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A four year study of the relations between wheat yields and various edaphic, cultural and climatic factors in the wheat belt of southern New South Wales indicated that seasonal rainfall was the major source of yield variation. A regression equation involving pre-sowing (January to April) and growing season (May to September) rain, soil nitrate nitrogen concentration (0-30 cm), average annual rainfall, sowing time and weed density proved to be the most useful function for predicting yield (R2 = 0.61 3). Equations relating expected grain yields to soil nitrate nitrogen concentrations were derived for a combination of average annual rainfall and pre-sowing and growing season rainfall conditions. These show that, under optimum rainfall conditions, soil nitrate levels would restrict yields on most farms, wherever nitrate concentrations in the surface 30 cm fell below 20 p.p.m.

Root growth and crop yield of Gamenya, a standard height variety, and Karamu, a semi-dwarf, spring wheat were compared under 3 irrigation regimes: daily watering; infrequent (fortnightly) watering; and sub-irrigation, where water was introduced into the soil profile at 40cm, the plots being protected from rainfall. Root growth and development were similar between varieties apart from an indication that the Karamu root system was more extensive at depth. The three irrigation treatments grew distinctly different root systems which was probably due partly to soil compaction differences between the treatments rather than the spatial distribution of the soil water supply. Karamu outyielded Gamenya because of a higher grain weight per ear due to higher floret viability and greater grain weight. Yield differences between irrigation treatments, where the infrequently irrigated treatment was superior, was due to ear population differences related to the differing root systems. With daily irrigation Gamenya used more water, due possibly to the lower leaf water potentials developed in the crop. An inverted water potential difference between the ear and the flag leaf was observed during the middle of the day.

The report presents formulations of dehydrated compressed comminuted meat products with controlled rehydration properties. Meatballs and pork sausages are deep-fat fried, freeze dried, slightly remoistened, compressed into blocks and then redried. Selection of suitable binder systems is vital for insuring adequate rehydration without overimbibition. Combinations of certain cross-linked and/or pregelatinized modified starches with small amounts of isolated wheat gluten were found to impart desired characteristics.

Young woman handing small sack to man amongst group of men; RH PH P819.2(f) located in oversize section. An article on Vada Watson is located at RH H86, v. 14, p. 78. Accession record reads: " In 1924, a group called Kansas Inc. decided to promote Kansas agricultural products by selecting a "Wheat Girl." Vada Watson, a farmer's daughter and freshman at Sterling College, was chosen. Kansas State Senator Arthur Capper arranged for the "Wheat Girl" to present a sack of wheat to President Calvin Coolidge. The wheat had been harvested by President Warren G. Harding while on a tour through the midwest in 1923. On Feb. 12, 1925, Vada Watson presented the wheat to President Coolidge with the message that "Kansas grows the best wheat in the world." President Coolidge responded to her statement: "Kansas grows the best girls, too." Miss Watson continued her promotional tour, visiting New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, and Detroit. Upon her return to Kansas, she traveled on the Farmers Institute train as it visited towns throughout Kansas giving lectures on agricultural methods to farmers." Pictured: Vada Watson

Young woman handing small sack to man amongst group of men; RH PH P819.2(f) located in oversize section. An article on Vada Watson is located at RH H86, v. 14, p. 78. Accession record reads: " In 1924, a group called Kansas Inc. decided to promote Kansas agricultural products by selecting a "Wheat Girl." Vada Watson, a farmer's daughter and freshman at Sterling College, was chosen. Kansas State Senator Arthur Capper arranged for the "Wheat Girl" to present a sack of wheat to President Calvin Coolidge. The wheat had been harvested by President Warren G. Harding while on a tour through the midwest in 1923. On Feb. 12, 1925, Vada Watson presented the wheat to President Coolidge with the message that "Kansas grows the best wheat in the world." President Coolidge responded to her statement: "Kansas grows the best girls, too." Miss Watson continued her promotional tour, visiting New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, and Detroit. Upon her return to Kansas, she traveled on the Farmers Institute train as it visited towns throughout Kansas giving lectures on agricultural methods to farmers." Pictured: Vada Watson

Man pitching wheat from the top of horse-drawn wagon. "Mighty farm machines thunder through nearly all of America's wheat fields at harvest time, but reaping the grain is still a picturesque--if backbreaking--horse and wagon job on one spread near Halstead, Kan. Farmer Bud Westerman (pitching wheat atop the wagon) is one of the last farmers in the area to cut wheat and harvest it the old fashioned way. The newborn colt beside the wagon is accompanying its mother on the day's work." Pictured: Bud Westerman

A study of the cost of production of crops is important for the farming interests of any county or state. Much is now being written on the subject of economic marketing but economic production is just as important. No matter how good a marketing plan may be, if there is a leak in the production, no farming operations can be really successful. The question of economic production is for the individual farmer to answer, and to aid him in solving this problem, a study of the cost of production must be made by the individual and state. Any states which have carried on production studies have found such studies a great help to the grower in planning his crop production. However, there are many states which have not made any such studies at all. The data for the following article was obtained mostly by writing to the different Experiment Stations in the United States. Little could be obtained from the Agricultural Library of the Virginia Experiment Station which shows the need for this kind of work here. In fact, none of the data pertaining to Virginia crops was obtainable from this source. This article will be, as far as possible, a comparison of the cost of production of corn, wheat, hay and potatoes in Virginia with the same crops grown in other states and sections of the United States. In this comparison it will be determined whether it is possible for Virginia to compete with these regions in the production of these crops.

Studies were conducted on oats in the greenhouse and on wheat in the field to determine the effects of varying amounts of sodium and potassium upon the yield of grain and straw and upon the concentrations in the grain and straw of the following elements: K, Na, Ca, Mg, P, N, and Mn. The experiments were arranged in a randomized complete block design and the data were analyzed statistically for significant variations. Results of this investigation may be summarised thus: 1. The straw of oats and wheat contained higher concentrations of Na and Ca than the grain, while the grain or oats and wheat contained more P and N than the straw. 2. Sodium decreased the Ca content of oat grain and straw, and decreased the P content of oat straw. 3. The concentrations of the elements were more variable in the straw than in the grain or oats and wheat. 4. Potassium depressed Na, Ca and P in oat straw. 5. Potassium decreased the Mg content of oat straw, and increased the Mg content of oat grain. 6. Oats contained more Na, Ca, and Mg than wheat. 7. Manganese was not significantly affected by Na or K fertilization.

Four men building grain shocks from the bundles (sheaves) in a field where the grain has been cut into bundles., Film negatives; Gelatin silver prints, 13 x 18 cm., Title taken from label with b&w print. Hand colored version of image available., Images featured on "Northern Great Plains, 1880-1920" part of American Memory, Library of Congress: http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/award97/ndfahtml/ngphome.html

Four men building grain shocks from the bundles (sheaves) in a field where the grain has been cut into bundles., Color images; Gelatin silver prints, 20 x 25 cm., Title taken from label with b&w print. Black and white version of image available. Hand colored by Hultstrand Studio staff., Images featured on "Northern Great Plains, 1880-1920" part of American Memory, Library of Congress: http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/award97/ndfahtml/ngphome.html

A view of the dump truck with the bed tipped up, pouring wheat into a grain conveyor that can elevat the wheat. In the background is the barn. On the right an Allis-Chalmers tractor., Photographic prints, 9 x 15 cm., "Unloading last of wheat combined Sept. 10, 1958. 3 ½ truckloads of wheat in a ____ in the farm (barn?)"--Handwritten on back of photograph., Lester Burkum's farm was a few miles West of Manfred, N.D., Lester Burkum was born on September 16, 1912 in Manfred, N.D. to Lars and Guri (Gina) Ronge Burkum. Both of Lester's parents were born in Norway and immigrated to America. After selling the Burkum Store in 1916, Lars and Gina bought a farmstead three miles west of Manfred where they farmed the rest of their lives. Gina died July 11, 1941, and Lars died two years later on July 7, 1943. Lester Burkum was a very intelligent person, finishing high school in three years. Lester Burkum was fascinated with trains, he did quite a bit of traveling taking many photos and home movies wherever he went. Lester died on Tuesday, July 10, 2001, and was buried on Friday, July 13th at Vang Lutheran Cemetery near Manfred, N.D., Information found at the ManfredND.org website under Biographies and then the families last name.

Field of wheat bundles stacked into shocks. Buildings visible in far distance., Color images; Gelatin silver prints, 23 x 64 cm., Photographer unknown. Title printed on front of label affixed to front of print. Hand colored by Hultstrand Studio staff. Two copy photographic prints in file, one color, the other gelatin silver., Images featured on "Northern Great Plains, 1880-1920" part of American Memory, Library of Congress: http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/award97/ndfahtml/ngphome.html

Development was studied in wheat, mainly the subtropical varieties Hindi and Baladi. Leaf emergence was faster and the relation shoot/root decreased as temperature increased from 10° to 30°C. After transfer from low night temperature to higher temperatures for daily illumination, the root system was slower than aerial parts in reaching ambient temperature, causing damage to the plant. Warm water circulating slowly through the soil for a few minutes could avoid this. Stem elongation was most favoured at 10°-20°C in the night. Higher night temperatures gave fewer tillers and more leaves. Spikes developed sooner with 10°C than with 27°C at night and later with constant day-night temperatures.Increase of daylength (8-24 h) increased stem length and decreased tiller number, and leaf number and area. Production of dry matter was highest with 16-20 h and was less with continuous light. Increasing intensities of extra illumination after normal daylight in the greenhouse increased stem length, decreased tillering, leaf formation and leaf area, and accelerated reproduction. Increase in normal illumination suppressed stem elongation, but increased number of tillers and leaves. White and red supplementary light for 3 weeks induced early flowering. Intense red light for 16 h accelerated spike initiation. The relation root/top increased with intensity.Influence of N depended on light intensity. Low rate of N increased root/shoot ratio independently of light intensity. The relation C/N in the plant depended on N rate, photoperiod and night temperature. Early flowering usually accompanied a high C/N ratio. The relation of dry matter in heads to that in stems and leaves decreased with increasing N in both SD and LD. The absolute quantity of N in heads or stems, however, increased with high N and was mostly smaller in SD than LD.

Cold resistance appeared to be so complicated and variable, that a clear insight could be obtained only when important factors such as degree of vernalization, stages of growth and development, and hardening were considered in the experiments. For various reasons, breeders are more and more obliged to use extremely varied material in their programmes, such as of breeding for disease resistance.In 1951 the Foundation for Agricultural Plant Breeding at Wageningen had a refrigerator and hardening equipment installed to provide private breeders with cold-resistant material and to test their new lines for this character. This gave the author the opportunity to study winter-hardiness.It was possible to develop winter wheat varieties with sufficient winter- hardiness, slight need of vernalization and rapid spring development. Varieties of winter barley could be developed with a better winter-hardiness.The method recommended by Hoffmann of vernalizing the seed before sowing in autumn to test and select for winter-hardiness was highly practicable. Trials on date of sowing in autumn involving seed vernalization and lengthening of the day were a valuable aid to research on cold resistance.

Hybrid necrosis in wheat was shown to be based on two complementary genes Ne 1 and Ne 2 . Variation in degree of necrosis proved to depend on multiple alleles. The existence of weak, moderate and strong alleles of Ne 1 and Ne 2 could be demonstrated. The degree of necrosis was shown to depend also on environment. Normally lethal plants could even produce seed under artificial environmental conditions.The author studied the sources of the necrosis genes and their distribution. The genotypes of wheat available were determined by test crosses while their origin was found where possible. The frequent use of certain carrier varieties as parents had contributed to the spread of necrotic genes.All wheat varieties, selections and species studied (about 500) were classified into 3 genotype classes (Ne 1 -carriers, Ne 2 -carriers, non-carriers) with indication of the strength of the necrosis gene. In designing a wheat-crossing programme a breeder could thus ascertain whether the first filial generation would become necrotic and usually also the allelic combination of the first filial generation.The occurrence of carrier and non-carrier lines in several varieties was shown to provide sometimes the possibility of avoiding necrosis.

Water-insoluble proteins in wheat gluten, their probable heterogeneity and the toxicity of wheat proteins in the occurrence of intestinal diseases affecting fat absorption were reviewed.Gliadin was broken down by pepsin and trypsin to a peptide mixture. In continuance of an investigation of the coeliac disease by other research workers, fractions were isolated from this peptide mixture and tested for toxicity in patients with idiopathic steatorrhoea.An acid peptide fraction obtained by adsorption on acid aluminiurn oxide was toxic. Disulphide bonds between peptide chains proved not to be responsible for this toxicity. Probably it was a mixture of a small group of related peptides containing about 35 amino acids.

After a short introductory chapter on the occurrence of Ophiobolus graminis (take-all disease) in the polders, in chapter 2 the course of the disease and the biology of the fungus are described. The third chapter deals with materials and methods. The following chapters deal with investigations on two aspects of the disease: chapter 4 on the introduction of Ophiobolus into the polders; chapters 5 to 8 on decline of Ophiobolus with continuous cereal growing and the backgrounds of this phenomenon.The reclamation of the Ysselmeer Polders after drainage follows a fixed pattern. In East Flevoland it was:reed as a soil cover,gradual reclamation,rape as a first and wheat as a second crop.In many fields Ophiobolus already patchily occurs in this wheat crop, mostly at the border of a field. But in field trials with wheat directly after reed, Ophiobolus was more widespread and evenly distributed over the field. Shortly after reclamation Ophiobolus was already present on grasses. The Ophiobolus infection of wheat grown directly after reed was suggested to originate from the reed roots, whereas on wheat grown after rape the grasses at the border of the field were primarily responsible.The occurrence of Ophiobolus on grasses on an artificial island, 1½ year after its construction, suggested infection by air-borne ascospores. In the greenhouse, where perithecia-bearing wheat plants of other experiments were present, spontaneous infection of wheat by ascospores occurred regularly, if plants were grown on subsoil clay from East Flevoland. In experiments with wheat and grasses sterility or semisterility of the soil proved to be of paramount importance for successful infection by ascospores. Thus grasses, originating from seed and establishing themselves in the polder directly after drainage, are rapidly infected by Ophiobolus. Reed replacing the grasses picks up the infection, which in turn is passed to wheat after reclamation, and to grasses which establish themselves along roads an

The balance of the principal ionic constituents in plants is reviewed in relation to the requirements for each of the elements, and for total accumulation as reflected in the total cation content (C), the inorganic anion conent (A) and the organic anion content (C-A). The balance in young wheat plants is investigated by means of adding various combinations of the principal ions to the soil. A summary of tests on adequacy of supply with the principal nutrient ions and of accumulation of cations, inorganic anions and organic anions, based on critical values. for contents in the plant material, is presented for diagnosing the nutrient status in relation to capacity for maximum growth.

The influence of intermittent nutrition on dry-matter production, on contents (meq/kg) and amounts (meq per plant) of inorganic nutrients was studied in water and soil cultures with wheat as a test crop.From the results of this study notably from chapters 9 and 12 it is clear that differences between the techniques of water (2.1.1) and soil cultures (2.2.1) do not lead to essential differences in growth and development of wheat plants. Supplying nutrients at a constant level (water culture) brings about a different way of ripening (4.3) and no losses of dry matter from plant parts (fig. 8). But the character of a normal seed-bearing annual is the same as in soil culture where the store of nutrients decreases during growth. This holds for main shoots and tillers (with and without ears); the number of the latter increases in water culture as long as nutrients, especially nitrogen, are supplied and conditions such as light and temperature are favourable for growth (Aspinall 1961, 1963; section 4.2).According to Dilz (1964) data of dry matter and N uptake from pot and field trials are only comparable if based on dry matter of plants grown with these techniques and not on number of plants, weight or soil surface (per pot or per field plot). In this pot trial with soil the average of 2.5 culms per plant is in agreement with the number normally (Brouwer, 1970) found for spring wheat in the field. When inner plants of the pot bear less tillers than outer plants (light side) this is called the 'side effect' (Dilz, 1964). Water culture plants with very pronounced tillering show this effect but in soil culture with 10 plants per pot of which 6 to 7 are outer plants the effect is of none importance. New tillers with or without few and small grains only develop with low (105 mg N per pot) dressings before sowing and suppletion of nitrogen at a very late stage of development (10.2.2.1 treatments 112 and 113). This situation is normally not found in the field because of light shor

Posed portrait of Leo Pasonault who was dressed up by grandfather in 1904. Leo is wearing a hat and sitting near a wheat stack with a jug, bowl and basket., Copy photographic prints, 13 x 9 cm., "Leo Pasonault dressed up by Grandfather to pose, 1904, 22" -- Handwritten on back of photograph., Title created by staff., William E. "Bill" Shemorry was a native of Williston, N.D. who began work in the newspaper industry as a newsboy selling the Williston Herald and the Williams County Farmers Press. In 1953, he started to publish the Williston Plains Reporter, which he operated for 25 years before selling to the Williston Herald. Shemorry then began to concentrate on his own writing and photography. In addition to writing many books on the history of Williams County, he also collected photographs of early North Dakota photographers. Shemorry was an active member of the Williston Fire Department, was Civil Defense Chief of Williams County for three years in the 1950's, and was a combat photographer in World War II. Shemorry's photograph of the discovery of oil in North Dakota on April 4, 1951 at the Clarence Iverson No. 1 is one of the most famous oil photographs ever taken, and was published in many national publications.

View of a man putting an award ribbon on a bundle of wheat which is on display on a peg wall during the Tioga Farm Festival. There is another bundle down the wall, and people are visible in the background. The heads of two boys are visible in the foreground., Photographic prints, 10 x 14 cm., Title created by staff., William E. "Bill" Shemorry was a native of Williston, N.D. who began work in the newspaper industry as a newsboy selling the Williston Herald and the Williams County Farmers Press. In 1953, he started to publish the Williston Plains Reporter, which he operated for 25 years before selling to the Williston Herald. Shemorry then began to concentrate on his own writing and photography. In addition to writing many books on the history of Williams County, he also collected photographs of early North Dakota photographers. Shemorry was an active member of the Williston Fire Department, was Civil Defense Chief of Williams County for three years in the 1950's, and was a combat photographer in World War II. Shemorry's photograph of the discovery of oil in North Dakota on April 4, 1951 at the Clarence Iverson No. 1 is one of the most famous oil photographs ever taken, and was published in many national publications.

A man stands in a wheat field. Unfortunatley, this man has not been identified., Film negatives, 35mm film, "Old Time Negs Geo Phillips probably dated around 1915 threshing farmer celebrations Geo Phillips Marmon Star RX Williston"--Handwritten on envelope containing negatives, Title created by staff., William E. "Bill" Shemorry was a native of Williston, N.D. who began work in the newspaper industry as a newsboy selling the Williston Herald and the Williams County Farmers Press. In 1953, he started to publish the Williston Plains Reporter, which he operated for 25 years before selling to the Williston Herald. Shemorry then began to concentrate on his own writing and photography. In addition to writing many books on the history of Williams County, he also collected photographs of early North Dakota photographers. Shemorry was an active member of the Williston Fire Department, was Civil Defense Chief of Williams County for three years in the 1950's, and was a combat photographer in World War II. Shemorry's photograph of the discovery of oil in North Dakota on April 4, 1951 at the Clarence Iverson No. 1 is one of the most famous oil photographs ever taken, and was published in many national publications.

The 1966 Wheat Queen, Janie Hagen, poses with her crown and sash for a portrait., Film negatives, 6 cm. x 6 cm., "Queens Janie Hagen, wheat Lana Herreid, Miss ND"--Handwritten on envelope containing negatives, Title created by staff., William E. "Bill" Shemorry was a native of Williston, N.D. who began work in the newspaper industry as a newsboy selling the Williston Herald and the Williams County Farmers Press. In 1953, he started to publish the Williston Plains Reporter, which he operated for 25 years before selling to the Williston Herald. Shemorry then began to concentrate on his own writing and photography. In addition to writing many books on the history of Williams County, he also collected photographs of early North Dakota photographers. Shemorry was an active member of the Williston Fire Department, was Civil Defense Chief of Williams County for three years in the 1950's, and was a combat photographer in World War II. Shemorry's photograph of the discovery of oil in North Dakota on April 4, 1951 at the Clarence Iverson No. 1 is one of the most famous oil photographs ever taken, and was published in many national publications.

Wheat, vegetable, and handicraft exhibits at the 1909 Williams County Fair., Photographic prints, 5 x 7 in., "#6 Williams County Fair - 1909 Return to Bill Shemorry"--Handwritten on back of print, Title created by staff., William E. "Bill" Shemorry was a native of Williston, N.D. who began work in the newspaper industry as a newsboy selling the Williston Herald and the Williams County Farmers Press. In 1953, he started to publish the Williston Plains Reporter, which he operated for 25 years before selling to the Williston Herald. Shemorry then began to concentrate on his own writing and photography. In addition to writing many books on the history of Williams County, he also collected photographs of early North Dakota photographers. Shemorry was an active member of the Williston Fire Department, was Civil Defense Chief of Williams County for three years in the 1950's, and was a combat photographer in World War II. Shemorry's photograph of the discovery of oil in North Dakota on April 4, 1951 at the Clarence Iverson No. 1 is one of the most famous oil photographs ever taken, and was published in many national publications., Description from Shemorry's cutline, box 16, folder 49. The photograph was published in Photo 100: Nostalgic Highlights of a Century, page 32.

At the Tioga Farm Festival, a Welcome to Tioga float passes a large crowd, lined along the business district on the sidewalk. The float carries children, wheat, corn, and other crops. The city water tower is visible in the distant background, Tioga, N.D., Film negatives, 120 film, Title created by staff., William E. "Bill" Shemorry was a native of Williston, N.D. who began work in the newspaper industry as a newsboy selling the Williston Herald and the Williams County Farmers Press. In 1953, he started to publish the Williston Plains Reporter, which he operated for 25 years before selling to the Williston Herald. Shemorry then began to concentrate on his own writing and photography. In addition to writing many books on the history of Williams County, he also collected photographs of early North Dakota photographers. Shemorry was an active member of the Williston Fire Department, was Civil Defense Chief of Williams County for three years in the 1950's, and was a combat photographer in World War II. Shemorry's photograph of the discovery of oil in North Dakota on April 4, 1951 at the Clarence Iverson No. 1 is one of the most famous oil photographs ever taken, and was published in many national publications.

Watching the wheat grow...Mrs. Henry Halvorson (Dora), Mrs Walter Koepke (Clara) and Henry Halvorson stand in a field, posing for a photograph, Photographic prints, 4 x 5 in., "Mrs Henry Halvorson-Dora, Mrs Walter Koepke and Henry Halvorson"--Handwritten on back of photograph, Title created by staff., William E. "Bill" Shemorry was a native of Williston, N.D. who began work in the newspaper industry as a newsboy selling the Williston Herald and the Williams County Farmers Press. In 1953, he started to publish the Williston Plains Reporter, which he operated for 25 years before selling to the Williston Herald. Shemorry then began to concentrate on his own writing and photography. In addition to writing many books on the history of Williams County, he also collected photographs of early North Dakota photographers. Shemorry was an active member of the Williston Fire Department, was Civil Defense Chief of Williams County for three years in the 1950's, and was a combat photographer in World War II. Shemorry's photograph of the discovery of oil in North Dakota on April 4, 1951 at the Clarence Iverson No. 1 is one of the most famous oil photographs ever taken, and was published in many national publications., Description information derived from page 147 of Shemorry's book More Lost Tales of Old Dakota.