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[EN] Obesity is a multifactorial disease that originates from a combination and interaction of genetic and environmental factors. It is associated with an increased susceptibility to suffer other pathologies such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases or development of different types of cancer. Obesity is determined by an imbalance of energy intake vs utilisation. The excess of energy is stored as fat in adipocytes, which are the main adipose tissue¿s constituent cells. Adipocytes come from a multipotent subset of mesenchymal stem cells that undergo a process called adipogenesis by which they become mature fat cells. Insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2) is involved in adipogenesis, being part of the insulin signalling pathway. It has been demonstrated that adipocyte precursors in IRS2 knockout (KO) mice show an impairment in the differentiation into mature adipocytes. Previous works have described the zinc finger protein 423 (ZNF423) transcription factor as a key factor in white and brown adipocytes commitment and differentiation. Preliminary data suggest that ZNF423 could have a role downstream IRS2 in the insulin signalling pathway. The objective of this work was to study if ZNF423 could play a role in IRS2 KO adipocytes differentiation process, which could lead to the identification of a possible target to rescue their differentiation capabilities. To do that, different experiments were carried out. At first, ZNF423 levels were measured by RT-qPCR in IRS2 KO and control mice in fed and fasted states. In addition, to understand the behaviour of IRS2 and ZNF423 during adipocyte differentiation, 3T3-L1 mouse preadipocytes were infected with lentiviruses carrying constructs for IRS2 overexpression and silencing. The mRNA and protein levels of ZNF423 and other genes of interest were measured by RT-qPCR and western blot, respectively. In addition, morphological analysis of adipocytes was performed by immunofluorescence. The morphological analysis showed that the adipocyt, [ES] La obesidad es una enfermedad multifactorial cuyo origen es la combinación de factores genéticos y ambientales. Se asocia con una mayor susceptibilidad a padecer otras patologías como diabetes, enfermedades cardiovasculares o el desarrollo de otros tipos diferentes de cáncer. La obesidad se produce por un desequilibrio entre la ingesta de energía y el gasto de esta. El exceso de energía se almacena en forma de grasa en los adipocitos, que son las principales células constituyentes del tejido adiposo. Los adipocitos proceden de un subconjunto multipotente de células madre mesenquimales que experimentan un proceso denominado adipogénesis por el que se convierten en células grasas maduras. El sustrato 2 del receptor de insulina (IRS2) participa en la adipogénesis, formando parte de la ruta de señalización de la insulina. Se ha demostrado que los precursores de adipocitos en ratones knockout (KO) para IRS2 presentan una deficiencia en la diferenciación hacia adipocitos maduros. Estudios previos han descrito el factor de transcripción zinc finger protein 423 (ZNF423) como un factor clave en el compromiso y la diferenciación de los adipocitos blancos y marrones. Datos preliminares sugieren que ZNF423 podría tener un papel aguas abajo de IRS2 en la vía de señalización de la insulina. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar si ZNF423 pudiera formar parte del proceso de diferenciación de adipocitos IRS2 KO, lo que podría llevar a identificar una posible diana para rescatar sus capacidades de diferenciación. Para ello, se llevaron a cabo diferentes experimentos. En primer lugar, se midieron los niveles de ZNF423 mediante RT-qPCR en ratones IRS2 KO y ratones control en estado de alimentación y ayuno. Además, para comprender el comportamiento de IRS2 y ZNF423 durante la diferenciación de los adipocitos se infectaron preadipocitos de ratón 3T3-L1 con lentivirus portadores de constructos para la sobreexpresión o el silenciamiento de IRS2. Los niveles de ARNm y proteína de Z

[EN] Obesity is a multifactorial disease that originates from a combination and interaction of genetic and environmental factors. It is associated with an increased susceptibility to suffer other pathologies such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases or development of different types of cancer. Obesity is determined by an imbalance of energy intake vs utilisation. The excess of energy is stored as fat in adipocytes, which are the main adipose tissue¿s constituent cells. Adipocytes come from a multipotent subset of mesenchymal stem cells that undergo a process called adipogenesis by which they become mature fat cells. Insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2) is involved in adipogenesis, being part of the insulin signalling pathway. It has been demonstrated that adipocyte precursors in IRS2 knockout (KO) mice show an impairment in the differentiation into mature adipocytes. Previous works have described the zinc finger protein 423 (ZNF423) transcription factor as a key factor in white and brown adipocytes commitment and differentiation. Preliminary data suggest that ZNF423 could have a role downstream IRS2 in the insulin signalling pathway. The objective of this work was to study if ZNF423 could play a role in IRS2 KO adipocytes differentiation process, which could lead to the identification of a possible target to rescue their differentiation capabilities. To do that, different experiments were carried out. At first, ZNF423 levels were measured by RT-qPCR in IRS2 KO and control mice in fed and fasted states. In addition, to understand the behaviour of IRS2 and ZNF423 during adipocyte differentiation, 3T3-L1 mouse preadipocytes were infected with lentiviruses carrying constructs for IRS2 overexpression and silencing. The mRNA and protein levels of ZNF423 and other genes of interest were measured by RT-qPCR and western blot, respectively. In addition, morphological analysis of adipocytes was performed by immunofluorescence. The morphological analysis showed that the adipocyt, [ES] La obesidad es una enfermedad multifactorial cuyo origen es la combinación de factores genéticos y ambientales. Se asocia con una mayor susceptibilidad a padecer otras patologías como diabetes, enfermedades cardiovasculares o el desarrollo de otros tipos diferentes de cáncer. La obesidad se produce por un desequilibrio entre la ingesta de energía y el gasto de esta. El exceso de energía se almacena en forma de grasa en los adipocitos, que son las principales células constituyentes del tejido adiposo. Los adipocitos proceden de un subconjunto multipotente de células madre mesenquimales que experimentan un proceso denominado adipogénesis por el que se convierten en células grasas maduras. El sustrato 2 del receptor de insulina (IRS2) participa en la adipogénesis, formando parte de la ruta de señalización de la insulina. Se ha demostrado que los precursores de adipocitos en ratones knockout (KO) para IRS2 presentan una deficiencia en la diferenciación hacia adipocitos maduros. Estudios previos han descrito el factor de transcripción zinc finger protein 423 (ZNF423) como un factor clave en el compromiso y la diferenciación de los adipocitos blancos y marrones. Datos preliminares sugieren que ZNF423 podría tener un papel aguas abajo de IRS2 en la vía de señalización de la insulina. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar si ZNF423 pudiera formar parte del proceso de diferenciación de adipocitos IRS2 KO, lo que podría llevar a identificar una posible diana para rescatar sus capacidades de diferenciación. Para ello, se llevaron a cabo diferentes experimentos. En primer lugar, se midieron los niveles de ZNF423 mediante RT-qPCR en ratones IRS2 KO y ratones control en estado de alimentación y ayuno. Además, para comprender el comportamiento de IRS2 y ZNF423 durante la diferenciación de los adipocitos se infectaron preadipocitos de ratón 3T3-L1 con lentivirus portadores de constructos para la sobreexpresión o el silenciamiento de IRS2. Los niveles de ARNm y proteína de Z

[EN] Recent trends in waste management have initiated interest in recycled materials for sound absorption applications. The present paper studies the possibility of paper sludge to be recycled as material for sound absorption applications. Paper sludge (PS) is the water treatment waste, produced during paper production. Two different methods were studied to produce paper sludge and slaked lime composite acoustic panels for sound absorption applications at low and mid-frequencies. The sound absorption coefficient of paper sludge composite panels is measured in an impedance tube using the two-microphone method. The samples produced with different methods showed different behaviours of sound absorption. The primary method to produce showed acoustic asymmetry in the vertical direction of the samples, and it was considerably fragile as well. An improved method to produce PS composite panels was proposed in this paper. Using this method, homogenous and robust acoustic panels were obtained.

[EN] Recent trends in waste management have initiated interest in recycled materials for sound absorption applications. The present paper studies the possibility of paper sludge to be recycled as material for sound absorption applications. Paper sludge (PS) is the water treatment waste, produced during paper production. Two different methods were studied to produce paper sludge and slaked lime composite acoustic panels for sound absorption applications at low and mid-frequencies. The sound absorption coefficient of paper sludge composite panels is measured in an impedance tube using the two-microphone method. The samples produced with different methods showed different behaviours of sound absorption. The primary method to produce showed acoustic asymmetry in the vertical direction of the samples, and it was considerably fragile as well. An improved method to produce PS composite panels was proposed in this paper. Using this method, homogenous and robust acoustic panels were obtained.

Explicación de un contenido gramatical de inglés referido a la escritura académica, en esta lengua, a nivel intermedio.

Explicación de un contenido gramatical de inglés referido a la escritura académica, en esta lengua, a nivel intermedio.

Explicación de un contenido gramatical de inglés referido a la escritura académica, en esta lengua, a nivel intermedio.

[EN] The concept of mock-up, which share with the drawing the expressive synthesis for the analysis of the architectural form and evolution, is an invaluable asset for the preservation of the heritage. To mark the 175th anniversary of the Práxedes Mateo Sagasta’s secondary school of Logroño (Spain), an exhibition about the history of the institution was organized at the premises of La Rioja Library. The current school building became operational in 1900 and was built on the former site of a Carmelite convent. In fact, the convent rooms were the first location for the school, after the expropriations of religious communities during the mid-19th century. For the benefit of the aforementioned exhibition, it was considered interesting to generate a three-dimensional (3D) virtual reconstruction of the convent buildings to show how it would have looked. However, the lack of sufficient contemporary graphic information was a challenge, so it was decided that an efficient solution would be to generate the virtual reconstruction from a paper craft model, which had been created by the librarian of the secondary school as a result of his research on this matter. This text describes the 3D modelling of that cut-out element by means of monoscopic photogrammetry (perspective drawing) and the use of non-realistic rendering based on the appearance of the paper mock-up (and not trying to recreate the real image of the buildings) so as to provide a suggestive view of the convent and create interactive exhibition items. Moreover, the text deals with the long-term preservation and the improvement of the re-use of the 3D models. The former by resorting to institutional repositories —from which users can download the full detailed versions— and the latter employing versions able to be visualized in 3D warehouses (such as Sketchfab) and augmented reality (AR) applications.Highlights:A significant part of the architectural heritage is represented by mock-ups of different materials (paper, w, [ES] La maqueta, que comparte con el dibujo la síntesis expresiva para el análisis de la forma y evolución arquitectónica, resulta de un valor incalculable para la preservación del patrimonio. Con motivo del 175 aniversario del Instituto de Enseñanza Secundaria Práxedes Mateo Sagasta de Logroño (España) se organizó una exposición sobre su historia en la Biblioteca de La Rioja. El edificio que actualmente acoge el instituto fue inaugurado en el año 1900 y se construyó sobre el mismo terreno en el que, previamente, había estado un convento de Carmelitas. De hecho, la primera sede del instituto estuvo situada en las dependencias de este mismo convento, tras la desamortización de los edificios eclesiásticos que tuvo lugar a mediados del siglo XIX. Como parte de la muestra, se consideró interesante generar una reconstrucción virtual tridimensional (3D) de los edificios del convento con el fin de mostrar cómo debieron haber sido. La dificultad, sin embargo, residía en la escasez de fuentes gráficas de la época que permitieran conocer su forma y apariencia; por este motivo, se decidió utilizar como base para la recreación virtual una maqueta en papel que había sido realizada por el bibliotecario del instituto como resultado de sus investigaciones a lo largo de los años. El presente texto describe el proceso de modelado 3D a partir de esta maqueta de papel utilizando técnicas de fotogrametría monoscópica (dibujo perspectivo) y el empleo de renderizados no realistas basados en el aspecto de la maqueta de papel (y no en el que debieron tener los edificios) con el fin de generar vistas evocadoras del convento y crear contenidos útiles para la mencionada exposición. Asimismo, el texto trata la preservación a largo plazo de los modelos 3D y el incremento de su reutilización. En el primer caso, mediante el empleo de los repositorios institucionales —desde donde los usuarios pueden descargarse las versiones más detalladas— y, para el segundo fin, mediante la creación de versiones

[EN] The concept of mock-up, which share with the drawing the expressive synthesis for the analysis of the architectural form and evolution, is an invaluable asset for the preservation of the heritage. To mark the 175th anniversary of the Práxedes Mateo Sagasta’s secondary school of Logroño (Spain), an exhibition about the history of the institution was organized at the premises of La Rioja Library. The current school building became operational in 1900 and was built on the former site of a Carmelite convent. In fact, the convent rooms were the first location for the school, after the expropriations of religious communities during the mid-19th century. For the benefit of the aforementioned exhibition, it was considered interesting to generate a three-dimensional (3D) virtual reconstruction of the convent buildings to show how it would have looked. However, the lack of sufficient contemporary graphic information was a challenge, so it was decided that an efficient solution would be to generate the virtual reconstruction from a paper craft model, which had been created by the librarian of the secondary school as a result of his research on this matter. This text describes the 3D modelling of that cut-out element by means of monoscopic photogrammetry (perspective drawing) and the use of non-realistic rendering based on the appearance of the paper mock-up (and not trying to recreate the real image of the buildings) so as to provide a suggestive view of the convent and create interactive exhibition items. Moreover, the text deals with the long-term preservation and the improvement of the re-use of the 3D models. The former by resorting to institutional repositories —from which users can download the full detailed versions— and the latter employing versions able to be visualized in 3D warehouses (such as Sketchfab) and augmented reality (AR) applications.Highlights:A significant part of the architectural heritage is represented by mock-ups of different materials (paper, w, [ES] La maqueta, que comparte con el dibujo la síntesis expresiva para el análisis de la forma y evolución arquitectónica, resulta de un valor incalculable para la preservación del patrimonio. Con motivo del 175 aniversario del Instituto de Enseñanza Secundaria Práxedes Mateo Sagasta de Logroño (España) se organizó una exposición sobre su historia en la Biblioteca de La Rioja. El edificio que actualmente acoge el instituto fue inaugurado en el año 1900 y se construyó sobre el mismo terreno en el que, previamente, había estado un convento de Carmelitas. De hecho, la primera sede del instituto estuvo situada en las dependencias de este mismo convento, tras la desamortización de los edificios eclesiásticos que tuvo lugar a mediados del siglo XIX. Como parte de la muestra, se consideró interesante generar una reconstrucción virtual tridimensional (3D) de los edificios del convento con el fin de mostrar cómo debieron haber sido. La dificultad, sin embargo, residía en la escasez de fuentes gráficas de la época que permitieran conocer su forma y apariencia; por este motivo, se decidió utilizar como base para la recreación virtual una maqueta en papel que había sido realizada por el bibliotecario del instituto como resultado de sus investigaciones a lo largo de los años. El presente texto describe el proceso de modelado 3D a partir de esta maqueta de papel utilizando técnicas de fotogrametría monoscópica (dibujo perspectivo) y el empleo de renderizados no realistas basados en el aspecto de la maqueta de papel (y no en el que debieron tener los edificios) con el fin de generar vistas evocadoras del convento y crear contenidos útiles para la mencionada exposición. Asimismo, el texto trata la preservación a largo plazo de los modelos 3D y el incremento de su reutilización. En el primer caso, mediante el empleo de los repositorios institucionales —desde donde los usuarios pueden descargarse las versiones más detalladas— y, para el segundo fin, mediante la creación de versiones

[EN] The concept of mock-up, which share with the drawing the expressive synthesis for the analysis of the architectural form and evolution, is an invaluable asset for the preservation of the heritage. To mark the 175th anniversary of the Práxedes Mateo Sagasta’s secondary school of Logroño (Spain), an exhibition about the history of the institution was organized at the premises of La Rioja Library. The current school building became operational in 1900 and was built on the former site of a Carmelite convent. In fact, the convent rooms were the first location for the school, after the expropriations of religious communities during the mid-19th century. For the benefit of the aforementioned exhibition, it was considered interesting to generate a three-dimensional (3D) virtual reconstruction of the convent buildings to show how it would have looked. However, the lack of sufficient contemporary graphic information was a challenge, so it was decided that an efficient solution would be to generate the virtual reconstruction from a paper craft model, which had been created by the librarian of the secondary school as a result of his research on this matter. This text describes the 3D modelling of that cut-out element by means of monoscopic photogrammetry (perspective drawing) and the use of non-realistic rendering based on the appearance of the paper mock-up (and not trying to recreate the real image of the buildings) so as to provide a suggestive view of the convent and create interactive exhibition items. Moreover, the text deals with the long-term preservation and the improvement of the re-use of the 3D models. The former by resorting to institutional repositories —from which users can download the full detailed versions— and the latter employing versions able to be visualized in 3D warehouses (such as Sketchfab) and augmented reality (AR) applications.Highlights:A significant part of the architectural heritage is represented by mock-ups of different materials (paper, w, [ES] La maqueta, que comparte con el dibujo la síntesis expresiva para el análisis de la forma y evolución arquitectónica, resulta de un valor incalculable para la preservación del patrimonio. Con motivo del 175 aniversario del Instituto de Enseñanza Secundaria Práxedes Mateo Sagasta de Logroño (España) se organizó una exposición sobre su historia en la Biblioteca de La Rioja. El edificio que actualmente acoge el instituto fue inaugurado en el año 1900 y se construyó sobre el mismo terreno en el que, previamente, había estado un convento de Carmelitas. De hecho, la primera sede del instituto estuvo situada en las dependencias de este mismo convento, tras la desamortización de los edificios eclesiásticos que tuvo lugar a mediados del siglo XIX. Como parte de la muestra, se consideró interesante generar una reconstrucción virtual tridimensional (3D) de los edificios del convento con el fin de mostrar cómo debieron haber sido. La dificultad, sin embargo, residía en la escasez de fuentes gráficas de la época que permitieran conocer su forma y apariencia; por este motivo, se decidió utilizar como base para la recreación virtual una maqueta en papel que había sido realizada por el bibliotecario del instituto como resultado de sus investigaciones a lo largo de los años. El presente texto describe el proceso de modelado 3D a partir de esta maqueta de papel utilizando técnicas de fotogrametría monoscópica (dibujo perspectivo) y el empleo de renderizados no realistas basados en el aspecto de la maqueta de papel (y no en el que debieron tener los edificios) con el fin de generar vistas evocadoras del convento y crear contenidos útiles para la mencionada exposición. Asimismo, el texto trata la preservación a largo plazo de los modelos 3D y el incremento de su reutilización. En el primer caso, mediante el empleo de los repositorios institucionales —desde donde los usuarios pueden descargarse las versiones más detalladas— y, para el segundo fin, mediante la creación de versiones

[EN] The concept of mock-up, which share with the drawing the expressive synthesis for the analysis of the architectural form and evolution, is an invaluable asset for the preservation of the heritage. To mark the 175th anniversary of the Práxedes Mateo Sagasta’s secondary school of Logroño (Spain), an exhibition about the history of the institution was organized at the premises of La Rioja Library. The current school building became operational in 1900 and was built on the former site of a Carmelite convent. In fact, the convent rooms were the first location for the school, after the expropriations of religious communities during the mid-19th century. For the benefit of the aforementioned exhibition, it was considered interesting to generate a three-dimensional (3D) virtual reconstruction of the convent buildings to show how it would have looked. However, the lack of sufficient contemporary graphic information was a challenge, so it was decided that an efficient solution would be to generate the virtual reconstruction from a paper craft model, which had been created by the librarian of the secondary school as a result of his research on this matter. This text describes the 3D modelling of that cut-out element by means of monoscopic photogrammetry (perspective drawing) and the use of non-realistic rendering based on the appearance of the paper mock-up (and not trying to recreate the real image of the buildings) so as to provide a suggestive view of the convent and create interactive exhibition items. Moreover, the text deals with the long-term preservation and the improvement of the re-use of the 3D models. The former by resorting to institutional repositories —from which users can download the full detailed versions— and the latter employing versions able to be visualized in 3D warehouses (such as Sketchfab) and augmented reality (AR) applications.Highlights:A significant part of the architectural heritage is represented by mock-ups of different materials (paper, w, [ES] La maqueta, que comparte con el dibujo la síntesis expresiva para el análisis de la forma y evolución arquitectónica, resulta de un valor incalculable para la preservación del patrimonio. Con motivo del 175 aniversario del Instituto de Enseñanza Secundaria Práxedes Mateo Sagasta de Logroño (España) se organizó una exposición sobre su historia en la Biblioteca de La Rioja. El edificio que actualmente acoge el instituto fue inaugurado en el año 1900 y se construyó sobre el mismo terreno en el que, previamente, había estado un convento de Carmelitas. De hecho, la primera sede del instituto estuvo situada en las dependencias de este mismo convento, tras la desamortización de los edificios eclesiásticos que tuvo lugar a mediados del siglo XIX. Como parte de la muestra, se consideró interesante generar una reconstrucción virtual tridimensional (3D) de los edificios del convento con el fin de mostrar cómo debieron haber sido. La dificultad, sin embargo, residía en la escasez de fuentes gráficas de la época que permitieran conocer su forma y apariencia; por este motivo, se decidió utilizar como base para la recreación virtual una maqueta en papel que había sido realizada por el bibliotecario del instituto como resultado de sus investigaciones a lo largo de los años. El presente texto describe el proceso de modelado 3D a partir de esta maqueta de papel utilizando técnicas de fotogrametría monoscópica (dibujo perspectivo) y el empleo de renderizados no realistas basados en el aspecto de la maqueta de papel (y no en el que debieron tener los edificios) con el fin de generar vistas evocadoras del convento y crear contenidos útiles para la mencionada exposición. Asimismo, el texto trata la preservación a largo plazo de los modelos 3D y el incremento de su reutilización. En el primer caso, mediante el empleo de los repositorios institucionales —desde donde los usuarios pueden descargarse las versiones más detalladas— y, para el segundo fin, mediante la creación de versiones

[EN] The concept of mock-up, which share with the drawing the expressive synthesis for the analysis of the architectural form and evolution, is an invaluable asset for the preservation of the heritage. To mark the 175th anniversary of the Práxedes Mateo Sagasta’s secondary school of Logroño (Spain), an exhibition about the history of the institution was organized at the premises of La Rioja Library. The current school building became operational in 1900 and was built on the former site of a Carmelite convent. In fact, the convent rooms were the first location for the school, after the expropriations of religious communities during the mid-19th century. For the benefit of the aforementioned exhibition, it was considered interesting to generate a three-dimensional (3D) virtual reconstruction of the convent buildings to show how it would have looked. However, the lack of sufficient contemporary graphic information was a challenge, so it was decided that an efficient solution would be to generate the virtual reconstruction from a paper craft model, which had been created by the librarian of the secondary school as a result of his research on this matter. This text describes the 3D modelling of that cut-out element by means of monoscopic photogrammetry (perspective drawing) and the use of non-realistic rendering based on the appearance of the paper mock-up (and not trying to recreate the real image of the buildings) so as to provide a suggestive view of the convent and create interactive exhibition items. Moreover, the text deals with the long-term preservation and the improvement of the re-use of the 3D models. The former by resorting to institutional repositories —from which users can download the full detailed versions— and the latter employing versions able to be visualized in 3D warehouses (such as Sketchfab) and augmented reality (AR) applications.Highlights:A significant part of the architectural heritage is represented by mock-ups of different materials (paper, w, [ES] La maqueta, que comparte con el dibujo la síntesis expresiva para el análisis de la forma y evolución arquitectónica, resulta de un valor incalculable para la preservación del patrimonio. Con motivo del 175 aniversario del Instituto de Enseñanza Secundaria Práxedes Mateo Sagasta de Logroño (España) se organizó una exposición sobre su historia en la Biblioteca de La Rioja. El edificio que actualmente acoge el instituto fue inaugurado en el año 1900 y se construyó sobre el mismo terreno en el que, previamente, había estado un convento de Carmelitas. De hecho, la primera sede del instituto estuvo situada en las dependencias de este mismo convento, tras la desamortización de los edificios eclesiásticos que tuvo lugar a mediados del siglo XIX. Como parte de la muestra, se consideró interesante generar una reconstrucción virtual tridimensional (3D) de los edificios del convento con el fin de mostrar cómo debieron haber sido. La dificultad, sin embargo, residía en la escasez de fuentes gráficas de la época que permitieran conocer su forma y apariencia; por este motivo, se decidió utilizar como base para la recreación virtual una maqueta en papel que había sido realizada por el bibliotecario del instituto como resultado de sus investigaciones a lo largo de los años. El presente texto describe el proceso de modelado 3D a partir de esta maqueta de papel utilizando técnicas de fotogrametría monoscópica (dibujo perspectivo) y el empleo de renderizados no realistas basados en el aspecto de la maqueta de papel (y no en el que debieron tener los edificios) con el fin de generar vistas evocadoras del convento y crear contenidos útiles para la mencionada exposición. Asimismo, el texto trata la preservación a largo plazo de los modelos 3D y el incremento de su reutilización. En el primer caso, mediante el empleo de los repositorios institucionales —desde donde los usuarios pueden descargarse las versiones más detalladas— y, para el segundo fin, mediante la creación de versiones

[EN] The concept of mock-up, which share with the drawing the expressive synthesis for the analysis of the architectural form and evolution, is an invaluable asset for the preservation of the heritage. To mark the 175th anniversary of the Práxedes Mateo Sagasta’s secondary school of Logroño (Spain), an exhibition about the history of the institution was organized at the premises of La Rioja Library. The current school building became operational in 1900 and was built on the former site of a Carmelite convent. In fact, the convent rooms were the first location for the school, after the expropriations of religious communities during the mid-19th century. For the benefit of the aforementioned exhibition, it was considered interesting to generate a three-dimensional (3D) virtual reconstruction of the convent buildings to show how it would have looked. However, the lack of sufficient contemporary graphic information was a challenge, so it was decided that an efficient solution would be to generate the virtual reconstruction from a paper craft model, which had been created by the librarian of the secondary school as a result of his research on this matter. This text describes the 3D modelling of that cut-out element by means of monoscopic photogrammetry (perspective drawing) and the use of non-realistic rendering based on the appearance of the paper mock-up (and not trying to recreate the real image of the buildings) so as to provide a suggestive view of the convent and create interactive exhibition items. Moreover, the text deals with the long-term preservation and the improvement of the re-use of the 3D models. The former by resorting to institutional repositories —from which users can download the full detailed versions— and the latter employing versions able to be visualized in 3D warehouses (such as Sketchfab) and augmented reality (AR) applications.Highlights:A significant part of the architectural heritage is represented by mock-ups of different materials (paper, w, [ES] La maqueta, que comparte con el dibujo la síntesis expresiva para el análisis de la forma y evolución arquitectónica, resulta de un valor incalculable para la preservación del patrimonio. Con motivo del 175 aniversario del Instituto de Enseñanza Secundaria Práxedes Mateo Sagasta de Logroño (España) se organizó una exposición sobre su historia en la Biblioteca de La Rioja. El edificio que actualmente acoge el instituto fue inaugurado en el año 1900 y se construyó sobre el mismo terreno en el que, previamente, había estado un convento de Carmelitas. De hecho, la primera sede del instituto estuvo situada en las dependencias de este mismo convento, tras la desamortización de los edificios eclesiásticos que tuvo lugar a mediados del siglo XIX. Como parte de la muestra, se consideró interesante generar una reconstrucción virtual tridimensional (3D) de los edificios del convento con el fin de mostrar cómo debieron haber sido. La dificultad, sin embargo, residía en la escasez de fuentes gráficas de la época que permitieran conocer su forma y apariencia; por este motivo, se decidió utilizar como base para la recreación virtual una maqueta en papel que había sido realizada por el bibliotecario del instituto como resultado de sus investigaciones a lo largo de los años. El presente texto describe el proceso de modelado 3D a partir de esta maqueta de papel utilizando técnicas de fotogrametría monoscópica (dibujo perspectivo) y el empleo de renderizados no realistas basados en el aspecto de la maqueta de papel (y no en el que debieron tener los edificios) con el fin de generar vistas evocadoras del convento y crear contenidos útiles para la mencionada exposición. Asimismo, el texto trata la preservación a largo plazo de los modelos 3D y el incremento de su reutilización. En el primer caso, mediante el empleo de los repositorios institucionales —desde donde los usuarios pueden descargarse las versiones más detalladas— y, para el segundo fin, mediante la creación de versiones

[ES] En las últimas décadas hemos sido testigos de un proceso de digitalización masiva que pretende salvaguardar la información que hasta ahora se encontraba en unos formatos físicos, propensos al deterioro, y cada vez más en desuso. Esta transformación no ha sido ajena a sectores como el de los museos o galerías de arte, que se han visto obligados a desarrollar su actividad de divulgación cultural a través de medios digitales, como la Web 2.0, en los que han conseguido encontrar una forma efectiva de transmitir sus contenidos. Este trabajo analiza el papel de los museos en internet, así como el caso de estudio de "The White Paper Art", un proyecto audiovisual de intervención de obras artísticas y divulgación cultural, que adopta este mismo modelo para la difusión de contenidos culturales mediante formatos digitales que favorecen la accesibilidad y la interactividad., [EN] In recent decades we have witnessed a massive digitization process that aims to safeguard information that until now was in physical formats, prone to deterioration, and increasingly in disuse. This transformation has not been alien to sectors such as museums or art galleries, which have been forced to develop their cultural dissemination activity through digital media, such as the Web 2.0, in which they have managed to find an effective way to transmit its contents. This work analyzes the role of museums on the internet, as well as the case study of "The White Paper Art", an audiovisual project for the intervention of artistic works and cultural dissemination, which adopts this same model for the dissemination of cultural content through digital formats that favors accessibility and interactivity.

[ES] En las últimas décadas hemos sido testigos de un proceso de digitalización masiva que pretende salvaguardar la información que hasta ahora se encontraba en unos formatos físicos, propensos al deterioro, y cada vez más en desuso. Esta transformación no ha sido ajena a sectores como el de los museos o galerías de arte, que se han visto obligados a desarrollar su actividad de divulgación cultural a través de medios digitales, como la Web 2.0, en los que han conseguido encontrar una forma efectiva de transmitir sus contenidos. Este trabajo analiza el papel de los museos en internet, así como el caso de estudio de "The White Paper Art", un proyecto audiovisual de intervención de obras artísticas y divulgación cultural, que adopta este mismo modelo para la difusión de contenidos culturales mediante formatos digitales que favorecen la accesibilidad y la interactividad., [EN] In recent decades we have witnessed a massive digitization process that aims to safeguard information that until now was in physical formats, prone to deterioration, and increasingly in disuse. This transformation has not been alien to sectors such as museums or art galleries, which have been forced to develop their cultural dissemination activity through digital media, such as the Web 2.0, in which they have managed to find an effective way to transmit its contents. This work analyzes the role of museums on the internet, as well as the case study of "The White Paper Art", an audiovisual project for the intervention of artistic works and cultural dissemination, which adopts this same model for the dissemination of cultural content through digital formats that favors accessibility and interactivity.

[ES] En las últimas décadas hemos sido testigos de un proceso de digitalización masiva que pretende salvaguardar la información que hasta ahora se encontraba en unos formatos físicos, propensos al deterioro, y cada vez más en desuso. Esta transformación no ha sido ajena a sectores como el de los museos o galerías de arte, que se han visto obligados a desarrollar su actividad de divulgación cultural a través de medios digitales, como la Web 2.0, en los que han conseguido encontrar una forma efectiva de transmitir sus contenidos. Este trabajo analiza el papel de los museos en internet, así como el caso de estudio de "The White Paper Art", un proyecto audiovisual de intervención de obras artísticas y divulgación cultural, que adopta este mismo modelo para la difusión de contenidos culturales mediante formatos digitales que favorecen la accesibilidad y la interactividad., [EN] In recent decades we have witnessed a massive digitization process that aims to safeguard information that until now was in physical formats, prone to deterioration, and increasingly in disuse. This transformation has not been alien to sectors such as museums or art galleries, which have been forced to develop their cultural dissemination activity through digital media, such as the Web 2.0, in which they have managed to find an effective way to transmit its contents. This work analyzes the role of museums on the internet, as well as the case study of "The White Paper Art", an audiovisual project for the intervention of artistic works and cultural dissemination, which adopts this same model for the dissemination of cultural content through digital formats that favors accessibility and interactivity.

[ES] En la presente Tesis Doctoral se investigó la aplicación del proceso de ultrafiltración (UF) y el fenómeno de ensuciamiento de las membranas en la eliminación de sustancias disueltas y coloidales (DCS) de efluentes tratados de la industria papelera (PMTE) para su reutilización en los diferentes procesos de fabricación de papel y cartón reciclado. El objetivo general de esta investigación se dividió en tres partes principales: i) describe cómo encontrar las condiciones óptimas de operación de cuatro parámetros de proceso: presión transmembrana (TMP), velocidad de flujo cruzado (CFV), temperatura y corte de peso molecular (MWCO) para maximizar el flujo promedio de permeado (Jp) y rechazo de la demanda química de oxígeno (COD) y minimizar el descenso del flujo de permeado acumulado (SFD) utilizando el método de Taguchi (Design Robusto) y utility concept aplicado a un proceso de UF a flujo cruzado, para remover DCS de efluentes tratados de la industria papelera, ii) el descenso del flujo de permeado y los mecanismos de ensuciamiento de las membranas de UF ensuciadas con PMTE se examinaron mediante modelos matemáticos semi-empíricos. Los resultados para los diferentes ensayos de UF se expresaron en términos de variación del Jp en función del tiempo para verificar la precisión del ajuste (mayor valor de R2 y menor valor de desviación estándar) de los distintos modelos de Hermia adaptados a flujo tangencial y del modelo de formación de torta en filtración a presión constante ajustados a los datos experimentales, y iii) describe métodos de identificación, caracterización y posibles orígenes de las sustancias contaminantes (foulants) en las membranas de UF. Técnicas como el análisis físico-química, FESEM, SEM-EDS, ATR-FTIR y 3DEEM se llevaron a cabo para comprender qué fracción de los contaminantes son responsables por la formación de incrustaciones en las membranas. Los resultados obtenidos durante la etapa de optimización de parámetros del procesos demostraron que TMP, [CA] En la present Tesi Doctoral es va investigar l'aplicació del procés d'ultrafiltració (UF) i el fenomen d'embrutiment de les membranes en l'eliminació de substàncies dissoltes i col·loïdals (DCS) d'efluents tractats de la indústria paperera (PMTE) per al seu reutilització en els diferents processos de fabricació de paper i cartó reciclatge. L'objectiu general d'aquesta investigació es va dividir en tres parts principals: i) descriu com trobar les condicions òptimes d'operació de quatre paràmetres de procés: pressió transmembrana (TMP), velocitat de flux creuat (CFV), temperatura i tall de pes molecular (MWCO) per a maximitzar el flux mitjà de permeat (Jp) i rebuig de la demanda química d'oxigen (COD) i minimitzar el descens del flux de permeado acumulat (SFD) utilitzant el mètode de Taguchi (Design Robust) i utility concept aplicat a un procés de UF a flux creuat en escala pilot, per a remoure DCS d'efluents tractats de la indústria paperera (PMTE), ii) el descens del flux de permeat i els mecanismes de embrutiment (fouling) de les membranes de UF embrutades amb PMTE es van examinar mitjançant models matemàtics semi-empírics. Els resultats per als diferents assajos de UF es van expressar en termes de variació del flux de permeat (Jp) en funció del temps per a verificar la precisió de l'ajust (major valor de R2 i menor valor de desviació estàndard) dels diferents models de Hermia adaptats a flux tangencial i del model de formació de coca en filtració a pressió constant ajustats a les dades experimentals, i iii) descriu mètodes d'identificació, caracterització i possibles orígens de les substàncies contaminants (foulants) en les membranes de UF. Tècniques com l'anàlisi física-química, FESEM, SEM-EDS, ATR-FTIR i 3DEEM es van dur a terme per a comprendre quina fracció dels contaminants són responsables per la formació d'incrustacions sobre la superfície i adsorció dins dels porus de les membranes. Els resultats obtinguts durant l'etapa d'optimització de paràmetres d, [EN] In this PhD Thesis, the application of ultrafiltration process (UF) and membrane fouling phenomenon used to remove dissolved and colloidal substances (DCS) from paper mill treated effluent (PMTE) for reuse in different recycled paper and cardboard manufacturing processes was investigated. The overall goal of this research has been divided into three main parts: i) describes how to find optimal operating conditions of four controlling parameters, such as transmembrane pressure (TMP), cross-flow velocity (CFV), temperature and molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) for maximizing the average permeate flux (Jp) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) rejection, and minimizing the cumulative flux decline (SFD) using Taguchi method and utility concept for a cross-flow UF in pilot scale, used to remove DCS from a paper mill treated effluent (PMTE), ii) flux decline and fouling mechanisms of UF membranes fouled with PMTE were examined by theoretical modelling. The results from UF tests were expressed in terms of permeate flux (Jp) as a function of time to check modified Hermia's models adapted to crossflow filtration and cake formation in constant-pressure filtration, and iii) describes the Identification, characterization and possible origins of UF membrane foulants. Techniques such as chemical analysis, FESEM, SEM-EDS, ATR-FTIR and 3DEEM analysis were applied to understand which fraction of the foulants caused the fouling. This research found that the TMP and MWCO have the greatest contribution to the average permeate flux and SFD. In the case of the COD rejection rate, the results showed that MWCO has the highest contribution followed by CFV. The optimum conditions were found to be the second level of TMP (2.0 bar), the third level of the CFV (1.041 m/s), the second level of the temperature (15°C), and the third level of MWCO (100 kDa). Under these optimum conditions Jp, COD rejection and SFD resistance of 81.15 L/m2/h, 43.90% and 6.01 (around 28.96 % of (FD), respectively, were

[ES] En la presente Tesis Doctoral se investigó la aplicación del proceso de ultrafiltración (UF) y el fenómeno de ensuciamiento de las membranas en la eliminación de sustancias disueltas y coloidales (DCS) de efluentes tratados de la industria papelera (PMTE) para su reutilización en los diferentes procesos de fabricación de papel y cartón reciclado. El objetivo general de esta investigación se dividió en tres partes principales: i) describe cómo encontrar las condiciones óptimas de operación de cuatro parámetros de proceso: presión transmembrana (TMP), velocidad de flujo cruzado (CFV), temperatura y corte de peso molecular (MWCO) para maximizar el flujo promedio de permeado (Jp) y rechazo de la demanda química de oxígeno (COD) y minimizar el descenso del flujo de permeado acumulado (SFD) utilizando el método de Taguchi (Design Robusto) y utility concept aplicado a un proceso de UF a flujo cruzado, para remover DCS de efluentes tratados de la industria papelera, ii) el descenso del flujo de permeado y los mecanismos de ensuciamiento de las membranas de UF ensuciadas con PMTE se examinaron mediante modelos matemáticos semi-empíricos. Los resultados para los diferentes ensayos de UF se expresaron en términos de variación del Jp en función del tiempo para verificar la precisión del ajuste (mayor valor de R2 y menor valor de desviación estándar) de los distintos modelos de Hermia adaptados a flujo tangencial y del modelo de formación de torta en filtración a presión constante ajustados a los datos experimentales, y iii) describe métodos de identificación, caracterización y posibles orígenes de las sustancias contaminantes (foulants) en las membranas de UF. Técnicas como el análisis físico-química, FESEM, SEM-EDS, ATR-FTIR y 3DEEM se llevaron a cabo para comprender qué fracción de los contaminantes son responsables por la formación de incrustaciones en las membranas. Los resultados obtenidos durante la etapa de optimización de parámetros del procesos demostraron que TMP, [CA] En la present Tesi Doctoral es va investigar l'aplicació del procés d'ultrafiltració (UF) i el fenomen d'embrutiment de les membranes en l'eliminació de substàncies dissoltes i col·loïdals (DCS) d'efluents tractats de la indústria paperera (PMTE) per al seu reutilització en els diferents processos de fabricació de paper i cartó reciclatge. L'objectiu general d'aquesta investigació es va dividir en tres parts principals: i) descriu com trobar les condicions òptimes d'operació de quatre paràmetres de procés: pressió transmembrana (TMP), velocitat de flux creuat (CFV), temperatura i tall de pes molecular (MWCO) per a maximitzar el flux mitjà de permeat (Jp) i rebuig de la demanda química d'oxigen (COD) i minimitzar el descens del flux de permeado acumulat (SFD) utilitzant el mètode de Taguchi (Design Robust) i utility concept aplicat a un procés de UF a flux creuat en escala pilot, per a remoure DCS d'efluents tractats de la indústria paperera (PMTE), ii) el descens del flux de permeat i els mecanismes de embrutiment (fouling) de les membranes de UF embrutades amb PMTE es van examinar mitjançant models matemàtics semi-empírics. Els resultats per als diferents assajos de UF es van expressar en termes de variació del flux de permeat (Jp) en funció del temps per a verificar la precisió de l'ajust (major valor de R2 i menor valor de desviació estàndard) dels diferents models de Hermia adaptats a flux tangencial i del model de formació de coca en filtració a pressió constant ajustats a les dades experimentals, i iii) descriu mètodes d'identificació, caracterització i possibles orígens de les substàncies contaminants (foulants) en les membranes de UF. Tècniques com l'anàlisi física-química, FESEM, SEM-EDS, ATR-FTIR i 3DEEM es van dur a terme per a comprendre quina fracció dels contaminants són responsables per la formació d'incrustacions sobre la superfície i adsorció dins dels porus de les membranes. Els resultats obtinguts durant l'etapa d'optimització de paràmetres d, [EN] In this PhD Thesis, the application of ultrafiltration process (UF) and membrane fouling phenomenon used to remove dissolved and colloidal substances (DCS) from paper mill treated effluent (PMTE) for reuse in different recycled paper and cardboard manufacturing processes was investigated. The overall goal of this research has been divided into three main parts: i) describes how to find optimal operating conditions of four controlling parameters, such as transmembrane pressure (TMP), cross-flow velocity (CFV), temperature and molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) for maximizing the average permeate flux (Jp) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) rejection, and minimizing the cumulative flux decline (SFD) using Taguchi method and utility concept for a cross-flow UF in pilot scale, used to remove DCS from a paper mill treated effluent (PMTE), ii) flux decline and fouling mechanisms of UF membranes fouled with PMTE were examined by theoretical modelling. The results from UF tests were expressed in terms of permeate flux (Jp) as a function of time to check modified Hermia's models adapted to crossflow filtration and cake formation in constant-pressure filtration, and iii) describes the Identification, characterization and possible origins of UF membrane foulants. Techniques such as chemical analysis, FESEM, SEM-EDS, ATR-FTIR and 3DEEM analysis were applied to understand which fraction of the foulants caused the fouling. This research found that the TMP and MWCO have the greatest contribution to the average permeate flux and SFD. In the case of the COD rejection rate, the results showed that MWCO has the highest contribution followed by CFV. The optimum conditions were found to be the second level of TMP (2.0 bar), the third level of the CFV (1.041 m/s), the second level of the temperature (15°C), and the third level of MWCO (100 kDa). Under these optimum conditions Jp, COD rejection and SFD resistance of 81.15 L/m2/h, 43.90% and 6.01 (around 28.96 % of (FD), respectively, were

[EN] The Garden in Motion is a concept that was developed by Gilles Clément in the early 1980s as the result of the experimentation conducted in his garden-house, La Vallée. Clément’s interest in promoting this garden archetype based on managing neglected land led him to write a number of works in order to explain the conceptual underpinnings of his model, with the ultimate aim of having them published. From the writing of the first manuscripts, dating from 1984, to the first edition of “Le jardin en movement” in 1991, he produced a series of different documents that would form the basis of the text that was finally published. It was a long process in which Clément not only had to fully develop his ideas but also to overcome the difficulties involved in finding a company to publish what he called his ‘petit livre’. The aim of this article is to show the creative process behind Clément’s book and its relationship with the creative process of building his garden, while endeavouring to reply to the question of whether it is possible to establish an equivalence between both processes. This is made possible through the analysis of documents kept by Clément in his personal archive, some of which have never been published., [ES] El Jardín en Movimiento es un concepto desarrollado por Gilles Clément a principios de los años ochenta, que surge de la experimentación llevada a cabo en su casa-jardín de La Vallée. El interés por dar a conocer este arquetipo de jardín basado en la gestión del baldío, lleva a Clément a elaborar un conjunto de escritos en los que desarrolla las bases conceptuales de dicho modelo. Su objetivo final es poder llegar a publicarlos. Desde la redacción de los primeros manuscritos, que datan de 1984, hasta la primera edición de “Le jardin en mouvement” en 1991, se suceden diferentes documentos que servirán de base para el texto finalmente publicado. Un largo proceso en el que Clément no solo se enfrenta a la maduración de sus ideas, sino a las dificultades para encontrar una editorial que publique su “petit livre,” como él lo denomina. El artículo pretende mostrar la génesis de este libro y su relación con la construcción del jardín, intentado dar respuesta a la cuestión de si es posible establecer una equivalencia entre ambos procesos creativos. Todo ello a través del análisis de los documentos que Gilles Clément conserva en su archivo personal, algunos de ellos inéditos.

[EN] The Garden in Motion is a concept that was developed by Gilles Clément in the early 1980s as the result of the experimentation conducted in his garden-house, La Vallée. Clément’s interest in promoting this garden archetype based on managing neglected land led him to write a number of works in order to explain the conceptual underpinnings of his model, with the ultimate aim of having them published. From the writing of the first manuscripts, dating from 1984, to the first edition of “Le jardin en movement” in 1991, he produced a series of different documents that would form the basis of the text that was finally published. It was a long process in which Clément not only had to fully develop his ideas but also to overcome the difficulties involved in finding a company to publish what he called his ‘petit livre’. The aim of this article is to show the creative process behind Clément’s book and its relationship with the creative process of building his garden, while endeavouring to reply to the question of whether it is possible to establish an equivalence between both processes. This is made possible through the analysis of documents kept by Clément in his personal archive, some of which have never been published., [ES] El Jardín en Movimiento es un concepto desarrollado por Gilles Clément a principios de los años ochenta, que surge de la experimentación llevada a cabo en su casa-jardín de La Vallée. El interés por dar a conocer este arquetipo de jardín basado en la gestión del baldío, lleva a Clément a elaborar un conjunto de escritos en los que desarrolla las bases conceptuales de dicho modelo. Su objetivo final es poder llegar a publicarlos. Desde la redacción de los primeros manuscritos, que datan de 1984, hasta la primera edición de “Le jardin en mouvement” en 1991, se suceden diferentes documentos que servirán de base para el texto finalmente publicado. Un largo proceso en el que Clément no solo se enfrenta a la maduración de sus ideas, sino a las dificultades para encontrar una editorial que publique su “petit livre,” como él lo denomina. El artículo pretende mostrar la génesis de este libro y su relación con la construcción del jardín, intentado dar respuesta a la cuestión de si es posible establecer una equivalencia entre ambos procesos creativos. Todo ello a través del análisis de los documentos que Gilles Clément conserva en su archivo personal, algunos de ellos inéditos.

[EN] The Garden in Motion is a concept that was developed by Gilles Clément in the early 1980s as the result of the experimentation conducted in his garden-house, La Vallée. Clément’s interest in promoting this garden archetype based on managing neglected land led him to write a number of works in order to explain the conceptual underpinnings of his model, with the ultimate aim of having them published. From the writing of the first manuscripts, dating from 1984, to the first edition of “Le jardin en movement” in 1991, he produced a series of different documents that would form the basis of the text that was finally published. It was a long process in which Clément not only had to fully develop his ideas but also to overcome the difficulties involved in finding a company to publish what he called his ‘petit livre’. The aim of this article is to show the creative process behind Clément’s book and its relationship with the creative process of building his garden, while endeavouring to reply to the question of whether it is possible to establish an equivalence between both processes. This is made possible through the analysis of documents kept by Clément in his personal archive, some of which have never been published., [ES] El Jardín en Movimiento es un concepto desarrollado por Gilles Clément a principios de los años ochenta, que surge de la experimentación llevada a cabo en su casa-jardín de La Vallée. El interés por dar a conocer este arquetipo de jardín basado en la gestión del baldío, lleva a Clément a elaborar un conjunto de escritos en los que desarrolla las bases conceptuales de dicho modelo. Su objetivo final es poder llegar a publicarlos. Desde la redacción de los primeros manuscritos, que datan de 1984, hasta la primera edición de “Le jardin en mouvement” en 1991, se suceden diferentes documentos que servirán de base para el texto finalmente publicado. Un largo proceso en el que Clément no solo se enfrenta a la maduración de sus ideas, sino a las dificultades para encontrar una editorial que publique su “petit livre,” como él lo denomina. El artículo pretende mostrar la génesis de este libro y su relación con la construcción del jardín, intentado dar respuesta a la cuestión de si es posible establecer una equivalencia entre ambos procesos creativos. Todo ello a través del análisis de los documentos que Gilles Clément conserva en su archivo personal, algunos de ellos inéditos.

[EN] The Garden in Motion is a concept that was developed by Gilles Clément in the early 1980s as the result of the experimentation conducted in his garden-house, La Vallée. Clément’s interest in promoting this garden archetype based on managing neglected land led him to write a number of works in order to explain the conceptual underpinnings of his model, with the ultimate aim of having them published. From the writing of the first manuscripts, dating from 1984, to the first edition of “Le jardin en movement” in 1991, he produced a series of different documents that would form the basis of the text that was finally published. It was a long process in which Clément not only had to fully develop his ideas but also to overcome the difficulties involved in finding a company to publish what he called his ‘petit livre’. The aim of this article is to show the creative process behind Clément’s book and its relationship with the creative process of building his garden, while endeavouring to reply to the question of whether it is possible to establish an equivalence between both processes. This is made possible through the analysis of documents kept by Clément in his personal archive, some of which have never been published., [ES] El Jardín en Movimiento es un concepto desarrollado por Gilles Clément a principios de los años ochenta, que surge de la experimentación llevada a cabo en su casa-jardín de La Vallée. El interés por dar a conocer este arquetipo de jardín basado en la gestión del baldío, lleva a Clément a elaborar un conjunto de escritos en los que desarrolla las bases conceptuales de dicho modelo. Su objetivo final es poder llegar a publicarlos. Desde la redacción de los primeros manuscritos, que datan de 1984, hasta la primera edición de “Le jardin en mouvement” en 1991, se suceden diferentes documentos que servirán de base para el texto finalmente publicado. Un largo proceso en el que Clément no solo se enfrenta a la maduración de sus ideas, sino a las dificultades para encontrar una editorial que publique su “petit livre,” como él lo denomina. El artículo pretende mostrar la génesis de este libro y su relación con la construcción del jardín, intentado dar respuesta a la cuestión de si es posible establecer una equivalencia entre ambos procesos creativos. Todo ello a través del análisis de los documentos que Gilles Clément conserva en su archivo personal, algunos de ellos inéditos.

[EN] The Garden in Motion is a concept that was developed by Gilles Clément in the early 1980s as the result of the experimentation conducted in his garden-house, La Vallée. Clément’s interest in promoting this garden archetype based on managing neglected land led him to write a number of works in order to explain the conceptual underpinnings of his model, with the ultimate aim of having them published. From the writing of the first manuscripts, dating from 1984, to the first edition of “Le jardin en movement” in 1991, he produced a series of different documents that would form the basis of the text that was finally published. It was a long process in which Clément not only had to fully develop his ideas but also to overcome the difficulties involved in finding a company to publish what he called his ‘petit livre’. The aim of this article is to show the creative process behind Clément’s book and its relationship with the creative process of building his garden, while endeavouring to reply to the question of whether it is possible to establish an equivalence between both processes. This is made possible through the analysis of documents kept by Clément in his personal archive, some of which have never been published., [ES] El Jardín en Movimiento es un concepto desarrollado por Gilles Clément a principios de los años ochenta, que surge de la experimentación llevada a cabo en su casa-jardín de La Vallée. El interés por dar a conocer este arquetipo de jardín basado en la gestión del baldío, lleva a Clément a elaborar un conjunto de escritos en los que desarrolla las bases conceptuales de dicho modelo. Su objetivo final es poder llegar a publicarlos. Desde la redacción de los primeros manuscritos, que datan de 1984, hasta la primera edición de “Le jardin en mouvement” en 1991, se suceden diferentes documentos que servirán de base para el texto finalmente publicado. Un largo proceso en el que Clément no solo se enfrenta a la maduración de sus ideas, sino a las dificultades para encontrar una editorial que publique su “petit livre,” como él lo denomina. El artículo pretende mostrar la génesis de este libro y su relación con la construcción del jardín, intentado dar respuesta a la cuestión de si es posible establecer una equivalencia entre ambos procesos creativos. Todo ello a través del análisis de los documentos que Gilles Clément conserva en su archivo personal, algunos de ellos inéditos.

[EN] The Garden in Motion is a concept that was developed by Gilles Clément in the early 1980s as the result of the experimentation conducted in his garden-house, La Vallée. Clément’s interest in promoting this garden archetype based on managing neglected land led him to write a number of works in order to explain the conceptual underpinnings of his model, with the ultimate aim of having them published. From the writing of the first manuscripts, dating from 1984, to the first edition of “Le jardin en movement” in 1991, he produced a series of different documents that would form the basis of the text that was finally published. It was a long process in which Clément not only had to fully develop his ideas but also to overcome the difficulties involved in finding a company to publish what he called his ‘petit livre’. The aim of this article is to show the creative process behind Clément’s book and its relationship with the creative process of building his garden, while endeavouring to reply to the question of whether it is possible to establish an equivalence between both processes. This is made possible through the analysis of documents kept by Clément in his personal archive, some of which have never been published., [ES] El Jardín en Movimiento es un concepto desarrollado por Gilles Clément a principios de los años ochenta, que surge de la experimentación llevada a cabo en su casa-jardín de La Vallée. El interés por dar a conocer este arquetipo de jardín basado en la gestión del baldío, lleva a Clément a elaborar un conjunto de escritos en los que desarrolla las bases conceptuales de dicho modelo. Su objetivo final es poder llegar a publicarlos. Desde la redacción de los primeros manuscritos, que datan de 1984, hasta la primera edición de “Le jardin en mouvement” en 1991, se suceden diferentes documentos que servirán de base para el texto finalmente publicado. Un largo proceso en el que Clément no solo se enfrenta a la maduración de sus ideas, sino a las dificultades para encontrar una editorial que publique su “petit livre,” como él lo denomina. El artículo pretende mostrar la génesis de este libro y su relación con la construcción del jardín, intentado dar respuesta a la cuestión de si es posible establecer una equivalencia entre ambos procesos creativos. Todo ello a través del análisis de los documentos que Gilles Clément conserva en su archivo personal, algunos de ellos inéditos.

[EN] Optimization of the ultrafiltration (UF) process to remove colloidal substances from a paper mill's treated effluent was investigated in this study. The effects of four operating parameters in a UF system (transmembrane pressure (TMP), cross-flow velocity (CFV), temperature and molecular weight cut-off (MWCO)) on the average permeate flux (J(v)), organic matter chemical oxygen demand (COD) rejection rate and the cumulative flux decline (SFD), was investigated by robust experimental design using the Taguchi method. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for an L(9)orthogonal array were used to determine the significance of the individual factors, that is to say, to determine which factor has more and which less influence over the UF response variables. Analysis of the percentage contribution (P%) indicated that the TMP and MWCO have the greatest contribution to the average permeate flux and SFD. In the case of the COD rejection rate, the results showed that MWCO has the highest contribution followed by CFV. The Taguchi method and the utility concept were employed to optimize the multiple response variables. The optimal conditions were found to be 2.0 bar of transmembrane pressure, 1.041 m/s of the cross-flow velocity, 15 degrees C of the temperature, and 100 kDa MWCO. The validation experiments under the optimal conditions achievedJ(v), COD rejection rate and SFD results of 81.15 L center dot m(-2)center dot h(-1), 43.90% and 6.01, respectively. Additionally, SST and turbidity decreased by about 99% and 99.5%, respectively, and reduction in particle size from around 458-1281 nm to 12.71-24.36 nm was achieved. The field-emission scanning electron microscopy images under optimal conditions showed that membrane fouling takes place at the highest rate in the first 30 min of UF. The results demonstrate the validity of the approach of using the Taguchi method and utility concept to obtain the optimal membrane conditions for the wastewater treatment using a reduced number of exp

[EN] Optimization of the ultrafiltration (UF) process to remove colloidal substances from a paper mill's treated effluent was investigated in this study. The effects of four operating parameters in a UF system (transmembrane pressure (TMP), cross-flow velocity (CFV), temperature and molecular weight cut-off (MWCO)) on the average permeate flux (J(v)), organic matter chemical oxygen demand (COD) rejection rate and the cumulative flux decline (SFD), was investigated by robust experimental design using the Taguchi method. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for an L(9)orthogonal array were used to determine the significance of the individual factors, that is to say, to determine which factor has more and which less influence over the UF response variables. Analysis of the percentage contribution (P%) indicated that the TMP and MWCO have the greatest contribution to the average permeate flux and SFD. In the case of the COD rejection rate, the results showed that MWCO has the highest contribution followed by CFV. The Taguchi method and the utility concept were employed to optimize the multiple response variables. The optimal conditions were found to be 2.0 bar of transmembrane pressure, 1.041 m/s of the cross-flow velocity, 15 degrees C of the temperature, and 100 kDa MWCO. The validation experiments under the optimal conditions achievedJ(v), COD rejection rate and SFD results of 81.15 L center dot m(-2)center dot h(-1), 43.90% and 6.01, respectively. Additionally, SST and turbidity decreased by about 99% and 99.5%, respectively, and reduction in particle size from around 458-1281 nm to 12.71-24.36 nm was achieved. The field-emission scanning electron microscopy images under optimal conditions showed that membrane fouling takes place at the highest rate in the first 30 min of UF. The results demonstrate the validity of the approach of using the Taguchi method and utility concept to obtain the optimal membrane conditions for the wastewater treatment using a reduced number of exp

[EN] In the age of Evidence-Based Medicine, Clinical Guidelines (CGs) are recognized to be an indispensable tool to support physicians in their daily clinical practice. Medical Informatics is expected to play a relevant role in facilitating diffusion and adoption of CGs. However, the past pioneering approaches, often fragmented in many disciplines, did not lead to solutions that are actually exploited in hospitals. Process Mining for Healthcare (PM4HC) is an emerging discipline gaining the interest of healthcare experts, and seems able to deal with many important issues in representing CGs. In this position paper, we briefly describe the story and the state-of-the-art of CGs, and the efforts and results of the past approaches of medical informatics. Then, we describe PM4HC, and we answer questions like how can PM4HC cope with this challenge? Which role does PM4HC play and which rules should be employed for the PM4HC scientific community?

[ES] Este trabajo se plantea como una investigación plástica de carácter tautológico en torno a las técnicas y procesos propios del arte gráfico -entendido principalmente como ámbito de creación que se establece sobre el principio y los medios de reproducción de imágenes-. Así, desde un proceder propio de la gráfica contemporánea y experimental, este TFG indaga en la naturaleza ontológica y en los elementos y cuestiones clave de la imagen "grabada" e impresa; y al mismo tiempo propone un análisis y reflexión sobre la manera en que se relacionan los medios gráficos considerados tradicionales o históricos y los nuevos medios gráficos electrográficos y digitales. Para llevar a cabo tal aproximación, la práctica artística desarrollada tanto de forma teórico-conceptual como técnica se ha formalizado en la creación de una carpeta de estampas cuyo planteamiento parte del proceso de registro electrográfico digital mediante escáner., [EN] This work is presented as a plastic research of tautological nature around the techniques and processes of graphic art -understood mainly as a field of creation that is established on the principle and means of image reproduction-. Thus, from a procedure typical of the contemporary and experimental graphic art, this work explores the ontological nature and the key elements and issues of the "engraved" and printed image; and at the same time it proposes an analysis and reflection on how traditional or historical graphic media are related with new electrographic and digital graphic techniques. To carry out this approach, I have created a collection of prints that is originated in the process of digital electrographic capture with a scanner. This artistic practice has been developed both in a theoretical-conceptual and technical way.

[ES] Este trabajo se plantea como una investigación plástica de carácter tautológico en torno a las técnicas y procesos propios del arte gráfico -entendido principalmente como ámbito de creación que se establece sobre el principio y los medios de reproducción de imágenes-. Así, desde un proceder propio de la gráfica contemporánea y experimental, este TFG indaga en la naturaleza ontológica y en los elementos y cuestiones clave de la imagen "grabada" e impresa; y al mismo tiempo propone un análisis y reflexión sobre la manera en que se relacionan los medios gráficos considerados tradicionales o históricos y los nuevos medios gráficos electrográficos y digitales. Para llevar a cabo tal aproximación, la práctica artística desarrollada tanto de forma teórico-conceptual como técnica se ha formalizado en la creación de una carpeta de estampas cuyo planteamiento parte del proceso de registro electrográfico digital mediante escáner., [EN] This work is presented as a plastic research of tautological nature around the techniques and processes of graphic art -understood mainly as a field of creation that is established on the principle and means of image reproduction-. Thus, from a procedure typical of the contemporary and experimental graphic art, this work explores the ontological nature and the key elements and issues of the "engraved" and printed image; and at the same time it proposes an analysis and reflection on how traditional or historical graphic media are related with new electrographic and digital graphic techniques. To carry out this approach, I have created a collection of prints that is originated in the process of digital electrographic capture with a scanner. This artistic practice has been developed both in a theoretical-conceptual and technical way.

[EN] In the age of Evidence-Based Medicine, Clinical Guidelines (CGs) are recognized to be an indispensable tool to support physicians in their daily clinical practice. Medical Informatics is expected to play a relevant role in facilitating diffusion and adoption of CGs. However, the past pioneering approaches, often fragmented in many disciplines, did not lead to solutions that are actually exploited in hospitals. Process Mining for Healthcare (PM4HC) is an emerging discipline gaining the interest of healthcare experts, and seems able to deal with many important issues in representing CGs. In this position paper, we briefly describe the story and the state-of-the-art of CGs, and the efforts and results of the past approaches of medical informatics. Then, we describe PM4HC, and we answer questions like how can PM4HC cope with this challenge? Which role does PM4HC play and which rules should be employed for the PM4HC scientific community?

[ES] Este trabajo se plantea como una investigación plástica de carácter tautológico en torno a las técnicas y procesos propios del arte gráfico -entendido principalmente como ámbito de creación que se establece sobre el principio y los medios de reproducción de imágenes-. Así, desde un proceder propio de la gráfica contemporánea y experimental, este TFG indaga en la naturaleza ontológica y en los elementos y cuestiones clave de la imagen "grabada" e impresa; y al mismo tiempo propone un análisis y reflexión sobre la manera en que se relacionan los medios gráficos considerados tradicionales o históricos y los nuevos medios gráficos electrográficos y digitales. Para llevar a cabo tal aproximación, la práctica artística desarrollada tanto de forma teórico-conceptual como técnica se ha formalizado en la creación de una carpeta de estampas cuyo planteamiento parte del proceso de registro electrográfico digital mediante escáner., [EN] This work is presented as a plastic research of tautological nature around the techniques and processes of graphic art -understood mainly as a field of creation that is established on the principle and means of image reproduction-. Thus, from a procedure typical of the contemporary and experimental graphic art, this work explores the ontological nature and the key elements and issues of the "engraved" and printed image; and at the same time it proposes an analysis and reflection on how traditional or historical graphic media are related with new electrographic and digital graphic techniques. To carry out this approach, I have created a collection of prints that is originated in the process of digital electrographic capture with a scanner. This artistic practice has been developed both in a theoretical-conceptual and technical way.

[ES] Este trabajo se plantea como una investigación plástica de carácter tautológico en torno a las técnicas y procesos propios del arte gráfico -entendido principalmente como ámbito de creación que se establece sobre el principio y los medios de reproducción de imágenes-. Así, desde un proceder propio de la gráfica contemporánea y experimental, este TFG indaga en la naturaleza ontológica y en los elementos y cuestiones clave de la imagen "grabada" e impresa; y al mismo tiempo propone un análisis y reflexión sobre la manera en que se relacionan los medios gráficos considerados tradicionales o históricos y los nuevos medios gráficos electrográficos y digitales. Para llevar a cabo tal aproximación, la práctica artística desarrollada tanto de forma teórico-conceptual como técnica se ha formalizado en la creación de una carpeta de estampas cuyo planteamiento parte del proceso de registro electrográfico digital mediante escáner., [EN] This work is presented as a plastic research of tautological nature around the techniques and processes of graphic art -understood mainly as a field of creation that is established on the principle and means of image reproduction-. Thus, from a procedure typical of the contemporary and experimental graphic art, this work explores the ontological nature and the key elements and issues of the "engraved" and printed image; and at the same time it proposes an analysis and reflection on how traditional or historical graphic media are related with new electrographic and digital graphic techniques. To carry out this approach, I have created a collection of prints that is originated in the process of digital electrographic capture with a scanner. This artistic practice has been developed both in a theoretical-conceptual and technical way.

[EN] In this study, membrane fouling caused by paperboard mill treated effluent (PMTE) was investigated based on a dead-end ultrafiltration (UF) pilot-scale study. The membranes employed were commercial hydrophobic UF membranes made of polyethersulfone (PES) with a molecular weight cut-off of 10 kDa, 50 kDa, and 100 kDa. Membrane fouling mechanism during dead-end filtration, chemical analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive spectrophotometry (EDS), attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and 3D fluorescence excitation emission matrix (3DEEM) analysis were applied to understand which fraction of the dissolved and colloidal substances (DCS) caused the membrane fouling. The results indicated that the phenomenon controlling fouling mechanism tended to be cake layer formation (R-2 >= 0.98) for all membranes tested. The 3DEEM results indicate that the majority of the organic foulants with fluorescence characteristics on the membrane were colloidal proteins (protein-like substances I+II) and macromolecular proteins (soluble microbial products, SMP-like substances). In addition, polysaccharide (cellulosic species), fatty and resin acid substances were identified on the fouled membrane by the ATR-FTIR analysis and play an important role in membrane fouling. In addition, the FESEM and EDS analyses indicate that the presence of inorganic foulants on the membrane surfaces, such as metal ions and especially Ca2+, can accelerate membrane fouling, whereas Mg and Si are linked to reversible fouling.

[EN] In this study, membrane fouling caused by paperboard mill treated effluent (PMTE) was investigated based on a dead-end ultrafiltration (UF) pilot-scale study. The membranes employed were commercial hydrophobic UF membranes made of polyethersulfone (PES) with a molecular weight cut-off of 10 kDa, 50 kDa, and 100 kDa. Membrane fouling mechanism during dead-end filtration, chemical analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive spectrophotometry (EDS), attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and 3D fluorescence excitation emission matrix (3DEEM) analysis were applied to understand which fraction of the dissolved and colloidal substances (DCS) caused the membrane fouling. The results indicated that the phenomenon controlling fouling mechanism tended to be cake layer formation (R-2 >= 0.98) for all membranes tested. The 3DEEM results indicate that the majority of the organic foulants with fluorescence characteristics on the membrane were colloidal proteins (protein-like substances I+II) and macromolecular proteins (soluble microbial products, SMP-like substances). In addition, polysaccharide (cellulosic species), fatty and resin acid substances were identified on the fouled membrane by the ATR-FTIR analysis and play an important role in membrane fouling. In addition, the FESEM and EDS analyses indicate that the presence of inorganic foulants on the membrane surfaces, such as metal ions and especially Ca2+, can accelerate membrane fouling, whereas Mg and Si are linked to reversible fouling.

[EN] The hypothesis of this paper is that writers with similar academic backgrounds express personal attitudes in English and in Spanish differently in research papers. Thus, the main objectives are, first, to study the differences in the use of attitude devices in Spanish and English academic discourse; second, to compare the results in the different sections of articles; and finally to study the positive or negative semantic implications of the lexical items by carrying out a sentiment analysis. To this end, fifteen Spanish industrial engineering papers were compared with fifteen English industrial engineering papers. The results showed that there are in fact differences in the way academic writers communicate attitude, but the sentiment analysis revealed that neutral lexical items were the most commonly used in engineering research papers. Even though engineering researchers share the knowledge of the specialist content and the academic style of expressing their thoughts, personal attitudes were expressed in different ways in Spanish and in English.

[EN] The hypothesis of this paper is that writers with similar academic backgrounds express personal attitudes in English and in Spanish differently in research papers. Thus, the main objectives are, first, to study the differences in the use of attitude devices in Spanish and English academic discourse; second, to compare the results in the different sections of articles; and finally to study the positive or negative semantic implications of the lexical items by carrying out a sentiment analysis. To this end, fifteen Spanish industrial engineering papers were compared with fifteen English industrial engineering papers. The results showed that there are in fact differences in the way academic writers communicate attitude, but the sentiment analysis revealed that neutral lexical items were the most commonly used in engineering research papers. Even though engineering researchers share the knowledge of the specialist content and the academic style of expressing their thoughts, personal attitudes were expressed in different ways in Spanish and in English.

[EN] The castle is located at the eastern part of the Gallipoli’s old town: the first data in archives and libraries started from the sixth century under the mention of castrum and in the following centurie there are many informations on parchments, written documents and bibliography published until today. The Syllabus Grecarum Membranarum from the twelfth century and the Statutum de reparatione castrorum of Frederick II are two precious sources about the primitive castle’s architecture. The structure endured the passage of the Byzantines, Normans, Swabians, Angevins and again, Aragonese, Venetians, Spaniards, Austrians and finally the Bourbons, until it became property of the State and now of the Gallipoli’s municipality. It has suffered over time numerous interventions to adapt it to new military needs: the castle was no longer effective with leading defense from new siege weapons, as for other architectures of the same period. The numerous representations preserved in Italian and European archives give a complete picture of the Gallipoli’s urban development and include the defensive system of the city: the different views illustrate the walls and allow us to understand the castle’s main evolutionary dynamics and its connection with the town.

[EN] The castle is located at the eastern part of the Gallipoli’s old town: the first data in archives and libraries started from the sixth century under the mention of castrum and in the following centurie there are many informations on parchments, written documents and bibliography published until today. The Syllabus Grecarum Membranarum from the twelfth century and the Statutum de reparatione castrorum of Frederick II are two precious sources about the primitive castle’s architecture. The structure endured the passage of the Byzantines, Normans, Swabians, Angevins and again, Aragonese, Venetians, Spaniards, Austrians and finally the Bourbons, until it became property of the State and now of the Gallipoli’s municipality. It has suffered over time numerous interventions to adapt it to new military needs: the castle was no longer effective with leading defense from new siege weapons, as for other architectures of the same period. The numerous representations preserved in Italian and European archives give a complete picture of the Gallipoli’s urban development and include the defensive system of the city: the different views illustrate the walls and allow us to understand the castle’s main evolutionary dynamics and its connection with the town.

[EN] The castle is located at the eastern part of the Gallipoli’s old town: the first data in archives and libraries started from the sixth century under the mention of castrum and in the following centurie there are many informations on parchments, written documents and bibliography published until today. The Syllabus Grecarum Membranarum from the twelfth century and the Statutum de reparatione castrorum of Frederick II are two precious sources about the primitive castle’s architecture. The structure endured the passage of the Byzantines, Normans, Swabians, Angevins and again, Aragonese, Venetians, Spaniards, Austrians and finally the Bourbons, until it became property of the State and now of the Gallipoli’s municipality. It has suffered over time numerous interventions to adapt it to new military needs: the castle was no longer effective with leading defense from new siege weapons, as for other architectures of the same period. The numerous representations preserved in Italian and European archives give a complete picture of the Gallipoli’s urban development and include the defensive system of the city: the different views illustrate the walls and allow us to understand the castle’s main evolutionary dynamics and its connection with the town.

[EN] The castle is located at the eastern part of the Gallipoli’s old town: the first data in archives and libraries started from the sixth century under the mention of castrum and in the following centurie there are many informations on parchments, written documents and bibliography published until today. The Syllabus Grecarum Membranarum from the twelfth century and the Statutum de reparatione castrorum of Frederick II are two precious sources about the primitive castle’s architecture. The structure endured the passage of the Byzantines, Normans, Swabians, Angevins and again, Aragonese, Venetians, Spaniards, Austrians and finally the Bourbons, until it became property of the State and now of the Gallipoli’s municipality. It has suffered over time numerous interventions to adapt it to new military needs: the castle was no longer effective with leading defense from new siege weapons, as for other architectures of the same period. The numerous representations preserved in Italian and European archives give a complete picture of the Gallipoli’s urban development and include the defensive system of the city: the different views illustrate the walls and allow us to understand the castle’s main evolutionary dynamics and its connection with the town.

[EN] The castle is located at the eastern part of the Gallipoli’s old town: the first data in archives and libraries started from the sixth century under the mention of castrum and in the following centurie there are many informations on parchments, written documents and bibliography published until today. The Syllabus Grecarum Membranarum from the twelfth century and the Statutum de reparatione castrorum of Frederick II are two precious sources about the primitive castle’s architecture. The structure endured the passage of the Byzantines, Normans, Swabians, Angevins and again, Aragonese, Venetians, Spaniards, Austrians and finally the Bourbons, until it became property of the State and now of the Gallipoli’s municipality. It has suffered over time numerous interventions to adapt it to new military needs: the castle was no longer effective with leading defense from new siege weapons, as for other architectures of the same period. The numerous representations preserved in Italian and European archives give a complete picture of the Gallipoli’s urban development and include the defensive system of the city: the different views illustrate the walls and allow us to understand the castle’s main evolutionary dynamics and its connection with the town.

[ES] El inglés académico puede considerarse como que no expresa las emociones o pensamientos de los escritores. Sin embargo, cuando analizamos textos escritos por hablantes con diferentes lenguas maternas, se puede observar que existe variación en el uso de construcciones. En este artículo, se estudia un corpus de artículos académicos se estudió para extraer frecuencias y ejemplos de la construcción de probabilidad modal y analizar la variación que existe en el uso de esta construcción por hablantes no nativos del inglés. El objetivo principal de este análisis es aplicar los principios de la Gramática de Construcciones a la variación lingüística. Otros objetivos son identificar la variación en el uso de construcciones modales y estudiar sus funciones en el campo específico de la ingeniería. Para ello, se recopiló un corpus de cien artículos académicos escritos en inglés por investigadores españoles y por hablantes nativos. A continuación, se identificaron las construcciones de verbo modal + infinitivo que indicaban probabilidad. Así mismo, se comentaron los ejemplos de esta construcción en inglés utilizada de forma diferente por investigadores con diferentes lenguas maternas para expresar el mismo significado. Finalmente, se comentaron los resultados y se extrajeron conclusiones., [EN] Academic English can be said to be non-emotional. However, when texts written by speakers with different mother tongues are analysed, language variation can be observed in the way some constructions are used. In this paper, a corpus of academic papers is studied to extract frequencies and examples of modal probability construction and to analyse variation in the use of this construction when employed by non-native writers of English. The main objective of this analysis is to apply the principles of Construction Grammar to language variation. Further objectives are to detect variation in the use of modal constructions and to study their functions in the specific field of engineering. For this purpose, a corpus of one hundred academic papers written in English by Spanish writers and by native English-speaking writers was compiled. The constructions made up of modal verb + infinitive that indicate probability were then identified. Examples of this English construction used in different ways to express the same meaning by researchers with different mother tongues were discussed. Finally, results were commented on and conclusions were drawn.

[EN] This paper describes a genre-based exploration of the rhetorical structure and use of interpersonal metadiscourse features in the Results and Discussion sections of 32 research articles written in English from the discipline of Food Science & Technology. The rhetorical moves and steps enacted in this section are first looked into. Following this, I have quantitatively assessed the researchers¿ use of some interactional metadiscoursal units, drawing on Hyland¿s framework (2005a, 2005b). As the corpus of analysis is made up of 16 papers authored by English L1 researchers, while another 16 have been written by Spanish researchers with English as their L2, it is also my aim to account for any differences with regard to the presence and frequency of use of the different moves/steps identified, and of the interactional metadiscoursal features selected for analysis in each of the two sub-corpora. Possible cross-cultural variations identified in the L1 and L2 corpus will be discussed. Findings indicate that results are presented and discussed mainly through obligatory Moves 2 and 3, and, to a lesser extent, Move 1. This exploratory approach has shown statistically significant differences for the categories of hedges and authorial presence, making them the strategies most often deployed by researchers with English as their L1., [ES] En este artículo se analiza la estructura retórica de la sección denominada Resultados y Conclusiones de un corpus de artículos científicos pertenecientes a la disciplina de la Ciencia y la Tecnología de los Alimentos. Asimismo, se analizan de forma cuantitativa las diferentes categorías metadiscursivas empleadas en esta sección siguiendo el modelo de Hyland (2005a, 2005b) sobre metadiscurso interpersonal y posicionamiento. Puesto que el corpus está compuesto por 16 artículos escritos por investigadores cuya lengua materna es el inglés y otros 16 escritos por españoles, se pretende establecer si existe alguna diferencia en la presencia y/o frecuencia del uso de los diferentes movimientos que componen el patrón retórico de esta sección, o en el uso que los investigadores hacen de los elementos metadiscursivos analizados. Tras el análisis se ha observado que los resultados se presentan y comentan mediante dos movimientos obligatorios, el 2 y el 3, y en menor medida a través del 1. En cuanto al uso de elementos metadiscursivos, se han encontrado diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el uso de mitigadores y en el grado en el que los autores se hacen presentes, estrategias ambas que utilizan con mayor frecuencia los hablantes cuya lengua materna es el inglés.

[EN] In this work, we present a dataset which provides information on the scientific program of a set conferences of Machine Learning. Data were extracted from the IEEE Xplore Digital Library and the official web site of the International Conference on Machine Learning Applications (ICMLA). We include data of four different editions (from 2014 to 2017). Web scrapping techniques were used to mine the data contained in these web sites. The dataset covers 448 papers presented in the conference and every paper contains 6 attributes including information about the thematic session in which they were presented in the conference. The dataset is hosted in the Mendeley Dataset Repository.

[EN] This paper describes a genre-based exploration of the rhetorical structure and use of interpersonal metadiscourse features in the Results and Discussion sections of 32 research articles written in English from the discipline of Food Science & Technology. The rhetorical moves and steps enacted in this section are first looked into. Following this, I have quantitatively assessed the researchers¿ use of some interactional metadiscoursal units, drawing on Hyland¿s framework (2005a, 2005b). As the corpus of analysis is made up of 16 papers authored by English L1 researchers, while another 16 have been written by Spanish researchers with English as their L2, it is also my aim to account for any differences with regard to the presence and frequency of use of the different moves/steps identified, and of the interactional metadiscoursal features selected for analysis in each of the two sub-corpora. Possible cross-cultural variations identified in the L1 and L2 corpus will be discussed. Findings indicate that results are presented and discussed mainly through obligatory Moves 2 and 3, and, to a lesser extent, Move 1. This exploratory approach has shown statistically significant differences for the categories of hedges and authorial presence, making them the strategies most often deployed by researchers with English as their L1., [ES] En este artículo se analiza la estructura retórica de la sección denominada Resultados y Conclusiones de un corpus de artículos científicos pertenecientes a la disciplina de la Ciencia y la Tecnología de los Alimentos. Asimismo, se analizan de forma cuantitativa las diferentes categorías metadiscursivas empleadas en esta sección siguiendo el modelo de Hyland (2005a, 2005b) sobre metadiscurso interpersonal y posicionamiento. Puesto que el corpus está compuesto por 16 artículos escritos por investigadores cuya lengua materna es el inglés y otros 16 escritos por españoles, se pretende establecer si existe alguna diferencia en la presencia y/o frecuencia del uso de los diferentes movimientos que componen el patrón retórico de esta sección, o en el uso que los investigadores hacen de los elementos metadiscursivos analizados. Tras el análisis se ha observado que los resultados se presentan y comentan mediante dos movimientos obligatorios, el 2 y el 3, y en menor medida a través del 1. En cuanto al uso de elementos metadiscursivos, se han encontrado diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el uso de mitigadores y en el grado en el que los autores se hacen presentes, estrategias ambas que utilizan con mayor frecuencia los hablantes cuya lengua materna es el inglés.

[ES] El inglés académico puede considerarse como que no expresa las emociones o pensamientos de los escritores. Sin embargo, cuando analizamos textos escritos por hablantes con diferentes lenguas maternas, se puede observar que existe variación en el uso de construcciones. En este artículo, se estudia un corpus de artículos académicos se estudió para extraer frecuencias y ejemplos de la construcción de probabilidad modal y analizar la variación que existe en el uso de esta construcción por hablantes no nativos del inglés. El objetivo principal de este análisis es aplicar los principios de la Gramática de Construcciones a la variación lingüística. Otros objetivos son identificar la variación en el uso de construcciones modales y estudiar sus funciones en el campo específico de la ingeniería. Para ello, se recopiló un corpus de cien artículos académicos escritos en inglés por investigadores españoles y por hablantes nativos. A continuación, se identificaron las construcciones de verbo modal + infinitivo que indicaban probabilidad. Así mismo, se comentaron los ejemplos de esta construcción en inglés utilizada de forma diferente por investigadores con diferentes lenguas maternas para expresar el mismo significado. Finalmente, se comentaron los resultados y se extrajeron conclusiones., [EN] Academic English can be said to be non-emotional. However, when texts written by speakers with different mother tongues are analysed, language variation can be observed in the way some constructions are used. In this paper, a corpus of academic papers is studied to extract frequencies and examples of modal probability construction and to analyse variation in the use of this construction when employed by non-native writers of English. The main objective of this analysis is to apply the principles of Construction Grammar to language variation. Further objectives are to detect variation in the use of modal constructions and to study their functions in the specific field of engineering. For this purpose, a corpus of one hundred academic papers written in English by Spanish writers and by native English-speaking writers was compiled. The constructions made up of modal verb + infinitive that indicate probability were then identified. Examples of this English construction used in different ways to express the same meaning by researchers with different mother tongues were discussed. Finally, results were commented on and conclusions were drawn.

[EN] In this work, we present a dataset which provides information on the scientific program of a set conferences of Machine Learning. Data were extracted from the IEEE Xplore Digital Library and the official web site of the International Conference on Machine Learning Applications (ICMLA). We include data of four different editions (from 2014 to 2017). Web scrapping techniques were used to mine the data contained in these web sites. The dataset covers 448 papers presented in the conference and every paper contains 6 attributes including information about the thematic session in which they were presented in the conference. The dataset is hosted in the Mendeley Dataset Repository.

[ES] En este trabajo, se aborda el problema de la detección de expresiones matemáticas en artículos científicos. Primero, se da una breve introducción al problema de la detección de objetos general, junto a las técnicas y métodos de evaluación más actuales. Luego, se presentan dos modelos del estado del arte (YOLO y SSD), y se realiza un estudio comparativo en el que se analizan los problemas encontrados cuando estos son aplicados a la detección de expresiones matemáticas. Finalmente, el trabajo termina con una discusión sobre cómo abordar estos problemas en modelos futuros y se ahonda en la posibilidad de derivar este trabajo hacia el problema del reconocimiento de expresiones matemáticas., [EN] In this work, we address the problem of detecting mathematical expressions in scientific papers. First, a brief introduction to the problem of general-object detection is given, along with state-of-the-art techniques and evaluation methods. Then, two state-of-the-art models (YOLO and SSD) are presented, and a comparative study is carried out where we analyze the problems and weaknesses found when they are applied to this specific task. Finally, the work ends with a discussion on how to tackle these problems in future models and the possibility of deriving this work towards the mathematical expression recognition problem.

[ES] En este trabajo, se aborda el problema de la detección de expresiones matemáticas en artículos científicos. Primero, se da una breve introducción al problema de la detección de objetos general, junto a las técnicas y métodos de evaluación más actuales. Luego, se presentan dos modelos del estado del arte (YOLO y SSD), y se realiza un estudio comparativo en el que se analizan los problemas encontrados cuando estos son aplicados a la detección de expresiones matemáticas. Finalmente, el trabajo termina con una discusión sobre cómo abordar estos problemas en modelos futuros y se ahonda en la posibilidad de derivar este trabajo hacia el problema del reconocimiento de expresiones matemáticas., [EN] In this work, we address the problem of detecting mathematical expressions in scientific papers. First, a brief introduction to the problem of general-object detection is given, along with state-of-the-art techniques and evaluation methods. Then, two state-of-the-art models (YOLO and SSD) are presented, and a comparative study is carried out where we analyze the problems and weaknesses found when they are applied to this specific task. Finally, the work ends with a discussion on how to tackle these problems in future models and the possibility of deriving this work towards the mathematical expression recognition problem.

[ES] En este trabajo, se aborda el problema de la detección de expresiones matemáticas en artículos científicos. Primero, se da una breve introducción al problema de la detección de objetos general, junto a las técnicas y métodos de evaluación más actuales. Luego, se presentan dos modelos del estado del arte (YOLO y SSD), y se realiza un estudio comparativo en el que se analizan los problemas encontrados cuando estos son aplicados a la detección de expresiones matemáticas. Finalmente, el trabajo termina con una discusión sobre cómo abordar estos problemas en modelos futuros y se ahonda en la posibilidad de derivar este trabajo hacia el problema del reconocimiento de expresiones matemáticas., [EN] In this work, we address the problem of detecting mathematical expressions in scientific papers. First, a brief introduction to the problem of general-object detection is given, along with state-of-the-art techniques and evaluation methods. Then, two state-of-the-art models (YOLO and SSD) are presented, and a comparative study is carried out where we analyze the problems and weaknesses found when they are applied to this specific task. Finally, the work ends with a discussion on how to tackle these problems in future models and the possibility of deriving this work towards the mathematical expression recognition problem.