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The purpose of this paper is to investigate the interregional disparities of medical services and care services in Niigata Prefecture and to study a measure for correcting disparities. As people become older, a risk of illness and injury increases, it is necessary to enrich medical services and care services for elderly. And it is important that they can receive medical and care services equally and fairly as much as possible. In correcting the interregional disparity, the effort by the local government are of course important, and the role of the national government is also indispensable. The special measure for a small-scale local government in the disadvantaged areas is needed.

2011年３月の東日本大震災と東電福島第一原発事故以降，複数の論考で主に原子力防災と放射線リスクの受容に関する分析を行ってきたが，エネルギー・環境政策の分野では，原子力発電とそこからの放射性物質の放出，リスクの管理という基本的問題から離れて，エネルギー供給の社会的な費用についての議論が盛んである。本論文は，原子力発電所の規制指針の改訂により停止中の日本国内の既存の原子力発電所について，これを再稼働させるべきかについての議論に焦点を合わせる。本論文では関連する論点についての主な主張を概観し，経済学的な論理を抽出し，その構造を明らかにする。これらの経済学的論理に付随してみられる埋没費用概念の誤用は，エネルギー政策についての議論において注意されるべきものである。, Following preceding analyses on acceptance of radiation risk and nuclear disaster prevention after the Great East Japan Earthquake and the TEPCO Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident in March, 2011, this paper focuses on economical logics in the debates on restarting of the existent nuclear power plants in Japan, stopping due to the revise of nuclear power plants' regulations. By analyzing major assertions related, this paper clarifies the economical logics and its structures inside. These economical logics and accompanying misuse of the notion of sunk costs should be paid attentions in the debates on energy policies.

This is a qualitative study of the orthographic repair strategy that Speakers of English as a Lingua Franca utilize to reestablish intelligibility after a miscommunication. There are many repair strategies that Speakers of English as a Lingua Franca use to maintain mutual intelligibility: repetition, paraphrasing, simplification, enhanced explicitness through redundancy, and “let it pass” (Firth 1996; Kuar 2009; Pitzl 2010). Phonetic repair, which consists of a Speaker of English as a Lingua Franca adding, changing, or deleting phonemes to restore intelligibility, is another (Matsumoto 2011; O’Neal 2013a, 2013b). However, there is one more repair strategy that has not been extensively examined, one that is specifically designed to temporarily weaken the importance of phonology in the maintenance of intelligibility: orthographic repair. Orthographic repair refers to the practice of articulating the spelling of a word to reestablish mutual intelligibility. Although orthographic skills are usually associated with writing proficiency, this paper concludes that orthographic abilities are not limited to writing skills; indeed, orthographic abilities are a component of both productive skills—writing and speaking. Examining repair sequences collected from Skype conversations between Speakers of English as a Lingua Franca, this paper concludes that orthographic repair is an efficacious secondary repair strategy that can be used during interactions to reestablish intelligibility after a communication breakdown has occurred.

This paper examines the impact of Information Communication Technology (ICT) in the health care industry, otherwise known as the ICT health care．According to statistics, Japan is an aging society with the added impact of a population in decline, which has led to many social problems and that can possibly impact the country for several generations. Among the several options for addressing these concerns, ICT health care is eyed as a cost effective solution for wide implementation. Health care can be classified into three main groups: medical field, nursing care, and preventive care. In diving into the ICT health care subject, the author will touch on the history of Japan's strategy for tackling social changes, the system involved and, the medical industry supporting that system and strategy. This paper will demonstrate that the development of ICT health care strongly influences the health care industry. Thus, the ICT health care can directly solve social problems but can also become an Industrial cradle. A continuous examination and evaluation of the ICT health care would strengthen this proposition.

In this paper, we pay attention to factors in the possibility of movement or state and view the characteristic of meaning and the difference between ‘neng' and ‘hui'. ‘neng' and ‘hui' can both express the meaning of ‘have the possibility'. In conventional research, the characteristics of meaning of each when both express the meaning of ‘possibility' are not analyzed enough. In this paper, we pay attention to factors in the possibility of movement or state, and analyze the characteristics of the meaning of both, and classify both into two groups as when matters can be controlled by subjective intention and when matters cannot be controlled by subjective intention, and define the difference of ‘neng' and ‘hui'. As a result, we understand that we use ‘neng' when we emphasize external conditions, and use ‘hui' when we emphasize subjective intentions or the working of the situation. Furthermore, we also try to assess the conclusion as was pointed out in conventional research that ‘neng' has forwardness but in occasion of expressing non-expected negative images, we use ‘hui'.

R. Barthes pointed out the “anchorage function of a linguistic sign to restrict a meaning of a visual image. From cognitive linguistic viewpoint, this function can be applied to the “reference point construction. This paper analyses the cognitive processes of construing visual images of advertisements vis-à-vis types of figurative recognitions of the target. At first, this paper introduces the “frozen expression and analyses its figurative meanings through the type of the cognitive theories. Later, the theories will be applied to the conceptualization of a visual image and the “anchorage function will be classified as a domain setting.

The aim of this paper is to analyze the education reform in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Wales has continued the education reform independently since the 2000s. In 2004, Welsh Government determined to replace the national test by a new learning assessment system called the teacher assessment. The composition of this paper is as follows. First, it explains the Education Act 1944 which laid the foundations for the compulsory education. Second, it examines the neo-liberal education reform which has started in the 1980s. Third, it refers to the present situation of the education reform in Wales. On the basis of these analyses, it clarifies some problems of the education reform in Wales.

森林資源モニタリング調査第1期、第2期のデータを用いて新潟県の森林の実態を把握する解析を行った。今回、優占樹種、スギ人工林の収量比数、マツ枯れの動態、ナラ枯れの動態についてとりまとめた。優占樹種は各プロットの胸高断面積割合によって決定した。収量比数は平均直径から上層樹高を推定するモデル式を用いて算出した。マツ枯れについて、松くい虫被害の有無データおよびマツ枯損本数のデータを地域別、標高別に集計した。ナラ枯れについて、ナラ類の本数を集計して、第1期、第2期で比較した。優占樹種の解析から、スギ、アカマツ、コナラ、ミズナラ、ヤマモミジ、ブナなどで構成される林分が新潟県で多くみられることが分かった。スギ人工林の収量比数は、第1期ではプロット数のピークが0.6～0.7であるのに対して、第2期では0.7～0.8に移行していた。マツ枯れ被害は、上越地域から中越地域へと被害地域が移行したこと、また高標高帯へ拡大したことが示された。ナラ類の本数は、県内全地域で減少していた。標高別では、600m までナラ類の本数が減少していた。本論において、森林資源モニタリング調査データから、新潟県の森林の実態の一部分を把握することができた。, In order to understand the actual condition of the forest in Niigata Prefecture, some analyses were carried out using the data of National Forest Inventory (NFI) in Japan derived from 1^ and 2^ periods. This paper presents the results about dominant tree species, the relative yield index of Japanese cedar plantations, and monitoring of pine wilt disease and oak wilt disease. The dominant tree species of each plot was determined by a basal area rate. The relative yield index was calculated by the upper layer tree height estimated from the mean diameter of each plot. Occurrence of pine wilt disease was checked and the number of damaged pine trees was represented by each region or altitude zone. About oak wilt disease, the number of oak species was counted and compared between 1^ and 2^ periods. The results showed that the dominant tree species in Niigata Prefecture were Cryptomeria japonica, Pinus densiflora, Quercus serrata, Quercus crispula Blume, Acer amoenum var. matsumurae, Fagus crenata. The relative yield index of Japanese cedar plantation indicated a peak at 0.6-0.7 in the 1^ period and 0.7-0.8 in the 2^ period. The area suffering pine wilt disease shifted to the Chuetsu region from the Joetsu region and to the high altitude zone from low altitude zone. The number of oak species decreased across the whole region of Niigata prefecture. In the altitude class, the number of oak species declined until 600m a.s.l. In this paper, some of the actual conditions of the forests in Niigata Prefecture have been understood with NFI data.

In this paper, we propose a simple algorithm for detecting a vehicle trapped in flooded urban area by using quad-polarimetric SAR data. The four-component scattering power decomposition and phase difference of HH-VV co-pol ratio are effectively used in the proposed algorithm. Here we carry out polarimetric scattering measurement for a scaled vehicle model surrounded by two buildings model in an anechoic chamber, to acquire the quad-polarimetric SAR data. It is confirmed from the results of the image analysis for the measured SAR data that the proposed algorithm for vehicle detection works well even under severe environment where the vehicle is set in the shadow of the building and/or the alignment of the vehicle or the buildings is obliquely oriented to direction of the radar line of sight.

This paper presents a conifer and broad-leaf tree classification scheme that processes high resolution polarimetric synthetic aperture data above X-band. To validate the proposal, fully polarimetric measurements are conducted in a precisely controlled environment to examine the difference between the scattering mechanisms of conifer and broad-leaf trees at 15 GHz. With 3.75 cm range resolution, scattering matrices of two tree types were measured by a vector network analyzer. Polarimetric analyses using the 4-component scattering power decomposition and alpha-bar angle of eigenvalue decomposition yielded clear distinction between the two tree types. This scheme was also applied to an X-band Pi-SAR2 data set. The results confirm that it is possible to distinguish between tree types using fully polarimetric and high-resolution data above X-band.

This paper reports prompt space-borne ALOS-2 SAR observation results of Hokkaido-Iburi-Tobu earthquake on 2018/09/06. Emphasis is placed on quick survey for disaster monitoring using fully polarimetric data. On 2018/09/08, ALOS-2 has acquired data over the disaster area. By comparison of the previous data (2017/08/26) before the earthquake, damaged areas by landslides are clearly detected. The analysis is based on the scattering power decomposition, which retrieves scattering mechanism change from bare soil surface caused by landslide and serves to identify the landslide location. The decomposition and anisotropy images are presented to show the effectiveness of fully polarimetric SAR sensing from space.

1992年のユネスコ世界遺産条約への加盟以降，2000年代半ばに世界遺産ブームとも呼ぶべき，世界遺産に登録することで観光活性化を目指す官民の動きが目に付くようになった。が，世界遺産に登録すれば観光客が増えるのかは，ほとんど検証はされていない。本稿では，国内で世界遺産に登録された早い事例で，登録の前後10年ずつの観光客数を較べ，登録を機に増えたといえるか統計的に検討する。対象は，法隆寺，姫路城，屋久島，白神山地，京都，原爆ドーム，厳島神社，奈良，日光，沖縄（琉球）である。結果，10遺産のうち登録を機に増加に転じたといえるのは白神山地のみで，他に日光について長期的な漸減傾向に持ち直しが見られた。さらに有意に変化したといえた2事例の，その後の傾向を追い，登録後10年を過ぎても増加し続けているとはいえないことを示し，観光客増を目的に世界遺産登録を目指すという官民の運動に妥当性はないことを指摘する。, In mid-2000s Japan, people have saw the so-called “World Heritage Fever”, the movements of local governments and private sectors aspiring to vitalize the local tourism by the registration of the World Heritages. But there is almost no evidence on the relationship between the registration of the World Heritage and the trend of the tourists’ numbers. In this paper I examine the change of the number of tourists between before 10 years and after 10 years of the registration of 10 World Heritages in Japan (Horyu-ji, Himeji, Yakushima, Sirakami, Kyoto, Atomic Bomb Dome, Itsukushima-shrine, Nara, Nikkoh and Ryukyu). The result is that the tourists have increased significantly at only 2 of 10 Heritages: Shirakami and Nikkoh.

This paper gives a descriptive analysis on a linkage of clauses and sentences in English. We have shed light on the characteristics of a linkage of clauses and sentences including “as a matter of fact,” “as + Subject-Auxiliary Inversion construction,” and post-modifying noun phrases. The semantic and functional characteristics of these three expressions have been borne out by observing naturally occurring data.

1992年のユネスコ世界遺産条約への加盟以降，2000年代半ばに世界遺産ブームとも呼ぶべき，世界遺産に登録することで観光活性化を目指す官民の動きが目に付くようになった。が，世界遺産に登録すれば観光客が増えるのかは，ほとんど検証はされていない。本稿では，国内で世界遺産に登録された早い事例で，登録の前後10年ずつの観光客数を較べ，登録を機に増えたといえるか統計的に検討する。対象は，法隆寺，姫路城，屋久島，白神山地，京都，原爆ドーム，厳島神社，奈良，日光，沖縄（琉球）である。結果，10遺産のうち登録を機に増加に転じたといえるのは白神山地のみで，他に日光について長期的な漸減傾向に持ち直しが見られた。さらに有意に変化したといえた2事例の，その後の傾向を追い，登録後10年を過ぎても増加し続けているとはいえないことを示し，観光客増を目的に世界遺産登録を目指すという官民の運動に妥当性はないことを指摘する。, In mid-2000s Japan, people have saw the so-called “World Heritage Fever”, the movements of local governments and private sectors aspiring to vitalize the local tourism by the registration of the World Heritages. But there is almost no evidence on the relationship between the registration of the World Heritage and the trend of the tourists’ numbers. In this paper I examine the change of the number of tourists between before 10 years and after 10 years of the registration of 10 World Heritages in Japan (Horyu-ji, Himeji, Yakushima, Sirakami, Kyoto, Atomic Bomb Dome, Itsukushima-shrine, Nara, Nikkoh and Ryukyu). The result is that the tourists have increased significantly at only 2 of 10 Heritages: Shirakami and Nikkoh.

This paper presents the issues of the social status of people with mental disabilities in the Edo era Japan by focusing on the examples of commutation of punishment and their social treatment upon such people’s conducting criminal and other offences. The words which describe mental disabilities were classified into different kinds, namely ranshin, gumai and shukyo (which are similar to today’s mentally incompetent, mentally deficient and ebrious state). Based on these words, there were some commutations of punishment when people with mental disabilities committed a serious crime. These commutations depended on the accused’s social rank and pardon of the relatives of victims. There were also three other kinds of treatment for people with mental disabilities in the Edo era. These were not punishments, but the person was for example held captive or pulled down to a severe discriminatory status. People who fell under these treatments were split into these three types due to their personal situation. From the above certain issues arise, which will have to be addressed in further research. These include the relationship between the treatment of persons with mental disabilities and their social rank, gender and family ties.

Inoue Yasushi's literary works can be divided into Modern novels, Historical novels, Essays, and Travel notes, etc. “Western Regions Stories” belongs to his Historical novels. From the beginning of 1945, Inoue published the poem “Shikoson”, and had produced a variety of excellent “Western Regions Stories”. The background of the creation of Inoue in literary works, In addition to affecting the development of Dunhuang Studies, some of his own experiences also promoted the production of his “Western Regions Stories”. In this paper, the focus is on the first “Western Regions Stories”, through a survey of information to analyze the relationship between facts and fiction works. Moreover, by comparison with other periods’ novels，analysis of “Shikoson” ’s position in his literature is conducted, so that we can see that “Shikoson” is the starting point for his “Western Regions Stories”. After this publication, numerous Western Regions Stories elements (eg: Overseas monk, Envoy dispatched to the Tang Dynasty) have appeared in his first work.

The purpose of this paper is to study the factors that influence women's career development. The survey comprised 30 female respondents who have an experience with marriage and childbirth. Interviews (semi-structured in interview) were used as a research method. The respondents were divided into three life-course groups such as a keep working life-course, a reemployment life-course, and a full-time housewife life-course, according to whether they continued to work after marriage or having a child. The results of the life-courses’ comparison clarify the important factors influencing women's career development. These important factors include "family support", "working to achieve financial independence", "regular employment", "own desire for employment", "husband’s understanding and cooperation", "relatives’ understanding and cooperation". The study revealed that among the factors the most important one is women’s "own desire for employment". Therefore, it is critical to take into account such aspects as "raising women’s employment awareness" and "husband’s understanding and cooperation" to consider the measures for raising the employment rate of women in future.

This paper examines the conditions for the BA-construction in modern Chinese, focusing on the pragmatic properties of postpositional nouns that follow the particle BA. Patient nouns in the BA-construction convey information that is either known or unknown to the listener, and the numeral phrase yi ge (“one”) may precede the patient noun. When the patient noun is known information, only a bare noun phrase is used as a patient noun, because the speaker believes that the listener is able to identify the referential object of the patient noun. When the patient noun is unknown information, the numeral phrase yi ge can accompany with the patient noun in the BA-construction. In this case, no linguistic antecedent appears in the preceding context, because the speaker does not want to point out the referential object clearly. If the patient noun is newly recognized information to the listener, both the numeral phrase yi ge and a modifier accompany the patient noun; this is because the speaker wants to point out the referential object clearly.

This paper examines the Verb-copying sentence of the “V+V” structure, within which verbs can be classified as separable verbs an non-separable verbs. Through the analysis, we concluded the following: 1) PB type verbs, expressive passive verbs used in the first position, and binding verbs representing full meanings can be used; 2) because AR type verbs already express resultative meanings, they cannot be used; 3) A≈B type verbs may be used if the verb (A) can replace the second verb (B); 4) for the A+B type verbs, the verbs cannot be used because the first and the second verb express different meanings.

The United States and the Soviet Union continued deadly nuclear arms race after World WarⅡ. The two super powers began to limit their strategic nuclear arms during the 1970s via the SALTⅠand SALTⅡconferences－but the ensuring nuclear treaties never stopped the increasing tide of nuclear arms. During the 1980s, the Reagan Administration challenged the large scale reduction of nuclear arms with unique policies including the utilization of the critical negotiation assets (CNAs) in order to push the Soviet Union. The strongest CNA was the utilization of US space forces to eliminate the USSR’s strategic arms capabilities. In fact, the Reagan Administration succeeded in the signing of an INF treaty that abolished all of the super powers’ theater nuclear weapons, and also launched STARTⅠin order to reduce strategic nuclear weapons. This would form the dramatically reduced tide of nuclear forces that subsequent talks and treaties (STARTⅡ, SORT and NEW START) would go on to create. The Reagan Administration’s nuclear negotiations with the Soviet Union consisted of three phases : the first stage (1981～83), the adjustment period (1984), and the second stage (1985～88). This paper explores how the Reagan Administration formed critical negotiation assets, started two nuclear negotiations, and managed these during the first stage.

The media environment’s global changes of the 2010s have influenced international students’ everyday lives and social lives. Therefore, this paper focuses on the media use of foreign students, to verify the correlation among students’ media use, their cross-cultural adaptation, and the height of interest in international issues. A questionnaire survey and interviews were carried out with the international students of Niigata University. According to the survey, we know that there is a correlation between the contact frequency with the home country and their cross-cultural adaptation. Also, a correlation between the choice of the news source （home country / host country） and the height of interest in international issues relationship has been confirmed. According to the interview, we also know that some students choosing the news source are based on the personal relationships with their home country.

本研究では，2011年度に改定された新潟大学全学英語教育カリキュラムの成果検証を試みた．使用したデータは，TOEIC IPスコア，大学入試センター試験の成績，e-learningによる課外学習時間，学生による授業評価，教員による成績評価およびクラス・サイズであった．TOEIC IPスコアおよびe-learningによる課外学習時間からは，本カリキュラムによる一定の教育効果が認められた．TOEIC IPスコアからは，習熟度別クラス編成を継続する必要性も確認された．他方，効果的な自学自習に関する知識が学生に不足している可能性があること，読解授業に対する学生の満足度が概して低いこと，より適正な成果検証のためには成績評価の標準化が望まれること等の改善すべき課題が抽出された．, This paper reports on an evaluation of the revised English language education curriculum at Niigata University, Japan, using the following data: TOEIC IP scores, test results from the National Center for University Entrance Examination, hours spent out-of-class in e-learning, student evaluation of classes, teacher assessment of student achievement, and class size. The overall positive effect of the revised curriculum was verified to a certain degree by the TOEIC results and the number of hours spent on e-learning. The necessity of streaming classes was also confirmed. This research also found that students seemed to lack knowledge of self-directed learning strategies, and that they tended to be less satisfied with reading classes in general. In addition, the findings suggested the need for more standardized assessment of student achievement in class, in order to provide a more accurate evaluation of future curricula.

「経済学部実践教育合同演習」は，社会経済に関わる諸課題についてより実践的に学生が学ぶ場として，ゼミ（演習クラス）横断的に合同で行う演習である．この取組は，新潟大学経済学部で平成26年度から実施しており，複数のゼミが一緒に外部の実務家の講演を聴くことからスタートしたが，回数を重ねる毎に，ディスカッション中心型の合同演習に向けて，アクティブ・ラーニングの観点からの改善を図ってきた．具体的には，事前学習会の実施，「発言ポイント制」の導入などのアイディアを実践した．本稿では，アクティブ・ラーニングと専門性の高い実践的な教育の両立を目指して取り組んできた2年間の実績を紹介すると共に，今後の課題について論じる．, The Joint Seminar in the Faculty of Economics is an education program aiming at encouraging students to voluntarily study about practical issues in the social-economic fields, cｒoｓsing over several seminars. It was first introduced to the Faculty of Economics, Niigata University in 2014. At the first joint seminar, participants in the program just listened to a presentation made by a practitioner working in business or public service fields. Since then, it has been improved from an active learning point of view to be a discussion-oriented program. Some practical ideas, such as prior learning sessions, point system, have been added to the program. The goal of the program is to combine active learning and high quality professional education. This paper describes the development of the program in the last 2 years and discusses the possibility of further improvement.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of monetary policy expectation on US long term interest rates in global financial crisis. Three onth OIS (Overnight Indexed Swap) rate is used as market expectation of monetary policy by the FRB. As for market interest rates, US Treasury note yields and swap rates of two years, five years and ten years are used. The expectation of monetary policy formed in the market did not influence US Treasury note yields and swap rates of two years, five years and ten years. One of the reasons is that financial market was under great stress in global financial crisis. Thus the function of price discovery is considered to be lost so that ordinary transmission mechanism from overnight interest rate to long term interest rate did not work. The results of this paper have following policy implication. The FRB could not influence US Treasury note yields and swap rates of two years, five years and ten years through monetary policy expectation formed in the financial market.

This paper examines how the difference in the timing of trade policy implementation affects the welfare of the exporting and importing countries, and world welfare, using a third market model. The paper shows that when the importing government (resp. the exporting governments) first move(s), the welfare of the importing country and the world is the highest (resp. lowest). Further, we compare the equilibrium results under free trade, the unilateral interventions, and bilateral interventions. When the exporting governments implement the subsidy policy strategically, the import tariff policy implemented importing government in advance of setting the subsidy can be justified from the viewpoint of the third country’s welfare and also world welfare.

This paper discusses the concept of the face in Levinas's Totality and Infinity. The face of the Other plays important role in Levinas's thinking, and makes a connection between religion and ehics. In this paper, I explore a source of the face in his Jewish work, Difficult Freedom. This approach will show that the face of the Other means the voice of the social justice.

The intention of this paper is to conduct a comparative analysis of Japanese and Chinese makeup commercials and to reveal the senses of beauty which underlie them. It analyzes six commercials : three Japanese commercials of Kao and Kose cosmetics and three Chinese commercials of L'Oreal cosmetics. It analyzes the mise-en-scene of these commercials which consists of four elements : a) setting, b) costumes and makeup, c) lighting, and d) staging, and also analyzes camera's angles and framing. As a result, this paper extracted the differences between the Japanese and Chinese senses of beauty. This research found that Japanese commercials used the approach called soft sale and Chinese commercials used hard sale approach. The analysis of make-up commercials televised in 2010 reveals that the Japanese sense of beauty likes solid beauty which is called Japanese Cool. On the other hand, in China, the sense of beauty is focused on the highlights which give an impression of vividness. The difference of aesthetics of the both country derives from the different concepts of beauty in each culture. This paper also clarified that Japanese beauty is the beauty of asymmetry which is affected by the Ukiyo-e, and Chinese beauty is produced by symmetry that has been utilized also in the West.

The purpose of this study is to analyse the enforcement process of the Daily Life Security Act Amendment (DLSLA) in Japan during the occupation period 1950-1952. In a previous paper, we analyse the enforcement process of the Daily Life Security Law and concluded that the issue of the gap of general laboring household between people who received assistance under DLSL, and unemployed people due to the Dodge Line, were given rise to its amendment. This amendment did not only make a partial reform, but also made general reform in the DLSLA system. However, this enforcement process occurred the quantitative stabilisation and qualitative fixation of its relief. Furthermore the increasing cost of medical relief brought about the stringency of the finance of DLSLA. In preceding studies, this circumstance was discussed, but these studies were not adequate to analyse factors of the increasing expenses of medical relief. In this paper, we thus examine the enforcement process of DLSLA, in particular explore the cost of medical relief and finance of this system from the 1950 fiscal year to the 1952 fiscal year.

This paper presents a simple two-stage lobbying competition model of tariff determination. In the first stage, domestic firms lobby for tariff protection, an anti-tariff group of domestic consumers or foreign firms lobbies against tariff protection and then the government sets a specific tariff rate. In the second stage, given the tariff rate determined in the first stage, domestic and foreign firms set their output level à la Cournot. This paper will show in the lobbying competition model with a specific functional form that the equilibrium tariff rate can be a non-monotone function of the number of agents in an interest group.

This paper examines the functions of utterances prefaced with the discourse particle “well” in first pair part positions in American English conversations. The discourse particle “well” has been researched from the vantage points of three major linguistic fields: Relevance Theory, Sociolinguistics, and Conversation Analysis. Although the methodologies and premises which underpin each of these fields vary greatly, all three approaches have argued that one of the key functions of the discourse particle “well” is to signal variance between the expectations of the situation and what will actually be produced; that is, the discourse particle“ well” adumbrates an epistemic gap between the speaker and the interlocutor. This interpretation is not under contention in this paper; there are numerous examples of the discourse particle “well” performing exactly such a function. Instead, this paper argues that the discourse particle“ well” has several additional functions—all of which are limited to first pair part initial position. The discourse particle “well” prefaces sequential counters, and appears before the reattempt of a nominally successful previous sequence’s first pair part action.

This paper analyzes Russian students’ actual use of politeness expressions to a teacher and changes in their usage corresponding to the developmental stages of students. The data used in this paper is compositions written to teachers by students of different age groups. The entire data was gathered from elementary, junior high school, senior high school and university students in Komsomolsk on Amur city and Khabarovsk city (Russia). Based on the obtained data, the actual usage of politeness expressions of the students is considered.

This paper aims to show, through several exemples of frozen expressions, how the notion of stereotypicality. has an explicative value for their process of creation from a naming as well as semantic point of view. On the one hand, Méjri (2003) has already exemplified this point through French and Arabic examples, and on the other hand Mosbah (2006) has done the same task, but only through French ones. This paper does not aim to advocate a particular established thesis but only contribute to the providing of some illustrations for a prospective one, by considering Japanese examples of frozen expressions, in order to support such an explicative value of the notion of stereotypicality.

Balanced Scorecard(BSC)is a well-known strategic management system that was developed in the U.S. by Robert S. Kaplan and David P. Norton. A number of researches have been conducted and published since BSC was introduced in Japan in the late 199Os. The above researches can be categorized as those conducted in the following three areas: the framework of BSC, application of BSC in some companies, and empirical studies. This paper reviews the researches on the BSC framework. The composition of this paper is as follows. First, it reviews the trend of researches by Kaplan and Norton. Next, it categorizes Japanese researches on the BSC framework into several subjects, reviewing the trends and features of each. This study finds that there are many researches based on studies conducted on the following three topics: disputes involving the causal-effect relationships, which are important components of BSC, relationships and links with the existing management tools in Japan, such as Hoshin Managememt (Hoshin Kanri in Japanese), MBO(Management by Objective), and the diversification of the BSC system.

This paper points to various characteristics of the What kind of-Question and the What kind of {a/an}-Question hitherto neglected, and clarifies its semantic and pragmatic properties. It is argued that the noun phrases in the What kind of-Question and the What kind of {a/an}-Question can be semantically classified into two types. In this paper, we have made a theoretical and descriptive exploration of the mechanism which outputs emotional connotation, focusing particularly on the noun phrases in the What kind of-Question and the What kind of {a/an}-Question. The semantic and functional characteristics of the What kind of-Question and the What kind of {a/an}-Question have been borne out by observing naturally occurring data.

This paper examined the interpretations of a single discourse particle ‘oh’ distributed as copies at various sequential positions throughout two conversations. First, two semi-spontaneous conversations were recorded and all instances of the discourse particle ‘oh’ were deleted and replaced with copies of a different ‘oh,’ which was ecorded at a separate time. Accordingly, all instances of the discourse particle ‘oh’ in the conversations were segmentally and suprasegmentally identical. Next, research subjects were asked to assess all instances of the discourse particle‘ oh’ which appeared in the recording for meaning. Although each discourse particle ‘oh’ was segmentally and suprasegmentally identical, research subjects interpreted each one differently. However, there were patterns: discourse particles that appeared at certain sequential positions were interpreted in similar ways. Therefore, this paper concludes that the way in which the discourse particle ‘oh’ is interpreted is affected more by its sequential position and less by its segmental or suprasegmental characteristics.

Firstly, this paper analyzes the features of conjunctive expressions in the written opinions of Japanese native speakers and Chinese intermediate learners of Japanese. It was found Chinese intermediate learners of Japanese used conjunctive expressions more than Japanese native speakers. In particular, Japanese native speakers used conjunctive expressions which demonstrated inverse relationships, conversion relationships and complementary relationships more than their Chinese counterparts whereas the Chinese intermediate learners of Japanese used jumunsetsugata, tenkagata and appositives more than their Japanese counterparts. However, both used comparisons with equal frequency. Secondly, this paper considers the reasons for the distribution between the usage of conjunctive expressions between both groups. This paper analyzed and classified the causes behind the heavy usage of conjunctive expressions among Chinese intermediate learners of Japanese: 1） They use it even if they shouldn’t; 2） They don’t leave it out even if they can; 3） They heavily use conjunctive expressions because of their context development style.

The purpose of this paper is to survey the existing researches on the productivity effect of public capital in Japan. Currently, the estimates of the productivity effect of public capital have been performed on a macro level, by regions, by industries, and by fields of public capital. Through those estimates, we can get the conclusion that the productivity effect of the public capital is significantly positive, but its level is also different among regions, among industries, and among fields. However, the reason why the differences of the public capital productivity effect exist is still a question, because the estimates on the level of central or local governments have not been performed. Therefore, in this paper, I clarify the importance of estimating the productivity effect of public capital on the level of central or local governments.

Exaperimental reseachi on carrer support in higher education institution is yet to be advanced in Japan. As a potential approach to the experimental research, this paper evaluates the effect of career subjects provided at Niigata University. First, to discuss changes in career consciousness, it uses three indices: the career maturity index, the job avoidance index, and the social skill index which helps measure communication ability. Then, to discuss the relationship between these three types of career consciousness, this paper builds a hypothetic model and, as the first step to the said evaluation, focuses on how these indices have advanced.

This paper discusses political education during the period immediately after Japan's defeat. It can be said that the so-called dawn after the war was the period in which nurture of children in political nature was strongly requested by that fact that Japan was politically defeated. As an official of the Ministry of Education, Moriichi Katsuta, who later became Professor of Pedagogy at the University of Tokyo, dedicated his energy to the formulation of the curriculum guideline for civics from the beginning. Based on his works, this paper examines the learning of social studies at that time and its later development. From the present perspective, its preparation and spread had significance as waymarks of political education even though it was done under limited conditions.

This paper examines trends of income differentials among regions in the Autonomous Province of Inner Mongolia in China, based on data by regions. There are not a few studies on income differentials among regions in China, but most of them are focusing on income differentials among Provinces. As in China, even each Province is a big economy corresponding to a country in the world, it would not be relevant to take that a Provincial economy is homogeneous. However, a very few studies have focused on a Province in China. There has been no study on income differentials within the Autonomous District of lnner Mongolia. Therefore, it is necessary to study income differentials within Inner Mongolia. Based on statistical data, this paper makes a quantitative analysis of the present situations of income differentials among regions wihin Inner Mongolia and their trends. The results of this analysis are as follows: According to changes of Gini coefficient, there has been a tendency of increasing differentials of per capita income among regions within Inner Mongolia during a long period between 1987 and 2006. Compared with income differentials among Provinces in China as a whole, income differentials among regions within Inner Mongolia in terms of per capita GDP, net revenue per rural inhabitant and disposable income per urban inhabitant were smaller in the earlier period, but the differentials have been increasing at a faster pace during the later period(see Table-5).

In this paper we discuss, from the following two aspects, the 19th century as viewed by education and the media. The first aspect concerns the 19th century as a preparation for the century of the image. The aim of education is to learn concepts and ways of thinking and in order to appeal to children's instincts, it is necessary to encourage to and from between linguistic symbols and actual experiences. This type of demand existed from the time of J.A. Commenius in the 17th century. The 19th century was an age when J.A. Pestalozzi. J.H. Herbart and J. Dewey built the theoretical foundations of education designed to fulfil this demand, and technology to record and transmit images was developed. The second aspect of the 19th century concerns the spread of literacy education. During the 19th century the school system spread and there was an increase in the number of temple elementary schools. As a result, more people than ever before were brought up to be able to read and write. However, reading and writing did not remain simply the technique of transposing the spoken voice into letters. There is much which is not understood about literacy, such as how people's thoughts change when they learn to read and write and to express their thoughts in writing. What was literacy in the 19th century is the question asked by this paper. This is a question which must also be discussed in future.

第52回自動制御連合講演会, 2009年11月21,22日（大阪大学）, In this study, we propose computational method on several scalarizing functions for sets in a vector spaces. Classically, we use some types of scalarization methods for multiobjective programming problems. For two decades, some papers devoted in the fields of vector optimization and set-valued optimization were appeared with interesting results using nonlinear scalarizing functions with respect to some partial ordering introduced by a convex cone in a vector space. The aim of this paper is to introduce several useful scalarizing functions for sets and propose certain computational methods for them by global optimization technique.

This paper is the introduction of economical thesis on cultural heritage. There were several thesis according to the conservation of historical buildings in late 1970s, and were followed by the positive papers in the area of urban economics. This school were not followed, but some papers have argued about the public goods, merit goods and optimal usage of cultural herigate from 1990s.

This paper examines the market efficiency of gold future market in Japan. According to Fama （1970）, there are three forms of market efficiency tests. They are weak form, semi-strong form and strong form. This paper investigates weak form of market efficiency. Cointegration test is conducted to avoid a problem of spurious regression caused by a non-stationarity of future prices and spot prices. Gold future prices and spot prices are in the long run equilibrium, but they are not in a relationship of one to one. From the results of empirical analysis, the conclusion can be made that gold future market is not efficient in Japan.

In this paper, the discussion of Adachi (2007) of the qualities of the Japanese language teachers who can correspond to the learner's diversification is continued, and developed. This research has been influenced from a German language teaching for the immigrant in Germany. New Immigration Act was enforced in Germany in January, 2005. The new law requires ethnic Germans as well as their family members to pass a language test before they will be allowed to move to Germany. Japanese-language education came also to pay attention to the teacher's training as the foreigners are increasing in Japan. The aim of this paper is considering the skill necessary for the teacher of Japanese-language education.

This paper examines the market efficiency of gold future market in Japan. According to Fama （1970）, there are three forms of market efficiency tests. They are weak form, semi-strong form and strong form. This paper investigates weak form of market efficiency. Cointegration test is conducted to avoid a problem of spurious regression caused by a non-stationarity of future prices and spot prices. Gold future prices and spot prices are in the long run equilibrium, but they are not in a relationship of one to one. From the results of empirical analysis, the conclusion can be made that gold future market is not efficient in Japan.

古紙混合法および稲ワラ混合法を用いた特許法で、食品工場廃棄汚泥から約2週間で完熟汚泥肥料を作製した。国土交通省による新潟県日本海海浜緑化はハマニンニクを主体として、化成肥料を用いて行われているが、化成肥料に代わって我々の汚泥肥料を代替できるかを調査した。同時に、ハマニンニクの株間に植栽する海浜植物としてのスナビキソウの増殖に及ぼす当該肥料の影響を、新潟大学五十嵐キャンパス圃場に於いて調査した。ハマニンニクの生育に肥料は大きな影響を及ぼし、無肥料区では、最良生育株が見られず、平均生長指数は植栽4ヶ月後で1.04であったが、化成肥料区では2.0、古紙カップ区および稲ワラカップ区でもそれぞれ約2.0であった。スナビキソウの増殖には稲ワラ、紙カップ共に無肥料に比較して著しい増殖効果を示した。しかし冬季にスナビキソウの地上部は枯死し、春に新しい植物体を育てるのに時間がかかり、ハマニンニクの株間を埋めるパイオニア植物としては適していないと判定した。冬季の季節風によって静砂垣、堆砂垣を越えてきた砂によって、場所によっては、生育の優劣に拘わらずハマニンニクは埋もれてしまい、翌春の育成はその埋もれ具合に依存していた。従って、ハマニンニクをパイオニア植物として海浜の緑化をめざす国土交通省の現行の方法は、ハマニンニクが冬眠に入る秋までに、堆砂垣を越えて押し寄せる砂の堆積以上にハマニンニクの生長を促すか、あるいは、より強固な背の高い垣を設置してハマニンニクが砂へ埋没することを防ぐかいずれかの方法をとる必要があると思われた。我々は、ハマニンニクに代わる新しいパイオニア植物を選定することを提案した。, Composting of waste sludge from a bean curd factory was performed using a patented paper-tip-mixing method and well matured compost (=PaperFertilizer) was resulted during two weeks. Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MLIT) is trying greening of seashore of Niigata prefecture such as Ikarashi-hama beach and Kobari-hama beach using American dunegrass, Elymus mollis Trinius with chemical fertilizers. We surveyed if PaperFertilizer was alternative one in the greening of seashore. The effi cacy of the PaperFertilizer to enhance the growth of Messerschmidia sibirica L. was also checked in Niigata University agriculture field. The chemical fertilizer gave great affect on the growth of American dune grass. Without the fertilizer, well fl ourished plants were not observed and average growth index was 1.0 on four month after the planting. Contrarily to this, chemical fertilizer increased the index to 2.0 during the same period. PaperFertilizer showed the same average indices in the plants growth as chemical fertilizer. Above ground parts of Messerschmidia sibirica L. unfortunately withers away in winter season and furthermore, growth in height during summer time was not great compared to our expectation. Therefore, the plant has been excluded from the list of pioneer plants which were expected to fl ourish among the stem of American dunegrass. A seasonal wind in wintertime at Kobari-hama beach carried tons of sea sands across the fences which were made and designed by MLIT, and regardless of the flourish, in some places in the plot, American dune grasses were buried under the sand. The growth of the plants in next spring after the harsh winter depends on it that how much the plant was buried deep. Therefore, in the MLIT greening strategy in which American dunegrass is used as a main pioneer plant, it is necessary to grow the grass to greater height than that of the fences before winter comes. Alternatively, tall and durable fences must be set to prevent the grass

This paper focuses on the image of the Japanese language teacher who is be adapted for a multicultural symbiosis society. I attempted to compare the teaching situation of German as the second language in Germany with that of Japanese in Japan. Japan and Germany share similarities in foreign immigrant problems. I found some concrete problems after I did investigation in Germany. In this paper, firstly I would like to summarize my impressions and make some comments on my works in Germany on February 2007, which were based on a language teacher training program and an observation of a German language class. The necessary ability of a Japanese-language teacher is also explored.

This paper examines how the timing of decision-making affects strategic trade policy. In this paper, we analyze the relationship between the different timing of decision-making by exporting firms and their subsidizing governments and its impact on export subsidy. The paper aims to extend the analysis of Brander and Spencer (1985) to include the Stackelberg competition and the sequential-move decision on the subsidy choice by governments. Some main results are presented as follows: First, when governments decide simultaneously the export subsidies in advance under the following Stackelberg quantity competition, the original leader firm produces as if it was the follower. Different from the Cournot model, under the Stackelberg model, the subsidy policy by the government that can subsidize the leader firm does not work effectively. Second, under the sequential-move game in which the government that can subsidize the leader firm decides its subsidy level first, the profit of the leader firm is less than that of the follower in the Stackelberg model, although the first-mover advantage of the government is maintained. The result proves that the timing of decision-making affects the results of the export subsidy policy significantly.

This paper examines how the timing of decision-making affects strategic trade policy. In this paper, we analyze the relationship between the different timing of decision-making by exporting firms and their subsidizing governments and its impact on export subsidy. The paper aims to extend the analysis of Brander and Spencer (1985) to include the Stackelberg competition and the sequential-move decision on the subsidy choice by governments. Some main results are presented as follows: First, when governments decide simultaneously the export subsidies in advance under the following Stackelberg quantity competition, the original leader firm produces as if it was the follower. Different from the Cournot model, under the Stackelberg model, the subsidy policy by the government that can subsidize the leader firm does not work effectively. Second, under the sequential-move game in which the government that can subsidize the leader firm decides its subsidy level first, the profit of the leader firm is less than that of the follower in the Stackelberg model, although the first-mover advantage of the government is maintained. The result proves that the timing of decision-making affects the results of the export subsidy policy significantly.