiber properties and neuropsychological test scores.Results: Compared to AD-nLGS group, AD-LGS group showed significant reductions in FDC in several cerebral regions. In AD patients, FDC values of bilateral uncinate fasciculus and left superior l

Haoqiang Zhang,1– 3,* Shufang Yang,2,4,* Wenwen Zhu,1,2 Tong Niu,1,2 Zheng Wang,1,2 Ke An,1,2 Zuoling Xie,1,2 Pin Wang,2 Xi Huang,1,2 Chenchen Wang,1,2 Haiyan Shangguan,2 Yang Yuan,1 Shaohua Wang1 1Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China; 2School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People’s Republic of China; 4Department of Endocrinology, Taizhou People’s Hospital, Taizhou, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Shaohua Wang; Yang Yuan, Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, No. 87 Dingjiaqiao Road, Nanjing, 210009, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-25-83262815 ; +86-13814003661, Fax +86-25-83285132, Email gyjwsh@126.com; yang_yuan000@sina.comPurpose: We aim to determine the role of free triiodothyronine (FT3), the main active ingredient of thyroid hormones (THs), in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).Patients and Methods: A total of 255 T2DM patients without diagnosed thyroid diseases were recruited and divided into MCI group and healthy cognition group. Neuropsychological functions were observed by multidimensional cognitive function scales in including MoCA, Digit Span Test (DST), Verbal Fluency Test (VFT), Clock drawing test (CDT), Trail Making Test (TMT) A and B, Instantaneously Recalled Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT-IR), Delayed Recalled Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT-DR) and Logical Memory Test (LMT). Correlation and logistic regression analyses were performed to explore the association between FT3 and diabetic cognitive dysfunction.Results: Compared with 147 normal cognition patients, 108 MCI patients exhibited lower FT3 and higher HOMA-IR. FT3 lev

Wei Li,1,2,* Qi Qiu,1,2,* Lin Sun,1,2,* Xia Li1,2 Shifu Xiao1,21Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; 2Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China*These authors contributed equally to this workBackground: The 4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene is known as a risk factor for cognitive impairment. How APOE ϵ polymorphism affects the language and executive functions of healthy aging subjects remains less clear.Purpose: In this follow-up study, the relationship between APOE status and cognitive performance across various cognitive domains in healthy individuals (without dementia or mild cognitive impairment (MCI)) over 60 years old was investigated.Patients and methods: Based on multiplex amplification refractory mutation system polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 228 subjects (n=228; mean age: 70.59±8.07 years old; male %=40.8%) were divided into three groups, e2 (ϵ2/ϵ2 and ϵ2/ϵ3, n=35), e3 (ϵ3/ϵ3, n=152), and e4 (ϵ2/ϵ4, ϵ3/ϵ4, and ϵ4/ϵ4, n=41).Results: There was no statistical difference (p>0.05) in the general demographic data and neuropsychological tests among the three groups on the baseline; however, e4 group showed a greater drop rate (p<0.05) versus non-carriers on verbal fluency (e2: −0.043±0.221; e3: -0.081±0.239; e4: 0.069±0.329) and Webster picture completion (e2: 0.055±0.281; e3: 0.083±0.428; e4: 0.438±1.280) over the subsequent one year.Conclusion: The findings suggest that possession of the APOE ϵ4 allele predicted a higher decline on tasks of language function and executive function in healthy elderly. And further research is required to determine whether strengthening the training of language function and executive function will delay the occurrence of cognitive impairment.Keywo

Hidetomo Murakami, Tetsuhito Nohara, Hidenobu Shozawa, Yoshiyuki Owan, Takeshi Kuroda, Satoshi Yano, Machiko Kezuka, Mitsuru Kawamura, Kenjiro Ono Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan Background: Effects of dopaminergic medication on executive function in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) are inconsistent. Objective: We examined the effect of dopaminergic medication on executive function in 24 drug-naïve PD patients (de novo group) and in 21 PD patients on chronic dopaminergic medication (chronic medication group). Methods: PD patients without dementia were included in this study. For the de novo group patients, dopaminergic medication was initiated, and the dose was increased to improve motor symptoms. For the chronic medication group patients, dopaminergic medication was adjusted to relieve clinical problems. All participants were tested prior to and at 4–7 months after the drug initiation/adjustment. Executive function was assessed by using the Behavioral Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome (BADS). Motor function was assessed by using the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS; part III). Improvement in executive function was compared with a simultaneous change in levodopa equivalent doses (LED) of dopaminergic medication and with improvement in motor functions. Results: The mean standardized BADS scores showed no significant improvement in both the groups. In the de novo group, percent improvement in the standardized BADS scores showed a significant positive correlation with the LED, but not with percent improvement in UPDRS part III. In the chronic medication group, percent improvement in the standardized BADS scores was negatively correlated with change in the LED, but not with percent improvement in UPDRS part III. Multiple regression analysis using improvement in the standardized BADS score as a dependent variable and patient’s background factors (ie, ag

Kenji Tsuchiya,1 Shinichi Mitsui,1 Ryuji Fukuyama,2 Noriki Yamaya,3 Takaaki Fujita,4 Kaori Shimoda,1 Fusae Tozato1 1Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma, 2Department of Rehabilitation, Gunma Seishi Ryougoen, Gunma, 3Department of Health Sciences, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, 4Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tohoku Fukushi University, Miyagi, Japan Purpose: Although acute bouts of exercise reportedly have beneficial effects on executive function, inactive people may find it difficult to start exercising. In this study, we focused on housework activities (HAs) that generate a sense of accomplishment and require a mild intensity of physical activity. We examined the impact of an acute bout of HA on executive function and oxygenated hemoglobin (oxy-Hb) flow to related cortical regions. Materials and methods: Twenty-five participants (age, 18–21 years; mean, 19.88±0.60 years; six males and 19 females) underwent two experiments, ie, HA and control experiments, which were conducted on different days. Participants vacuumed a dirty floor in the HA experiment and mimicked the same motion with an unplugged vacuum cleaner on a clean floor in the control experiment.Results: Heart rate recorded during the experiments showed no significant difference in the intensity of physical activity between control and HA groups. A questionnaire revealed a sense of accomplishment after completing the HA experiment. Participants performed the Stroop color–word task (SCWT) pre- and post-experiments; cortical hemodynamic changes were simultaneously monitored using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Variation in Stroop interference scores for SCWT total response between pre- and post-experiments was significantly higher in the HA group than in the control group, and that for SCWT correct response showed a similar trend. Variation in the Stroop interfere

Francesco Craig,1 Francesco Margari,2 Anna R Legrottaglie,1 Roberto Palumbi,1 Concetta de Giambattista,1 Lucia Margari1 1Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, 2Psychiatry Unit, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy Abstract: Executive dysfunction has been shown to be a promising endophenotype in neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This article reviewed 26 studies that examined executive function comparing ASD and/or ADHD children. In light of findings from this review, the ASD + ADHD group appears to share impairment in both flexibility and planning with the ASD group, while it shares the response inhibition deficit with the ADHD group. Conversely, deficit in attention, working memory, preparatory processes, fluency, and concept formation does not appear to be distinctive in discriminating from ASD, ADHD, or ASD + ADHD group. On the basis of neurocognitive endophenotype, the common co-occurrence of executive function deficits seems to reflect an additive comorbidity, rather than a separate condition with distinct impairments. Keywords: executive function, autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, ASD + ADHD, neurocognitive endophenotype

Hwallip Bae,1 Youngsun Ra,1 Changwoo Han,2 Dai-Jin Kim3 1Department of Psychiatry, Myongji Hospital, Goyang, 2Department of Psychiatry, Keyo Hospital, Uiwang, 3Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea Abstract: The role of neurotrophic factors has been highlighted as a cause of decline in the cognitive function of alcohol-dependent patients. It is known that nerve-growth factor (NGF), one of the neurotrophins, is related to the growth and differentiation of nerve cells, as well as to a decline in cognitive function. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between decreased NGF levels and cognitive decline in alcohol-dependent patients. The serum concentration of NGF was measured in 38 patients with chronic alcohol dependence, and several neuropsychological tests were also performed for cognitive function assessment. The results indicated a significant correlation between serum NGF level and the trail-making test part B, which evaluates executive function, but did not show a significant correlation with other cognitive function tests. An increased serum level of NGF was associated with a decreased completion time in the trail-making test B, and this finding indicates that a high serum level of NGF is related to greater executive function. This finding may imply a protective role of NGF in preventing neuron damage among patients with alcohol dependence. Larger controlled studies will be necessary in the future to investigate this issue further. Keywords: nerve-growth factor, alcohol dependence, executive function, trail-making test

Zhenhe Zhou, Yuanyuan Zhu, Jun Wang, Hongmei Zhu Department of Psychiatry, Wuxi Mental Health Center of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China Objective: To investigate whether risperidone improves social cognitive impairments and executive dysfunction in people with schizophrenia.Methods: Fifty-six patients who met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia were allocated to a risperidone treatment group (RTG, n=28) and a typical antipsychotic treatment group (TATG, n=28). Twenty-eight healthy volunteers were recruited as the normal control group (NCG). The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, Interpersonal Perception Task-15 (IPT-15), and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) were rated at baseline and after 4 and 12 weeks of treatment with risperidone or typical antipsychotics.Results: Risperidone and typical antipsychotics decreased Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale scores for total psychopathology and positive and negative symptoms. At baseline, in the IPT-15, total scores and five factor scores, as well as the number of categories completed and the percentage of conceptual level responses, were significantly lower in the RTG and TATG than in the NCG, whereas total response errors, perseverative errors, and failure to maintain set were significantly higher in the patient groups than in the NCG. Repeated measures analysis of variance revealed a significant main effect of time period (baseline, 4 weeks, and 12 weeks) for IPT-15 scores and WCST performances, and significant interactions for time period × group (RTG and TATG). Multivariate analysis of variance showed no significant differences between the RTG and TATG on IPT-15 scores at 4 weeks, but there were significant differences between these two groups at 12 weeks. Significant differences were also found between the RTG and TATG on WCST performances at 4 and 12 weeks.Conclusion: Individ

Arihiro Hatta,1 Yoshiaki Nishihira,2 Takuro Higashiura3 1Department of Health Pharmacy, Yokohama College of Pharmacy, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan; 2Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; 3Department of Law, Faculty of Law, Seiwa University, Kisarazu, Chiba, Japan Background: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a single bout of walking on mood, psychophysiologic responses, and executive function in elderly adults. Methods: Twenty healthy, elderly adults (10 women and 10 men; mean age 70.50 ± 3.4 years) participated in this study. Mood, as assessed by the Profile of Mood States, and salivary α-amylase activity were examined before and after walking. Executive functions were also evaluated by the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Results: Negative feeling scores such as tension-anxiety, anger-hostility, and confusion significantly improved after walking. No significant differences were found for either salivary α-amylase activities or Wisconsin Card Sorting Test scores before and after walking. However, the changes in salivary α-amylase activity before and after walking correlated positively with the number of total errors and perseverative errors of Nelson in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Conclusion: These results suggest that moderate exercise, such as self-paced one-time walking, induces beneficial psychologic effects in elderly adults. Meanwhile, the significant increase in salivary α-amylase activity after walking might temporarily cause deterioration of executive function. Keywords: salivary α-amylase, Profile of Mood States, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, perseverative error

Xiaodan Zhu,1 Min Wen,1 Ying He,1 Jing Feng,2 Xuebing Xu,2 Juan Liu3 1School of Nursing, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People’s Republic of China; 2Inpatient Department, Ningxia Mental Health Center, Ningxia Ning-An Hospital, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People’s Republic of China; 3General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Juan Liu, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Shengli Road &num;804, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, People’s Republic of China, Tel/Fax +86 09516744007, Email ryuken0518@163.com Xuebing Xu, Ningxia Mental Health Center, Ningxia Ning-An hospital, Jingbo Road &num;236, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750011, People’s Republic of China, Tel/Fax +86 09512160739, Email nxnayyxuxuebing@126.comPurpose: Several studies have explored the relationship between level of education and medication adherence, as well as the relationship between level of education and cognitive function. However, there have been few studies on the relationships between level of education, cognitive function, and medication adherence. This study aimed to explore whether cognitive function has a mediating effect between level of education and medication adherence in patients with schizophrenia.Patients and Methods: A total of 329 participants were included in this study. Cognitive function was assessed using the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia, and medication adherence using the Medication Adherence Questionnaire. The relationships between the clinical factors and cognitive function that contributed to medication adherence were tested through multivariable linear regression analysis. The mediating effect of medication adherence was tested using the bootstrapping approach with the PROCESS macro.Results: Family history, insight and executive function were associated with medication adherence in individuals with schizophrenia, and executive function had a mediating effect between lev

Carlee I Oakley,1 Giuseppe Lanzino,2 James P Klaas1 1Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; 2Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USACorrespondence: Carlee I Oakley, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA, Tel +1 507 284 2120, Fax +1 507 538 6012, Email oakley.carlee@mayo.eduAbstract: Neurocognitive impairment in moyamoya disease is common, under recognized, and potentially devastating. The purpose of this paper is to provide an updated overview on this topic for the practicing clinician. We searched PubMed for keywords including cognitive impairment, neurocognitive dysfunction, and neuropsychological recovery in moyamoya disease. We summarized the literature to provide a concise review of the treatment and management of neuropsychiatric symptoms associated with moyamoya disease. Neuropsychiatric sequelae have conventionally been attributed to chronic cerebral hypoperfusion and/or stroke. Cognitive dysfunction in adults with moyamoya disease is most commonly in the form of impaired executive function, whereas intelligence is the predominant impairment in children with moyamoya disease. Pharmacotherapy for treatment of the neuropsychiatric symptoms associated with moyamoya disease is appropriate and can improve quality of life; however, careful consideration is needed to avoid adverse cerebrovascular events. It remains unclear as to whether surgical revascularization improves or stabilizes cognitive performance and outcomes. Additional prospective studies are warranted to better understand the long-term impact of revascularization on cognitive functioning in moyamoya disease.Keywords: moyamoya disease, moyamoya angiopathy-associated cognitive dysfunction, neuropsychological outcomes, neuropsychiatric comorbidity, revascularization, neurocognitive recovery

Fangju Lin,1 Weihua Jia,1 Xuemei Li,2 Ying Chen,1 Min Wan1 1Department of Neurology, Beijing Shijingshan Hospital, Shijingshan Teaching Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100043, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261031, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Weihua Jia; Xuemei Li, Email jiawh_sjsh@163.com; lixuemei8806@163.comPurpose: Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients with freezing of gait (FOG) may present with complex and heterogeneous cognitive profiles. Owing to limited access to comprehensive neuropsychological battery in ordinary clinical practice, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is likely to be easily available cognitive data for comparisons among studies. This study aims to explore the cognitive profiles stratified by education using MoCA in PD patients with FOG.Patients and Methods: PD patients with FOG (FOG+, n = 52) and without FOG (FOG-, n = 71) were included in our study. MoCA items were categorized into five subsections (attention/working memory, executive function, episodic memory, language, and visuospatial function) referring to previously published criteria. Cognitive assessments were compared based on five subsections between groups stratified by three education levels (0– 6 years, 7– 12 years, and > 12 years). The association of cognitive measurements with FOG were analyzed using binary logistic regression models with adjustment for variables.Results: The total scores and subscores of each subsection of MoCA were similar between two groups of each education level. Further detailed analysis showed that a composite measure labeled “Attention/working memory-Composite” (abbreviated to Attention-C), consisting of the scores of four items (target detection task, serial sevens, digit forward and backward, and sentence repetition), were lower significantly in FOG+ group compared with FOG- group in patients with education y

Shiyu Zhang,1,2 Caili Chen,1,2 Yi Zhou,1,2 Meirong Pan,1,2 Haimei Li,1,2 Mengjie Zhao,1,2 Min Dong,1,2 Feifei Si,1,2 Lu Liu,1,2 Yufeng Wang,1,2 Qiujin Qian1,2 1Peking University Sixth Hospital/ Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, 100191, People’s Republic of China; 2NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Qiujin Qian, Peking University Sixth Hospital/ Institute of Mental Health, No. 51 Hua Yuan Bei Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, People’s Republic of China, Email qianqiujin@bjmu.edu.cnPurpose: With the further development of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) research, more and more assessment tools related to ADHD have been used. However, there is still no measurement instrument to evaluate the compensatory behavior of ADHD in China. This study aimed to examine the reliability and validity of the Compensatory ADHD Behaviors Scale (CABS) adapted in Chinese and explore ecological characteristics in adults with ADHD using the CABS.Patients and Methods: Data were collected from a sample of 306 adults (Mage = 26.43 years, SD = 5.32; 46.08% male). The original version CABS was translated into Chinese using the forward and backward translation procedures. Participants completed the CABS and questionnaires assessing ADHD symptoms and executive function. We utilized content validity, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and criterion validity to test the validity. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were employed to test the reliability. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to compare ADHD subgroups based on gender, ADHD subtype, comorbidities, and medication status, while controlling for demographic variables as covariates.Results: CABS exhibited good construct validity (two factors: present-oriented and future-oriented), content

Yvette Hus Cyprus University of Technology, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Theralab Research Collaborator Under Direction of Prof. Kakia Petinou, Limassol, CyprusCorrespondence: Yvette Hus, Tel +1 514 487 2763, Email yhus@videotron.caAbstract: The importance of time concept in human existence is “ancient history” celebrated in the biblical book Ecclesiastes. Indeed, our time-sensitive mechanisms are literally carved into our biology and neurology on a molecular level, gifting us with neural clocks. However, time in human consciousness is not the time indicated by physical clocks: time is a subjective reality in our psychological makeup due to the nature of the temporal neural mechanisms and unique properties of physical time. Nonetheless, subjective time requires anchoring to physical time which permeates our language, endeavors, and entire existence, a process hinging on time-related skills such as estimates and measures of passage and duration of time. Moreover, accurate time reading, a critical adaptive life-skill, is imperative for effective function in all societal activities. Because it embodies the complexity of the time construct, it is central to instruction of time concept in primary education. It is often measured in children by clock drawings, a cognitive integrative skill with errors pointing to neuroanatomical differences impacting the integrity of executive function. Time competence in children with atypical neurobiological development and high prevalence, as in autism spectrum disorders (ASD), and attention disorders (ADHD), is often compromised, calling for investigation of its function. This thematic review article aims to: 1) discuss the complexity of time concept and its underlying bio-neurological mechanisms, 2) elucidate difficulties children with ASD and those with ADHD exhibit in temporal development, and 3) demonstrate the use of a set of clinical tools in uncovering temporal competence and ecological executive function in two ch

Helene Janine Hopman, Hiu Ying Choy, Wing Sze Ho, Hanna Lu, Wing Ho Oscar Wong, Sau Man Sandra Chan Department of Psychiatry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of ChinaCorrespondence: Helene Janine HopmanDepartment of Psychiatry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Unit L, 19/F, Kings Wing Plaza 1, 3 on Kwan Street, Shek Mun, New Territories, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of ChinaTel +852 55971622Email hjhopman@cuhk.edu.hkPurpose: The cognitive neuropsychological model of depression suggests that the cognitive deficits observed in depressed subjects are the result of attenuated top-down cognitive control resulting in increased bottom-up emotional processing. Remediation of cognitive impairments in cold cognition has been proposed as a valuable treatment for depression. The study aimed to examine the effects of clinical response to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on cold cognition over the course of 8 weeks in medication-refractory depressed subjects.Materials and Methods: Twenty-two medication-refractory depressed subjects received twenty sessions of high-frequency rTMS targeting the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, one of the key nodes of the cognitive control network. Cold cognition and antidepressant treatment response were monitored at baseline, week 2, 4 and 8. Clinical response was defined as ≥ 50% reduction in Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale score at week 8. Longitudinal changes in cold cognition were modeled using (generalized) linear mixed models. It was hypothesized that the excitatory effects of rTMS would improve cognition in the domains of executive function, memory, and attention. Additionally, responders were expected to show larger cognitive improvements than nonresponders.Results: A decrease in median latency was observed on a task that measured executive function, irrespective of treatment response status. Further, responde

Yenisel Cruz-Almeida,1 Samuel J Crowley,2 Jared Tanner,2 Catherine C Price2,3 1Pain Research & Intervention Center of Excellence, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; 2Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; 3Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USACorrespondence: Catherine C PriceABPP/Cn Tel +1 352-273-5929Email cep23@phhp.ufl.eduIntroduction: Chronic pain is prevalent in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (PD) with many individuals also experiencing cognitive deficits negatively impacting everyday life.Methods: In this study, we examine differences in pain severity and interference between 113 nondemented individuals with idiopathic PD who were statistically classified as having low executive function (n=24), low memory function (n=35), no cognitive deficits (n=54). The individuals with PD were also compared to matched non-PD controls (n=64).Results: PD participants with low executive function reported significantly higher pain interference (p< 0.05), despite reporting similar pain severity levels compared to other phenotypes. These differences remained statistically significant, even after accounting for important confounders such as anxiety and depression (p< 0.05).Discussion: Pain interference in those with lower executive function may represent a target for psychosocial interventions for individuals with pain and PD.Keywords: Parkinson’s disease, pain, cognitive function, profiles, phenotypes

Chuanyong Xu,1,* Jierong Chen,2,* Zitian Cui,1 Rongzhen Wen,1 Hongying Han,3 Lili Jin,1 Guobin Wan,2 Zhen Wei,2 Ziwen Peng1 1Center for Studies of Psychological Application, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Child Psychiatry and Rehabilitation, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Psychiatry, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Ziwen PengSchool of Psychology, South China Normal University, No. 55, West of Zhongshan Avenue, Guangzhou 510631, People’s Republic of ChinaTel/Fax +86 20-85210369Email pengzw@email.szu.edu.cnZhen WeiDepartment of Child Psychiatry and Rehabilitation, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 3012 Fuqiang Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518048, People’s Republic of ChinaEmail guilinweizhen@126.comBackground: Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is often accompanied by cognitive, particularly executive function, impairments. Recently, anhedonia has emerged as an apparently important symptom of OCD reflecting altered emotion regulation. These two aspects are often comorbid in OCD. However, little is known about whether anhedonia may be a trait marker for OCD.Methods: To verify the role of executive function and evaluate the role of anhedonia in OCD and its relationship with OCD symptoms, we recruited 60 OCD patients, 30 unaffected first-degree relatives (FDRs), and 60 healthy controls (HCs). Participants completed psychometric testing to assess depression, anxiety, and anhedonia symptoms, as well as two cognitive tests to assess executive function, namely the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and the Stroop Color-Word Test (SCWT)

Jesse L Parker,1 Andrew Vakulin,1,2 Yohannes Adama Melaku,1 Gary A Wittert,3,4 Sean A Martin,3,4 Angela L D’Rozario,2,5 Peter G Catcheside,1 Bastien Lechat,1 Barbara Toson,6 Alison J Teare,1 Sarah L Appleton,1,4,&ast; Robert J Adams1,4,7,&ast; 1Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; 2CIRUS, Centre for Sleep and Chronobiology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; 3Freemasons Centre for Male Health and Wellbeing, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; 4South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia; 5The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Psychology, Sydney, NSW, Australia; 6College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; 7Respiratory and Sleep Services, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA, Australia&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Jesse L Parker, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health, Mark Oliphant Building, Flinders University, 5 Laffer Drive, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA, 5042, Australia, Tel +61 0420431392, Email park0769@flinders.edu.auPurpose: Prospective studies examining associations between baseline sleep microarchitecture and future cognitive function recruited from small samples with predominantly short follow-up. This study examined sleep microarchitecture predictors of cognitive function (visual attention, processing speed, and executive function) after 8 years in community-dwelling men.Patients and Methods: Florey Adelaide Male Ageing Study participants (n=477) underwent home-based polysomnography (2010– 2011), with 157 completing baseline (2007– 2010) and follow-up (2018– 2019) cognitive assessments (trail-making tests A [TMT-A] and B [TMT-B] and the standardized mini-mental state e

Kevin S Murnane,1 Amber N Edinoff,2 Elyse M Cornett,3 Alan D Kaye3 1Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA; 2Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; 3Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USACorrespondence: Kevin S Murnane, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA, Email kevin.murnane@lsuhs.eduAbstract: Substance use problems impair social functioning, academic achievement, and employability. Psychological, biological, social, and environmental factors can contribute to substance use disorders. In recent years, neuroimaging breakthroughs have helped elucidate the mechanisms of substance misuse and its effects on the brain. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) are all examples. Neuroimaging studies suggest substance misuse affects executive function, reward, memory, and stress systems. Recent neuroimaging research attempts have provided clinicians with improved tools to diagnose patients who misuse substances, comprehend the complicated neuroanatomy and neurobiology involved, and devise individually tailored and monitorable treatment regimens for individuals with substance use disorders. This review describes the most recent developments in drug misuse neuroimaging, including the neurobiology of substance use disorders, neuroimaging, and substance use disorders, established neuroimaging techniques, recent developments with established neuroimaging techniques and substance use disorders, and emerging clinical neuroimaging technology.Keywords: MRI, neurobiology, substance misuse, addiction, neuroimaging, AI, PET, fMRI, SPECT

Alessandra N Bazzano,1 Yaoyao Sun,2,3 Yuanhao Zu,4 Julia M Fleckman,1 Emma A Blackson,1 Tejal Patel,1 Angie Shorty-Belisle,5 Keith H Liederman,6 Cody Roi7 1Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Department of Social, Behavioral, and Population Sciences, New Orleans, LA, USA; 2Peking University, Institute of Mental Health, Sixth Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China; 3NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health. National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China; 4Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, New Orleans, LA, USA; 5Educare New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA; 6Kingsley House, New Orleans, LA, USA; 7Louisiana State University Health Science Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New Orleans, LA, USACorrespondence: Alessandra N Bazzano, Email abazzano@tulane.eduBackground: Early childhood is the key life course period for development of social-emotional skills, providing the foundation for school readiness and resilience in later life. Age-appropriate yoga and mindfulness programs may contribute to the development of critical skills in children. Young children from minoritized communities that face structural racism and health disparities may benefit from programs that support social-emotional development and contribute to future academic success. Systematic reviews of yoga interventions for young children have indicated the potential for effectiveness in supporting social-emotional development, executive function, and physical activity. However, studies of yoga and mindfulness with non-White children are sparse and, overall, the evidence base to date for such programs remains limited by non-controlled studies and the variable quality of studies evaluating programs in early childhood settings.Methods: The analysis of data from a non-randomized, controlled intervention aimed to assess the effect of expos

Yanxiong Huang,1 Zhilong Zhang,2 Shihao Lin,3 Haobin Zhou,4 Guiyun Xu5 1Department of Clinical Psychology, Affiliated Longhua People’s Hospital, Southern Medical University (Longhua People’s Hospital), Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China; 2The First People’s Hospital of Huizhou City, Huizhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China; 3The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China; 4The First Clinical College, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China; 5The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Guiyun Xu, Department of Affective Disorder, the Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 36 Mingxin Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510370, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-81268189, Email 13650774898@163.comAbstract: Bipolar disorder (BD) is a common chronic mental disorder usually characterized by manic, hypomanic and depressive episodes. Patients diagnosed with BD have cognitive impairments in both the mood attack and remission stages, that is impairment of attention, memory and executive function. Up till the present moment, the causative mechanisms of cognitive impairment in BD patients remain poorly understood. Several studies have demonstrated that cognitive impairment in patients with bipolar disorder is not associated with a single factor, but with gene polymorphism, brain structural and functional variables, inflammatory and metabolic factors. Herein, we reviewed and summarized the recent reports on cognitive impairment mechanisms in patients with BD. To prevent or alleviate cognitive damage at an early stage, we propose that future research should focus on investigating the pathological mechanism of specific cognitive dimension damage as well as the pathological mechanism network between the damage of each dimension. It is crucial t

Emilia Solomon,1,2 Dumitru BrăniÈ™teanu,1,3 Andrei Dumbravă,4 Radu Gheorghe Solomon,5 Lorànt Kiss,5 Mihai Glod,1 Cristina Preda1,3 1Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, IaÅŸi, Romania; 2Department of Endocrinology, CF University Hospital, IaÅŸi, Romania; 3Department of Endocrinology, “Sf. Spiridon” Hospital, IaÅŸi, Romania; 4Faculty of Psychology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, IaÅŸi, Romania; 5ISUD, Faculty of Medicine, University Lucian Blaga, Sibiu, Romania Introduction: Active acromegaly is a rare chronic endocrine disorder caused by excessive growth hormone (GH). Clinical studies suggest that cognitive performance is impaired in acromegaly – particularly executive function as well as short- and long-term memory. This study compared the quality of life (QoL) and executive functioning in acromegaly patients vs healthy controls.Materials and methods: This was an observational case–control study on 38 subjects divided into 19 acromegaly patients and 19 matched controls. The groups were evaluated for QoL, attention, and executive function. All subjects completed Acromegaly Quality of Life Questionnaire (AcroQoL), Trail Making Test (parts A and B), Stroop, and phonemic fluency tests.Results: Acromegaly patients had an AcroQoL global score that was significantly lower than controls. There were significant differences between the acromegaly group and the control group in terms of the physical effects (P=0.001) and appearance (P<0.001) but not for personal relationships (P=0.421). Acromegaly patients performed worse in the trail making test part B. They provided significantly fewer words than healthy subjects in phonemic fluency testing. Although patients performed generally worse than controls, no significant differences were noted in the trail making test part A, Stroop test, and the constrained phonemic fluency.Conclusion: Acromegaly patients display worse executive func

Mayouri Sukhapure,1,2 Kate Eggleston,1,3 Anna Fenton,4,5 Christopher Frampton,1 Richard J Porter,1,3 Katie M Douglas1 1Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand; 2Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; 3Specialist Mental Health Services, Canterbury District Health Board, Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand; 4Department of Endocrinology, Canterbury District Health Board, Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand; 5Oxford Women’s Health, Christchurch, Canterbury, New ZealandCorrespondence: Katie M Douglas, Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand, Tel +64 3 3726700, Fax +64 3 3720407, Email katie.douglas@otago.ac.nzPurpose: Individuals with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are at increased risk of depression and anxiety symptoms and impairment in aspects of cognitive function. However, there is little evidence regarding effects of standard treatment for PCOS on these features of the syndrome. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of 12 weeks of naturalistic treatment of PCOS, with usual medications, on depression symptoms, anxiety symptoms and cognitive function.Patients and Methods: Thirty-three participants with PCOS received 12 weeks of individualised treatment based on clinical presentation. Changes in depression and anxiety symptoms were assessed with the self-report Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale at baseline and 12 weeks, and cognitive function was assessed at the same time-points with a battery of tests spanning cognitive domains of verbal learning and memory, visuospatial learning and memory, psychomotor speed, attention and executive function. Outcomes were compared with a control group of 40 healthy participants.Results: Participants with PCOS (mean age = 29.2 years; mean Body Mass Index = 27.4) were treated with a variety of medications, predominantly

Carol Westby Bilingual Multicultural Services, Albuquerque, NM, USACorrespondence: Carol Westby, Tel +1 505 400 6092, Email mocha@unm.eduAbstract: This comprehensive thematic review focuses on autobiographical memory (AM) in individuals with Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) with the overarching aim of informing and instructing stakeholders on this important memory structure that is often compromised in individuals with ASD. Accordingly, articles that best address the theme were selected from legitimate publishers with prime peer-reviewed journals. ASD is recognized as a neurodevelopmental disorder, often impacting on many aspects of language, cognitive, and social-emotional development. Considerable research has documented the problems children and adults with ASD frequently exhibit in language and its offshoots, the development of executive function, and theory of mind or the ability to reflect on the thoughts and feelings of self and others. These studies resulted in numerous assessments and intervention strategies designed to target the noted issues, among them problems with AM. Specialists in a variety of medical, psychological, and educational fields are exploring the nature and development of AM across the lifespan and the effects of AM weaknesses on cognitive and social-emotional factors such as self-regulation, social interactions, and self-identity. Researchers are reporting on the nature of AM deficits in persons with ASD and how AM deficits interact with or may explain other difficulties exhibited by these persons, but to date, little of this research has been incorporated into assessment and intervention strategies for persons with ASD. The aims of this article are to: 1. Describe the nature of AM, 2. Expound on assessments of AM, 3. Explain the effects of deficits in AMs on the personal narratives, self-regulation, and self-identity of persons with ASD, and 4. Explore intervention strategies to facilitate AM and the abilities of persons with ASD to tell c

Molly Howland,1 Kevin C Allan,1 Caitlin E Carlton,1 Curtis Tatsuoka,2–4 Kathleen A Smyth,3 Martha Sajatovic1,2,4,5 1Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 2Neurological and Behavioral Outcomes Center, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 3Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, 4Department of Neurology, 5Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA Objectives: Patients with cognitive impairment may have difficulty reporting their functional and cognitive abilities, which are important clinical outcomes. Health care proxies may be able to corroborate patient self-reports. Several studies reported discrepancy between patient and proxy ratings, though the literature is sparse on changes over time of these ratings. Our goals in this 12-month study were to compare patient and proxy reports on functioning, cognition, and everyday executive function, and to further elucidate correlates of patient–proxy discrepancy. Methods: This was a prospective cohort study of individuals older than 70 years who ranged from having no cognitive impairment to having moderate dementia who had a proxy available to complete instruments at baseline (N=76). Measurements included Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study–Activities of Daily Living Inventory (ADCS-ADLI), Neuro-QOL Executive Function, PROMIS Applied Cognition (PROMIS-Cog), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and Geriatric Depression Scale. Results: Patient- and proxy-rated ADCS-ADLI were correlated at baseline and at 1-year follow-up. Patient and proxy ratings were discrepant on Neuro-QOL Executive Function and PROMIS-Cog. Greater patient–proxy discrepancy on PROMIS-Cog was associated with younger age and less depression, and greater patient–proxy discrepancy on Neuro-QOL Executive Function was associated with less depression and worse cognitive impairment. Patient–proxy discrepan

Gabriella Svanberg,1 Ingrid Munck,2 Maria Levander3 1Department of Substance Abuse, The Swedish National Board of Institutional Care, Stockholm, 2Department of Education and Special Education, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 3Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden Background: Individuals with substance-use disorder (SUD) often have co-occurring mental health disorders and decreased executive function, both of which are barriers to sustained rehabilitation. Clients with severe SUD can be institutionalized in The Swedish National Board of Institutional Care but are difficult to engage and dropout rates remain high. Recent studies suggest that acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is an effective treatment for mental health and SUD.Objectives: The overall aims of the present pilot study were to explore a manual-based ACT intervention for clients institutionalized for severe SUD and to describe the effects on mental health, psychological flexibility, and executive function. This pilot study is the first to use a manual-based ACT intervention within an inpatient context.Methods: Eighteen participants received a seven-session ACT intervention tailored for SUD. Statistical analyses were performed for the complete data (n=18) and on an individual level of follow-up data for each participant. In order to follow and describe changes, the strategy was to assess the change in 13 clinical scales from pre-intervention to post-intervention.Results: Results suggested that there was no change in mental health and a trend implying positive changes for psychological flexibility and for 9 of 10 executive functions (e.g., inhibitory control, task monitoring, and emotional control).Conclusion: The pilot study suggests clinical gains in psychological flexibility and executive functions both at the Institution regulated by the Care of Alcoholics and Drugabuser Act (also known as LVM home) and at the individual level. Since the sample size does

Ryosuke Kitahata,1 Shinichiro Nakajima,1–4 Hiroyuki Uchida,1,3 Tetsu Hayashida,5 Maiko Takahashi,5 Shintaro Nio,1 Jinichi Hirano,1 Maki Nagaoka,1 Takefumi Suzuki,1 Hiromitsu Jinno,6 Yuko Kitagawa,5 Masaru Mimura1 1Psychopharmacology Research Program, Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan; 2Multimodal Imaging Group – Research Imaging Centre, 3Geriatric Mental Health Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 4Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; 5Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, 6Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan Purpose: The purpose of the study was to evaluate subjective (self-rated), family-rated, and objective (researcher-rated) cognitive functions in patients with breast cancer after chemotherapy.Method: We conducted a prospective study to trace self-rated cognitive functions in 30 patients with breast cancer at the completion of chemotherapy (T0) and 6 months later (T1). Subjective cognitive functions were assessed with Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ), Dysexecutive Questionnaire (DEX-S), and Everyday Memory Checklist (EMC-S) for attention, executive function, and episodic memory, respectively. Their family members also completed DEX-I and EMC-I for executive function and episodic memory, respectively. We also examined objective cognitive functions. Self-rated cognitive functions were compared with the normative data. They were compared between T0 and T1. We calculated correlation coefficients between self-rated and other cognitive functions.Results: At T0, 6 (20.0%) and 2 (6.7%) participants showed higher DEX-S and EMC-S scores than the normative data, respectively, while no participant had abnormal CFQ scores. At T1, DEX-S and EMC-S scores were normalized in 3 (50.0%) and 2 (100.0%) participants, respectively. No participant showed increases in CFQ scores. No changes were found in objectiv

Cheng-Jie Mao,1 Fen Wang,2 Ju-Ping Chen,3 Ya-Ping Yang,1 Jing Chen,1 Juan-Ying Huang,1 Chun-Feng Liu1,21Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 2Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 3Department of Neurology, Hospital of Changshu Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changshu, People’s Republic of China Objective: Hyposmia is one of the earliest non-motor features of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and can precede the onset of motor symptoms by years. Most of the current olfactory detection tests are targeted at Western populations. The exact relationship between hyposmia and cognitive impairment is unknown. The purpose of the study was to find bromines that can effectively identify olfactory dysfunction and investigate the relationship between hyposmia and cognitive function in early, non-demented, drug-naïve patients with PD in the People’s Republic of China.Methods: Sixty-three early, non-demented, drug-naïve patients with PD and 55 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. The T&T olfactometer and a Chinese version of Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) were applied to assess subjects’ olfactory and cognitive functions. Patients with PD also completed the Modified Unified Parkinson’s disease-rating scale (UPDRS) and Hoehn and Yahr (H&Y) scale.Results: Patients with PD had lower scores of visuospatial and executive function (p=0.000), attention (p=0.03), and delayed recall (p=0.001) than controls. β-phenylethyl alcohol (floral smell, smell of rose petals) and isovaleric acid (smell of sweat, stuffy socks) were more sensitive for identifying hyposmia in patients with PD than three other odors. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that impaired visuospatial and executive function was associated with hyposmia (p=0.013), but was independent of other PD-associat

Kenneth J McLeod, Astrid Stromhaug Sonostics, Inc, Endicott, NY, USA Background: Cognitive decline in the elderly is strongly associated with cerebral hypoperfusion, a condition that can be reversed with exercise. Adhering to a traditional exercise regimen, however, is challenging for this population.Objective: In a pilot clinical study, we evaluated the ability of a “passive” exercise regimen (noninvasive calf muscle pump stimulation) to normalize blood pressure in a chronically hypotensive elderly population and enhance cognitive function.Participants and methods: Ten elderly (82.5±7.5 years) men and women volunteers, residing in a senior living facility in upstate New York, were divided into control (N=5) and intervention (N=5) groups based on initial diastolic blood pressure (DBP); participants with initial DBP <65 mmHg became intervention participants, and those with initial DBP >65 mmHg enrolled in the control group. Body mass, blood pressure, and executive function (using incongruent Stroop and Trailmaking B test) were evaluated weekly for 4 months.Results: At initiation of the study, time to complete the executive function tests in the hypotensive group was almost twice that of the control group. Daily calf muscle pump stimulation (passive exercise) for 1 hour/day, or less, was found to be sufficient to normalize DBP and significantly improve performance on the executive function tests. Keywords: cognitive impairment, chronic hypotension, soleus stimulation, executive function

Mary A Dolansky,1 Julie T Schaefer,2 Misty AW Hawkins,3 John Gunstad,2 Anup Basuray,4 Joseph D Redle,5 James C Fang,6 Richard A Josephson,7,8 Shirley M Moore,1 Joel W Hughes2 1School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; 2Department of Psychology, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA; 3Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA; 4Ohio Health Heart and Vascular Physicians, Columbus, OH, USA; 5Department of Cardiology, Summa Health System, Akron City Hospital, OH, USA; 6Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; 7Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; 8Harrington Heart & Vascular Institute, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, USA Background: Although cognitive impairment is common in heart failure (HF) patients, its effects on sodium adherence recommendations are unknown.  Purpose: Our aim is to examine if cognitive function is associated with patient sodium adherence.  Methods: Sodium collection/excretion and cognitive function were assessed for 339 HF patients over a 5–8-week period. Neuropsychological testing was performed at baseline (Visit 1), whereas two 24-hour urine samples were collected within 7 weeks postbaseline. The ability to collect two 24-hour urine samples and the estimation of sodium excretion levels from these samples were used to estimate sodium adherence recommendations.  Results: Nearly half (47%) of the study participants (n=159) were unable to give two valid 24-hour urine samples. Participants who were unable to adhere to two valid 24-hour urine samples had significantly poorer attention and global cognition tests (P<0.044), with a trend for poorer executive function (P=0.064). Among those with valid samples, urine sodium level was not associated with global cognitive function, attention, executive function, or memory after adjusting for co

Ellen L Terry, Yvette M Güereca, Satin L Martin, Jamie L RhudyDepartment of Psychology, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA Objectives: Prior research has shown a relationship between blood glucose levels and some forms of self-regulation (eg, executive function), with low blood glucose levels associated with impaired self-regulation. Further, engagement in self-regulation tasks depletes blood glucose. Given these relationships, the present study examined whether blood glucose is associated with another form of self-regulation, ie, descending pain modulatory processes. Methods: Forty-seven (32 female) pain-free participants were recruited and completed testing. Blood glucose was measured from finger sticks and a digital meter before and after experimental pain tests. Pain tests included the nociceptive flexion reflex (NFR) threshold to assess descending modulation of spinal nociception, but also electric pain threshold to assess perceptual pain detection. The Stroop color word naming test was also assessed before and after pain testing to examine changes in executive function. Results: Results indicated that mean blood glucose levels decreased after pain testing, but Stroop performance did not significantly change. Importantly, changes in blood glucose were correlated with NFR threshold, such that decreases in blood glucose were associated with lower NFR thresholds (reduced descending inhibition). Changes in blood glucose were unrelated to pain threshold or executive function. Conclusion: This study suggests that glucose depletion may impair performance of descending inhibitory processes, without impacting the perceptual detection of pain (pain threshold). Although findings need to be replicated, maintaining adequate glucose levels may be necessary to support inhibition of spinal nociception. Keywords: pain, nociception, glucose, descending modulation, executive function&nbsp

Yujin Choi,1 Ae-Ran Kim,2 Ji-Yoon Lee,3 Hae Sook Kim,3 Changsop Yang,1 Jae Kwang Kim,4 Younghoon Go,4 In Chul Jung3 1KM Science Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; 2R&D Strategy Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; 3Department of Neuropsychiatry, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; 4KM Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu, Republic of KoreaCorrespondence: In Chul JungDepartment of Neuropsychiatry, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, 75 Daedeok-daero 176beon-gil, Seo-gu, Daejeon, Republic of KoreaTel +82-42-470-9129Fax +82-42-470-9005Email npjeong@dju.krPurpose: The potential effects of herbal medicine for patients with cognitive disorders have been reported in various human and animal studies. This study aimed to explore the effect of herbal medicine treatment according to the Korean Medicine (KM) pattern identification for patients with mild cognitive impairment and early dementia.Patients and Methods: Twenty patients with mild cognitive impairment or mild dementia who planned to receive herbal medicine treatment were enrolled. Herbal formulae were prescribed based on the KM pattern for 12– 24 weeks. Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery II (SNSB-II) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) were assessed at the baseline, after 12 weeks, and after 24 weeks (Trial registration: cris.nih.go.kr, KCT0004799).Results: Herbal medicine products, including Yukmijihwang-tang, Samhwangsasim-tang, Palmul-tang, Banhasasim-tang, and Yukgunja-tang, were prescribed to the patients. Among the SNSB-II five cognitive function domains, the T scores for language, visuospatial function, memory, and frontal/executive function increased over time. The MoCA score also improved following the treatment (mean difference 4.23 [95% CI: 2.60, 5.86], p < 0.0001 at 12-week follow-up compared to the baseline). Considerin

Yue Xiang,1 Shenggen Chen,2 Hanbin Lin,2 Wenting Xiong,2 Zhenyang Zheng2 1Department of Nursing, Fujian Health College, Fuzhou, 350101, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Zhenyang ZhengDepartment of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86-591-83357896Email zhenyangzheng@fjmu.edu.cnPurpose: This study was designed to investigate the cognitive function and the white matter lesions (WMLs) and the relationship between them in medication-overuse headache (MOH) patients.Methods: Subjects were enrolled and performed Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA, Chinese-Beijing Version), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-24), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) to evaluate the general cognitive function, anxiety, depression and sleep quality, and they were divided into three groups according to the MoCA scores: healthy controls, MOH with normal cognition group and MOH with cognitive impairment group. All the participants underwent MRI scans and images were obtained for WML evaluation with Fazekas scale.Results: One hundred thirty-four participants were enrolled into this study, 46 of them for healthy controls, and 88 for MOH patients, 40 of the MOH patients for MOH with cognitive impairment group, and 48 for MOH with normal cognition group. MOH patients had significantly lower MoCA scores, including the scores of visuospatial and executive function, attention, and orientation, while they had significantly greater HAMA scores, HAMD-24 scores, PSQI scores, and deep white matter hyperintensity scores compared to healthy controls. And in MOH patients, the age, disease duration, monthly headache days, and periventricular white matter hyperintensity scores in patients with cognitive impairment were greater than those in patients wit

Dandan Xu,1– 3,&ast; Yue Yu,1,4,&ast; Yayun Xu,5,&ast; Jinfang Ge1– 3 1School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China; 2Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei, People’s Republic of China; 3The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China; 4Department of Pharmacy, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China; 5Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Jinfang GeSchool of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Mei-Shan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 551 65172131Fax +86 551 65161115Email gejinfang@ahmu.edu.cnPurpose: Nesfatin-1 plays a crucial role in glucose metabolism and cognitive function. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between plasma nesfatin-1 levels and clinical indicators and cognitive function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Methods: Demographic and medical history data, physical examination, and biochemical test results of 132 T2DM patients were collected. The plasma concentrations of nesfatin-1, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), soluble triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells 1 (sTREM1), and sTREM2 in T2DM patients were measured. Cognitive function was evaluated using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult (BRIEF-A). The patients were divided into two groups: a low-nesfatin-1 group (n = 75) and a high-nesfatin-1 group (n = 57) based on a plasma nesfatin-1 concentration less than or above the 50th percentile value of all the samples.Results: The results showed that plasma HbA1c levels were positively correlated with CRP, IL-6, sTREM1

Jun-Hua Gao,1 Wu-Rong Li,1 Dong-Mei Xu,1 Bo-Wen Zheng,1 Yu-Ming Huang,1 Wen-Qing Wu,1 Wei Zhang2 1Department of Neurology, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China; 2Center for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Wei ZhangCenter for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 10070, People’s Republic of ChinaEmail ttyyzw@163.comPurpose: We aim to study the clinical manifestations, fluid changes and neuroimaging alterations in patients with general paresis of the insane (GPI).Methods: A total of 119 patients suffering from GPI recruited in Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University from 2010 to 2020 were retrospectively analyzed.Results: In 119 GPI patients, 103 cases (86.6%) were male. Misdiagnosed rate was up to 83.2%, schizophrenia and mood disorders were the most common misdiagnosed diseases. Duration from symptom onset to the final confirmed diagnosis was 10.4± 12.9 months. The main clinical manifestations included cognitive impairment (114 cases, 95.8%) and neuropsychiatric symptoms (107 cases, 90.0%). The cognitive domains including the delayed recall, visuospatial/executive function and language ability indicated by MoCA score were damaged severely. Rapid plasma regain (RPR) of all GPI patients was 100% positive in serum and 89.9% positive in cerebral spinal fluid (CSF). The white blood cell (WBC) number in CSF was between 6 and 50/μL in 73 GPI patients (61.3%). The protein level was between 45.1 and 70mg/dL in 47 cases (39.5%). In the 110 cases, 96 cases (87.3%) were abnormal indicated by cerebral atrophy mostly located in the anterior brain and abnormal signals distributed in various regions of the brain mostly in the frontal lobe and temporal lobe.Conclusion: The symptoms of GPI

Carmen Sílvia Miguel, Tiffany M Chaim-Avancini, Maria Aparecida Silva, Mario Rodrigues LouzãAdult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Program (PRODATH), Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilBackground: The cognitive profile of children with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been well characterized, but few studies have evaluated the cognitive abilities of adults with NF1 and ADHD.Objectives: We investigated 1) the cognitive profile of an adult patient with NF1 and inattention problems, 2) changes in his cognition after 14 months of follow-up, and 3) whether the patient exhibited comorbid NF1 and ADHD or secondary ADHD-like symptoms.Methods: We administered neuropsychological tests of executive function, attention, verbal and visual memory, visuospatial function, and language during two evaluations separated by 14 months.Results: We found no changes in sustained attention, language, or verbal memory. Visual memory, verbal learning, selective attention inhibitory control, and problem solving declined over time, whereas visual search, psychomotor speed, visuospatial function, and mental flexibility improved.Conclusion: Our patient exhibited a cognitive profile characteristic of both NF1 and ADHD, leading to the hypothesis that the patient had comorbid ADHD instead of secondary ADHD-like symptoms. More studies are necessary to characterize the cognition of patients with NF1 and ADHD.Keywords: ADHD, executive function, NF1, low-grade pontine glioma, cognition

Jia Yang,1 Zhandong Qiu,1,2 Yu Fang3 1Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Emergency Medicine, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Zhandong Qiu Email 003qiu86@163.comObjective: To compare the differences in neuropsychological and personality characteristics between male patients with lacunar infarction with hazardous drinking and non-hazardous drinking.Methods: From May to October 2016, a total of 124 male outpatients and inpatients with lacunar infarction were selected in the Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, and they were divided into a hazardous drinking group (HD group, n=52) and a non-hazardous drinking group (NHD group, n=72) according to alcohol consumption habits. General information, MoCA score, EPQ score and SCL-90 score were compared between the two groups.Results: Incidence of cognitive disorder in the HD group and NHD group was 59.6% and 56.9% respectively, showing no significant difference (P> 0.05). Scores of visuospatial and executive function, memory, attention and total MoCA score in the HD group were significantly lower than those in the NHD group (P< 0.05), while no significant difference in naming, language, abstract thinking or orientation was found between the two groups (P> 0.05). Scores of extroversion and introversion, neuroticism and psychoticism in the HD group were significantly higher than those in the NHD group (P< 0.05), while no significant difference in lie or feint score was found between the two groups (P> 0.05). Scores of somatization, interpersonal sensitivity, anxiety, hostility

Xue Yang, 1,* Yiqi Chen, 2,* Wenshuo Zhang, 3 Zhen Zhang, 4 Xueli Yang, 2 Pengxu Wang, 2 Huijuan Yuan 2 1Department of Education and Training, Diabetes Research Center, Henan Province People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Diabetes Research Center, Henan Province People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Health Examination, Henan Province People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China; 4Department of Endocrinology, Zhoukou Central Hospital, Zhoukou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Huijuan YuanDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Diabetes Research Center, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450003, People’s Republic of ChinaEmail lmls3712@163.comAim: To explore the relationship between inflammatory biomarkers and cognitive dysfunction in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Methods: T1DM patients (n=32), T2DM patients (n=90) and age-matched controls (n=36 and 81, respectively) were included. The 72-hour dynamic blood glucose test and cognitive function, including visuoconstructive function, executive function, learning and memory, attention, language expression ability, and orientation, were analyzed. The head, body and tail grey matter of the hippocampus were analyzed by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In addition, serum HMGB1, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α concentrations were examined.Results: HbA1C, MAGE and MODD were higher in T1DM patients than in T2DM patients (p< 0.05). MoCA scores and IL-1β and IL-6 levels in patients with T2DM were higher than T1DM patients. NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr of the hippocampus were higher in patients with T1DM than in those with T2DM. Levels of inflammatory factors in T1

Stefano Caneva,1 Marcella Ottonello,1 Elisa Torselli,1,2 Caterina Pistarini,3 Paola Spigno,1 Elena Fiabane1,4 1Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, ICS Maugeri Spa SB, Institute of Genoa Nervi, Genoa, Italy; 2Miller Institute for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy, Genoa, Italy; 3Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, ICS Maugeri Spa SB, Scientific Institute of Pavia, Genoa, Italy; 4Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, ItalyCorrespondence: Caterina PistariniDepartment of Physical & Rehabilitation Medicine, ICS Maugeri Spa SB, Institute of Pavia, Via Maugeri 4, Pavia, Genoa 27100, ItalyTel +39 010 30791250Fax +39 010 3079 1269Email caterina.pistarini@icsmaugeri.itPurpose: Cognitive impairment is common among patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD). However, neuropsychological assessment is not usually included as routine practice in alcohol rehabilitation programs. The aim of this study was to describe qualitatively the cognitive deficits in early-detoxified AUD patients undergoing rehabilitation and to explore relevant associations with socio-demographic, clinical and psychological factors.Patients and Methods: Forty-one patients with a diagnosis of AUD were consecutively recruited from a residential rehabilitation hospital in Northern Italy. Cognitive impairment was assessed using the Brief Neuropsychological Examination 2 (ENB-2). Anxiety, depression and severity of alcohol dependence were also evaluated using validated self-report questionnaires. Alcohol relapse was investigated 1 month after discharge.Results: Overall, 31.7% of AUD patients showed cognitive impairments according to the global score scale. However, 70.7% had an impaired performance on at least one test of the ENB-2, with particular regard to executive function, visuospatial and memory domains. Age, education and abstinence at admission were the most relevant factors associated with cognitive deficits in this clinical populatio

Sakineh Soltani Kouhbanani,1 Seyedeh Manizheh Arabi,2 Somayeh Zarenezhad,1 Razieh Khosrorad3 1Department of Educational Sciences, Educational Sciences and Psychology Faculty, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran; 2Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran; 3Department of Health Education, Educational Neuroscience Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, IranCorrespondence: Razieh KhosroradDepartment of Health Education, Educational Neuroscience Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, IranTel +98 930 668 1173Fax +98 51 4401 8424Email khosroradr@medsab.ac.irPurpose: Research shows an atypical cognitive process in children with nonverbal learning disorder (NLD) compared to typically developing children, but a wealth of information indicates that physical activity can influence cognitive processes. However, little is known about the effects of perceptual-motor training and its impact on the cognitive process of children with NLD. Thus, the major goals of this study are to compare the executive functions (EFs) in children with NLD with typically developing children and then to investigate the effect of perceptual-motor training on EFs of children with NLD.Methods: To achieve the first goal, 400 typically developing (IQ > 80) and NLD children (7– 13 years old) were randomly selected in the city of Mashhad, Iran, during the period 2017– 2018. As for the second goal, 50 children with NLD were randomly assigned to an experimental or control group. To evaluate executive functions, Delis–Kaplan executive function system test was used at the pretest, posttest, and 3-month follow-up. The experimental group received the Werner and Reini’s perceptual-motor training program in sixteen 45-min sessions (three sessions per week), but the control group did not receive any intervention.Results: The results showed that

Michael J Sofis,1 David P Jarmolowicz,1 Laura E Martin2 1University of Kansas, 2University of Kansas Medical Center, Lawrence, KS, USA Abstract: Craving is typically thought of as a classically conditioned response characterized by an elevated mesolimbic dopamine response to drug-related stimuli. Although this definition has spurred considerable research, the clinical impact of the research conducted has been less robust. The current review takes a more contemporary approach by conceptualizing craving as the breakdown of executive function and relative strengthening of the limbic system, occurring in the presence of conditioned cues, leading to a maladaptive craving response (ie, an increased likelihood of drug consumption). Working from this framework, the present review focuses on four issues in drug craving research: pivotal findings and limitations of cue-reactivity and neurocognitive tasks; two main processes of craving that include self-control and reward-based explanations; integration of neuroeconomic approaches to craving; and the theoretical implications and future directions of drug craving research. Keywords: craving, competing decision systems, executive function, loss of control, substance abuse&nbsp

Jerome A Yesavage,1,2 Lisa M Kinoshita,1,2 Art Noda,2 Laura C Lazzeroni,2 Jennifer Kaci Fairchild,1,2 Joy Taylor,1,2 Doina Kulick,3 Leah Friedman,1,2 Jauhtai Cheng,1,2 Jamie M Zeitzer,1,2 Ruth O’Hara1,21Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA; 2Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; 3Department of Medicine, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USABackground: Well-known risk factors for cognitive impairment are also associated with obesity. Research has highlighted genetic risk factors for obesity, yet the relationship of those risk factors with cognitive impairment is unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the associations between cognition, hypertension, diabetes, sleep-disordered breathing, and obesity. Genetic risk factors of obesity were also examined.Methods: The sample consisted of 369 nondemented individuals aged 50 years or older from four community cohorts. Primary outcome measures included auditory verbal memory, as measured by the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, and executive functioning, as measured by the Color–Word Interference Test of the Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System battery. Apnea–hypopnea index indicators were determined during standard overnight polysomnography. Statistical analyses included Pearson correlations and linear regressions.Results: Poor executive function and auditory verbal memory were linked to cardiovascular risk factors, but not directly to obesity. Genetic factors appeared to have a small but measureable association to obesity.Conclusion: A direct linkage between obesity and poor executive function and auditory verbal memory is difficult to discern, possibly because nonobese individuals may show cognitive impairment due to insulin resistance and the “metabolic syndrome”.Keywords: sleep-disordered breathing, hypertension, diabetes, sl

Anaick Perrochon, Gilles Kemoun Laboratoire Mobilité, Vieillissement, Exercice (MOVE), EA 6314, Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Université de Poitiers, 8 Allée Jean Monnet, 86000 Poitiers, France; ISIS, Research Institute on Handicap and Aging, Paris, France Background: Executive function impairment (in particular, mental flexibility) in the elderly, and in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), is strongly correlated with difficulties in performing complex walking tasks. The aim of this study was to determine if the adaptation of a neuropsychological test (the Trail-Making Test), to evaluate executive functions during walking, can be an early detection tool for cognitive impairment. Methods: Fifty subjects (15 young, 20 older, presumably healthy, and 15 MCI) were first evaluated for cognitive functions (Mini-Mental State Examination, Frontal Assessment Battery, and Trail-Making Test) and motor functions (10-meter walking test). All subjects then performed a spatial navigation, or a complex walking test (the Walking Trail-Making Test: [WTMT]), and their spatiotemporal walking variables were analyzed using cluster analysis. Results: Following evaluation of WTMT locomotor performance, cluster analysis revealed three groups that were distinctly different in age and cognitive abilities: a group of young subjects, a group of healthy older subjects, MCI subjects with amnestic impairment, and a group of MCI subjects with executive function impairment. The WTMT enabled early detection, (ie, borderline MCI) of dysexecutive impairment, with 78% sensitivity and 90% specificity. Conclusion: The WTMT is of interest in that it can help provide early detection of dysexecutive cognitive impairment. Keywords: spatial navigation, walking, trail making test, detection, mild cognitive impairment

Roberta Forte,1,2 Colin AG Boreham,1 Joao Costa Leite,3 Giuseppe De Vito,1 Lorraine Brennan,3 Eileen R Gibney,3 Caterina Pesce21Institute for Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; 2Department of Human Movement and Sport Science, University of Rome "Foro Italico," Rome, Italy; 3Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, IrelandPurpose: The primary purpose of this study was to compare the effects of two different exercise training programs on executive cognitive functions and functional mobility in older adults. A secondary purpose was to explore the potential mediators of training effects on executive function and functional mobility with particular reference to physical fitness gains.Methods: A sample of 42 healthy community dwelling adults aged 65 to 75 years participated twice weekly for 3 months in either: (1) multicomponent training, prioritizing neuromuscular coordination, balance, agility, and cognitive executive control; or (2) progressive resistance training for strength conditioning. Participants were tested at baseline (T1), following a 4-week control period (T2), and finally at postintervention (T3) for executive function (inhibition and cognitive flexibility) and functional mobility (maximal walking speed with and without additional task requirements). Cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness were also assessed as potential mediators.Results: Indices of inhibition, the functions involved in the deliberate withholding of prepotent or automatic responses, and measures of functional mobility improved after the intervention, independent of training type. Mediation analysis suggested that different mechanisms underlie the effects of multicomponent and progressive resistance training. While multicomponent training seemed to directly affect inhibitory capacity, resistance training seemed to affect it indirectly through gains in muscular strength. Physical fitness and executive function variables did

Cay Anderson-Hanley, Kimberly Tureck, Robyn L Schneiderman Department of Psychology, Union College, Schenectady, NY, USA Abstract: Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder that leads to impairment in social skills and delay in language development, and results in repetitive behaviors and restricted interests that impede academic and social involvement. Physical exercise has been shown to decrease repetitive behaviors in autistic children and improve cognitive function across the life-span. Exergaming combines physical and mental exercise simultaneously by linking physical activity movements to video game control and may yield better compliance with exercise. In this investigation, two pilot studies explored the potential behavioral and cognitive benefits of exergaming. In Pilot I, twelve children with autism spectrum disorders completed a control task and an acute bout of Dance Dance Revolution (DDR); in Pilot II, ten additional youths completed an acute bout of cyber cycling. Repetitive behaviors and executive function were measured before and after each activity. Repetitive behaviors significantly decreased, while performance on Digits Backwards improved following the exergaming conditions compared with the control condition. Additional research is needed to replicate these findings, and to explore the application of exergaming for the management of behavioral disturbance and to increase cognitive control in children on the autism spectrum. Keywords: autism, repetitive behaviors, exergaming, exercise, executive function

Augusto Vicario1,2,3, Mildren A del Sueldo2,3, Judith M Zilberman2,3, Gustavo H Cerezo2,31Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Hospital Español de Buenos Aires, Argentina; 2Argentine Federation of Cardiology, (AFC), Buenos Aires, Argentina; 3Research Group, Human Health Commission, CERTUS Foundation, Buenos Aires, Argentina Background: Several studies have examined the links between hypertension, vascular damage, and cognitive impairment. The functions most commonly involved seem to be those associated with memory and executive function.Aims: 1) to report the cognitive evolution in a cohort of hypertensive patients, 2) to identify the affected domains, and 3) to correlate the results obtained with blood pressure measurements.Materials and Methods: Observational 6-year follow-up cohort study including both males and females aged ≥65 and ≤80 years, and hypertensive patients under treatment. Patients with a history of any of the following conditions were excluded: stroke, transient ischemic attack, diabetes mellitus, atrial fibrillation, cardiac surgery, dementia, or depression. Four neurocognitive evaluations were performed (at baseline and every 2 years). The tests used evaluated memory and executive function domain. Blood pressure was measured on every cognitive evaluation.Results: Sixty patients were followed for 76.4 ± 2.8 months. The average age at baseline was 72.5 ± 4.2 and 77.9 ± 4.6 at 6 years (65% were women). Two patients were lost to follow up (3.3%) and 8 patients died (13.3%).The density incidence for dementia was 0.6% patients per year (pt/y) (n = 3) and for depression was 1.6% pt/y (n = 12). No changes were observed in either memory impairment or the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) results (p = ns) during follow-up. A progressive impairment of the executive function was shown regardless of the blood pressure measurements.Conclusion: 1) the incidence of dementia doubled

Yanhua Su,1 Taiyong Bi,1 Gaolang Gong,2,3 Qiu Jiang,4,5 Hong Chen4,5 1Center for Mental Health Research in School of Management, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, People’s Republic of China; 2State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People’s Republic of China; 3Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China; 4Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, People’s Republic of China; 5School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Hong ChenSchool of Psychology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, People’s Republic of ChinaEmail chenhg@swu.edu.cnQiu JiangDepartment of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People’s Republic of ChinaEmail qiuj318@swu.edu.cnBackground: Restraint dieting is a key step in the avoidance of obesity and other eating problems, but why some restraint eaters (REs) succeed and some fail in dieting is unknown. The difference between successful REs (S-REs) and unsuccessful REs (US-REs) is still unknown. This is the first study to compare the fMRI reactivity among US-REs, S-REs and unrestrained eaters (UREs) in a food-related Go/NoGo paradigm.Methods: Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to examine the neural responses corresponding to the success of dieting in REs. Eighteen S-REs, 17 US-REs and 17 UREs were asked to perform a Go/No-Go task after being shown pictures of either high-caloric or low-caloric food.Results: fMRI results revealed stronger activations for high-caloric food in areas associated with executive function and inhibition (i.e., middle frontal gyrus and cerebellum) among S-REs than among US-REs. In contrast, both US-REs and UREs showed st

Jinse Park,1 Si-Eun Kim,1 Eun-Joo Kim,2 Byung In Lee,1 Jee Hyang Jeong,3 Hae Ri Na,4 Seong Hye Choi,5 Do-Young Kang,6 Kyung Won Park71Department of Neurology, Haueundae Paik Hospital, Inje University, Busan, South Korea; 2Department of Neurology, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Busan, South Korea; 3Department of Neurology, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; 4Department of Neurology, Bobath Memorial Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea; 5Department of Neurology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea; 6Department of Nuclear Medicine, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea; 7Department of Neurology, Cognitive Disorders and Dementia Center, Dong-A University College of Medicine and Institute of Convergence Bio-Health, Busan, South KoreaPurpose: We assessed the effect of home-based cognitive intervention (HCI) on cognitive function along with brain metabolism by 18F-FDG PET in patients with amnestic MCI (aMCI).Patients and methods: Fifty-seven patients with aMCI from three hospitals were randomized (30 HCI, 27 control). For 12 weeks, subjects received HCI. Thirty-two subjects (15 HCI, 17 control) underwent brain 18-F-FDG-PET imaging at baseline and at 12 and 24 weeks.Results: The HCI group showed significant improvement in the scores of the Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT) 12 and at 24 weeks. Significant brain metabolic changes by 18F-FDG PET were not observed.Conclusion: The current study suggests that HCI was effective in improving general cognition along with frontal executive function in patients with aMCI.Keywords: mild cognitive impairment, cognitive training, brain PET