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This paper provides a detailed analysis of bird damage assessments to detect crop loss in corn. Measurement criteria, methods of loss calculation, and rate of sampling are discussed. In planning a strategy to measure crop loss, one needs to take into account distribution of damage as well as variation in measurement.

This paper provides an in-depth understanding of the concept of biological control (biocontrol). In doing so, it interprets important biological principles of control methodology, and it intercalates these discussions with analysis of the biological backlashes and other ecological interactions that may be created whenever vertebrate “pests” are control by biological means. The concept “balance of nature” is explained, noting that only in the most remote area is human impact on the environment not present. The term “biological control” is defined as an attempt to reduce the population density of a pest species (e.g., increase mortality, reduce natality, or cause significant emigration) either by increasing predation, changing habitat conditions, introducing or stimulating epizootics, or by use of antifertility agents. The dynamics of vertebrate population are examined in detail. Detail discussion in provided on predators (both native and introduced), habitat modification, diseases, and chemosterilants, in regard to both mammals and birds. The greatest likelihood for effective application of biological control of existing pestiferous vertebrate populations is by means of integrated control (i.e., where biological control is done concomitantly with an initial population reduction by some conventional control method). An extensive literature review is provided.

This paper presents a design for a translator system to be used in a distributed computing environment. The concept of a language service for such an environment is discussed and the distribution of the system's processes is examined. A technique for moving interrupted interactive computations among processors is presented. Detailed design specifications are provided for the translator system processes.

This paper describes a process organization designed to be used in a decentralized hardware environment where reliability is a major goal. The process organization proposed here is designed to reflect such a hardware organization and to be consistent with the goal of reliability.The proposed process structure is a nonhierarchical one, designed to allow structured but unhindered communication, selective access to critical information, and control not solely a function of process creation history. Communication is, in general, accomplished by the sending of messages. Messages may be sent by a process to any other process whose name it knows. Access to critical information is controlled; only special kinds of processes may access it. Access to shared information is also regulated.Some new terminology is introduced to make explicit the features of this process structure. The special processes which can access critical, or state, information are called state changers. These can be characterized as independent abstract machines which operate on state information. Processes which play only an indirect role in affecting state information are called objects. These are acted upon by state changers and this results in the state changers affecting the state information associated with those objects. Other items in this process structure, such as files, their descriptors, and state information sets, are functionally similar to found in other process structures.How this process structure can be used in a decentralized environment is also described. The details of processes which correspond to many of the operating system functions found in a traditional system are given for nonhierarchical process organization. A brief description of the form which other software might take is also given.

This paper describes a theory formation system which can discover a partial axiomization of a data base represented as extensionally defined binary relations. The system first discovers all possible intensional definitions of each binary relation in terms of the others. It then determines a minimal set of these relations from which the others can be defined. It then attempts to discover all the ways the relations of this minimal set can interact with each other, thus generating a set of inference rules. Although the system was originally designed to explore automatic techniques for theory construction for question-answering systems, it is currently being expanded to function as a symbiotic system to help social scientists explore certain kinds of data bases.

Work on software design processes (e.g., automatic programming, programming methodology) demands that we have available more explicit information about design problems and their possible solutions than is now available. We are developing and exploring the use of a method – design rationalization -- intended to aid in the discovery and codification of such information. The method is described, illustrated, and discussed in this paper. The results of applying it to three largo pieces of software are reported.

HOUGH has proposed a procedure for detecting lines in pictures. DUDA-HART extended the method for a more general curve fitting. This paper shows how this method can be used to detect any given curve. The procedure presented here can be easily implemented and is more efficient in a parallel machine.

This paper was prepared for the Third Conference on Learning, Remembering, and Forgetting, sponsored by the New York Academy of Science at Princeton, New Jersey, October 3-6, 1965.

A general theoretical framework is developed in which to view memory and learning.  The basic model is presented in terms of a memory system having two central components: a transient-memory buffer and a long-term store. . . . The model is applied to a set of experiments on paired-associate memory with good success. This paper was read at the Symposium on Mathematical Models of Psychological Processes, XVIII International Congress of Psychology, Moscow, USSR, August, 1966.

A longtime Aptos resident who spent part of his youth in Soquel, Mr. Johnston began his interview with descriptions of turn-of- the-century Capitola, the Soquel paper mill, and the mid-county fruit industry. He then discussed the history and economy of the old village of Aptos-- its businesses, school, roads, water supply, and volunteer fire department, of which he was long an active member. He also described the men who were the large landowners in the mid-county at that time and the coming of the modern real estate developers, specifically the creation of Rio Del Mar and Seacliff. In the latter part of the manuscript he described the rum-running and mountain stills of the Prohibition era, while the concluding chapters were devoted to World War II, particularly the Civil Defense efforts in the County during those years.

Let T be a unitary operator on a Hubert space H. Then in particular, (i) T is a contraction, i.e. ∥ T ∥ ≦ 1; and (ii) The spectrum of T is a subset of the unit circle, i.e. Sp (T)⊂C, where C denotes the set of complex numbers of absolute value one. Call an arbitrary operator T a unimodular contraction if it satisfies conditions (i) and (ii) above. Then several questions immediately come to mind. Do there exist nonunitary unimodular contractions? If so, what is the nature of their spectra, e.g. what subsets of the unit circle arise as spectra of nonunitary unimodular contractions; when does the spectrum contain point, residual, or continuous spectrum? Under what conditions is a unimodular contraction unitary? What is the nature of operator algebras containing nonunitary unimodular contractions? In this paper examples are given of nonunitary unimodular contractions. It is shown (Theorem 2) that such exist with arbitrarily prescribed spectrum, which however can contain no residual spectrum. It is also shown (Theorem 1) that nonunitary unimodular contractions exist only in infinite von Neumann algebras. This result is applied to a mapping problem of operator algebras. © 1968 by Pacific Journal of Mathematics.

Let T be a unitary operator on a Hubert space H. Then in particular, (i) T is a contraction, i.e. ∥ T ∥ ≦ 1; and (ii) The spectrum of T is a subset of the unit circle, i.e. Sp (T)⊂C, where C denotes the set of complex numbers of absolute value one. Call an arbitrary operator T a unimodular contraction if it satisfies conditions (i) and (ii) above. Then several questions immediately come to mind. Do there exist nonunitary unimodular contractions? If so, what is the nature of their spectra, e.g. what subsets of the unit circle arise as spectra of nonunitary unimodular contractions; when does the spectrum contain point, residual, or continuous spectrum? Under what conditions is a unimodular contraction unitary? What is the nature of operator algebras containing nonunitary unimodular contractions? In this paper examples are given of nonunitary unimodular contractions. It is shown (Theorem 2) that such exist with arbitrarily prescribed spectrum, which however can contain no residual spectrum. It is also shown (Theorem 1) that nonunitary unimodular contractions exist only in infinite von Neumann algebras. This result is applied to a mapping problem of operator algebras. © 1968 by Pacific Journal of Mathematics.

Work on software design processes (e.g., automatic programming, programming methodology) demands that we have available more explicit information about design problems and their possible solutions than is now available. We are developing and exploring the use of a method – design rationalization -- intended to aid in the discovery and codification of such information. The method is described, illustrated, and discussed in this paper. The results of applying it to three largo pieces of software are reported.

This paper describes a theory formation system which can discover a partial axiomization of a data base represented as extensionally defined binary relations. The system first discovers all possible intensional definitions of each binary relation in terms of the others. It then determines a minimal set of these relations from which the others can be defined. It then attempts to discover all the ways the relations of this minimal set can interact with each other, thus generating a set of inference rules. Although the system was originally designed to explore automatic techniques for theory construction for question-answering systems, it is currently being expanded to function as a symbiotic system to help social scientists explore certain kinds of data bases.

This paper presents a design for a translator system to be used in a distributed computing environment. The concept of a language service for such an environment is discussed and the distribution of the system's processes is examined. A technique for moving interrupted interactive computations among processors is presented. Detailed design specifications are provided for the translator system processes.

HOUGH has proposed a procedure for detecting lines in pictures. DUDA-HART extended the method for a more general curve fitting. This paper shows how this method can be used to detect any given curve. The procedure presented here can be easily implemented and is more efficient in a parallel machine.

This paper describes a process organization designed to be used in a decentralized hardware environment where reliability is a major goal. The process organization proposed here is designed to reflect such a hardware organization and to be consistent with the goal of reliability.The proposed process structure is a nonhierarchical one, designed to allow structured but unhindered communication, selective access to critical information, and control not solely a function of process creation history. Communication is, in general, accomplished by the sending of messages. Messages may be sent by a process to any other process whose name it knows. Access to critical information is controlled; only special kinds of processes may access it. Access to shared information is also regulated.Some new terminology is introduced to make explicit the features of this process structure. The special processes which can access critical, or state, information are called state changers. These can be characterized as independent abstract machines which operate on state information. Processes which play only an indirect role in affecting state information are called objects. These are acted upon by state changers and this results in the state changers affecting the state information associated with those objects. Other items in this process structure, such as files, their descriptors, and state information sets, are functionally similar to found in other process structures.How this process structure can be used in a decentralized environment is also described. The details of processes which correspond to many of the operating system functions found in a traditional system are given for nonhierarchical process organization. A brief description of the form which other software might take is also given.

A general theoretical framework is developed in which to view memory and learning.  The basic model is presented in terms of a memory system having two central components: a transient-memory buffer and a long-term store. . . . The model is applied to a set of experiments on paired-associate memory with good success. This paper was read at the Symposium on Mathematical Models of Psychological Processes, XVIII International Congress of Psychology, Moscow, USSR, August, 1966.

This paper was prepared for the Third Conference on Learning, Remembering, and Forgetting, sponsored by the New York Academy of Science at Princeton, New Jersey, October 3-6, 1965.

Capitalizing on research directed toward oral contraceptives for humans, a wide variety of compounds are now under study for their practical value in inhibiting rodent reproduction to suppress detrimental populations. This paper discusses the specifications of ideal rodent chemosterilants and the advantages of chemosterilants over other methods of control and compares the potential values of chemosterilants acting on females, males, and both sexes. Specific situations are detailed where chemosterilants will be most valuable in rodent control, together with proposed methods of application. Chemosterilants are not expected to become a panacea for control, but since they are based on sound biological principles they should be a safe and effective approach to regulation of rodent populations.

The plasma current induced by a high-current electron beam generates electron-ion streaming instabilities even if the electron beam itself is stable to electron-electron beam-plasma modes. This paper reviews the temperature- and current-dependence of the electron-ion mode and uses a simple model resistivity to estimate attainable electron temperatures. For beams in the 100 nsec 10 kA/cm2 range, the heating is by ion-acoustic oscillations, and if convective losses are prevented, keV temperatures can be expected in moderately dense (1014 cm-3) plasma.

This paper describes a design for a computing system structure whose implementation should provide reliable, faiI-soft service at relativeIy Iow cost. The design reIies heavily on modularity and dynamic reconfigurability (in combination referred to as distribution) to achieve reliability. Low cost is maintainted by using standard hardware and software components, each of which handles a portion of the workload. When a component fails, its workload is assumed by the remaining components. The evolution of a particular network architecture for this computing system, i.e., a network utilizing a communication loop with hardware components connected to and distributed about the ring, is described.

MOST STUDIES OF THE MIDDLE-EAR MUSCLES have emphasized their reflex role in protecting the inner ear from damaging loud sounds (8,12, 13, 24, 26, 30, 36). Recent demonstrations of middle-ear muscle activity during lowintensity sounds (29) suggest that these muscles may have a wider role than merely protecting against mechanical damage. The present experiments reveal that in waking cats middle-ear muscle activity may be modified by prior acoustic experience, by nonacoustic factors such as bodily movements, and by changing the significance of the sound for the animal. This paper presents an analysis of some of the mechanisms underlying middle-ear muscle activity and illustrates both sustained and transient contractions which are regulated according to complex central activities, rather than responding as a fixed protective reflex arc.

This paper covers important developments in the use of computers for quantitative research in cultural anthropology, particularly in areas which (unlike statistics) are uniquely anthropological. These fall into statistical topics and topics in scaling and measurement. By far the largest single usage of computers by cultural anthropologists is for statistical summaries of field data and for simple statistical tests such as the chi-squared for the analysis of field data or for cross-cultural studies. As the discipline develops this situation will remain the same. In fact, the proportion of people who use the computer primarily for contingency tables, frequency counts, and correlation analysis may very well increase, since there are many potential users who would fall in this category and only a few potential users who would perform other operations such as multi-dimensional scaling or simulation. The few other computer techniques that would be relevant to anthropology, and for which the technology already exists, include linear regression, as practiced by economists, and linear programming (also practiced by economists), both of which could be extremely useful in the study of peasant economy. Careful research with such models could dispel some of the controversy which has been hindering the development of economic anthropology for the last fifteen years. The training of anthropologists who can understand the relevance of such models to their work may be far in the future, since the majority of them are still skeptical of most formal methods and of the computers which make them work. © 1970 Queens College of the City University of New York.

Introduction. This paper is a continuation of (1), where definitions may be found. All manifolds, maps, bundles, etc., are to be piecewise linear. Recall that cells are always closed.

While the problem of anticoagulant resistance in commensal rodents has been well-documented from certain areas of northern Europe in recent years, this paper describes its first known occurrence in North America in 1971. Over a rural area of about 5 square miles in Johnson County, North Carolina, it was noted that attempts to control Norway rats using typical warfarin rodenticide bait were increasingly ineffective. Diphacinone was alternated with warfarin with no success. On one farm, 200 lbs of bait had been used in bait boxes in a single month. Laboratory trials on rats captured at this location demonstrated resistance. It was concluded that at this location, intensive use of anticoagulants (mostly warfarin) over a decade, in the absence of adequate sanitation and building maintenance, provided the selective agent to develop resistant populations. This likely will be repeated elsewhere in the U.S.

This paper is submitted in an effort to acquaint the personnel of allied State agencies with related laws which control the public and private possession of live exotic and native wild animals. The need for this common knowledge of related laws by agencies with law enforcement responsibility is readily apparent when the annual number and related problems from imported or resident wild animals in California are examined. In addition to resident wild animal populations, millions of fish and thousands of mammals, birds, and reptiles enter California each year through the utilization of most methods of transportation. Most of these imported animals are exotic species from foreign lands which cannot be readily identified and pose various degrees of potential and actual threat to native wildlife, agriculture, and public health if they are introduced into the wilds of this State. For the purpose of this report, a general picture of imported exotic animals is presented in an introduction, and specific animals with related laws are treated individually under the headings of current laws and future regulations.

Taste enhancers and olfactory attractants are needed to improve bait acceptance for rodent control, but most methods for evaluating preference for taste and odor stimuli are not suitable for screening large numbers of such compounds. This paper describes two automated preference testers designed for this purpose. The taste preference apparatus is based on the principle of the brief-exposure, foods-together technique, whereby the animal briefly samples each food alone, in alternate sequence, before the two foods are presented together, in alternate positions. The odor preference tester is based on an open-field maze, whereby the test animal samples each of four odor sources before preference behavior is recorded. Both devices are fully automated (in both operation and data recording), are free of position bias, and produce preference determinations in relatively little time; neither requires special training of test animals. The design, operation, and application of each apparatus in rodent control is discussed and illustrated.

Capitalizing on research directed toward oral contraceptives for humans, a wide variety of compounds are now under study for their practical value in inhibiting rodent reproduction to suppress detrimental populations. This paper discusses the specifications of ideal rodent chemosterilants and the advantages of chemosterilants over other methods of control and compares the potential values of chemosterilants acting on females, males, and both sexes. Specific situations are detailed where chemosterilants will be most valuable in rodent control, together with proposed methods of application. Chemosterilants are not expected to become a panacea for control, but since they are based on sound biological principles they should be a safe and effective approach to regulation of rodent populations.

Poison baits are extensively used for commensal rodent control; considerable folklore exists regarding the use of additives to induce rodents to come to and eat poison baits. This paper describes a rational evaluation of attractants and the influence of different odours in inducing Rattus norvegicus to feed at given locations. The influence of certain repellents was also examined. Tests consisted of attempts to induce rats to feed at non-preferred sites or to repel them from preferred sites. Place preference was the dominant factor in feeding by rats, and odours failed to Influence feeding activity significantly.

Federal Urban Rat Control Program grants were awarded to cities in different areas of the United States. Severe problems of rat infestations have been detected in many of the cities by the Environmental Health Service. Approximately 20% of 3.8 million people in the project areas were occupying homes infested with rats. Control operations are now in effect in all cities, and the living conditions of the people have been substantially improved. An increase in interest in rodent control also is evident in countries outside of the United States. The Technical Development Laboratories of the National Communicable Disease Center are participating in the World Health Organization program of research on new rodenticides. The evaluation program involves five steps which carry a candidate toxicant from laboratory phase through field testing. Acceptability and suitable concentrations of both acute and accumulative rodenticides are determined. Observations are made on the hazard of the compound to pets and to other nontarget vertebrates. Laboratory and field studies have been completed on a new, promising stabilized scilliroside glycoside which has given excellent control of the Norway rat in 16 out of 19 premises. Another new coded compound has shown a unique specificity for roof rats as compared to Norway rats. Although anticoagulant resistant rat populations have occurred in several countries in Europe, as yet no evidence has been noted of such resistance in rats in the United States. (Note: This paper was originally presented at the 4th Vertebrate Pest Conference in 1970.)

This paper focuses on managing wildlife damage in forest environments, with emphasis on the use of vertebrate pesticides in the western United States. Types of forest damage caused by vertebrates fall into the categories of seed destruction, foliage clipping and browsing, and root and bark injuries. Consumption of natural seedfall or following direct-seeding applications for reforestation varies with tree species as well as with vertebrate seed predators, which include both rodents and birds. With Douglas-fir, deer mice (Peromyscus spp.) are cause the greatest losses. For Ponderosa pine, deer mice, chipmunks, and ground squirrels are primarily responsible for seed loss. Seeding in black walnut is primarily impacted by gray squirrels and the eastern fox squirrel. Success with rodenticide treatments in advance of seed applications were only effective for short periods, as rodent populations rebounded quickly. Current efforts are relying on various seed coatings that provide greater efficacy. Clipping by small rodents is a particular problem with newly emerged seedlings; existing seedlings are also damaged by snowshoe hares and mountain beaver in the Pacific Coast states. Contact repellents have been effective but may need to be re-applied periodically. Browsing damage to existing conifer stands is caused primarily by deer and elk, and there is no general solution for this problem. Root injury to seedling and small saplings is most frequently caused by pocket gophers. A variety of animals may cause bark injuries: meadow mice (Microtus spp.) can seriously damage seedlings, while bark damage to both young and also mature trees can be caused by porcupine, woodrats, rabbits, squirrels, and pocket gophers. Bear damage to bark is usually seen on mature trees. Seed treatment formulations using endrin as the active ingredient are described, as are a foliar repellent treatment using TMTD, and the manufacture and use of salt blocks containing strychnine for porcupine control. Pe

Pocket gopher biology, behavior, damage, and control are discussed extensively in this paper, with emphasis on Thomomys spp. found in California and elsewhere in the western states. Habitat modification by use of herbicides to reduce forbs, which are preferred by gophers, has been demonstrated to be effective on Forest Service rangelands. Limitations of burrow flooding or burrow fumigation are discussed. Exclusion techniques are described as most useful in home and garden situations. Gopher control is most effectively done by poisoning and/or trapping, both of which are discussed in detail, as are types of traps commonly used. Effective poisons are Compound 1080 and strychnine, if correctly formulated and applied. The recently developed mechanical gopher bait applicator implement, the burrow-builder, is discussed. Pertinent references are provided.

Biology, damage, management, and control of rabbits (genus Sylvilagus) and hares (genus Lepus) in California are described. This paper places emphasis on control of the common jackrabbit, Lepus californicus, as it is the most significant of the rabbit and hare species in California and the western states in terms of damage and the need for control. Exclusion methods are discussed, including rabbit-proof fences as well as individual plant and tree protectors. A summary of repellents used against hares and rabbits is provided, as well as precautions for their use. They typically provide only temporary effectiveness. A recipe for a strychnine-based poison wash for trees, which has found to be of use as a repellent, is provided. Use of toxic baits to control rabbits and hares is described, with appropriate precautions. Bait formulation and application are discussed in some detail, with use of strychnine as the active ingredient. Recipes are provided for formulating both prebait and toxic baits; the primary ingredient can be barley, oats, root vegetables (carrot, sweet potato, or parsnip), fruit (green pears or cull apples), dry alfalfa leaves, or grain heads using barley or milo.

This paper updates a 1964 review of vertebrate pest problems and control techniques used in the Republic of South Africa. Appreciable progress has occurred within the past few years, with assistance provided by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Methods for controlling damage caused by the major predators, the black-backed jackal and the Cape baboon, are described. For jackals, useful techniques include hunting with packs of hounds, use of traps, and use of toxicants, including the coyote getter. Successful lures to attract jackals to coyote getters are described. Baboons, which are gregarious and form troops numbering from a dozen to over 100 individuals, cause extensive damage to vineyards, orchards, and vegetable crops, and at times kill lambs and young goats. Destruction of the baboon’s major predator, the leopard, is blamed for recent rapid increases in baboon populations. Successful use of the toxicants thallium sulphate, Compound 1080, and Telodrin against baboons are described. Damage and control practices associated with the dassie (hyrax) and dune mole are discussed. Introduced American gray squirrels, while limited in distribution, are known to have become firmly established and are a major predator of the nests of songbirds, as well as damaging pine plantations and orchards. Feeding habits of the cape vulture, which normally eats carrion, have changed and these birds are now periodically killing lamb and ewes, especially those in poor condition, perhaps due to food scarcity.

This paper provides an in-depth understanding of the concept of biological control (biocontrol). In doing so, it interprets important biological principles of control methodology, and it intercalates these discussions with analysis of the biological backlashes and other ecological interactions that may be created whenever vertebrate “pests” are control by biological means. The concept “balance of nature” is explained, noting that only in the most remote area is human impact on the environment not present. The term “biological control” is defined as an attempt to reduce the population density of a pest species (e.g., increase mortality, reduce natality, or cause significant emigration) either by increasing predation, changing habitat conditions, introducing or stimulating epizootics, or by use of antifertility agents. The dynamics of vertebrate population are examined in detail. Detail discussion in provided on predators (both native and introduced), habitat modification, diseases, and chemosterilants, in regard to both mammals and birds. The greatest likelihood for effective application of biological control of existing pestiferous vertebrate populations is by means of integrated control (i.e., where biological control is done concomitantly with an initial population reduction by some conventional control method). An extensive literature review is provided.

This paper provides a detailed analysis of bird damage assessments to detect crop loss in corn. Measurement criteria, methods of loss calculation, and rate of sampling are discussed. In planning a strategy to measure crop loss, one needs to take into account distribution of damage as well as variation in measurement.

A longtime Aptos resident who spent part of his youth in Soquel, Mr. Johnston began his interview with descriptions of turn-of- the-century Capitola, the Soquel paper mill, and the mid-county fruit industry. He then discussed the history and economy of the old village of Aptos-- its businesses, school, roads, water supply, and volunteer fire department, of which he was long an active member. He also described the men who were the large landowners in the mid-county at that time and the coming of the modern real estate developers, specifically the creation of Rio Del Mar and Seacliff. In the latter part of the manuscript he described the rum-running and mountain stills of the Prohibition era, while the concluding chapters were devoted to World War II, particularly the Civil Defense efforts in the County during those years.

This paper represents the final portion of a series of descriptions of the tunas and tuna-like fishes of the Pacific. It describes two species of bonito, the Peruvian and the Oriental, whose relationship to the two previously described species, the California and the Mexican, was obscure.One of the most abundant sources of protein food is found in the "Scombroid" group of fishes, including such fish as the tuna, skipjack, bonito and mackerel. These are streamlined, pelagic, schooling fishes distributed, in greater or less abundance, in almost every ocean of the world. Although widely distributed and generally similar in appearance, there is reason to suspect that in some instances individual species are confined to a given ocean or to a restricted portion of that ocean, and that the stocks of the world are made up of such distinct groups. In other instances it appears that species are in reality cosmopolitan. If our fishery resources are to be intelligently exploited, management will require a precise knowledge of the composition of the total stock and the geographical range of the component species.Such knowledge is the framework into which life history studies must be fitted. The recognition of larval and juvenile stages, the significance of spawning areas and nursery grounds become productive assets when properly correlated with individual species. The aggregate of such knowledge will provide another measure of abundance to guide those responsible for sustained exploitation. To this end numerous state and federal—domestic and foreign—research agencies have, within recent years, directed their concerted efforts to collecting the necessary information concerning the tunas and tuna-like fishes. The information obtained from this study is presented as a further contribution towards the eventual understanding of the stocks of tuna-like fishes and the relationships of the stock from different areas.

This paper develops a method for using data for a large cross-section of municipalities relating expenditures on specific local public goods, median income, median house value, total assessed valuation, and population to estimate demand functions for local public goods. The key idea is to make the assumption that the quantity chosen in any municipality is the median of the preferred quantities of its citizens. The method is applied to cities with population exceeding 10,000 in several states. Seemingly plausible estimates of income and price elasticity are found. The estimated crowding parameter suggests that most local public goods are congestible in the sense that utility functions depend on the per capita quantity of public goods.

The object of this paper is to coordinate and expand knowledge of Euprotomicrus bispinatus (Quoy and Caimard, 1824), the pigmy shark : a most remarkable creature, which until recent years had been known for a century and a quarter on the basis of very few, casual observations at sea and of 8 museum specimens. As a result of increasing emphasis on high-seas research we now have data on 37 specimens, and a much richer fund of information on the species.The pigmy shark is a strange creature, defying most concepts of a shark. In the first place it is tiny: the largest known example spans only 265 mm (10 ½ in.) in total length and weighs less than 70 grams (about 234 ounces) ! Males mature at 170 mm, females at 233 mm or less. Its terete body and wee gill openings remind one of a lamprey. Its essentially diphycercal tail, with large, rounded dorsal and ventral caudal-fin lobes and horizontal termination of the spinal column, little resembles the long-drawn-out, upturned heterocercal tail that is ordinarily associated with a shark. In this, and in some other respects, the appearance of this shark is almost embryonic. Its skeleton is almost devoid of calcification (apparently an adaptation for neutral buoyancy). Its vertebrae are unexpectedly few for a shark, and in radiographs lookr strangely like those of a bony fish. The teeth are strikingly unlike in the two jaws.This little shark has been taken only at the sea surface, almost exclusively in the vast, relatively sterile central water masses of the world ocean. Its thousands of tiny light organs can combine to produce a bright blue-green glow. We now learn that it undertakes vertical migrations to considerable depth, where it feeds on bathypelagic squids and fishes.

The identification of larval forms of marine fishes, of fish fragments found in stomach contents and of fossil fish is often difficult. As an aid to such work a study is being made of the vertebral characteristics of adult marine fishes found off the coasts of Mexico, California, Oregon and Washington and a key based on these characteristics is being constructed.The possibility of such a key was suggested by Ford (1937), who described at considerable length and with the aid of some excellent photographs the differences in the vertebral columns of several teleostean fishes, approaching the subject from the "functional" angle without any attempt to form a key.Work was begun on the present study in 1938 and has been continued as material and time were available. Because of the large number of species involved it has been found necessary to divide the study into geographical units. The first unit, covered in this paper, comprises 163 species of fish, omitting the Elasmobranchii, found between Point Conception and San Diego. Work will be continued on fishes from the areas to the north and south of this region and published as completed.The material for this study consisted mainly of fresh adult specimens which were lightly boiled to loosen the flesh from the bones. To secure less common forms it became necessary to use material which had been preserved in alcohol or formaldehyde. Since no amount of boiling will loosen the flesh from the bones of preserved specimens, the clearing and staining technique described by Hollister (1934) was adopted with some modifications (see appendix). This technique was also used on the smaller fresh individuals to avoid loss of vertebrae in the boiling process.In naming the various parts of the skeleton, Starks (1901) was followed, with one exception. Starks calls the last fanlike tail segment articulated with the last true vertebral centrum, the "hypural." Since the term "hypural" is used by many authors to designate the spines which are

The Steelhead Rainbow Trout, Salmo gairdneri gairdneri Richardson, and Silver Salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), are two of the most important fishes found along the Pacific Coast of North America. A considerable amount of published material regarding their biology, distribution, systematic status, propagation, and management already exists. However, up to the present time, and especially to the start of the experiments described in the present paper, there has been a notable lack of quantitative data regarding both species, particularly with regard to their life histories.Because of this lack of quantitative data, so necessary for sound regulatory, stocking, and other management programs, the California Trout Investigations, a cooperative unit of the California Division of Fish and Game (now the California Department of Fish and Game) and the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries (now a part of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service) in 1932 initiated a program of study at Waddell Creek, a typical coastal stream in Santa Cruz County, California. Upon the termination of the formal cooperative agreement in 1937, these studies were conducted independently by the California Division of Fish and Game.The plan of the experiment was to study the steelhead and the silver salmon in their natural habitat. Since both fishes are anadromous, the logical approach was to construct a dam or weir at which both the upstream and downstream migrants could be counted. In the process of counting, observations could be made on the migrants (measurements, scale samples, sexual maturity, parasites, etc.), fluctuations of populations determined from the counts, and the counts complemented by observations made on the fishes in the stream (spawning activities, feeding habits, etc.).Waddell Creek was chosen for the following reasons: It was a stream under as nearly natural conditions as could be found in California at the present time and was still reasonably accessible; it was large enough to possess a

The three papers included in this Fish Bulletin constitute a summary of the work which has been done by the Bureau of Marine Fisheries of the California Division of Fish and Game between 1936 and 1944 to measure movements and abundance of the sardine population by means of a tagging program:Movements and Abundance of the Sardine as Measured by Tag Returns. By Frances N. Clark, and John F. Janssen, Jr.The Effect of Internal Tags upon Sardines. By John F. Janssen, Jr. And J. Alfred Aplin.Measurement of The Losses in the Recovery of Sardine Tags.By Frances N. Clark and John F. Janssen, Jr.

This report, Part II, constitutes the culmination of a research study which was described initially in a paper of the same Title, Part I, that appeared as SIO Reference 53-33, September 1953, and provides a further account of the mathematical theory involved in the determination of the electromagnetic field components generated by a horizontal electric dipole embedded in a conducting half-space separated from the non-conducting medium above by a horizontal plane. In particular, a detailed account is given of the computations involved for points of observation in the non-conducting medium when the depth of the source and the height of the point of observation are small in comparison with the horizontal range.The first part of this report is concerned mainly with the general evaluation of the fundamental integrals for both media by the double saddle point method of integration developed earlier, and the salient feature of the present analysis is the fact that the new asymptotic expansions are term-wise differentiable to any order with respect to three essential parameters: horizontal range, depth (or height) of dipole source, and height (or depth) of the point of observation. It is shown that this important achievement is a consequence of applying the saddle point method of integration to a more judicious choice of exponent with the result that the asymptotic expansions presented here are much simpler than those reported in Part I.The remainder of the report is concerned with the application of the new asymptotic expansions to the evaluation of the Cartesian components of the Hertzian vector and of the cylindrical components of the electromagnetic field vectors for points of observation in the non-conducting medium. Simplified approximations in which numerical substitutions can be readily made are presented for three distinct ranges corresponding to the asymptotic, the intermediate, and the near field; and, in each case, a detailed account is given of the power flow i

The classification of the tunas throughout the world has remained unsatisfactory for many years due chiefly to the difficulties involved in comparing large specimens from many localities. On the eastern side of the Pacific are found several species which have not been clearly separated from those of the Western and Mid-Pacific. of these forms four play an important role in the fisheries of California, Mexico and Central America. The present study was undertaken in March 1940, to determine the geographical range of these species and the relationships between them and similar ones occurring in the Central, Western and Equatorial Pacific. This was the first essential step in a comprehensive investigation of the tuna populations supporting the California industry. In particular, it was necessary to explore the differences between the bluefin and the oriental tuna and to know whether or not the yellowfin tuna, the skipjack and the albacore are of the same species as those taken in Japanese and Hawaiian waters. If such proved to be the case additional studies would be required to determine if any intermingling occurred between the populations in the different localities. If on the other hand, the species proved to be distinct the Eastern Pacific population might be exploited without regard to the fisheries of Hawaii and Japan.The only comprehensive work on the systematics of the Pacific tunas was published by Kishinouye. He found that separation of the various species required a careful study of the anatomy of these fish. To follow the approach laid down in his paper, a similar detailed anatomical treatment of the problem was required to compare those species supporting the California fishery with Kishinouye's descriptions. Although this work appears to be principally morphological, the great detail in which the anatomy of the Eastern Pacific tunas has been studied will form a firm foundation upon which investigations may be extended into lines more directly applicable to

This bulletin is written with two objectives in mind. First, it is designed to provide authorized names for the more common marine fishes of California, in the hope that these names will be used in the fishing industry and by sportsmen. Second, it is designed to provide a ready reference from which the fisherman or the buyer can identify those species seen most often in the commercial and the sport catch. It is not presented as a treatise on our marine fishes, for it describes only a fraction of the species known from California. It is meant as a guide for any person interested in fish regardless of his technical background, so scientific terminology is avoided wherever possible.There have been two other bulletins of this sort published by the California Division of Fish and Game. The first, Number 28, was very broad in scope. It included both fresh-water and marine fishes, sharks, rays, and some invertebrates. The second,Number 45, treated sharks and rays in considerably more detail. The present publication is concerned only with the "true" bony fishes caught in the ocean off California, including the anadromous species—those which enter fresh water to spawn.By limiting this paper to marine fishes, we have been able to include a number of species which were not discussed in Bulletin 28. The criterion for selection was whether or not the fish in question was one appearing with reasonable frequency in either the sport or the commercial catch. Several fish of no importance either economically or as game fish come under this standard. They are, however, caught sufficiently often, usually by accident rather than design, to be the objects of interest and recurring questions as to their identity. It was not always easy to decide whether a given fish should be included, and no doubt some readers will wonder why one fish appears while another does not. The list as finally selected reflects the views of many interested people and is as representative as space would allow.The

This paper shows how to relax several of the standard assumptions used to prove the existence of competitive equilibrium.

This note was inspired by a 1970 JPE paper by Robin Barlow, who claimed that if the ratio of income elasticity to price elasticity of a public good exceeded the elasticity of tax rate with respect to income, then too little public goods would be supplied under majority voting. This note shows that Barlow's claim is not true in general, but also shows that with some fairly plausible additional assumptions it is true.

Published in 1968, this paper provides an introductory survey of the nature of the problem of adapting and modifying African customary law to meet the requirements and conditions of political independence, economic growth, and increased mobility in Africa. It is particularly valuable because it examines and compares such efforts in both Anglophonic and Francophone Africa.