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本稿ではF. Soddyが自然科学的視点から経済学及び経済政策について議論を展開した著作であるフレデリック・ソディ『富，仮想的な富そして負債：経済学の逆説への解決策』の第2章におけるエネルギー及びその源泉，エネルギー資源の人類による利用，経済社会との関係性についての理論を考察する。また，ソディの予測した原子エネルギー開発の，実際の歴史上の経緯，太陽光のエネルギーの葉緑素を介した取り込みとエネルギーの流れについての，生態学及びエコロジー経済学における関連した理論に関して論じる。ソディの構想した，自然のエネルギー資源を制御し，発展してゆく人類社会の在り方は，未来の生態系及び経済について考察する際の，私たちの社会についての一つの希望が持てる見通しと言えるのではないだろうか。, This paper analyzes the second chapter of Frederic Soddy’s WEALTH, VIRTUAL WEALTH AND DEBT –THE SOLUTION OF THE ECONOMIC PARADOX in which F. Soddy developed theories on economics and economic policy from the viewpoint of natural science. We discuss the theory on energy and its source, resource use by human beings and relationship with the economic society. In addition, the actual history of nuclear energy development predicted by Soddy, related theories of the incorporation of sunlight energy through chlorophyll and the flow of energy in ecology and ecological economics are discussed. The idea of human society developing by the controls and usage of natural energy resources conceived by Soddy could be a hopeful vision of our society, when we consider ecology and economy in future.

Okuguchi and Yamazaki (2017) prove that if each firm’s marginal cost of its first unit of production is small enough, a public firm and at least one private firm produce the good in the unique Nash equilibrium of Cournot mixed oligopoly. In this paper, we study a concrete model of the mixed oligopoly where firms with a linear or quadratic cost function face a linear market demand function to show how small each firm’s marginal cost of its first unit of production should be.

It has been widely recognized among economists that non-cognitive ability, such as self-control, self-esteem, and personality traits, has a great power in predicting social and economic success. Using survey data from students at age 12 and their parents living in Japan, this paper explores the determinants of personality traits of school-age children. Personality traits are measured by students’ answers for questions concerning daily and school life, and we constructed five measures of personality traits corresponding to the Big Five: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. We estimated a regression model of personality traits based on the standard regression model of so-called education production function. We found that personality traits can be hardly explained by the variables used in the standard regression model of the education production function, e.g., education level of parents, the number of siblings, household income, and educational expenditures. We also found that the explanatory power of the regression model can be improved by adding variables concerning students’ daily behavior and parents’ attitude to their children as regressors, although this does not imply a strict causal relationship.

In order to survive under the global competitive environment, even in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) defines their own startegy and have done the management accounting practices for its realization. Needless to say that these are some researches for management accounting practice at SMEs, but they are just researching if SMEs adopt it or not without focusing on how and for what they adopt them. In fact, there is less discussion on the relation between the strategy implementation and management accounting. In this paper, we examine and analyze the case of SUWADA Inc. Co., who has become a manufacturer of the high quality and high proit of nail clippers without the mechanization of the maufacturing process, as a case of successful business transformation with management accounting. We also mention that how they have been brought up skilled workers with management accounting.

2011年３月の東日本大震災と東電福島第一原発事故以降，複数の論考で主に原子力防災と放射線リスクの受容に関する分析を行ってきたが，エネルギー・環境政策の分野では，原子力発電とそこからの放射性物質の放出，リスクの管理という基本的問題から離れて，エネルギー供給の社会的な費用についての議論が盛んである。本論文は，原子力発電所の規制指針の改訂により停止中の日本国内の既存の原子力発電所について，これを再稼働させるべきかについての議論に焦点を合わせる。本論文では関連する論点についての主な主張を概観し，経済学的な論理を抽出し，その構造を明らかにする。これらの経済学的論理に付随してみられる埋没費用概念の誤用は，エネルギー政策についての議論において注意されるべきものである。, Following preceding analyses on acceptance of radiation risk and nuclear disaster prevention after the Great East Japan Earthquake and the TEPCO Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident in March, 2011, this paper focuses on economical logics in the debates on restarting of the existent nuclear power plants in Japan, stopping due to the revise of nuclear power plants' regulations. By analyzing major assertions related, this paper clarifies the economical logics and its structures inside. These economical logics and accompanying misuse of the notion of sunk costs should be paid attentions in the debates on energy policies.

1992年のユネスコ世界遺産条約への加盟以降，2000年代半ばに世界遺産ブームとも呼ぶべき，世界遺産に登録することで観光活性化を目指す官民の動きが目に付くようになった。が，世界遺産に登録すれば観光客が増えるのかは，ほとんど検証はされていない。本稿では，国内で世界遺産に登録された早い事例で，登録の前後10年ずつの観光客数を較べ，登録を機に増えたといえるか統計的に検討する。対象は，法隆寺，姫路城，屋久島，白神山地，京都，原爆ドーム，厳島神社，奈良，日光，沖縄（琉球）である。結果，10遺産のうち登録を機に増加に転じたといえるのは白神山地のみで，他に日光について長期的な漸減傾向に持ち直しが見られた。さらに有意に変化したといえた2事例の，その後の傾向を追い，登録後10年を過ぎても増加し続けているとはいえないことを示し，観光客増を目的に世界遺産登録を目指すという官民の運動に妥当性はないことを指摘する。, In mid-2000s Japan, people have saw the so-called “World Heritage Fever”, the movements of local governments and private sectors aspiring to vitalize the local tourism by the registration of the World Heritages. But there is almost no evidence on the relationship between the registration of the World Heritage and the trend of the tourists’ numbers. In this paper I examine the change of the number of tourists between before 10 years and after 10 years of the registration of 10 World Heritages in Japan (Horyu-ji, Himeji, Yakushima, Sirakami, Kyoto, Atomic Bomb Dome, Itsukushima-shrine, Nara, Nikkoh and Ryukyu). The result is that the tourists have increased significantly at only 2 of 10 Heritages: Shirakami and Nikkoh.

1992年のユネスコ世界遺産条約への加盟以降，2000年代半ばに世界遺産ブームとも呼ぶべき，世界遺産に登録することで観光活性化を目指す官民の動きが目に付くようになった。が，世界遺産に登録すれば観光客が増えるのかは，ほとんど検証はされていない。本稿では，国内で世界遺産に登録された早い事例で，登録の前後10年ずつの観光客数を較べ，登録を機に増えたといえるか統計的に検討する。対象は，法隆寺，姫路城，屋久島，白神山地，京都，原爆ドーム，厳島神社，奈良，日光，沖縄（琉球）である。結果，10遺産のうち登録を機に増加に転じたといえるのは白神山地のみで，他に日光について長期的な漸減傾向に持ち直しが見られた。さらに有意に変化したといえた2事例の，その後の傾向を追い，登録後10年を過ぎても増加し続けているとはいえないことを示し，観光客増を目的に世界遺産登録を目指すという官民の運動に妥当性はないことを指摘する。, In mid-2000s Japan, people have saw the so-called “World Heritage Fever”, the movements of local governments and private sectors aspiring to vitalize the local tourism by the registration of the World Heritages. But there is almost no evidence on the relationship between the registration of the World Heritage and the trend of the tourists’ numbers. In this paper I examine the change of the number of tourists between before 10 years and after 10 years of the registration of 10 World Heritages in Japan (Horyu-ji, Himeji, Yakushima, Sirakami, Kyoto, Atomic Bomb Dome, Itsukushima-shrine, Nara, Nikkoh and Ryukyu). The result is that the tourists have increased significantly at only 2 of 10 Heritages: Shirakami and Nikkoh.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of monetary policy expectation on US long term interest rates in global financial crisis. Three onth OIS (Overnight Indexed Swap) rate is used as market expectation of monetary policy by the FRB. As for market interest rates, US Treasury note yields and swap rates of two years, five years and ten years are used. The expectation of monetary policy formed in the market did not influence US Treasury note yields and swap rates of two years, five years and ten years. One of the reasons is that financial market was under great stress in global financial crisis. Thus the function of price discovery is considered to be lost so that ordinary transmission mechanism from overnight interest rate to long term interest rate did not work. The results of this paper have following policy implication. The FRB could not influence US Treasury note yields and swap rates of two years, five years and ten years through monetary policy expectation formed in the financial market.

This paper examines how the difference in the timing of trade policy implementation affects the welfare of the exporting and importing countries, and world welfare, using a third market model. The paper shows that when the importing government (resp. the exporting governments) first move(s), the welfare of the importing country and the world is the highest (resp. lowest). Further, we compare the equilibrium results under free trade, the unilateral interventions, and bilateral interventions. When the exporting governments implement the subsidy policy strategically, the import tariff policy implemented importing government in advance of setting the subsidy can be justified from the viewpoint of the third country’s welfare and also world welfare.

This paper presents a simple two-stage lobbying competition model of tariff determination. In the first stage, domestic firms lobby for tariff protection, an anti-tariff group of domestic consumers or foreign firms lobbies against tariff protection and then the government sets a specific tariff rate. In the second stage, given the tariff rate determined in the first stage, domestic and foreign firms set their output level à la Cournot. This paper will show in the lobbying competition model with a specific functional form that the equilibrium tariff rate can be a non-monotone function of the number of agents in an interest group.

This paper is the introduction of economical thesis on cultural heritage. There were several thesis according to the conservation of historical buildings in late 1970s, and were followed by the positive papers in the area of urban economics. This school were not followed, but some papers have argued about the public goods, merit goods and optimal usage of cultural herigate from 1990s.

This paper examines the market efficiency of gold future market in Japan. According to Fama （1970）, there are three forms of market efficiency tests. They are weak form, semi-strong form and strong form. This paper investigates weak form of market efficiency. Cointegration test is conducted to avoid a problem of spurious regression caused by a non-stationarity of future prices and spot prices. Gold future prices and spot prices are in the long run equilibrium, but they are not in a relationship of one to one. From the results of empirical analysis, the conclusion can be made that gold future market is not efficient in Japan.

This paper examines the market efficiency of gold future market in Japan. According to Fama （1970）, there are three forms of market efficiency tests. They are weak form, semi-strong form and strong form. This paper investigates weak form of market efficiency. Cointegration test is conducted to avoid a problem of spurious regression caused by a non-stationarity of future prices and spot prices. Gold future prices and spot prices are in the long run equilibrium, but they are not in a relationship of one to one. From the results of empirical analysis, the conclusion can be made that gold future market is not efficient in Japan.

This paper examines how the timing of decision-making affects strategic trade policy. In this paper, we analyze the relationship between the different timing of decision-making by exporting firms and their subsidizing governments and its impact on export subsidy. The paper aims to extend the analysis of Brander and Spencer (1985) to include the Stackelberg competition and the sequential-move decision on the subsidy choice by governments. Some main results are presented as follows: First, when governments decide simultaneously the export subsidies in advance under the following Stackelberg quantity competition, the original leader firm produces as if it was the follower. Different from the Cournot model, under the Stackelberg model, the subsidy policy by the government that can subsidize the leader firm does not work effectively. Second, under the sequential-move game in which the government that can subsidize the leader firm decides its subsidy level first, the profit of the leader firm is less than that of the follower in the Stackelberg model, although the first-mover advantage of the government is maintained. The result proves that the timing of decision-making affects the results of the export subsidy policy significantly.

This paper examines how the timing of decision-making affects strategic trade policy. In this paper, we analyze the relationship between the different timing of decision-making by exporting firms and their subsidizing governments and its impact on export subsidy. The paper aims to extend the analysis of Brander and Spencer (1985) to include the Stackelberg competition and the sequential-move decision on the subsidy choice by governments. Some main results are presented as follows: First, when governments decide simultaneously the export subsidies in advance under the following Stackelberg quantity competition, the original leader firm produces as if it was the follower. Different from the Cournot model, under the Stackelberg model, the subsidy policy by the government that can subsidize the leader firm does not work effectively. Second, under the sequential-move game in which the government that can subsidize the leader firm decides its subsidy level first, the profit of the leader firm is less than that of the follower in the Stackelberg model, although the first-mover advantage of the government is maintained. The result proves that the timing of decision-making affects the results of the export subsidy policy significantly.

In this technical paper, the analysis of Ohkawa, Okamura, and Tawada (2002) is reconsidered. The paper examines the relationship between trade policy and the number of firms in the third-country model, with some additional investigations that are not dealt with in their seminal paper. First, the exogenous simultaneous-move game of the decision on trade policy by the exporting countries is discussed, before analyzing the endogenous timing of trade policy. The calculating results on strategic trade policy are presented and trade intervention is compared with free trade. It is shown that when the difference in the number of firms in two exporting countries is sufficiently large, the stability of the equilibrium is not satisfied. Second, the endogenous timing is analyzed and some additional results are presented. The endogenous sequential decision on trade policy is compared with the simultaneous one. Finally, the restricted case in which the export tariff cannot be imposed is analyzed. This paper argues that the prohibition of the export tariff improves world welfare.

GATT/ WTO has been contributing to ensure smooth flows of international trade and promoting the growth of the world economy. Under this international trade system, consumers enjoy consumption variety with the increase in trade volume, however, adverse results have appeared in cultural aspects. Since cultural goods (creative industry) is one of the most important segments of the services, which are the largest and most dynamic component of both developed and developing country economies, trade in culture must be studied from the view point of regulation policy in international trade. In this paper, before analyzing theoretically the effects of trade liberalization on the flow of cultural goods and the culture, I briefly explain the international trade system and survey current structure of Japanese service trade.

我が国には第三分野保険と呼ばれ，生命保険と損害保険に続いて新たに定義された私的な保険分野がある。保険産業において特に生命保険会社は機関投資家として金融市場で主要な役割を演じる主体であり，我が国でも政府の規制下にある。第三分野保険の歴史は浅く，資本の自由化の流れに沿って1970年代当初は外国の生命保険会社にのみ門戸が開かれた市場であったが，1995年の抜本的な保険業の改正を経て2001年に第三分野保険市場が完全自由化され，国内の保険会社全てに販売が解禁された。本稿では第三分野保険市場の構造と特性を理解するため当該市場の変遷を概観する。, Third-sector insurance such as medical, cancer, and damage-loss insurance was established in Japan in 1970's. One characteristic of the market is that it initially was opened only for the foreign life insurance companies. But Insurance Business Act was drastically amended in 1995, and major domestic insurers were allowed to enter the market in 2001 after the long and complicated negotiations between Japan and US. Preparing for the theoretical investigation into the impacts of deregulation of Japan's insurance sector on firms' behavior, this paper surveys the transition of the market structure of the third-sector insurance from foreign monopoly to domestic and foreign oligopoly.

The paper examines the optimal policy on subsidy and import tariff under international oligopoly in a two-country model. We show that the optimal subsidy provided to domestic firms always deters foreign firms from entering the domestic market, whereas imposing an optimal tariff on foreign firms allows foreign firms to enter the market. In addition, it is shown that the domestic government can bring about greater domestic welfare by subsidizing the domestic firms than by imposing a tariff on foreign firms. The results suggest that from the viewpoint of protection of the domestic industry, the national government prefers the subsidy policy to the tariff policy in order to restrict import.

This paper applies the Abreu [1] strategy to spatial monopoly and Loschian entry cases to show how crucially it depends on market radius. A credible punishment requires an intriguing combination of production and distance costs.

This paper investigates the asymmetric impacts of global financial crisis on Japanese interest rate swap spreads by dividing the whole sample period into four. The uncertainty as for the future path of monetary policy is considered to cause volatility in the market after August 9, 2007 when subsidiaries of BNP Paribas announced the suspension of liquidation from asset. Thus volatility is a positive contributor to swap spreads of 2-years and 5-years. Default risk is negatively incorporated in 10-year swap spread after the Lehman shock of September 15, 2008. It is presumed that the functions of price discovery were lost.

我が国には第三分野保険と呼ばれ，生命保険と損害保険に続いて新たに定義された私的な保険分野がある。保険産業において特に生命保険会社は機関投資家として金融市場で主要な役割を演じる主体であり，我が国でも政府の規制下にある。第三分野保険の歴史は浅く，資本の自由化の流れに沿って1970年代当初は外国の生命保険会社にのみ門戸が開かれた市場であったが，1995年の抜本的な保険業の改正を経て2001年に第三分野保険市場が完全自由化され，国内の保険会社全てに販売が解禁された。本稿では第三分野保険市場の構造と特性を理解するため当該市場の変遷を概観する。, Third-sector insurance such as medical, cancer, and damage-loss insurance was established in Japan in 1970's. One characteristic of the market is that it initially was opened only for the foreign life insurance companies. But Insurance Business Act was drastically amended in 1995, and major domestic insurers were allowed to enter the market in 2001 after the long and complicated negotiations between Japan and US. Preparing for the theoretical investigation into the impacts of deregulation of Japan's insurance sector on firms' behavior, this paper surveys the transition of the market structure of the third-sector insurance from foreign monopoly to domestic and foreign oligopoly.

In this paper, we present an extension of the model of Wang (2004) to analyze the effect of a constraint pertaining to countervailing duties (CVDs). In WTO agreements, it is stipulated that CVDs should not exceed foreign export subsidies; this is different from the setting of Wang (2004). Taking the constraint on CVDs that they do not exceed foreign export subsidies into consideration, we clarify that CVDs are not levied on the foreign firm and foreign export subsidies are not given to the foreign firm. Our result sharply contrasts with the result of Wang (2004) who analyzes the situation in which CVDs can be higher than the subsidies and shows that positive foreign export subsidies come into existence.

In this paper, we overview studies on the subprime crisis and consider how the lending boom translated into a crisis by focusing on the role of collateral. In brief, the cause for the commencement of subprime lending was optimistic expectations that housing prices would increase continuously such that lenders could seize sufficient value of collateral to cover the entire loan repayment. However, once prices deteriorated, investors began to sell assets and the collateral value depreciated. Accordingly, subprime loans were no longer solvent, and this obliged investors to further sell the underlying assets. We discuss how the specific nature of subprime lending affects this boom-bust phenomenon.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the price linkage of commodity futures contracts on TCE (gold, silver, platinum and rubber) and on TGE (corn, soybean, raw sugar, and red bean) by using non-stationary time series models. As for TCE, I found no cointegration relationship among four contracts. I also found no cointegration relationship for each pair of four contracts. I can conclude that no price linkage among the futures contracts on TCE. I found Granger causality from gold to silver and platinum on TCE. Thus I can assume that gold gave some influences on the prices of silver and platinum, but silver and platinum gave no influences on the price of gold. The metal futures such as gold, silver and platinum gave no impact on rubber and rubber gave no influence on metal futures. As for TGE, I also found no cointegration relationship among four contracts. On the other hand, I found cointegration relationship between corn and soybean, corn and red bean, red bean and raw sugar, red bean and soybean. I can conclude that no price linkage exists among four contracts on TGE, but price linkage exists between corn and soybean, corn and red bean, red bean and raw sugar, red bean and soybean. I found no Granger causality among the contracts on TGE.

This paper analyzes the relationship of long term interest rates between Japan and Euro zone in the framework of uncovered interest rate parity relationship (UIP) from June 1, 2000 through May 24, 2004. Engle and Granger cointegration test is conducted. We find no evidence of UIP in the entire term structure. Thus we find little evidence for longrun international linkages of long term interest rates between Japanese Yen and Euro from June 1, 2000 through May 24, 2004. The Granger causalities of Japanese interest rates on Euro interest are confirmed in the entire term structure. The Granger causalities of Euro interest rate on Japanese interest rate are confirmed only in 10 year.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the determinants of Japanese yen interest rate swap spreads from the beginning of 1994 through the middle of 2003. The whole sample is devided into two sub periods. The first sub period, named Sample A, is from January 1994 through January 1999. The second sub period, named Sample B, is from February 1999 through July 2003. For the Variables of determinants, I use TED spead, credit risk and slope of the yield curve .The VAR model without error correction term is estimated for the analysis of variance decomposition and impulse response function. The credit risk influenced swap spreads of all maturities more in Sample A than in Sample B. Especially in mid term such as 4 year and 5 year, the impacts of credit risk were very strong in Sample A.

This study examines Japanese and overseas employees' perceptions of intercultural communication in multicultural workplaces. This study focuses on local government offices and local government-related organisations in a rural area in Japan. The results obtained from conducted semi-structured interviews provided us with some insights into what conceptualisation of culture we should adopt in intercultural education and which cultural characteristics Japanese students should focus on to develop a critical awareness of their own culture. The results also provided us with insights into how students should view the adaptation to cultural differences. These insights help us design an educational programme for developing Japanese students' intercultural competence for working in multicultural workplaces in Japan's rural areas.

本論文は，規制当局と被規制企業の間に情報の非対称性が存在する状況における企業結合規制について，理論的考察を試みる．独占禁止法を執行する規制当局は通常，合併審査を受ける企業の効率性について詳細を把握できない．こうした情報の非対称性が存在する状況で規制当局は，合併審査を受ける企業の私的情報を適切に反映する，最適な企業結合規制を設計する必要がある．本論文では，規制の経済学の分析枠組みを用いて，企業の私的情報を適切に開示させる企業結合規制の在り方を分析する．特に，合併後の生産費用について，規制当局が情報の非対称性に直面する時の，最適な企業結合規制を導出する．得られる結論は以下の通りである．情報の非対称性が存在するセカンドベストの状況では，ファーストベストの状況と比べて最適な企業結合規制における合併認可のハードルが高くなる．この結論から，規制当局が合併を検討する企業もしくは産業について不十分な情報しか持たず，合併企業のシナジー効果を適切に把握できない時に，合併認可にはより慎重となり，認可される合併が社会的に見て過少となる可能性が示唆される．

本稿は，多国籍企業を念頭に企業集団内で統一的に採用された会計基準の性質と会計単位と生産単位の最適な距離の関係を分析するものである。金融庁が2015年4月に公表した「IFRS 適用レポート」によれば，IFRS の任意適用を決定した理由または移行前に想定していた主なメリットとして一位に順位付けした項目別の回答数が最も多かった項目は，「海外子会社等が多いことから，経営管理に役立つ」であった。海外での事業活動を活発に行う企業は急激な環境変化に対応しなければならず，単に各国の会計基準に準拠して作成された親会社や連結子会社の単体財務諸表を基にIFRS に準拠した連結財務諸表を作成して海外企業との比較可能性の向上を目指せば良いというものではなく，企業集団の経営管理の基盤としてIFRS のような統一的な会計基準を据える必要性が高いのだろう。このような状況にあるにもかかわらず，私の知る限り，経営管理の観点からIFRS 適用を論じた学術研究はない。本稿は，経営管理の観点からIFRS 適用を検討するという点で新しい。本稿は，会計研究分野で標準的な利益操作を伴うモラル・ハザードのモデルを利用して会計基準の性質と組織構造の関係を明らかにした。まず第一に，会計管理者と生産管理者の間の最適な関係は，会計管理者の生産管理者への助言活動に対する企業価値の感応度が増加するほど，疎遠にした方が良い。両者の最適な関係は，会計管理者の生産管理者への助言活動に対する生産管理者の業績指標の感応度が増加するほど，疎遠にした方が良い。両者の最適な関係は，会計管理者の業績操作に対する生産管理者の業績指標の感応度が増加するほど，親密にした方が良い。第二に，会計管理者の生産管理者への助言活動に対する企業価値の感応度が増加するならば，会計管理者を動機づけるために，助言活動が影響を与える生産管理者の業績指標の利用度を増やすのが良い。会計管理者の生産管理者への助言活動に対する生産管理者の業績指標の感応度が増加する場合，会計管理者を動機づけるために，助言活動が影響を与える生産管理者の業績指標の利用度を増やすべきかどうかは状況に依存する。会計管理者の業績操作に対する生産管理者の業績指標の感応度が増加するならば，会計管理者を動機づけるために，会計管理者の業績操作が影響を与える生産管理者の業績指標の利用を減らすのが良い。第三に，会計管理者の生産管理者への助言活動に対する企業価値の感応度が増加するほど，最適な正味の企業価値は増加する。会計管理者の生産管理者への助言活動に対する生産管理者の業績指標の感応度が増加するほど，最適な正味の企業価値は増加する。会計管理者の業績操作に対する生産管理者の業績指標の感応度が増加するほど，最適な正味の企業価値は減少する。

和紙は古来より日本社会の生活に深く根ざし，独自の文化を支えてきた。しかし，日本社会の洋式化が進むに従い和紙の需要も減退し，原料の一つである楮の生産は現在，危機に瀕している。国内の楮生産量はこの三十年で15％ほどに落ち込んだ。楮栽培の主な担い手は70～80歳代の後期高齢者という状況にある。それに応じ，楮の原料商はタイ，中国，パラグアイなどから輸入を増やしており，海外産の楮によって数量確保がなされている。但し，各国ともに経済発展の影響による生産コストの上昇などにより，今後も安泰とは言い難い。 いまひとつの課題は，楮の皮たくりの人手不足にある。楮の甘皮をはぐこの作業は，和紙の風合いを出す重要な工程であり，その分手間がかかる。これまで多くの産地では，地域コミュニティに支えられて行われていたが，限界集落化に見られるようなコミュニティの衰退によって，人手が集まらない状況にある。 和紙需要の低迷，動物による楮の食害，楮加工の多大なる手間に鑑みると，農家にとり楮栽培は収益源として魅力がなく，抜本的な対策が取られないままでは新たな担い手は見込めない。CSV（Creating Shared Value）運動から，楮流通を含む和紙文化の支援において企業の役割にも期待がかかる。

本論文は，混合寡占市場における広告競争の理論分析について再検討を行う。具体的には，広告により需要が拡大する一般的な状況を考察し，均衡広告水準や均衡生産量がモデルの外生変数に依存してどう変化するかについて，比較静学の結果を提示する。混合寡占市場の下で広告競争を分析した多くの既存研究は，分析の複雑さを避けるために，広告が真の需要を完全に増加させるケースと全く増加させないケースの，両極端のケースのみを扱ってきた。本論文では，広告が需要に与える影響を一般化したモデル設定で，均衡広告水準や均衡生産量を導出し，企業の限界費用や私企業等の外生変数にの変化が均衡諸変数にどのような影響を与えるのかについて基本的な結果を提示する。比較静学の結果はいくつかの命題にまとめられる。注目すべき結論は以下の通りである。第一に，広告が完全に真の需要を増加させるケースでは，私企業の均衡広告水準はゼロとなり，私企業は公企業の広告投資に完全にただ乗りすることが示される。第二に，私企業数が増加するにつれて，均衡広告水準と均衡生産量が増加するという結論を示す。広告が真の需要を拡大する程度が高まるにつれて，均衡総広告水準が減少する場合があることをシミュレーション結果から明らかにする。さらにシミュレーションにより広告が真の需要を拡大する程度が高まるとしても，社会厚生が必ずしも増加するとは限らないことを明らかにする。

本論文では，純粋寡占市場における広告競争について2段階ゲームに基づき理論分析を行う．濱田(2017)では，混合寡占市場における広告競争の分析を行い，パラメータの変化に伴う比較静学の結果を提示した．具体的には，広告により需要が拡大する状況を一般的な設定で考察し，均衡広告水準や均衡生産量がモデルの外生変数に依存してどう変化するかについて，結論を提示した．しかしながら，そもそも純粋寡占市場の下で同様の2段階の広告競争ゲームを考える時，外生変数に依存して均衡広告水準や均衡生産量がどう変化するかについて，結論はあまり自明ではない．本論文では，純粋寡占市場の下で広告競争を分析し，広告が需要に与える影響を一般化したモデル設定で，均衡広告水準や均衡生産量を導出する．また企業の限界費用や企業数等の外生変数の変化が，均衡諸変数にどのような影響を与えるのかについて明らかにする．混合寡占市場の下での結果と比べて，いくつかの異なる比較静学の結果を得る．第一に，純粋寡占市場の下で均衡広告水準と均衡生産量は，広告が真の需要を拡大する程度には全く依存しない．また社会厚生は広告が真の需要を拡大する程度を示すパラメータの厳密な増加関数である．第二に，限界費用の低い企業が増える時，限界費用の高い企業の均衡広告水準は必ず減少するが，限界費用の低い企業の均衡広告水準および均衡総広告水準が増加するか減少するかについては，どちらも起こる可能性がある．第三に，限界費用の低い企業が増える時，均衡総生産量は必ず増えるものの，各企業の均衡生産量について，明確な比較静学の結果を得ることができない．これらの結論は，混合寡占市場の下で得られた結論とは対照的である．