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Temperature distribution induced by laser radiation is a very important parameter for an efficient and safe application of lasers in different ceramic processing techniques. This paper presents the results of an infrared thermography (IRT) application for monitoring temperature distribution on a ceramic surface during Nd: YAG laser irradiation with different fluences and 8ns pulse duration. FLIR, E40 and SC7200 IR cameras were used with the aim of recording the maximum temperature in the irradiated zones. It was expected that IRT could give some information related to the heat affected zone and possible damage to the base material; however, the results have shown that IR cameras, even those with high performance such as SC7200, cannot record the maximum temperature value at the moment of laser operation, but only the average temperature of the bulk sample material after laser pulses. The results of the numerical simulation have confirmed the value of the thermographic measurements. The microstructure and micromorphology of the ceramic surface before and after the laser treatment were analysed by optical and scanning electron microscopy as well as by examining the roughness of the irradiated and non- irradiated surfaces, while the micromechanical changes were analysed by comparing the micro-hardness of the irradiated and non-exposed surfaces.

Temperature distribution induced by laser radiation is a very important parameter for an efficient and safe application of lasers in different ceramic processing techniques. This paper presents the results of an infrared thermography (IRT) application for monitoring temperature distribution on a ceramic surface during Nd: YAG laser irradiation with different fluences and 8ns pulse duration. FLIR, E40 and SC7200 IR cameras were used with the aim of recording the maximum temperature in the irradiated zones. It was expected that IRT could give some information related to the heat affected zone and possible damage to the base material; however, the results have shown that IR cameras, even those with high performance such as SC7200, cannot record the maximum temperature value at the moment of laser operation, but only the average temperature of the bulk sample material after laser pulses. The results of the numerical simulation have confirmed the value of the thermographic measurements. The microstructure and micromorphology of the ceramic surface before and after the laser treatment were analysed by optical and scanning electron microscopy as well as by examining the roughness of the irradiated and non- irradiated surfaces, while the micromechanical changes were analysed by comparing the micro-hardness of the irradiated and non-exposed surfaces.

Dominant share of the residential stock in the European countries has an exploited service life and is in a need for façade refurbishment. This paper contributes with an establishment of a tool for assessment of the sustainability of design options for buildings` façade refurbishment. The tool is based on a multicriteria system, assessing four design criteria, relevant to the process of façade refurbishment. The criteria are evaluated by several surveyed participants by utilizing the Analytic-Hierarchic Process (AHP).The tool is applied on several façade refurbishment design proposals assessment on a case-study of a residential building situated in Skopje, Western Balkans, Europe. Each of the façade proposals is assessed regarding their energy performance, CO2 emissions, investment costs and return of investment. Further, the results of the LCA analysis of the applied materials shows the contribution of each of them to the overall sustainability performance. The results of this research show that the use of wood and modified wood products as façade elements used for buildings` façade refurbishment can substantially decrease the greenhouse emissions and contribute to the carbon offset. However, due to the higher investment costs, the return of the investment is longer, leading to lower sustainability assessment ranking. It is concluded that the refurbishment of the façade with a conventional contact façade has the highest ranking on sustainability, followed by façade refurbishment with contact façade combined with only roof refurbishment/glazing refurbishment or both. Also, the modified wood wall types show high sustainability ranking regarding their refurbishment potential.