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In early 20th century Sweden, people categorised as “feeble-minded” were regarded as a threat to society. Social control and eugenic ideas were manifested in the form of, e.g., sterilisation and long-term internment. Contemporary tendencies of psychiatrisation led to differentiating people with disability according to their age, gender, and social characteristics. Based on a social constructivist perspective, this paper aims to demonstrate how the subcategorisation “degenerated asocial feeble-minded (asocial imbeciles)” emerged in the 1920s, and what approaches existed to deal with this group. To address this issue, contemporary green papers, professional literature, and archive documents were used as historical sources. The results reveal efforts to found state-run island institutions on the Swedish coast and in the inland Lake Vättern. Due to adverse geographical conditions such as, e.g., freezing of the surrounding water, these plans could not be realised, and eventually out-of-use military barracks were converted into homes for this undesirable group of people. However, the planning process for the island institutions emphasises the dominant motivation to protect society by means of exclusion, supported by the argument that isolation would be in the best interest of the affected persons. The findings underline tendencies of ambivalent modernisation in the nascent Swedish welfare state.

The occurrence of life events increases the likelihood of changes in travel behaviour and these are often discussed as windows of opportunity for interventions aimed at improving sustainable travel. Hence, theoretical knowledge of the process of change due to life events is important for enabling the development of interventions suited to these naturally-occurring situations. In this paper, the Framework of RoUtIne Transitions in daily travel (FRUIT) is presented, depicting the internal processes involved when one chapter of life, characterized by stability in daily travel, gives way to another. Building on theory relating to habit disruption and formation, and designed for the inclusion of existing models and concepts relating to deliberate decision-making, the framework points to two critical phases as focus areas. Using an empirical case, the applicability of FRUIT is illustrated, with the implications of the framework for future research and policy being outlined and discussed.

The occurrence of life events increases the likelihood of changes in travel behaviour and these are often discussed as windows of opportunity for interventions aimed at improving sustainable travel. Hence, theoretical knowledge of the process of change due to life events is important for enabling the development of interventions suited to these naturally-occurring situations. In this paper, the Framework of RoUtIne Transitions in daily travel (FRUIT) is presented, depicting the internal processes involved when one chapter of life, characterized by stability in daily travel, gives way to another. Building on theory relating to habit disruption and formation, and designed for the inclusion of existing models and concepts relating to deliberate decision-making, the framework points to two critical phases as focus areas. Using an empirical case, the applicability of FRUIT is illustrated, with the implications of the framework for future research and policy being outlined and discussed.

In this paper, we introduce a high-order accurate finite element method for incompressible variable density flow. The method uses high-order Taylor-Hood velocity-pressure elements in space and backward differentiation formula (BDF) time stepping in time. This way of discretization leads to two main issues: (i) a saddle point system that needs to be solved at each time step; a stability issue when the viscosity of the flow goes to zero or if the density profile has a discontinuity. We address the first issue by using Schur complement preconditioning and artificial compressibility approaches. We observed similar performance between these two approaches. To address the second issue, we introduce a modified artificial Guermond-Popov viscous flux where the viscosity coefficients are constructed using a newly developed residual-based shock-capturing method. Numerical validations confirm high-order accuracy for smooth problems and accurately resolved discontinuities for problems in 2D and 3D with varying density ratios.

In this paper, we introduce a high-order accurate finite element method for incompressible variable density flow. The method uses high-order Taylor-Hood velocity-pressure elements in space and backward differentiation formula (BDF) time stepping in time. This way of discretization leads to two main issues: (i) a saddle point system that needs to be solved at each time step; a stability issue when the viscosity of the flow goes to zero or if the density profile has a discontinuity. We address the first issue by using Schur complement preconditioning and artificial compressibility approaches. We observed similar performance between these two approaches. To address the second issue, we introduce a modified artificial Guermond-Popov viscous flux where the viscosity coefficients are constructed using a newly developed residual-based shock-capturing method. Numerical validations confirm high-order accuracy for smooth problems and accurately resolved discontinuities for problems in 2D and 3D with varying density ratios.

In this paper we show variant of the spectral theorem using an algebraic Jordan-Schwinger map. The advantage of this approach is that we don't have restriction of normality on the class of operators we consider.

In this paper we show variant of the spectral theorem using an algebraic Jordan-Schwinger map. The advantage of this approach is that we don't have restriction of normality on the class of operators we consider.

In this paper we show variant of the spectral theorem using an algebraic Jordan-Schwinger map. The advantage of this approach is that we don't have restriction of normality on the class of operators we consider.

Although the field of Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIEd) has a substantial history as a research domain, never before has the rapid evolution of AI applications in education sparked such prominent public discourse. Given the growing AIEd literature base in higher education, it is important to ensure that the field has a solid research and conceptual grounding as AI adoption increases. This review of reviews is the first comprehensive meta review to explore the scope and nature of AIEd in higher education (AIHEd) research, by synthesising secondary research (e.g., systematic reviews), indexed in the Web of Science, Scopus, ERIC, EBSCOHost, IEEE Xplore, ScienceDirect and ACM Digital Library, or captured through snowballing in OpenAlex, ResearchGate and Google Scholar. Reviews were included if they synthesised applications of AI solely in formal higher or continuing education, were published in English between 2018 and July 2023, were journal articles or full conference papers, and if they had a method section. 66 publications were included for data extraction and synthesis in EPPI Reviewer, which were predominantly systematic reviews (66.7%), published by authors from North America (27.3%), conducted in teams (89.4%) in mostly domestic-only collaborations (71.2%). Findings show that these reviews mostly focused on AIHEd generally (47.0%) or Profiling and Prediction (28.8%) as thematic foci, however key findings indicated a predominance of the use of Adaptive Systems and Personalisation in higher education. Research gaps identified suggest a need for greater ethical, methodological, and contextual considerations within future research, alongside interdisciplinary approaches to AIHEd application. Suggestions are provided to guide future primary and secondary research.

Although the field of Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIEd) has a substantial history as a research domain, never before has the rapid evolution of AI applications in education sparked such prominent public discourse. Given the growing AIEd literature base in higher education, it is important to ensure that the field has a solid research and conceptual grounding as AI adoption increases. This review of reviews is the first comprehensive meta review to explore the scope and nature of AIEd in higher education (AIHEd) research, by synthesising secondary research (e.g., systematic reviews), indexed in the Web of Science, Scopus, ERIC, EBSCOHost, IEEE Xplore, ScienceDirect and ACM Digital Library, or captured through snowballing in OpenAlex, ResearchGate and Google Scholar. Reviews were included if they synthesised applications of AI solely in formal higher or continuing education, were published in English between 2018 and July 2023, were journal articles or full conference papers, and if they had a method section. 66 publications were included for data extraction and synthesis in EPPI Reviewer, which were predominantly systematic reviews (66.7%), published by authors from North America (27.3%), conducted in teams (89.4%) in mostly domestic-only collaborations (71.2%). Findings show that these reviews mostly focused on AIHEd generally (47.0%) or Profiling and Prediction (28.8%) as thematic foci, however key findings indicated a predominance of the use of Adaptive Systems and Personalisation in higher education. Research gaps identified suggest a need for greater ethical, methodological, and contextual considerations within future research, alongside interdisciplinary approaches to AIHEd application. Suggestions are provided to guide future primary and secondary research.

This paper develops – and applies – a micro-macroeconomic modeling approach for assessing major welfare system reforms. With a growing interest in the value of bold welfare reforms in the light of persistent and widening inequalities, we demonstrate the value of a comprehensive analysis of both the (micro) impact upon the distribution of household incomes and wider (macro) impacts upon national income, unemployment and government spending. By combining microsimulation with CGE modeling, we argue that our findings demonstrate the importance of any major social welfare or broad fiscal reform being the subject of a micro-macro modeling approach. We illustrate this through an application to the introduction of a universal basic income in Scotland.

The maximum parsimony distance dMP(T1,T2) and the bounded-state maximum parsimony distance dMPt(T1,T2) measure the difference between two phylogenetic trees T1,T2 in terms of the maximum difference between their parsimony scores for any character (with t a bound on the number of states in the character, in the case of dMPt(T1,T2)). While computing dMP(T1,T2) was previously shown to be fixed-parameter tractable with a linear kernel, no such result was known for dMPt(T1,T2). In this paper, we prove that computing dMPt(T1,T2) is fixed-parameter tractable for all t. Specifically, we prove that this problem has a kernel of size O(klg⁡k), where k=dMPt(T1,T2). As the primary analysis tool, we introduce the concept of leg-disjoint incompatible quartets, which may be of independent interest., Discrete Mathematics and Optimization

A computationally efficient FIR-filtering based tool-path (trajectory) modification method, which simultaneously realizes remarkable trajectory error reduction, vibration avoidance, and short machining time, is presented in this paper. Conventional trajectory generation in NC units causes trajectory error by using smoothing filters for limiting acceleration and avoiding vibration of the machines, and this trajectory error is often too large for practical applications. Therefore, a novel trajectory generation method is presented in this paper to remarkably reduce the trajectory error by modifying the trajectory commanded by G-codes on the basis of the trajectory error and angular speed. In order to realize the trajectory modification method, three key components, (i) p-corresponding method, (ii) -smoothing filter, and (iii) modification gain function, are developed in this study. The p-corresponding method is required to stably evaluate the trajectory error, while the other two components are used to compute appropriate modification gains for arbitrary trajectories. The proposed trajectory modification method is completed by integrating the components (i) to (iii), and it is verified utilizing a commercial machine tool. It is confirmed that average trajectory error is reduced remarkably by the proposed method without increasing machining time or sacrificing vibration avoidance by the smoothing filter. In particular, the trajectory errors at circular arcs are eliminated almost completely, e.g., the average trajectory error is reduced significantly by about 80% for a trajectory consisting of several circular arcs and corners.

In this study, a comprehensive framework for assessing the readiness of production systems for Zero Defect Manufacturing (ZDM) has been developed and presented. The framework includes four pillars of ZDM readiness, namely Personnel, Procedures, Infrastructure, and Company Culture, to help companies understand their level of readiness and plan for successful implementation of ZDM. We argue that a manufacturing company will be better equipped to embrace ZDM if it performs well in these four areas. We propose a tool that uses yes/no questionnaires to assess a manufacturing system’s readiness for ZDM. The results of the questionnaire will objectively show the true level of cultural readiness for ZDM adoption, and the level of investment required for implementation will depend on the level of readiness. This tool can help companies gain a clear understanding of their readiness and create a plan for implementing ZDM. Overall, our framework and tool can help manufacturers improve the quality of their products and be ready for ZDM adoption.

This paper presents a shape optimisation system to design the shape of an acoustically-hard object in the three-dimensional open space. The boundary element method (BEM) is suitable to analyse such an exterior field. However, the conventional BEM, which is based on piecewise polynomial shape and approximate (interpolation) functions, can require many design variables because they are usually chosen as a part of the nodes of the underlying boundary element mesh. In addition, it is not easy for the conventional method to compute the gradient of the sound pressure on the surface, which is necessary to compute the shape derivative of our interest, of a given object. To overcome these issues, we employ the isogeometric boundary element method (IGBEM), which was developed in our previous work. With using the IGBEM, we can design the shape of surfaces through control points of the NURBS surfaces of the target object. We integrate the IGBEM with the nonlinear programming software through the adjoint variable method (AVM), where the resulting adjoint boundary value problem can be also solved by the IGBEM with a slight modification. The numerical verification and demonstration validate our shape optimisation framework.

This paper proposes a shared multi-stakeholder PV system for traction substations and nearby residential loads to reduce the need for storage, AC grid exchange, and curtailment. The residential stakeholders offer both the base electrical load and the solar panels installation space needed by the traction stakeholder, who brings the peak load and investments to the former. Two case studies were conducted for one year in the city of Arnhem, The cy=Netherlands, using comprehensive and verified simulation models: A high-traffic and a low-traffic substation. The results showed a positive, synergetic benefit in reducing the PV system's excess energy and size requirement for any type of traction substations connected to any number of households. In one detailed example, the multi-stakeholder system suggested in this paper is shown to reduce curtailment by up to 80% in moments of zero-traction load. Generally, the direct load coverage of a PV system is increased by as much as 7 absolute percentage points to the single-stakeholder system when looking at energy-neutral system sizes. This multi-stakeholders system offers then an increase in the techno-economic feasibility of PV system integration in urban loads., DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage

Large deep learning models are impressive, but they struggle when real-time data is not available. Few-shot class-incremental learning (FSCIL) poses a significant challenge for deep neural networks to learn new tasks from just a few labeled samples without forgetting the previously learned ones. This setup can easily leads to catastrophic forgetting and overfitting problems, severely affecting model performance. Studying FSCIL helps overcome deep learning model limitations on data volume and acquisition time, while improving practicality and adaptability of machine learning models. This paper provides a comprehensive survey on FSCIL. Unlike previous surveys, we aim to synthesize few-shot learning and incremental learning, focusing on introducing FSCIL from two perspectives, while reviewing over 30 theoretical research studies and more than 20 applied research studies. From the theoretical perspective, we provide a novel categorization approach that divides the field into five subcategories, including traditional machine learning methods, meta learning-based methods, feature and feature space-based methods, replay-based methods, and dynamic network structure-based methods. We also evaluate the performance of recent theoretical research on benchmark datasets of FSCIL. From the application perspective, FSCIL has achieved impressive achievements in various fields of computer vision such as image classification, object detection, and image segmentation, as well as in natural language processing and graph. We summarize the important applications. Finally, we point out potential future research directions, including applications, problem setups, and theory development. Overall, this paper offers a comprehensive analysis of the latest advances in FSCIL from a methodological, performance, and application perspective. © 2023 The Author(s), Funding: This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 62373343) and the Beijing Natural Science Foundation, China (No. L233036).

With the availability of improved digital elevation models (DEMs) of global coverage, the morphological analysis of large populations of glacial cirques is possible, and can be used to derive important paleo-climate and environmental information related to the distribution and history of former glaciers. In 2017, an ArcGIS toolbox, ACME (Automated Cirque Metrics Extraction), was developed to derive 16 cirque metrics based on input cirque outlines, threshold midpoints, and DEMs. ACME has been widely used in cirque morphological analysis and regional comparisons. This paper presents a revised and extended toolbox, ACME2. This extended toolbox includes new functions to automatically derive cirque threshold midpoints (cirque foci) and 49 morphometric and locational variables, with attributes related to cirque location, size, shape, altitude, slope, and aspect, including variables related to the median axis, as well as 3 input metadata attributes. ACME2 also improves the methods for calculation of the hypsometric maximum and integral, and implements a new method for plan closure to be more consistent with the original definition. All ACME2 tools are coded in Python and can be imported into ArcGIS with user-friendly interfaces. Comparisons for 155 cirques in the English Lake District and 51 in the Shulaps Range, British Columbia, indicate consistency between the ACME2-derived and manually derived metrics, with most correlations r > 0.90: none <0.70. ACME2 provides more cirque metrics and automates the whole calculation sequence with cirque outlines and DEMs. Its comprehensive approach facilitates understanding of cirque form and development in all its variety.

A novel fault diagnosis procedure is proposed in this paper to estimate faults using a linear parameter varying (LPV) model whose scheduling parameters depend on the fault. A wrong determination of the operating conditions could lead the system to an undesired performance or even to an unstable situation, when classical fault diagnosis approaches are applied. This paper addresses this issue by formulating fault diagnosis as a dynamic optimization problem, solved by using a novel hybrid technique that combines a Luenberger-based observer with artificial intelligent (AI) optimization-based algorithms. The observer supervises the health of the system, while AI-based algorithms are able to reconstruct the faulty signal in real-time when the observer determines that the system is under a fault. The efficiency of the proposed fault diagnosis scheme, the three AI-based algorithms based on artificial bee colony and particle swarm optimization, and the gradient-based algorithm developed in this paper, are assessed using a numerical example., This work has been co-financed by the Spanish State Research Agency (AEI) and the European Regional Development Fund (ERFD) through the project SaCoAV (ref. MINECO PID2020-114244RB-100), by the European Regional Development Fund of the European Union in the framework of the ERDF Operational Program of Catalonia 2014-2020 (ref. 001-P-001643 Looming Factory) and by the DGR of Generalitat de Catalunya (SAC group ref. 2017/SGR/482)., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

Tool breakage monitoring (TBM) during milling operations is crucial for ensuring workpiece quality and mini-mizing economic losses. Under the premise of sufficient training data with a balanced distribution, TBM methods based on statistical analysis and artificial intelligence enable accurate recognition of tool breakage conditions. However, considering the actual manufacturing safety, cutting tools usually work in normal wear conditions, and acquiring tool breakage signals is extremely difficult. The data imbalance problem seriously affects the recog-nition accuracy and robustness of the TBM model. This paper proposes a TBM method based on the auxiliary classier Wasserstein generative adversarial network with gradient penalty (ACWGAN-GP) from the perspective of data generation. By introducing Wasserstein distance and gradient penalty terms into the loss function of ACGAN, ACWGAN-GP can generate multi-class fault samples while improving the network's stability during adversarial training. A sample filter based on multiple statistical indicators is designed to ensure the quality and diversity of the generated data. Qualified samples after quality assessment are added to the original imbalanced dataset to improve the tool breakage classifier's performance. Artificially controlled face milling experiments for TBM are carried out on a five-axis CNC machine to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. Experimental results reveal that the proposed method outperforms other popular imbalance fault diagnosis methods in terms of data generation quality and TBM accuracy, and can meet the real-time requirements of TBMs., QC 20230901

Autonomous vehicle (AV) algorithms tend to be designed with a techno-solutionism mindset, causing algorithms to fail in real-world applications. This can be attributed to algorithm developers’ lack of routines and knowledge to consider the environments and circumstances AVs are intended to partake in. This paper argues for shifting towards a more responsible human-centred algorithm design (HCAD). It addresses this by demonstrating the different reflective practice qualities obtained by engaging algorithm designers from four companies with ethnographic materials. The study shows that Design Ethnographic (DE) approach allowed developers to consider the value of AVs from sociotechnical perspectives and facilitated collaborative learning and debating about what problems truly need solving to bring societal value. This demonstrates how ethnographically infused HCAD helps expand algorithm developers’ opportunities to participate responsibly in value co-creation for society.

This paper provides an overview of different policies, political strategies and spatial conflicts on water issues in 21st century Spain, with an illustrating example about the management of the Tagus River. This international river basin, which is shared between Spain and Portugal, must meet the requirements of the Water Framework Directive, as all the river basins in the European Union do. The power granted to Spanish regions, their asymmetric economic development patterns, and the worsening droughts associated with climate change have created a water conflict. This paper shows, through the French geopolitical approach, how water policy in Spain has evolved these last decades and how water scarcity has become a geopolitical representation in certain territories. This study focuses on the territorial observation of power rivalries at different scales, providing new and complementary elements that can help understand water governance challenges in Spain in the years to come., Cet article fournit une vue d'ensemble des différentes politiques, stratégies politiques et conflits spatiaux sur les questions d'eau en Espagne pendant le 21ème siècle, avec un exemple illustrant la gestion du fleuve Tage. Ce bassin fluvial international, partagé entre l'Espagne et le Portugal, doit répondre aux exigences de la directive-cadre sur l'eau, comme tous les bassins fluviaux de l'Union européenne. Le pouvoir accordé aux régions espagnoles, leur mode de développement économique asymétrique et l'aggravation des sécheresses liées au changement climatique ont créé un conflit de l'eau. Cet article montre, à travers l'approche géopolitique française, comment la politique de l'eau en Espagne a évolué ces dernières décennies et comment la pénurie d'eau est devenue une représentation géopolitique dans certains territoires. Cette étude se concentre sur l'observation territoriale des rivalités de pouvoir à différentes échelles, fournissant des éléments nouveaux et complémentaires qui peuvent aider à comprendre défis de la gouvernance de l'eau, Questo articolo fornisce una panoramica delle diverse politiche, delle strategie politiche e dei conflitti territoriali sulle questioni idriche nella Spagna del XXI secolo, con un esempio illustrativo sulla gestione del fiume Tago. Questo bacino fluviale internazionale, condiviso tra Spagna e Portogallo, deve soddisfare i requisiti della Direttiva quadro sulle acque, come tutti i bacini fluviali dell'Unione Europea. Il potere concesso alle regioni spagnole, i loro modelli di sviluppo economico asimmetrici e l'aggravarsi della siccità associata ai cambiamenti climatici hanno creato un conflitto idrico. Questo articolo mostra, attraverso l'approccio geopolitico francese, come si è evoluta la politica idrica in Spagna negli ultimi decenni e come la scarsità d'acqua sia diventata una rappresentazione geopolitica in alcuni territori. Questo studio si concentra sull'osservazione territoriale delle rivalità di potere a diverse scale, fornendo elementi nuovi e complementari che possono aiutare a comprendere le sfide della governance idrica in Spagna negli anni a venire., Este artigo apresenta uma visão geral de diferentes políticas, estratégias políticas e conflitos espaciais relacionadas com questões hídricas em Espanha no século XXI, com um exemplo ilustrativo focado na gestão do Rio Tejo. Esta bacia hidrográfica internacional, que é partilhada entre Espanha e Portugal, tem de cumprir os requisitos da Directiva-Quadro da Água, como é o caso em todas bacias hidrográficas da União Europeia. O poder concedido às regiões espanholas, os padrões assimétricos de desenvolvimento económico, e o agravamento de secas associadas a alterações climáticas, criaram um conflito hídrico. Este artigo mostra, usando uma abordagem geopolítica francesa, como a política da água em Espanha evoluiu nestas últimas décadas e como a escassez de água se tornou uma representação geopolítica em determinados territórios. Este estudo foca-se na observação territorial das rivalidades de poder a diferentes escalas, fornecendo elementos novos e complementares que ajudam a compreender os desafios da governação da água., Este artículo ofrece una visión general de las diferentes políticas y conflictos espaciales en materia de agua en España durante el siglo XXI, con un ejemplo ilustrativo sobre la gestión del río Tajo. Esta cuenca hidrográfica, compartida entre España y Portugal, debe cumplir los requisitos de la Directiva Marco del Agua. El poder otorgado a las regiones españolas, su desarrollo económico asimétrico y el aumento de la severidad de las sequías asociada al cambio climático han creado un conflicto hídrico. Este artículo muestra, a través del enfoque geopolítico francés, cómo la política del agua en España ha evolucionado estas últimas décadas y cómo la escasez hídrica se ha convertido en una representación geopolítica en determinados territorios. Este estudio, centrado en la observación territorial de las rivalidades de poder a diferentes escalas, aporta elementos nuevos y complementarios que ayudan a comprender los retos de la gobernanza del agua en España.

This paper provides an overview of different policies, political strategies and spatial conflicts on water issues in 21st century Spain, with an illustrating example about the management of the Tagus River. This international river basin, which is shared between Spain and Portugal, must meet the requirements of the Water Framework Directive, as all the river basins in the European Union do. The power granted to Spanish regions, their asymmetric economic development patterns, and the worsening droughts associated with climate change have created a water conflict. This paper shows, through the French geopolitical approach, how water policy in Spain has evolved these last decades and how water scarcity has become a geopolitical representation in certain territories. This study focuses on the territorial observation of power rivalries at different scales, providing new and complementary elements that can help understand water governance challenges in Spain in the years to come., Cet article fournit une vue d'ensemble des différentes politiques, stratégies politiques et conflits spatiaux sur les questions d'eau en Espagne pendant le 21ème siècle, avec un exemple illustrant la gestion du fleuve Tage. Ce bassin fluvial international, partagé entre l'Espagne et le Portugal, doit répondre aux exigences de la directive-cadre sur l'eau, comme tous les bassins fluviaux de l'Union européenne. Le pouvoir accordé aux régions espagnoles, leur mode de développement économique asymétrique et l'aggravation des sécheresses liées au changement climatique ont créé un conflit de l'eau. Cet article montre, à travers l'approche géopolitique française, comment la politique de l'eau en Espagne a évolué ces dernières décennies et comment la pénurie d'eau est devenue une représentation géopolitique dans certains territoires. Cette étude se concentre sur l'observation territoriale des rivalités de pouvoir à différentes échelles, fournissant des éléments nouveaux et complémentaires qui peuvent aider à comprendre défis de la gouvernance de l'eau, Questo articolo fornisce una panoramica delle diverse politiche, delle strategie politiche e dei conflitti territoriali sulle questioni idriche nella Spagna del XXI secolo, con un esempio illustrativo sulla gestione del fiume Tago. Questo bacino fluviale internazionale, condiviso tra Spagna e Portogallo, deve soddisfare i requisiti della Direttiva quadro sulle acque, come tutti i bacini fluviali dell'Unione Europea. Il potere concesso alle regioni spagnole, i loro modelli di sviluppo economico asimmetrici e l'aggravarsi della siccità associata ai cambiamenti climatici hanno creato un conflitto idrico. Questo articolo mostra, attraverso l'approccio geopolitico francese, come si è evoluta la politica idrica in Spagna negli ultimi decenni e come la scarsità d'acqua sia diventata una rappresentazione geopolitica in alcuni territori. Questo studio si concentra sull'osservazione territoriale delle rivalità di potere a diverse scale, fornendo elementi nuovi e complementari che possono aiutare a comprendere le sfide della governance idrica in Spagna negli anni a venire., Este artigo apresenta uma visão geral de diferentes políticas, estratégias políticas e conflitos espaciais relacionadas com questões hídricas em Espanha no século XXI, com um exemplo ilustrativo focado na gestão do Rio Tejo. Esta bacia hidrográfica internacional, que é partilhada entre Espanha e Portugal, tem de cumprir os requisitos da Directiva-Quadro da Água, como é o caso em todas bacias hidrográficas da União Europeia. O poder concedido às regiões espanholas, os padrões assimétricos de desenvolvimento económico, e o agravamento de secas associadas a alterações climáticas, criaram um conflito hídrico. Este artigo mostra, usando uma abordagem geopolítica francesa, como a política da água em Espanha evoluiu nestas últimas décadas e como a escassez de água se tornou uma representação geopolítica em determinados territórios. Este estudo foca-se na observação territorial das rivalidades de poder a diferentes escalas, fornecendo elementos novos e complementares que ajudam a compreender os desafios da governação da água., Este artículo ofrece una visión general de las diferentes políticas y conflictos espaciales en materia de agua en España durante el siglo XXI, con un ejemplo ilustrativo sobre la gestión del río Tajo. Esta cuenca hidrográfica, compartida entre España y Portugal, debe cumplir los requisitos de la Directiva Marco del Agua. El poder otorgado a las regiones españolas, su desarrollo económico asimétrico y el aumento de la severidad de las sequías asociada al cambio climático han creado un conflicto hídrico. Este artículo muestra, a través del enfoque geopolítico francés, cómo la política del agua en España ha evolucionado estas últimas décadas y cómo la escasez hídrica se ha convertido en una representación geopolítica en determinados territorios. Este estudio, centrado en la observación territorial de las rivalidades de poder a diferentes escalas, aporta elementos nuevos y complementarios que ayudan a comprender los retos de la gobernanza del agua en España.

Leaf morphology in plants is very important in the evaluation of intraspecific variation. Indeed, the leaves of the fig tree (Ficus carica L.) present a great diversity of shape and size. The present study consists of the botanical, morphological, and morphometric characterization of the leaves of 26 local fig tree varieties cultivated in different areas of Bejaia (northeast Algeria). Our results indicate that the morphological parameters of the leaves allowed a good differentiation of the studied cultivars according to the descriptors (UPOV) among varieties and independent of their growing environment. Moreover, the method of morphometric description proposed in this paper allows the differentiation of varieties and the comparison among them in an objective way and by simple mathematical methods. This method demonstrates the existence of a very high percentage of polymorphisms within the studied varieties, but also their classification according to the number of lobes, the depth of the lateral sinuses, and the degree of openness of the angles performed by the main veins of the leaves. The Azougagh variety is characterized by wider angles, and, on the contrary, the Tassahlit variety has the least-open angles. None of the studied varieties presented “entire” leaves. The majority presented leaves with five lobes. The varieties Tilizwith, Tazarzourth, Avarkan, Tamkarkourth, and Inconnu B differed clearly from the rest by showing leaves with seven lobes and deep lateral sinuses. In contrast, the varieties Zarika, Baccor Blanc, Avarkan Lisse, and Avgaiti presented leaves with only three lobes. This is the first work on fig tree characterization using morphometric methods, which are shown to be complementary to the UPOV code and efficient in separating even the closed varieties. It will be interesting to extend these studies to larger scales and areas.

Vibration energy harvesting technology is characterized by wide distribution, is pollution-free and independent of weather and climate, and is suitable for powering low-power sensors to ensure efficient and safe operation in freight railroads. This paper proposed an electromagnetic vibration energy harvester based on a series coupling input mechanism for the self-powered sensors in freight railroads. The design utilizes only one rack for vibration energy input to minimize the moment acting on the vibration source during the working process. Two pinions meshed with the rack convert the up and down vibrations into a two-way rotation. The one-way bearings and another pair of gears convert the opposite rotations of two parallel shafts into one-way rotation of the generator shaft, generating electricity. Supercapacitors and rectifier voltage regulator modules are utilized to store electrical energy efficiently. A peak power of 10.219 W and maximum mechanical efficiency of 64.31% is obtained in the experiment equipped with a flywheel under the 8 mm-4 Hz sinusoidal vibration excitation. The experimental results showed that the flywheel can enable the proposed harvester to achieve better power generation performance when the amplitude and frequency are relatively high.

This paper proposes an isogeometric boundary element method (IGBEM) to solve the electromagnetic scattering problems for three-dimensional doubly-periodic multi-layered structures. The main concerns are the constructions of (i) an open surface (between two layers) and (ii) a vector basis function with using the B-spline functions. Regarding (i), we considered an algorithm to generate a doubly-periodic open surface with the tensor product of the B-spline functions of any degree. Regarding (ii), we employed the vector basis function based on the B-spline functions, which was proposed by Buffa et al. (2010), and adapted it to the underlying periodic problems so that it can satisfy the quasi-periodic condition on the boundary of an open surface. The proposed IGBEM worked for solving some numerical examples satisfactorily and proved the applicability to plasmonic simulations.

This paper proposes an isogeometric boundary element method (IGBEM) to solve the electromagnetic scattering problems for three-dimensional doubly-periodic multi-layered structures. The main concerns are the constructions of (i) an open surface (between two layers) and (ii) a vector basis function with using the B-spline functions. Regarding (i), we considered an algorithm to generate a doubly-periodic open surface with the tensor product of the B-spline functions of any degree. Regarding (ii), we employed the vector basis function based on the B-spline functions, which was proposed by Buffa et al. (2010), and adapted it to the underlying periodic problems so that it can satisfy the quasi-periodic condition on the boundary of an open surface. The proposed IGBEM worked for solving some numerical examples satisfactorily and proved the applicability to plasmonic simulations.

Heavy metal artists regularly borrow mythological or historical themes from the Antiquity. The use of the Latin language itself appears as another striking feature of the metal universe. It shows with the many bands which have chosen a Latin surname and/or use this language for album and song titles, but also within song lyrics or associated iconography. While confirming the various reasons for this seemingly unexpected success, this paper explores a few examples, among which Powerwolf, in order to demonstrate that the use of Latin is charged with meaning and lies at the very heart of the proposal of bands active chiefly in more recent subgenres, such as power, symphonic or medieval metal: this new lingua franca contributes to give weight to the themes, concepts and image that they develop and, through the feeling of unity and universality that it conveys, brings together a community of fans and artists, builds a bond between them, and can even seal the pact of regular collaborations between musicians., 21 p. sous format Word, info:eu-repo/semantics/inPress

Tourism is one sector that can help increase the income of a region. Many regions depend on their income from the tourism sector. Tourism has several types where tourism can be in the form of natural tourism, building tourism, or artificial tourism. In developing tourism in Indonesia, the government has a policy offer in the form of managing ecotourism and halal tourism. Ecotourism is a type of tourism object that has the aim of protecting the environment and sustainability, while halal tourism is the concept of fulfilling the halal aspects of a tourist attraction in the form of lodging, culinary, and other supporting aspects. This paper aims to analyze the increase in Langkat district's original income through tourism management with aspects of ecotourism and halal tourism. This paper has a qualitative approach with the interview research method where the researcher conducted interviews with several people related to tourism in Langkat district, this paper has the result that tourism does not have a significant influence on regional income if it is not managed properly with clear directions and objectives.

Tourism is one sector that can help increase the income of a region. Many regions depend on their income from the tourism sector. Tourism has several types where tourism can be in the form of natural tourism, building tourism, or artificial tourism. In developing tourism in Indonesia, the government has a policy offer in the form of managing ecotourism and halal tourism. Ecotourism is a type of tourism object that has the aim of protecting the environment and sustainability, while halal tourism is the concept of fulfilling the halal aspects of a tourist attraction in the form of lodging, culinary, and other supporting aspects. This paper aims to analyze the increase in Langkat district's original income through tourism management with aspects of ecotourism and halal tourism. This paper has a qualitative approach with the interview research method where the researcher conducted interviews with several people related to tourism in Langkat district, this paper has the result that tourism does not have a significant influence on regional income if it is not managed properly with clear directions and objectives.

Tourism is one sector that can help increase the income of a region. Many regions depend on their income from the tourism sector. Tourism has several types where tourism can be in the form of natural tourism, building tourism, or artificial tourism. In developing tourism in Indonesia, the government has a policy offer in the form of managing ecotourism and halal tourism. Ecotourism is a type of tourism object that has the aim of protecting the environment and sustainability, while halal tourism is the concept of fulfilling the halal aspects of a tourist attraction in the form of lodging, culinary, and other supporting aspects. This paper aims to analyze the increase in Langkat district's original income through tourism management with aspects of ecotourism and halal tourism. This paper has a qualitative approach with the interview research method where the researcher conducted interviews with several people related to tourism in Langkat district, this paper has the result that tourism does not have a significant influence on regional income if it is not managed properly with clear directions and objectives.

Tourism is one sector that can help increase the income of a region. Many regions depend on their income from the tourism sector. Tourism has several types where tourism can be in the form of natural tourism, building tourism, or artificial tourism. In developing tourism in Indonesia, the government has a policy offer in the form of managing ecotourism and halal tourism. Ecotourism is a type of tourism object that has the aim of protecting the environment and sustainability, while halal tourism is the concept of fulfilling the halal aspects of a tourist attraction in the form of lodging, culinary, and other supporting aspects. This paper aims to analyze the increase in Langkat district's original income through tourism management with aspects of ecotourism and halal tourism. This paper has a qualitative approach with the interview research method where the researcher conducted interviews with several people related to tourism in Langkat district, this paper has the result that tourism does not have a significant influence on regional income if it is not managed properly with clear directions and objectives.

Tourism is one sector that can help increase the income of a region. Many regions depend on their income from the tourism sector. Tourism has several types where tourism can be in the form of natural tourism, building tourism, or artificial tourism. In developing tourism in Indonesia, the government has a policy offer in the form of managing ecotourism and halal tourism. Ecotourism is a type of tourism object that has the aim of protecting the environment and sustainability, while halal tourism is the concept of fulfilling the halal aspects of a tourist attraction in the form of lodging, culinary, and other supporting aspects. This paper aims to analyze the increase in Langkat district's original income through tourism management with aspects of ecotourism and halal tourism. This paper has a qualitative approach with the interview research method where the researcher conducted interviews with several people related to tourism in Langkat district, this paper has the result that tourism does not have a significant influence on regional income if it is not managed properly with clear directions and objectives.

Tourism is one sector that can help increase the income of a region. Many regions depend on their income from the tourism sector. Tourism has several types where tourism can be in the form of natural tourism, building tourism, or artificial tourism. In developing tourism in Indonesia, the government has a policy offer in the form of managing ecotourism and halal tourism. Ecotourism is a type of tourism object that has the aim of protecting the environment and sustainability, while halal tourism is the concept of fulfilling the halal aspects of a tourist attraction in the form of lodging, culinary, and other supporting aspects. This paper aims to analyze the increase in Langkat district's original income through tourism management with aspects of ecotourism and halal tourism. This paper has a qualitative approach with the interview research method where the researcher conducted interviews with several people related to tourism in Langkat district, this paper has the result that tourism does not have a significant influence on regional income if it is not managed properly with clear directions and objectives.

Tourism is one sector that can help increase the income of a region. Many regions depend on their income from the tourism sector. Tourism has several types where tourism can be in the form of natural tourism, building tourism, or artificial tourism. In developing tourism in Indonesia, the government has a policy offer in the form of managing ecotourism and halal tourism. Ecotourism is a type of tourism object that has the aim of protecting the environment and sustainability, while halal tourism is the concept of fulfilling the halal aspects of a tourist attraction in the form of lodging, culinary, and other supporting aspects. This paper aims to analyze the increase in Langkat district's original income through tourism management with aspects of ecotourism and halal tourism. This paper has a qualitative approach with the interview research method where the researcher conducted interviews with several people related to tourism in Langkat district, this paper has the result that tourism does not have a significant influence on regional income if it is not managed properly with clear directions and objectives.

The aim of this paper is to analyse contemporary transitions in the aviation industry in Sweden. We take a durational perspective to consider narratives as coordinating mechanism in sustainability transitions. We find that industry actors are constructing narratives for alternative aircraft fuels and technologies as they seek to maintain aviation's societal function whilst mitigating its climate impact. By reconciling memories of the past with their expectations for the future, narratives act to coordinate actors’ transition activities in the present. In this way, narrative are more than an initiator of transitions, but constitute paths in-the-making, highlighting the agency of actors in enacting change in the present and shaping sustainability transitions of the future., QC 20231124

The aim of this paper is to analyse contemporary transitions in the aviation industry in Sweden. We take a durational perspective to consider narratives as coordinating mechanism in sustainability transitions. We find that industry actors are constructing narratives for alternative aircraft fuels and technologies as they seek to maintain aviation's societal function whilst mitigating its climate impact. By reconciling memories of the past with their expectations for the future, narratives act to coordinate actors’ transition activities in the present. In this way, narrative are more than an initiator of transitions, but constitute paths in-the-making, highlighting the agency of actors in enacting change in the present and shaping sustainability transitions of the future., QC 20231124

In this paper, we study, from both an analytical and a numerical point of view, a poro-thermoelastic problem with microtemperatures. The so-called Moore–Gibson–Thompson equation is used to model the contribution for the temperature and microtemperatures. An existence and uniqueness result is proved by using the theory of linear semigroups of contractions and, for the one-dimensional case, the exponential energy decay is found under some conditions on the constitutive coefficients. Then, a fully discrete approximation is introduced by using the finite element method and the implicit Euler scheme. We show that the discrete energy decays and we obtain some a priori error estimates from which, under some adequate additional regularity conditions on the continuous solution, we derive the linear convergence of the approximations. Finally, we perform some numerical simulations to demonstrate the accuracy of the approximations and the behavior of the discrete energy and the solution, Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

The recent literature on event-triggered control has demonstrated the potential of dynamic periodic event-triggered control. Compared to continuous-time event-triggering rules, the benefit of considering periodic event-triggered control is to avoid the Zeno phenomenon, which refers to the situation when there are an infinite number of updates in a bounded interval of time. The idea of periodic event-triggered control is to trigger the control law only at known allowable periodic sampling instants. In this paper, our objective is to relax the constraint on the periodicity of the allowable sampling instants and to adapt this framework to the dynamic event-triggered control, which has not been considered in the literature, as far as we are aware of. Following the successful efforts to assess the stability of aperiodic sampled-data control, here we propose a generic framework to emulate aperiodic dynamic event-triggered control law for linear systems, for which the allowable sampling instants are not necessarily equidistant. Such an analysis is made possible thanks to the looped-functionals framework, which gives the flexibility to consider the periodic/aperiodic static/dynamic event-triggered control in a single formulation. Finally, the efficiency of the proposed results is illustrated through the study of two academic examples.

In this paper, we develop surrogate models that can replace expensive predictive models and account for uncertainties in real-time treatment planning for irreversible electroporation of liver tumors. Standard non-intrusive surrogate modeling techniques that account for the model uncertainty and reduce the computational cost, such as polynomial chaos expansion and Gaussian process regression with conventional kernels, often do not capture the true physical behavior of the treatment outcome as required in the context of treatment planning. We improve the Gaussian process regression model by modifying the kernel function to a non-stationary Gibbs kernel with a support vector machine-based classifier in its length scale definition. This proposed model is compared with the standard surrogates in terms of their performance and accuracy. Our model is able to accurately replicate the behavior of the biophysics-based predictive model. There is a decrease of at least 81% in the overall root-mean-square error for treatment outcome when compared to the Gaussian process regression model with conventional kernels. Furthermore, we illustrate the application of the proposed surrogate model in treatment planning to address a voltage optimization problem for complete tumor ablation. Surrogate-assisted treatment planning exhibited good performance while maintaining similar levels of accuracy in comparison to treatment planning based on biophysical models. Finally, the effect of uncertainty in tissue electrical conductivities on the optimal voltage value is discussed.

Return water temperature and flow rate are indicators of the energy efficiency of chilled water systems. Since the late 1980s, the return water temperature has deviated from the designed value, resulting in an increased flow rate. Such deviations have been recognized as a persistent ‘disease’ named low delta-T syndrome. Based on a medical approach, this study aimed to categorise the key signs and symptoms, and causes to classify low delta-T syndrome into subclasses with individual properties; to connect individual causes to the subclasses; and to identify disagreements on individual causes. Through a systematic review of the literature, over 190 papers published since the late 1980s were identified and studied. By combining different return water temperature profiles and flow rates, low delta-T syndrome was classified into four subclasses with severities ranging from 1 (mild) to 4 (extreme). These subclasses were described with 12 signs and symptoms, each characterised by 19 (from a total of 52) individual or combined causes, to provide an improved overview and a fundamental basis for developing treatments. A fundamental analysis of low delta-T syndrome on a cooling coil revealed that cooling coils with a high chilled water temperature difference and a high chilled water supply temperature at design conditions have a higher risk of developing it. This literature review provides an improved understanding of as well as considerations regarding how to prevent, resolve, mitigate, and handle low delta-T syndrome during design and operation.

In order to support manufacturing companies in their digital transformation, challenges and views of the term 'digital transformation' need to be identified since digital transformation is considered a source of competitive advantages. Therefore, this paper aims to explore the challenges and differing views of digital transformation in the manufacturing industry. A case study was conducted in collaboration with four Swedish manufacturing companies. The results were then mapped into categories of three dimensions (people, process and technology), indicating that digital transformation can have different meanings within a company. We conclude that the term 'digitalisation' is more frequently used in the manufacturing industry than 'digital transformation' and identified challenges relate to lack of best practice for digital transformation, degree of standardisation and therefore affects the workload and limits the possibilities of transferring technical solutions between factories. Our findings are relevant to operations managers and other interested in digital transformation.

Following the success of Natural Language Processing (NLP) transformers pretrained via self-supervised learning, similar models have been proposed recently for speech processing such as Wav2Vec2, HuBERT and UniSpeech-SAT. An interesting yet unexplored area of application of these models is Spoken Dialogue Systems, where the users’ audio signals are typically just mapped to word-level features derived from an Automatic Speech Recogniser (ASR), and then processed using NLP techniques to generate system responses. This paper reports a comprehensive comparison of dialogue policies trained using ASR-based transcriptions and extended with the aforementioned audio processing transformers in the DSTC2 task. Whilst our dialogue policies are trained with supervised and policy-based deep reinforcement learning, they are assessed using both automatic task completion metrics and a human evaluation. Our results reveal that using audio embeddings is more beneficial than detrimental in most of our trained dialogue policies, and that the benefits are stronger for supervised learning than reinforcement learning.

This paper uses unique survey data from a Swedish Big 4 firm to examine the association between audit quality threatening behavior (AQTB) and two types of distance between team members in audit teams (i.e., audit team distance): subjective distance as the perception of proximity, and communication distance as the percentage of communication via technology. Investigating the factors influencing AQTB is important because AQTB adversely affects audit quality. The results show that team members with greater subjective and communication distance engage in more AQTB, which suggests that audit firms should pay attention to team members' subjective and communication distances and take actions to curb their negative impacts. Using rich data collected from real-world audit team experience, this study deepens our understanding of how different types of audit team distance impact auditors' AQTB., Early Access: August 2023

Producción Científica, When applied to stiff problems, the effective order of convergence of general linear methods is governed by their stage order, which is less than or equal to the classical order of the method. This produces an order reduction phenomenon, present in all general linear methods except those with high stage order, in a manner similar to that observed in other time integrators with internal stages. In this paper, we investigate the order reduction which arises when general linear methods are used as time integrators when using the method of lines for solving numerically initial boundary value problems with time dependent boundary values. We propose a technique, based on making an appropriate choice of the boundary values for the internal stages, with which it is possible to recover one unit of order, as we prove in this work. As expected, this implies a considerable improvement for the general linear methods suffering order reduction. Moreover, numerical experiments show that the improvement is not only in these cases, but that, even when the order reduction is not expected, the size of the errors is drastically reduced by using the technique proposed in this paper., Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación y Ministerio de Universidades (project PGC2018-101443-B-100), Junta de Castilla y León (Grant numbers VA169P20 and VA193P20)

Federated Learning (FL) has emerged as a novel paradigm in the area of Artificial Intelligence (AI), emphasizing decentralized data utilization and bringing learning to the edge or directly on-device. While this approach eliminates the need for data centralization, ensuring enhanced privacy and protection of sensitive information, it is not without challenges. Particularly during the training phase and the exchange of model update parameters between servers and clients, new privacy challenges have arisen. While several privacy-preserving FL solutions have been developed to mitigate potential breaches in FL architectures, their integration poses its own set of challenges. Incorporating these privacy-preserving mechanisms into FL at the edge computing level can increase both communication and computational overheads, which may, in turn, compromise data utility and learning performance metrics. This paper provides a systematic literature review on essential methods and metrics to support the most appropriate trade-offs between FL privacy and other performance-related application requirements such as accuracy, loss, convergence time, utility, communication, and computation overhead. We aim to provide an extensive overview of recent privacy-preserving mechanisms in FL used across various applications, placing a particular focus on quantitative privacy assessment approaches in FL and the necessity of achieving a balance between privacy and the other requirements of real-world FL applications. This review collects, classifies, and discusses relevant papers in a structured manner, emphasizing challenges, open issues, and promising research directions.

Palaeoenvironmental data are fundamental in determining the manifold impacts of climate change. This paper argues that sessile barnacles are an excellent palaeoenvironmental proxy: they are present in nearly all nearshore environments, and their shell consists of diagenetically stable low-magnesium calcite and grows fast enough to record short-term variations. To demonstrate their utility, specimens from several Western Mediterranean Pliocene and Pleistocene barnacle-rich deposits are analysed herein, using for the first time a combination of sedimentology, taphonomy, stable isotope geochemistry and detailed comparisons with modern counterparts. Within shelf carbonate systems, barnacle diversity is highest in the shallow, nearshore waters and decreases moving offshore, thus providing a good proxy for the reconstruction of water depth and distance from the coastline. Barnacle taphonomy is also informative. Well-preserved complete specimens are characteristic of protected areas, whereas less well-preserved specimens occur in high-energy areas. The presence/absence of opercular plates is also particularly relevant for evaluating hydrodynamic conditions. As regards the C and O stable isotope ratios, due to the porous and coarse-grained nature of the deposits in which barnacle remains are usually found, the shells are often exposed to meteoric water percolation during diagenesis. Among the analysed specimens, only those collected from fine-grained deposits display no evidence of alteration and have isotopic ratios in line with those of their modern counterparts. These fossils display intra-shell variations that in modern barnacles have been related to short-term environmental changes (e.g., seasonal cycles). These results demonstrate that barnacles can always be useful for detailed palaeoenvironmental reconstructions based on skeletal assemblages. Furthermore, with further research aimed at gathering more data and assessing potentially interfering signals, they could bec

Due to the high wastepaper recyclability and water-loop system closure, packaging paper mills struggle with increased fines, causing runnability issues. Cellulase enzymes are a preferred treatment choice for the improvement of the pulp refining in stock preparation area but are not widely used or easy to introduce in the production process. Different cellulase enzymes were tested, and those with the highest activity were introduced to the white-water (WW) samples with the aim to reduce fines content as potentially new enzyme applications on the paper machine. The first portion of the study involved the development of an experiment model to find and confirm the optimal enzyme process parameters (40 °C, pH 5.7, reaction time 3 h, and 0.18% v/v enzyme addition) for laboratory made white-water. The second portion of the study included turbidity, colloidal charge, flow cytometry (FCM), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) analysis on industrial and laboratory made white-water samples at optimized process parameters. Obtained results corresponded to reduced fines content in white-water samples, which justified commercial usage of cellulase enzymes on recycled paper machine short loop and potentially increased machine runnability without negative influence on wastewater treatment plant.