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This paper describes the Set Model of processes which was developed to help put the design of process-oriented systems on a sound footing. The basis of the Set Model is that of a process description: any sub-net of a Petri net, such that, the sub-net is itself a Petri net. The real strength of the definition appears when one realizes that Petri nets and Petri sub-nets are defined as sets. Thus, process descriptions are related just as their set descriptions are related (for example, sharing is set intersection), and set theory is used to operate on process descriptions. The definition may be applied recursively, in that the Petri net processor (the process which interprets nets in Petri net language by firing transitions and moving tokens) of a given Petri net may itself be described by a Petri net. Thus the Set Model can represent micro-programmed machines and multi-level interpreters. As an example, the model is used to describe a procedure whereby any number of producer and/or consumer processes can construct a channel for interprocess communication. The technique allows parallel and independently operating channels to be constructed. In contrast to other models of processes and their communication, interprocess communication is not a postulated component of the model, but rather is constructed from more basic notions. Also the Set Model shows how Petri nets can be used to model the dynamics of systems, such as the creation and destruction of processes and intermodule linkage.

This paper describes the Set Model of processes which was developed to help put the design of process-oriented systems on a sound footing. The basis of the Set Model is that of a process description: any sub-net of a Petri net, such that, the sub-net is itself a Petri net. The real strength of the definition appears when one realizes that Petri nets and Petri sub-nets are defined as sets. Thus, process descriptions are related just as their set descriptions are related (for example, sharing is set intersection), and set theory is used to operate on process descriptions. The definition may be applied recursively, in that the Petri net processor (the process which interprets nets in Petri net language by firing transitions and moving tokens) of a given Petri net may itself be described by a Petri net. Thus the Set Model can represent micro-programmed machines and multi-level interpreters. As an example, the model is used to describe a procedure whereby any number of producer and/or consumer processes can construct a channel for interprocess communication. The technique allows parallel and independently operating channels to be constructed. In contrast to other models of processes and their communication, interprocess communication is not a postulated component of the model, but rather is constructed from more basic notions. Also the Set Model shows how Petri nets can be used to model the dynamics of systems, such as the creation and destruction of processes and intermodule linkage.

A taxonomy for describing models of the design process is presented. The taxonomy is used in comparing and discussing several types of design models.The paper's appendix contains a summary description for each model that is discussed.

A taxonomy for describing models of the design process is presented. The taxonomy is used in comparing and discussing several types of design models.The paper's appendix contains a summary description for each model that is discussed.

The question addressed in this paper asks how to measure the value of additional expenditures for transportation compared to the value of spending for education, health, recreation, or other social services. The relevance of the inquiry has been increased by the rising costs of transportation, by the further pressures on cost from such factors as energy and metropolitan growth, and by the mounting competition for scarce resources in a period of economic uncertainty and expanding consumer demands. The approach suggested for dealing with this practical but elusive question is based on statistical relationships between the movement of people and goods and levels of economic activity in this country and abroad. Both the history of transportation and present day comparisons among nations in different stages of development make it clear that transportation is an essential ingredient of economic progress: the rich enjoy a high degree of mobility and the poor suffer from lack of mobility. At the same time transportation is only the means by which societies achieve other objectives, and there is a limit to the resources that can be effectively allocated to movement rather than to other needs. Going beyond that limit means that the basic objectives of a society will be neglected.

The question addressed in this paper asks how to measure the value of additional expenditures for transportation compared to the value of spending for education, health, recreation, or other social services. The relevance of the inquiry has been increased by the rising costs of transportation, by the further pressures on cost from such factors as energy and metropolitan growth, and by the mounting competition for scarce resources in a period of economic uncertainty and expanding consumer demands. The approach suggested for dealing with this practical but elusive question is based on statistical relationships between the movement of people and goods and levels of economic activity in this country and abroad. Both the history of transportation and present day comparisons among nations in different stages of development make it clear that transportation is an essential ingredient of economic progress: the rich enjoy a high degree of mobility and the poor suffer from lack of mobility. At the same time transportation is only the means by which societies achieve other objectives, and there is a limit to the resources that can be effectively allocated to movement rather than to other needs. Going beyond that limit means that the basic objectives of a society will be neglected.

Enzyme action is the result of a large number of discrete steps involving a great variety of processes such as cooperative conformational changes, acid-base catalysis, nucleophylic and/or electrophylic attack from properly positioned groups, etc.; it is widely recognized that in order to be useful for catalysis, the various elementary processes must be space- and time-controlled during enzyme function. In the past decade great progresses have been made in understanding the chemistry and the stereochemistry of enzyme action, with particular emphasis on the role of the spatial effects. Obviously, an analysis of the temporal aspects of enzyme action is equally important. The ultimate goal is the description of the concomitance and/or sequence of individual elementary steps in the catalytic act. This ambitious but difficult goal can be approached by focusing the attention on the time constants of the various elementary processes and assessing their microscopic mechanism by comparative studies on representative model systems. This approach was introduced in enzymology with the development of fast relaxation methods and will be followed in this paper, with the understanding that it suffers from the same intrinsic limitations as an analysis of a musical piece restricted to a list of the sound frequencies occurring in it but devoid of any information about their temporal sequence and relative intensity. Our aims are: l. To review time events detected in enzymes using a proper physical framework, i.e., the theory of the random processes. 2. To identify these events at a molecular level by comparison with processes occurring in appropriate model systems. 3. To discuss the statistical significance of the detected events. We shall start with the simpler model systems and shall then proceed to analyze situations of increasing complexity and eventually consider enzyme-substrate complexes. For each class of events some data will be critically reviewed and their relevance to enzyme

Enzyme action is the result of a large number of discrete steps involving a great variety of processes such as cooperative conformational changes, acid-base catalysis, nucleophylic and/or electrophylic attack from properly positioned groups, etc.; it is widely recognized that in order to be useful for catalysis, the various elementary processes must be space- and time-controlled during enzyme function. In the past decade great progresses have been made in understanding the chemistry and the stereochemistry of enzyme action, with particular emphasis on the role of the spatial effects. Obviously, an analysis of the temporal aspects of enzyme action is equally important. The ultimate goal is the description of the concomitance and/or sequence of individual elementary steps in the catalytic act. This ambitious but difficult goal can be approached by focusing the attention on the time constants of the various elementary processes and assessing their microscopic mechanism by comparative studies on representative model systems. This approach was introduced in enzymology with the development of fast relaxation methods and will be followed in this paper, with the understanding that it suffers from the same intrinsic limitations as an analysis of a musical piece restricted to a list of the sound frequencies occurring in it but devoid of any information about their temporal sequence and relative intensity. Our aims are: l. To review time events detected in enzymes using a proper physical framework, i.e., the theory of the random processes. 2. To identify these events at a molecular level by comparison with processes occurring in appropriate model systems. 3. To discuss the statistical significance of the detected events. We shall start with the simpler model systems and shall then proceed to analyze situations of increasing complexity and eventually consider enzyme-substrate complexes. For each class of events some data will be critically reviewed and their relevance to enzyme

This paper describes techniques for marking both microelectrode tracks and exact recording loci using a combination of fast green dye and horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The procedure involves coating the exterior of HRP filled microelectrodes with fast green dye in order to identify electrode tracks, and ejecting HRP from the electrode to mark recording loci. Rapid, multiple marks can be made with this technique without harming the recording capabilities of the micropipette.

This paper describes techniques for marking both microelectrode tracks and exact recording loci using a combination of fast green dye and horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The procedure involves coating the exterior of HRP filled microelectrodes with fast green dye in order to identify electrode tracks, and ejecting HRP from the electrode to mark recording loci. Rapid, multiple marks can be made with this technique without harming the recording capabilities of the micropipette.

This paper assesses the value of including extensibility as a feature of a programming language design. Extensibility means permitting language users to define new language features. Starting with a base language and using various definition facilities an extensible language user can create new notations, new data structures, new operations, and, sometimes, new regimes of control. Given enough insight and craftsmanship, the extensible language user can often create language extensions that are well-adapted to given intended application areas and are useful for writing concise, clear algorithms that are free from contamination with low-level detail. However, experience has revealed that this approach is not as promising as was first hoped. The paper explores the various types of extensibility that have been introduced in the extensible language movement, and it attempts to assess the practical limitations on the use of extensibility. It concludes that extensibility has many more dimensions than was first expected and that extensibility is not the revolutionary idea that some once hoped it would be.

This paper assesses the value of including extensibility as a feature of a programming language design. Extensibility means permitting language users to define new language features. Starting with a base language and using various definition facilities an extensible language user can create new notations, new data structures, new operations, and, sometimes, new regimes of control. Given enough insight and craftsmanship, the extensible language user can often create language extensions that are well-adapted to given intended application areas and are useful for writing concise, clear algorithms that are free from contamination with low-level detail. However, experience has revealed that this approach is not as promising as was first hoped. The paper explores the various types of extensibility that have been introduced in the extensible language movement, and it attempts to assess the practical limitations on the use of extensibility. It concludes that extensibility has many more dimensions than was first expected and that extensibility is not the revolutionary idea that some once hoped it would be.

Stereoradiographs have been used on occasion for three-dimensional reconstruction and measurement of objects in radiology and radiotherapy. The lack of a good stereoradiographic technique has limited the uses of steroradiographic exposures. In this paper, the principle of the double-image is outlined and a method of applying this principle to stereoradiographic exposures is developed. A computer program has been developed from geometrical considerations to analyze the stereobronchogram and to calculate the dimensions of the objects in question. The applications of this technique are discussed and its use in evaluating lung casts is described.

Stereoradiographs have been used on occasion for three-dimensional reconstruction and measurement of objects in radiology and radiotherapy. The lack of a good stereoradiographic technique has limited the uses of steroradiographic exposures. In this paper, the principle of the double-image is outlined and a method of applying this principle to stereoradiographic exposures is developed. A computer program has been developed from geometrical considerations to analyze the stereobronchogram and to calculate the dimensions of the objects in question. The applications of this technique are discussed and its use in evaluating lung casts is described.

This paper proves that a continuous acyclic relation takes a maximal element on any compact set.

This paper proves that a continuous acyclic relation takes a maximal element on any compact set.

The field of inhalation toxicology is currently in an intriguing active phase characterized by two features: (1) compilation, description and quantitation of effects other than mortality that include physiological, morphological and biochemical parameters, and (2) development of an understanding of biologic responses in terms of the physical and chemical properties of inhaled materials. Further development in both of these areas seems necessary for inhalation toxicology to become a predictive discipline as opposed to merely a descriptive one. The phenomena associated with deposition and clearance of inhaled particles have recently been recognized as important aspects of the defensive mechanisms of the lung. The purpose of this paper is to justify the use of deposition and clearance tests in the inhalation toxicology laboratory. AMRL-TR-75-125

The field of inhalation toxicology is currently in an intriguing active phase characterized by two features: (1) compilation, description and quantitation of effects other than mortality that include physiological, morphological and biochemical parameters, and (2) development of an understanding of biologic responses in terms of the physical and chemical properties of inhaled materials. Further development in both of these areas seems necessary for inhalation toxicology to become a predictive discipline as opposed to merely a descriptive one. The phenomena associated with deposition and clearance of inhaled particles have recently been recognized as important aspects of the defensive mechanisms of the lung. The purpose of this paper is to justify the use of deposition and clearance tests in the inhalation toxicology laboratory. AMRL-TR-75-125

This paper is a brief survey of a portion of the research on trace constituents in the stratosphere and mesosphere between 1971 and 1974. A primary motivation for much of the stratospheric research came from the realization that man's activities may influence global climate and the atmospheric ozone content, our shield against certain UV wavelengths. A great deal of progress has been reported in understanding both the present background stratosphere and the responses to be expected from additions of nitrogen oxides, water, and chlorine oxides, especially with respect to ozone. Trace constituents in the mesosphere have been modeled and measured to increase our understanding of the physics and chemistry of the mesosphere but also to relate mesospheric composition and transport to ionospheric processes at higher altitudes, to D region ion chemistry, and to upper stratospheric composition. Copyright © 1975 by the American Geophysical Union.

This paper is a brief survey of a portion of the research on trace constituents in the stratosphere and mesosphere between 1971 and 1974. A primary motivation for much of the stratospheric research came from the realization that man's activities may influence global climate and the atmospheric ozone content, our shield against certain UV wavelengths. A great deal of progress has been reported in understanding both the present background stratosphere and the responses to be expected from additions of nitrogen oxides, water, and chlorine oxides, especially with respect to ozone. Trace constituents in the mesosphere have been modeled and measured to increase our understanding of the physics and chemistry of the mesosphere but also to relate mesospheric composition and transport to ionospheric processes at higher altitudes, to D region ion chemistry, and to upper stratospheric composition. Copyright © 1975 by the American Geophysical Union.

The alpha-core is defined to be the set of feasible allocations such that no coalition can do better for its members by selecting alternative strategies given “worst-case” assumptions about the behavior of other players. This paper explores the way that the alpha-core of a game is affected by restrictions on the legally admissible strategies of the players. It also explores the relation between Lindahl equilibrium and alpha-cores with suitable restrictions on strategies.

The alpha-core is defined to be the set of feasible allocations such that no coalition can do better for its members by selecting alternative strategies given “worst-case” assumptions about the behavior of other players. This paper explores the way that the alpha-core of a game is affected by restrictions on the legally admissible strategies of the players. It also explores the relation between Lindahl equilibrium and alpha-cores with suitable restrictions on strategies.

This paper generalizes results of Ky Fan and Hugo Sonnenschein on the existence of maximal elements for non-transitive binary relations. It proves a generalization of Nash's theorem on the existence of non-cooperative equilibrium. It also shows that existence of competitive equilibrium can be proved as a consequence of the existence of a maximal element for an appropriately chosen binary relation.

This paper generalizes results of Ky Fan and Hugo Sonnenschein on the existence of maximal elements for non-transitive binary relations. It proves a generalization of Nash's theorem on the existence of non-cooperative equilibrium. It also shows that existence of competitive equilibrium can be proved as a consequence of the existence of a maximal element for an appropriately chosen binary relation.

This paper presents a general description of supernatural power as it was perceived and used by California Indians prior to European contact. The principal existential postulates relating to the concept of power which were shared by most native California peoples are outlined, and the normative postulates (values) which regulated the use of power are briefly discussed. Specific ways in which power might be acquired, and the conduits or pathways to its acquisition are reviewed. Finally, some of the social implications deriving from the concept of the presence of power and beliefs about its characteristics are suggested. The description of power presented here is cross-cultural, and the author fully recognizes that not every aspect of power described in this paper can be strictly applied to each ethnic group in the state. Beliefs about power varied from group to group, but for the most part the ideas presented here were widely shared.

This paper presents a general description of supernatural power as it was perceived and used by California Indians prior to European contact. The principal existential postulates relating to the concept of power which were shared by most native California peoples are outlined, and the normative postulates (values) which regulated the use of power are briefly discussed. Specific ways in which power might be acquired, and the conduits or pathways to its acquisition are reviewed. Finally, some of the social implications deriving from the concept of the presence of power and beliefs about its characteristics are suggested. The description of power presented here is cross-cultural, and the author fully recognizes that not every aspect of power described in this paper can be strictly applied to each ethnic group in the state. Beliefs about power varied from group to group, but for the most part the ideas presented here were widely shared.

The following translation of a piece by Jaime de Angulo is from a longer paper written in his native French, entitled La Psychologie Religieuse des Achumawi. It appeared in the journal Anthropos, Vol 23 (1928), pp. 150-154. The selection reproduced here appeared in a section of the original paper headed L'idee d'un principe vital immanent, and is presented for the benefit of those who lack access to the original Annette Boushey's translation of the entire work will eventually be published by Turtle Island Press, whom we thank for permission to print this selection.

The following translation of a piece by Jaime de Angulo is from a longer paper written in his native French, entitled La Psychologie Religieuse des Achumawi. It appeared in the journal Anthropos, Vol 23 (1928), pp. 150-154. The selection reproduced here appeared in a section of the original paper headed L'idee d'un principe vital immanent, and is presented for the benefit of those who lack access to the original Annette Boushey's translation of the entire work will eventually be published by Turtle Island Press, whom we thank for permission to print this selection.

One of these archaeological sites merits special description, for it consists of the physical remains of a special procurement activity which is of major importance to the economy of the native people of the Great Basin, which includes portions of Eastern California. The activity is the pine nut harvest, discussed in detail by the ethnographers who have worked in the area, including Downs, Lowie, Steward, and Stewart, none of whom, however, has described a particular situation. Nor can I find an archaeological description of a pine nut camp, although D. H. Thomas implies in several papers that they were discovered and identified in the course of his Reese River Valley survey in central Nevada.

One of these archaeological sites merits special description, for it consists of the physical remains of a special procurement activity which is of major importance to the economy of the native people of the Great Basin, which includes portions of Eastern California. The activity is the pine nut harvest, discussed in detail by the ethnographers who have worked in the area, including Downs, Lowie, Steward, and Stewart, none of whom, however, has described a particular situation. Nor can I find an archaeological description of a pine nut camp, although D. H. Thomas implies in several papers that they were discovered and identified in the course of his Reese River Valley survey in central Nevada.

Shelter Hill: Archaeological Investigations at Mrn-14, Mill Valley, California.Michael J. Moratto, Lynn M. Riley, and Steven C. Wilson, eds. San Francisco and Marin: Treganza Anthropological Museum Papers, No. 15 and Miwok Archaeological Preserve of Marin Papers, No. 2, 1974. x + 166 pp., 2 maps (site locations map provided free of charge upon request by professional archaeologists only), 22 illustrations (9 plates, 11 figures, 2 logs). $5.00 (paper).

Shelter Hill: Archaeological Investigations at Mrn-14, Mill Valley, California.Michael J. Moratto, Lynn M. Riley, and Steven C. Wilson, eds. San Francisco and Marin: Treganza Anthropological Museum Papers, No. 15 and Miwok Archaeological Preserve of Marin Papers, No. 2, 1974. x + 166 pp., 2 maps (site locations map provided free of charge upon request by professional archaeologists only), 22 illustrations (9 plates, 11 figures, 2 logs). $5.00 (paper).

What ecological relationships can account for essential differences in social and economic organization among societies as different as, for example, the Kalahari Bushmen and Australian desert aborigines, as opposed to the Northwest Coast and northwestern California Indians? Rather than review the whole range of differences, this paper will focus on one key aspect of this process of differentiation: the contrast between what I shall term here sharing vs. aggrandizive systems of resource allocation.

What ecological relationships can account for essential differences in social and economic organization among societies as different as, for example, the Kalahari Bushmen and Australian desert aborigines, as opposed to the Northwest Coast and northwestern California Indians? Rather than review the whole range of differences, this paper will focus on one key aspect of this process of differentiation: the contrast between what I shall term here sharing vs. aggrandizive systems of resource allocation.

?Antap: California Indian Political and Economic Organization. Lowell John Bean and Thomas F. King, Eds. Ramona, California: BaUena Press, Anthropological Papers No. 2, 1974. 177 pp. $5.50 (paper).

?Antap: California Indian Political and Economic Organization. Lowell John Bean and Thomas F. King, Eds. Ramona, California: BaUena Press, Anthropological Papers No. 2, 1974. 177 pp. $5.50 (paper).

For over fifty-five years, one of the most persistent problems in southern California anthropology has been the identification of the people called Kamia. In recent years, the question has arisen anew as anthropologists have begun to work more intensively with the southern California Yuman groups. Some of the Southern Diegueno have adopted the name Kumeyaay for themselves, and a reexamination of the old term Kamia and all of its variations is long overdue. The following list of historical and ethnographic references is presented to provide background for my own comments which follow, for Margaret Langdon's paper on the etymology of Kumeyaay and Kamia which also appears in this issue of the Journal, and for future work on the subject. The list does not pretend to be complete, but does contain the major references to variants of the term Kumeyaay. The list is presented chronologically. Whenever possible, the years in which the data were recorded are used as reference dates; publication dates often are several or many years later. Except for direct citations, the terms Kamia, Kumeyaay, Diegueiio, Cahuilla, Mojave, Quechan (often called Yuma), and Cocopa are used in this paper, in preference to the many orthographic variants which appear in the literature.

For over fifty-five years, one of the most persistent problems in southern California anthropology has been the identification of the people called Kamia. In recent years, the question has arisen anew as anthropologists have begun to work more intensively with the southern California Yuman groups. Some of the Southern Diegueno have adopted the name Kumeyaay for themselves, and a reexamination of the old term Kamia and all of its variations is long overdue. The following list of historical and ethnographic references is presented to provide background for my own comments which follow, for Margaret Langdon's paper on the etymology of Kumeyaay and Kamia which also appears in this issue of the Journal, and for future work on the subject. The list does not pretend to be complete, but does contain the major references to variants of the term Kumeyaay. The list is presented chronologically. Whenever possible, the years in which the data were recorded are used as reference dates; publication dates often are several or many years later. Except for direct citations, the terms Kamia, Kumeyaay, Diegueiio, Cahuilla, Mojave, Quechan (often called Yuma), and Cocopa are used in this paper, in preference to the many orthographic variants which appear in the literature.

Great Basin Atlatl Studies.T. R. Hester, M. P. Mildner, and L. Spencer. Ramona, California: Ballena Press Publications in Archaeology, Ethnology, and History No. 2, 1974. 60 pp., 5 tables, 2 pls., 19 figs. $4.95 (paper).

Great Basin Atlatl Studies.T. R. Hester, M. P. Mildner, and L. Spencer. Ramona, California: Ballena Press Publications in Archaeology, Ethnology, and History No. 2, 1974. 60 pp., 5 tables, 2 pls., 19 figs. $4.95 (paper).

In a sense, all myths are teaching myths. Among peoples who have never developed a system of writing, beliefs about origins and cosmology, customs, social attitudes, and many other kinds of information are transmitted by the spoken word in tales both dramatic and humorous that are told and retold from generation to generation. However, certain stories are obviously designed to pass on specific knowledge. This is true of large segments of the myths to be considered in this paper.

In a sense, all myths are teaching myths. Among peoples who have never developed a system of writing, beliefs about origins and cosmology, customs, social attitudes, and many other kinds of information are transmitted by the spoken word in tales both dramatic and humorous that are told and retold from generation to generation. However, certain stories are obviously designed to pass on specific knowledge. This is true of large segments of the myths to be considered in this paper.

In a sense, all myths are teaching myths. Among peoples who have never developed a system of writing, beliefs about origins and cosmology, customs, social attitudes, and many other kinds of information are transmitted by the spoken word in tales both dramatic and humorous that are told and retold from generation to generation. However, certain stories are obviously designed to pass on specific knowledge. This is true of large segments of the myths to be considered in this paper.

Perris Reservoir Archeology: Late Prehistoric Demographic Change in Southeastern California.James F. O'Connell, Philip J. Wilke, Thomas F. King, and Carol L. Mix, Eds. Sacramento: California Department of Parks and Recreation, Archeological Report No. 14. 1974. ix + 172 pp., 23 figs., 20 pls. $3.50 (paper).

Perris Reservoir Archeology: Late Prehistoric Demographic Change in Southeastern California.James F. O'Connell, Philip J. Wilke, Thomas F. King, and Carol L. Mix, Eds. Sacramento: California Department of Parks and Recreation, Archeological Report No. 14. 1974. ix + 172 pp., 23 figs., 20 pls. $3.50 (paper).

Co-traditions and Convergent Trends in Prehistoric California. Bert A. Gerow. San Luis Obispo: San Luis Obispo County Archaeological Society Occasional Papers No. 8. 1974. V + 57 pp., 3 figs. $3.00 (paper).

Co-traditions and Convergent Trends in Prehistoric California. Bert A. Gerow. San Luis Obispo: San Luis Obispo County Archaeological Society Occasional Papers No. 8. 1974. V + 57 pp., 3 figs. $3.00 (paper).