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In Portugal, the first public housing policies were developed in a high state-control context: the Salazar dictatorship (1933-1968). Until the 1950s, the Estado Novo (the dictatorial regime) actions had an evident paternalistic character by constructing small-scale housing focused on the most urgent cases or aimed at controlling specific sectors of the population. The public effort focused on promoting housing in the country's central districts and cities, given that the population was abandoning rural areas to seek better living conditions in the large cities with a higher level of industrialisation. In this context, the official architectural discourse defended the ideal of the Casa Portuguesa [Portuguese House] as an affirmation of the ideological discourse of the regime. This model advocated a ruralising architecture style by integrating architectural and decorative elements of the region's traditional architecture, including an outdoor garden to grow vegetables, store agricultural, farming or fishing tackle. The single-family dwelling was presented as the only residential type capable of assuming the Nation's principles as seen by the regime, with low-rise and low-density urban designs typical of the garden city. It would become an excellent instrument to enforce the traditional family model and preserving the existing social order. In this regard, the paper proposes to study the first social housing neighbourhoods built in the medium-sized city of Setúbal: Afonso Costa, Nossa Senhora da Conceição, Pescadores and Famílias Pobres. Setúbal has historically played a significant role in the region due to its strategic location within its territorial structure around the Sado Estuary. Linked to the fishing tradition, the city overgrew in the first decades of the 20th century thanks to the canning industry, making it a recipient of the migratory processes that gave rise to social housing construction. The research has identified that these four neighbourhoods respond

In Portugal, the first public housing policies were developed in a high state-control context: the Salazar dictatorship (1933-1968). Until the 1950s, the Estado Novo (the dictatorial regime) actions had an evident paternalistic character by constructing small-scale housing focused on the most urgent cases or aimed at controlling specific sectors of the population. The public effort focused on promoting housing in the country's central districts and cities, given that the population was abandoning rural areas to seek better living conditions in the large cities with a higher level of industrialisation. In this context, the official architectural discourse defended the ideal of the Casa Portuguesa [Portuguese House] as an affirmation of the ideological discourse of the regime. This model advocated a ruralising architecture style by integrating architectural and decorative elements of the region's traditional architecture, including an outdoor garden to grow vegetables, store agricultural, farming or fishing tackle. The single-family dwelling was presented as the only residential type capable of assuming the Nation's principles as seen by the regime, with low-rise and low-density urban designs typical of the garden city. It would become an excellent instrument to enforce the traditional family model and preserving the existing social order. In this regard, the paper proposes to study the first social housing neighbourhoods built in the medium-sized city of Setúbal: Afonso Costa, Nossa Senhora da Conceição, Pescadores and Famílias Pobres. Setúbal has historically played a significant role in the region due to its strategic location within its territorial structure around the Sado Estuary. Linked to the fishing tradition, the city overgrew in the first decades of the 20th century thanks to the canning industry, making it a recipient of the migratory processes that gave rise to social housing construction. The research has identified that these four neighbourhoods respond

This paper provides the explanation of the concepts of point tracking technique to be implemented in mitral valve locating in video frames. Object tracking has been used for many applications in motion-based recognition and monitoring. This paper discussed about the implementation of Kanade-Lucas-Tomasi (KLT) algorithm for automatic detection of the mitral valve in video frames. An experiment is carried out which covers the patient scanning who suffers from mitral valve disease. The performance of the method is validated by comparing the value of point track per frames. It is found that the point tracker systems can track the mitral valve up to 0.3s.

A precise understanding of mechanisms governing the dynamics of electrons in atoms and molecules subjected to intense laser fields has a key importance for the description of attosecond processes such as the high-harmonic generation and ionization. From the theoretical point of view, this is still a challenging task, as new approaches to solve the time-dependent Schrödinger equation with both good accuracy and efficiency are still emerging. Until recently, the purely numerical methods of real-time propagation of the wavefunction using finite grids have been frequently and successfully used to capture the electron dynamics in small one- or two-electron systems. However, as the main focus of attoscience shifts toward many-electron systems, such techniques are no longer effective and need to be replaced by more approximate but computationally efficient ones. In this paper, we explore the increasingly popular method of expanding the wavefunction of the examined system into a linear combination of atomic orbitals and present a novel systematic scheme for constructing an optimal Gaussian basis set suitable for the description of excited and continuum atomic or molecular states. We analyze the performance of the proposed basis sets by carrying out a series of time-dependent configuration interaction calculations for the hydrogen atom in fields of intensity varying from 5 × 1013 W/cm2 to 5 × 1014 W/cm2. We also compare the results with the data obtained using Gaussian basis sets proposed previously by other authors. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS, Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

Surgery scheduling problem is complicated since the surgery duration is uncertain and a good method to estimate the surgery duration accurately is needed. Failure to do so might affect the operating room (OR) utilization and patient’s waiting time. This paper uses statistical distribution for the elective patient’s surgery duration to produce a good estimation of length of the surgery duration. Our aim is to maximize the sum of the urgency values assigned to each surgery. The results show that Exponential Distribution (ED) is better than Uniform Distribution (UD) in scheduling the urgency value for scheduled surgeries. ED also reduces the urgency value for the unscheduled surgeries slightly.

Surgery scheduling problem is complicated since the surgery duration is uncertain and a good method to estimate the surgery duration accurately is needed. Failure to do so might affect the operating room (OR) utilization and patient’s waiting time. This paper uses statistical distribution for the elective patient’s surgery duration to produce a good estimation of length of the surgery duration. Our aim is to maximize the sum of the urgency values assigned to each surgery. The results show that Exponential Distribution (ED) is better than Uniform Distribution (UD) in scheduling the urgency value for scheduled surgeries. ED also reduces the urgency value for the unscheduled surgeries slightly.

Highly crosslinked polyethylene polymers (XLPE) are used in many human-contact applications that require assurance on aspects of durability, longevity and safety. The work described in this paper focuses on applications in the medical field and in the construction industry. These are related to the use of XL-UHMWPE for articulating surfaces in orthopaedic implants particularly in total hip and knee replacements, and the use of XL-HDPE for potable water pipes. Safety, performance and durability of the end-use products are mandatory for their approval and use in such applications. However, it has long been recognised that the stabilisation of such highly crosslinked polymers by commercial antioxidants (AO) faces many challenges including the possible interference of the AOs with the crosslinking step, as well as the issues of safety associated with AO leaching and migration of into the human-environment. Here, the effect of AOs on the long-term oxidative stability of the end-use polymer artefacts in these applications is examined and compared with that obtained with some new alternative stabilisation systems. Results show that, in both applications, it was possible to achieve superior levels of retention of the AO in the polymer and long-term thermal stabilising (LTTS) performance (ageing) with minimum interference with the crosslinking process, thereby addressing issues of stabilisation, health and safety of polymers used in direct contact with the human environment.

Highly crosslinked polyethylene polymers (XLPE) are used in many human-contact applications that require assurance on aspects of durability, longevity and safety. The work described in this paper focuses on applications in the medical field and in the construction industry. These are related to the use of XL-UHMWPE for articulating surfaces in orthopaedic implants particularly in total hip and knee replacements, and the use of XL-HDPE for potable water pipes. Safety, performance and durability of the end-use products are mandatory for their approval and use in such applications. However, it has long been recognised that the stabilisation of such highly crosslinked polymers by commercial antioxidants (AO) faces many challenges including the possible interference of the AOs with the crosslinking step, as well as the issues of safety associated with AO leaching and migration of into the human-environment. Here, the effect of AOs on the long-term oxidative stability of the end-use polymer artefacts in these applications is examined and compared with that obtained with some new alternative stabilisation systems. Results show that, in both applications, it was possible to achieve superior levels of retention of the AO in the polymer and long-term thermal stabilising (LTTS) performance (ageing) with minimum interference with the crosslinking process, thereby addressing issues of stabilisation, health and safety of polymers used in direct contact with the human environment.

Highly crosslinked polyethylene polymers (XLPE) are used in many human-contact applications that require assurance on aspects of durability, longevity and safety. The work described in this paper focuses on applications in the medical field and in the construction industry. These are related to the use of XL-UHMWPE for articulating surfaces in orthopaedic implants particularly in total hip and knee replacements, and the use of XL-HDPE for potable water pipes. Safety, performance and durability of the end-use products are mandatory for their approval and use in such applications. However, it has long been recognised that the stabilisation of such highly crosslinked polymers by commercial antioxidants (AO) faces many challenges including the possible interference of the AOs with the crosslinking step, as well as the issues of safety associated with AO leaching and migration of into the human-environment. Here, the effect of AOs on the long-term oxidative stability of the end-use polymer artefacts in these applications is examined and compared with that obtained with some new alternative stabilisation systems. Results show that, in both applications, it was possible to achieve superior levels of retention of the AO in the polymer and long-term thermal stabilising (LTTS) performance (ageing) with minimum interference with the crosslinking process, thereby addressing issues of stabilisation, health and safety of polymers used in direct contact with the human environment.

Highly crosslinked polyethylene polymers (XLPE) are used in many human-contact applications that require assurance on aspects of durability, longevity and safety. The work described in this paper focuses on applications in the medical field and in the construction industry. These are related to the use of XL-UHMWPE for articulating surfaces in orthopaedic implants particularly in total hip and knee replacements, and the use of XL-HDPE for potable water pipes. Safety, performance and durability of the end-use products are mandatory for their approval and use in such applications. However, it has long been recognised that the stabilisation of such highly crosslinked polymers by commercial antioxidants (AO) faces many challenges including the possible interference of the AOs with the crosslinking step, as well as the issues of safety associated with AO leaching and migration of into the human-environment. Here, the effect of AOs on the long-term oxidative stability of the end-use polymer artefacts in these applications is examined and compared with that obtained with some new alternative stabilisation systems. Results show that, in both applications, it was possible to achieve superior levels of retention of the AO in the polymer and long-term thermal stabilising (LTTS) performance (ageing) with minimum interference with the crosslinking process, thereby addressing issues of stabilisation, health and safety of polymers used in direct contact with the human environment.

In this paper, the application of the Accelerated Over-Relaxation (AOR) iterative method is extended to solve first order composite closed Newton-Cotes quadrature (1-CCNC) algebraic equations arising from second kind linear Fredholm integral equations. The formulation and implementation of the method are also discussed. In addition, numerical results by solving several test problems are included and compared with the conventional iterative methods.

In the present paper, we investigate the dynamics of a model in which the real part of the economy, described within a multiplier-accelerator framework, interacts with a financial market with heterogeneous speculators, in order to study the channels through which the two sectors influence each other. Employing analytical and numerical tools, we investigate stability conditions as well as bifurcations and possible periodic, quasi-periodic, and chaotic dynamics, enlightening how the degree of market interaction, together with the accelerator parameter and the intervention of the fiscal authority, may affect the business cycle and the course of the financial market. In particular, we show that even if the steady state is locally stable, multistability phenomena can occur, with several and complex dynamic structures coexisting with the steady state. Finally, simulations reveal that the proposed model is able to explain several statistical properties and stylized facts observed in real financial markets, including persistent high volatility, fat-tailed return distributions, volatility clustering, and positive autocorrelation of absolute returns.

In the present paper, we investigate the dynamics of a model in which the real part of the economy, described within a multiplier-accelerator framework, interacts with a financial market with heterogeneous speculators, in order to study the channels through which the two sectors influence each other. Employing analytical and numerical tools, we investigate stability conditions as well as bifurcations and possible periodic, quasi-periodic, and chaotic dynamics, enlightening how the degree of market interaction, together with the accelerator parameter and the intervention of the fiscal authority, may affect the business cycle and the course of the financial market. In particular, we show that even if the steady state is locally stable, multistability phenomena can occur, with several and complex dynamic structures coexisting with the steady state. Finally, simulations reveal that the proposed model is able to explain several statistical properties and stylized facts observed in real financial markets, including persistent high volatility, fat-tailed return distributions, volatility clustering, and positive autocorrelation of absolute returns.

Brownian motion has been constructed in different ways. Einstein was the most outstanding physicists involved in its construction. From a physical point of view a dynamical theory of Brownian motion was favorable. The Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process models such a dynamical theory and E. Nelson amongst others derived Brownian motion from Ornstein-Uhlenbeck theory via a scaling limit. In this paper we extend the scaling result to α-stable Lévy processes.

We report a simple, low-cost, rapid, and mask-free method to fabricate two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) microfluidic chip for biological analysis researches. In this fabrication process, a laser system is used to cut through paper to form intricate patterns and differently configured channels for specific purposes. Bonded with cyanoacrylate-based resin, the prepared paper sheet is sandwiched between glass slides (hydrophilic) or polymer-based plates (hydrophobic) to obtain a multilayer structure. In order to examine the chip's biocompatibility and applicability, protein concentration was measured while DNA capillary electrophoresis was carried out, and both of them show positive results. With the utilization of direct laser cutting and one-step gas-sacrificing techniques, the whole fabrication processes for complicated 2D and 3D microfluidic devices are shorten into several minutes which make it a good alternative of poly(dimethylsiloxane) microfluidic chips used in biological analysis researches.

This paper describes the optimization of conductor size and the voltage regulator location & magnitude of long rural distribution lines. The optimization minimizes the lifetime cost of the lines, including capital costs and losses while observing voltage drop and operational constraints using a Genetic Algorithm (GA). The GA optimization is applied to a real Single Wire Earth Return (SWER) network in regional Queensland and results are presented.

This paper addresses the problem of finding a Bayesian net representation of the probability function that agrees with the distributions of multiple consistent datasets and otherwise has maximum entropy. We give a general algorithm which is significantly more efficient than the standard brute-force approach. Furthermore, we show that in a wide range of cases such a Bayesian net can be obtained without solving any optimisation problem.

Heating with ICRF waves is a well-established method on present-day tokamaks and one of the heating systems foreseen for ITER. However, further work is still needed to test and optimize its performance in fusion devices with metallic high-Z plasma facing components (PFCs) in preparation of ITER and DEMO operation. This is of particular importance for the bulk ion heating capabilities of ICRF waves. Efficient bulk ion heating with the standard ITER ICRF scheme, i.e. the second harmonic heating of tritium with or without 3He minority, was demonstrated in experiments carried out in deuterium-tritium plasmas on JET and TFTR and is confirmed by ICRF modelling. This paper focuses on recent experiments with 3He minority heating for bulk ion heating on the ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) tokamak with ITER-relevant all-tungsten PFCs. An increase of 80% in the central ion temperature Ti from 3 to 5.5 keV was achieved when 3 MW of ICRF power tuned to the central 3He ion cyclotron resonance was added to 4.5 MW of deuterium NBI. The radial gradient of the Ti profile reached locally values up to about 50 keV/m and the normalized logarithmic ion temperature gradients R/LTi of about 20, which are unusually large for AUG plasmas. The large changes in the Ti profiles were accompanied by significant changes in measured plasma toroidal rotation, plasma impurity profiles and MHD activity, which indicate concomitant changes in plasma properties with the application of ICRF waves. When the 3He concentration was increased above the optimum range for bulk ion heating, a weaker peaking of the ion temperature profile was observed, in line with theoretical expectations., This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014-2018 under grant agreement No 633053. The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the European Commission., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Ion cyclotron resonance frequency (ICRF) heating is one of the auxiliary heating schemes presently envisaged for ITER and DEMO. In this paper we analyse the potential of ICRF waves to heat the fuel ions in DEMO. Our analysis is carried out for the DEMO1 Reference Scenario from October 2013 (B = 6.8 T, I = 18.6 MA, R = 9.25 m, a = 2.64 m) optimized for a maximum pulse length of 2.3 hrs using the ICRF modelling codes PION and TORIC. We focus on second harmonic heating of tritium and fundamental minority heating of 3He ions (with a few percent of 3He) in a 50%:50% D-T plasma. The dependence of the ICRF characteristics and the ICRF-accelerated ions on the ICRF and plasma parameters is investigated, giving special attention to the DEMO design point at a core plasma temperature of 30 keV and an electron density of 1.2·1020 m−3., This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014-2018 under grant agreement No 633053. The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the European Commission. We are grateful to Dr. R. Wenninger and Dipl.-Ing T. Franke (PPPT, Garching) for DEMO parameters. They are for the DEMO1 Reference Scenario from October 2013 optimised for a maximum pulse length of 2.3 hrs (with CD 2.7hrs), Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Heating with ICRF waves is a well-established method on present-day tokamaks and one of the heating systems foreseen for ITER. However, further work is still needed to test and optimize its performance in fusion devices with metallic high-Z plasma facing components (PFCs) in preparation of ITER and DEMO operation. This is of particular importance for the bulk ion heating capabilities of ICRF waves. Efficient bulk ion heating with the standard ITER ICRF scheme, i.e. the second harmonic heating of tritium with or without 3He minority, was demonstrated in experiments carried out in deuterium-tritium plasmas on JET and TFTR and is confirmed by ICRF modelling. This paper focuses on recent experiments with 3He minority heating for bulk ion heating on the ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) tokamak with ITER-relevant all-tungsten PFCs. An increase of 80% in the central ion temperature Ti from 3 to 5.5 keV was achieved when 3 MW of ICRF power tuned to the central 3He ion cyclotron resonance was added to 4.5 MW of deuterium NBI. The radial gradient of the Ti profile reached locally values up to about 50 keV/m and the normalized logarithmic ion temperature gradients R/LTi of about 20, which are unusually large for AUG plasmas. The large changes in the Ti profiles were accompanied by significant changes in measured plasma toroidal rotation, plasma impurity profiles and MHD activity, which indicate concomitant changes in plasma properties with the application of ICRF waves. When the 3He concentration was increased above the optimum range for bulk ion heating, a weaker peaking of the ion temperature profile was observed, in line with theoretical expectations., This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014-2018 under grant agreement No 633053. The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the European Commission., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Kinetic Alfv ́en waves represent an important subject in space plasma physics, since they are thought to play a crucial role in the development of the turbulent energy cascade in the solar wind plasma at short wavelengths (of the order of the proton inertial length d p and beyond). A full understanding of the physical mechanisms which govern the kinetic plasma dynamics at these scales can provide important clues on the problem of the turbulent dissipation and heating in collisionless systems. In this paper, hybrid Vlasov-Maxwell simulations are employed to analyze in detail the features of the kinetic Alfv ́en waves at proton kinetic scales, in typical conditions of the solar wind environment. In particular, linear and nonlinear regimes of propagation of these fluctuations have been investigated in a single-wave situation, focusing on the physical processes of collisionless Landau damping and wave-particle resonant interaction. Interestingly, since for wavelengths close to d p and proton plasma beta β of order unity the kinetic Alfv ́en waves have small phase speed compared to the proton thermal velocity, wave-particle interaction processes produce significant deformations in the core of the particle velocity distribution, appearing as phase space vortices and resulting in flat-top velocity profiles. Moreover, as the Eulerian hybrid Vlasov-Maxwell algorithm allows for a clean almost noise-free description of the velocity space, three-dimensional plots of the proton velocity distribution help to emphasize how the plasma departs from the Maxwellian configuration of thermodynamic equilibrium due to nonlinear kinetic effects.

In this paper we present an application of a new technique, based on recent work done by Liu & Ricca (2012), to quantify structural complexity by means of topological methods. These rely on the derivation of the Jones polynomial from the helicity of ideal fluid flows. The techniques discussed here can be extended and applied to real fluid flows subject to continuous topological restructuring.

In this paper we present an application of a new technique, based on recent work done by Liu & Ricca (2012), to quantify structural complexity by means of topological methods. These rely on the derivation of the Jones polynomial from the helicity of ideal fluid flows. The techniques discussed here can be extended and applied to real fluid flows subject to continuous topological restructuring.

This paper studies the relationship between the B and H loci, and the power losses features of a soft magnetic composite in 3-D space when the B loci are controlled to be circles with increasing magnitudes and ellipses evolving from a straight line to a circle in three orthogonal planes. It is found that the B and H loci lie in the same magnetization plane, but the H loci and power losses strongly depend on the orientation, position, and process of magnetization. On the other hand, the H vector evolves into a unique locus, and the power loss approaches a unique value, respectively, when the B vector evolves into a round locus with the same magnitude from either a series of circles or ellipses.

This paper studies the relationship between the B and H loci, and the power losses features of a soft magnetic composite in 3-D space when the B loci are controlled to be circles with increasing magnitudes and ellipses evolving from a straight line to a circle in three orthogonal planes. It is found that the B and H loci lie in the same magnetization plane, but the H loci and power losses strongly depend on the orientation, position, and process of magnetization. On the other hand, the H vector evolves into a unique locus, and the power loss approaches a unique value, respectively, when the B vector evolves into a round locus with the same magnitude from either a series of circles or ellipses.

General activities developed by the Brazilian Institute for Space Research in space science and technology domain are summarized. Particularly, activities in space scientific missions, where scientific experiments are developed and embarked on satellite to operate in orbit are object of this paper and are described below., isbn: 0-7354-0332-5, Pages: 18-22

General activities developed by the Brazilian Institute for Space Research in space science and technology domain are summarized. Particularly, activities in space scientific missions, where scientific experiments are developed and embarked on satellite to operate in orbit are object of this paper and are described below., Pages: 18-22

General activities developed by the Brazilian Institute for Space Research in space science and technology domain are summarized. Particularly, activities in space scientific missions, where scientific experiments are developed and embarked on satellite to operate in orbit are object of this paper and are described below., isbn: 0-7354-0332-5, Pages: 18-22

General activities developed by the Brazilian Institute for Space Research in space science and technology domain are summarized. Particularly, activities in space scientific missions, where scientific experiments are developed and embarked on satellite to operate in orbit are object of this paper and are described below., isbn: 0-7354-0332-5, Pages: 18-22

General activities developed by the Brazilian Institute for Space Research in space science and technology domain are summarized. Particularly, activities in space scientific missions, where scientific experiments are developed and embarked on satellite to operate in orbit are object of this paper and are described below., isbn: 0-7354-0332-5, Pages: 18-22

Raman spectroscopy finds applications in many research fields to monitor stress on a micrometric scale. Unfortunately, the interpretation of Raman maps is always complicated by the tensorial nature of stress and by averaging effects due to the finite spatial resolution of the technique. Usually, the interpretation is either purely qualitative or based on thorough simplifications. In this paper we present an approach that compares the experimental data with a virtual experiment using a finite-element model. The method is applied to the study of the stress generated in a microelectronic device during the manufacturing process. The results are used both as a feedback and a validation for the modeling and also for the interpretation of the Raman data. © 2006 American Institute of Physics.

General activities developed by the Brazilian Institute for Space Research in space science and technology domain are summarized. Particularly, activities in space scientific missions, where scientific experiments are developed and embarked on satellite to operate in orbit are object of this paper and are described below., isbn: 0-7354-0332-5, Pages: 18-22

In 1992, IBA developed a high intensity cyclotron for the production of Pd-103. Up to now 16 internal-target machines have been installed and are delivering 1 mA on average. Unfortunately such configuration suffers from two major drawbacks: (i) little flexibility on the shape and size of the beam on target limiting the total power that target can tolerate, (ii) activation of cyclotron components due to neutron production and primary-beam scattering. In 1995 IBA proposed a new method for the extraction of multi-mA positive ions without the need of a deflector or a similar device. The extraction is obtained by a sudden and substantial reduction of the Lorentz force at the radial pole edge allowing the beam to escape from the machine (self-extraction principle). It was decided in 1998 to construct a prototype to test that extraction technology. This paper presents the status of the development. The focus is put on the RF system, ion source, magnetic configuration and final layout., Anglais

The treatment of foods with ionizing energy in the form of gamma rays, accelerated electrons and X rays can produce beneficial effects, such as inhibiting the sprouting in potatoes, onions and garlic, controlling insects in fruits, vegetables and grains, inhibiting the growth of fungi, pasteurizing fresh meat. poultry and seafood and sterilizing spices and food additives. After many years of research, these processes have been approved by regulatory authorities in many countries and commercial applications have been increasing. High-energy X rays are especially useful for treating large packages of food. The most attractive features are product penetration, absorbed dose uniformity, high utilization efficiency and short processing time. The ability to energize the X-ray source only when needed enhances the safety and convenience of this technique. The availability of high-energy, high-power electron accelerators, which can be used as X-ray generators, makes it feasible to process large quantities of food economically. Several industrial accelerator facilities already have X-ray conversion equipment and several more will soon be built with product conveying systems designed to take advantage of the unique characteristics of high-energy X rays. These concepts are reviewed briefly in the paper., Anglais

In this paper we show, on a few examples, how the merging beam method is applied to measure absolute cross sections of low energy rearrangement processes such as resonant electron transfer, transfer ionisation and associative ionisation., Anglais

In this paper the new term apparent beam size of Focused Ion Beam (FIB) is introduced and an original method of its evaluation is demonstrated. Traditional methods of measuring the beam size, like the knife edge method, provide information about the quality of the beam itself but practically they do not give information on the FIB sputtering resolution. To do this, it is necessary to take into account the material dependant interaction of the beam with the specimen and the gas precursor in the vacuum chamber. The apparent beam size can be regarded as the smallest possible dot that FIB can sputter in a given specimen. The method of evaluating it, developed in this paper, is based on the analysis of a series of scanning electron images of FIB produced nanodots. Results show that the apparent beam size can be up to 5 times larger than the actual physical size of the beam and it is significantly influenced by the presence of gas precursor. It is also demonstrated that the apparent beam size can be used as a reference value for optimisation of the beam step during raster scanning.

In this paper the new term apparent beam size of Focused Ion Beam (FIB) is introduced and an original method of its evaluation is demonstrated. Traditional methods of measuring the beam size, like the knife edge method, provide information about the quality of the beam itself but practically they do not give information on the FIB sputtering resolution. To do this, it is necessary to take into account the material dependant interaction of the beam with the specimen and the gas precursor in the vacuum chamber. The apparent beam size can be regarded as the smallest possible dot that FIB can sputter in a given specimen. The method of evaluating it, developed in this paper, is based on the analysis of a series of scanning electron images of FIB produced nanodots. Results show that the apparent beam size can be up to 5 times larger than the actual physical size of the beam and it is significantly influenced by the presence of gas precursor. It is also demonstrated that the apparent beam size can be used as a reference value for optimisation of the beam step during raster scanning.

In this paper the new term apparent beam size of Focused Ion Beam (FIB) is introduced and an original method of its evaluation is demonstrated. Traditional methods of measuring the beam size, like the knife edge method, provide information about the quality of the beam itself but practically they do not give information on the FIB sputtering resolution. To do this, it is necessary to take into account the material dependant interaction of the beam with the specimen and the gas precursor in the vacuum chamber. The apparent beam size can be regarded as the smallest possible dot that FIB can sputter in a given specimen. The method of evaluating it, developed in this paper, is based on the analysis of a series of scanning electron images of FIB produced nanodots. Results show that the apparent beam size can be up to 5 times larger than the actual physical size of the beam and it is significantly influenced by the presence of gas precursor. It is also demonstrated that the apparent beam size can be used as a reference value for optimisation of the beam step during raster scanning.

In this paper the new term apparent beam size of Focused Ion Beam (FIB) is introduced and an original method of its evaluation is demonstrated. Traditional methods of measuring the beam size, like the knife edge method, provide information about the quality of the beam itself but practically they do not give information on the FIB sputtering resolution. To do this, it is necessary to take into account the material dependant interaction of the beam with the specimen and the gas precursor in the vacuum chamber. The apparent beam size can be regarded as the smallest possible dot that FIB can sputter in a given specimen. The method of evaluating it, developed in this paper, is based on the analysis of a series of scanning electron images of FIB produced nanodots. Results show that the apparent beam size can be up to 5 times larger than the actual physical size of the beam and it is significantly influenced by the presence of gas precursor. It is also demonstrated that the apparent beam size can be used as a reference value for optimisation of the beam step during raster scanning.

In this paper the new term apparent beam size of Focused Ion Beam (FIB) is introduced and an original method of its evaluation is demonstrated. Traditional methods of measuring the beam size, like the knife edge method, provide information about the quality of the beam itself but practically they do not give information on the FIB sputtering resolution. To do this, it is necessary to take into account the material dependant interaction of the beam with the specimen and the gas precursor in the vacuum chamber. The apparent beam size can be regarded as the smallest possible dot that FIB can sputter in a given specimen. The method of evaluating it, developed in this paper, is based on the analysis of a series of scanning electron images of FIB produced nanodots. Results show that the apparent beam size can be up to 5 times larger than the actual physical size of the beam and it is significantly influenced by the presence of gas precursor. It is also demonstrated that the apparent beam size can be used as a reference value for optimisation of the beam step during raster scanning.

Flows in real world networks are rarely the outcome of unconditional random allocations as, say, the roll of a dice. Think, for example, of force transmission through a contact network in a quasistatically deforming granular material. Forces ‘flow’ through this network in a highly conditional manner. How much force is transmitted between two contacting particles is always conditional not only on all the other forces acting between the particles in question but also on those acting on the other particles in the system. Broadly, we are interested in the nature and extent to which flows through a contact network favour certain pathways over others, and how the mechanisms that govern such biased flows for a given imposed loading history determine the future evolution of the contact network. Our first step is to solve a selection of fundamental combinatorial optimisation problems on the contact network from the perspective of force transmission. Here we report on solutions to the Maximum Flow Minimum Cost Problem for a weighted contact network where the weights assigned to the links of the contact network are varied according to their contact types. We found that those pathways through which the maximum flow of force is transmitted, in the direction of the maximum principal stress, at minimum cost – pass through the great majority of the force chains. Although the majority of the contacts in these pathways are elastic, the plastic contacts bear an undue influence on the minimum cost.