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Neutrinos are one of the most promising messengers for signals of new physics Beyond the Standard Model (BSM). On the theoretical side, their elusive nature, combined with their unknown mass mechanism, seems to indicate that the neutrino sector is indeed opening a window to new physics. On the experimental side, several long-standing anomalies have been reported in the past decades, providing a strong motivation to thoroughly test the standard three-neutrino oscillation paradigm. In this Snowmass21 white paper, we explore the potential of current and future neutrino experiments to explore BSM effects on neutrino flavor during the next decade.

We present a method of setting up a website using the Drupal CMS to publish CRM data. Our setup requires basic technical expertise by researchers who are then able to publish their records in both a human accessible way through HTML and a machine friendly format through RDFa. We begin by examining previous work on Drupal and the CRM and identifying useful patterns. We present the Drupal modules that are required by our setup and we explain why these are sustainable. We continue by giving guidelines for setting up Drupal to serve CRM data easily and we describe a specific installation for our case study which is related to decorated papers alongside our CRM mapping. We finish with highlighting the benefits of our method (i.e. speed and user-friendliness) and we refer to a number of issues which require further work (i.e. automatic validation, UI improvements and the provision for SPARQL endpoints).

We present a method of setting up a website using the Drupal CMS to publish CRM data. Our setup requires basic technical expertise by researchers who are then able to publish their records in both a human accessible way through HTML and a machine friendly format through RDFa. We begin by examining previous work on Drupal and the CRM and identifying useful patterns. We present the Drupal modules that are required by our setup and we explain why these are sustainable. We continue by giving guidelines for setting up Drupal to serve CRM data easily and we describe a specific installation for our case study which is related to decorated papers alongside our CRM mapping. We finish with highlighting the benefits of our method (i.e. speed and user-friendliness) and we refer to a number of issues which require further work (i.e. automatic validation, UI improvements and the provision for SPARQL endpoints).

We present a method of setting up a website using the Drupal CMS to publish CRM data. Our setup requires basic technical expertise by researchers who are then able to publish their records in both a human accessible way through HTML and a machine friendly format through RDFa. We begin by examining previous work on Drupal and the CRM and identifying useful patterns. We present the Drupal modules that are required by our setup and we explain why these are sustainable. We continue by giving guidelines for setting up Drupal to serve CRM data easily and we describe a specific installation for our case study which is related to decorated papers alongside our CRM mapping. We finish with highlighting the benefits of our method (i.e. speed and user-friendliness) and we refer to a number of issues which require further work (i.e. automatic validation, UI improvements and the provision for SPARQL endpoints).

We present a method of setting up a website using the Drupal CMS to publish CRM data. Our setup requires basic technical expertise by researchers who are then able to publish their records in both a human accessible way through HTML and a machine friendly format through RDFa. We begin by examining previous work on Drupal and the CRM and identifying useful patterns. We present the Drupal modules that are required by our setup and we explain why these are sustainable. We continue by giving guidelines for setting up Drupal to serve CRM data easily and we describe a specific installation for our case study which is related to decorated papers alongside our CRM mapping. We finish with highlighting the benefits of our method (i.e. speed and user-friendliness) and we refer to a number of issues which require further work (i.e. automatic validation, UI improvements and the provision for SPARQL endpoints).

We present a method of setting up a website using the Drupal CMS to publish CRM data. Our setup requires basic technical expertise by researchers who are then able to publish their records in both a human accessible way through HTML and a machine friendly format through RDFa. We begin by examining previous work on Drupal and the CRM and identifying useful patterns. We present the Drupal modules that are required by our setup and we explain why these are sustainable. We continue by giving guidelines for setting up Drupal to serve CRM data easily and we describe a specific installation for our case study which is related to decorated papers alongside our CRM mapping. We finish with highlighting the benefits of our method (i.e. speed and user-friendliness) and we refer to a number of issues which require further work (i.e. automatic validation, UI improvements and the provision for SPARQL endpoints).

We present a method of setting up a website using the Drupal CMS to publish CRM data. Our setup requires basic technical expertise by researchers who are then able to publish their records in both a human accessible way through HTML and a machine friendly format through RDFa. We begin by examining previous work on Drupal and the CRM and identifying useful patterns. We present the Drupal modules that are required by our setup and we explain why these are sustainable. We continue by giving guidelines for setting up Drupal to serve CRM data easily and we describe a specific installation for our case study which is related to decorated papers alongside our CRM mapping. We finish with highlighting the benefits of our method (i.e. speed and user-friendliness) and we refer to a number of issues which require further work (i.e. automatic validation, UI improvements and the provision for SPARQL endpoints).

We present a method of setting up a website using the Drupal CMS to publish CRM data. Our setup requires basic technical expertise by researchers who are then able to publish their records in both a human accessible way through HTML and a machine friendly format through RDFa. We begin by examining previous work on Drupal and the CRM and identifying useful patterns. We present the Drupal modules that are required by our setup and we explain why these are sustainable. We continue by giving guidelines for setting up Drupal to serve CRM data easily and we describe a specific installation for our case study which is related to decorated papers alongside our CRM mapping. We finish with highlighting the benefits of our method (i.e. speed and user-friendliness) and we refer to a number of issues which require further work (i.e. automatic validation, UI improvements and the provision for SPARQL endpoints).

We present a method of setting up a website using the Drupal CMS to publish CRM data. Our setup requires basic technical expertise by researchers who are then able to publish their records in both a human accessible way through HTML and a machine friendly format through RDFa. We begin by examining previous work on Drupal and the CRM and identifying useful patterns. We present the Drupal modules that are required by our setup and we explain why these are sustainable. We continue by giving guidelines for setting up Drupal to serve CRM data easily and we describe a specific installation for our case study which is related to decorated papers alongside our CRM mapping. We finish with highlighting the benefits of our method (i.e. speed and user-friendliness) and we refer to a number of issues which require further work (i.e. automatic validation, UI improvements and the provision for SPARQL endpoints).

We present a method of setting up a website using the Drupal CMS to publish CRM data. Our setup requires basic technical expertise by researchers who are then able to publish their records in both a human accessible way through HTML and a machine friendly format through RDFa. We begin by examining previous work on Drupal and the CRM and identifying useful patterns. We present the Drupal modules that are required by our setup and we explain why these are sustainable. We continue by giving guidelines for setting up Drupal to serve CRM data easily and we describe a specific installation for our case study which is related to decorated papers alongside our CRM mapping. We finish with highlighting the benefits of our method (i.e. speed and user-friendliness) and we refer to a number of issues which require further work (i.e. automatic validation, UI improvements and the provision for SPARQL endpoints).

Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the composting performance of anaerobically treated palm oil mill effluent (AnPOME) mixed with paper and grass clippings. Methods Composting was conducted using a laboratory scale system for 40 days. Several parameters were determined: temperature, mass reduction, pH, electrical conductivity, colour, zeta potential, phytotoxicity and final compost nutrients. Results The moisture content and compost mass were reduced by 24 and 18 %, respectively. Both final compost pH value and electrical conductivity were found to increase in value. Colour (measured as PtCo) was not suitable as a maturity indicator. The negative zeta potential values decreased from −12.25 to −21.80 mV. The phytotoxicity of the compost mixture was found to decrease in value during the process and the final nutrient value of the compost indicates its suitability as a soil conditioner. Conclusions From this study, we conclude that the addition of paper and grass clippings can be a potential substrate to be composted with anaerobically treated palm oil mill effluent (AnPOME). The final compost produced is suitable for soil conditioner.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the composting performance of anaerobically treated palm oil mill effluent (AnPOME) mixed with paper and grass clippings. Methods Composting was conducted using a laboratory scale system for 40 days. Several parameters were determined: temperature, mass reduction, pH, electrical conductivity, colour, zeta potential, phytotoxicity and final compost nutrients. Results The moisture content and compost mass were reduced by 24 and 18 %, respectively. Both final compost pH value and electrical conductivity were found to increase in value. Colour (measured as PtCo) was not suitable as a maturity indicator. The negative zeta potential values decreased from −12.25 to −21.80 mV. The phytotoxicity of the compost mixture was found to decrease in value during the process and the final nutrient value of the compost indicates its suitability as a soil conditioner. Conclusions From this study, we conclude that the addition of paper and grass clippings can be a potential substrate to be composted with anaerobically treated palm oil mill effluent (AnPOME). The final compost produced is suitable for soil conditioner.

Edited Book

A historical analysis of the development of the USSR wood and paper industry was undertaken in order to reflect some specific features of the distribution of resources in the structure of the IIASA global model for the forest sector.

A historical analysis of the development of the USSR wood and paper industry was undertaken in order to reflect some specific features of the distribution of resources in the structure of the IIASA global model for the forest sector.

In this paper, we describe the Software Tag which makes software development visible to software purchasers (users). A software tag is a partial set of empirical data about a software development project shared between the purchaser and developer. The purchaser uses the software tag to evaluate the software project, allowing them to recognize the quality level of the processes and products involved. With Japanese government support, we have successfully standardized the software tag named Software Tag Standard 1.0, and have developed various associated tools for tag data collection and visualization. For its initial evaluation, the software tag has been applied to several projects. This paper also presents various activities aimed at promoting the use of the software tag in Japan and the world., PROFES 2010 : Product-Focused Software Process Improvement, June 21-23, 2010, Limerick, Ireland

In this paper, we present a method of embedding physics data manifolds with metric structure into lower dimensional spaces with simpler metrics, such as Euclidean and Hyperbolic spaces. We then demonstrate that it can be a powerful step in the data analysis pipeline for many applications. Using progressively more realistic simulated collisions at the Large Hadron Collider, we show that this embedding approach learns the underlying latent structure. With the notion of volume in Euclidean spaces, we provide for the first time a viable solution to quantifying the true search capability of model agnostic search algorithms in collider physics (i.e. anomaly detection). Finally, we discuss how the ideas presented in this paper can be employed to solve many practical challenges that require the extraction of physically meaningful representations from information in complex high dimensional datasets.

Ageing is the major challenge for the PAYG pension systems in developed countries. Most of them are undergoing reforms in order to adapt to the new demographic reality. The package of reforms implemented includes increasing the retirement age, reducing the replacement rate, or introducing a sustainability factor linking pension to life expectancy. The aim of this paper is to analyse the potential consequences of a different type of reform that is at a very incipient stage in Spain but that could have a significant impact if it were fully implemented. This reform, called ‘silent reform’ because it is imperceptible to citizens in its early stages, basically consists in increasing maximum pensions in line with inflation instead of wage or productivity growth. This policy is reducing the replacement rate only for high earning workers and increasing the redistributive component of the system. This paper is the first to quantify and evaluate the potential consequences of this type of reform in Spain. We have used an accounting model with heterogeneous agents and overlapping generations in order to project pension expenditure for the next six decades. The results show that this type of reform could potentially contain future expenditure but at the cost of changing the nature of the pension system from a contributory or Bismarckian-type system into a pure redistributive pension system or Beveridgean-type one., Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN), Depto. de Análisis Económico y Economía Cuantitativa, Fac. de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, TRUE, pub

Effort estimation methods are one of the important tools for project managers in controlling human resources of ongoing or future software projects. The estimations require historical project data including process and product metrics that characterize past projects. Practically, in using the estimation methods, it is a problem that the historical project data frequently contain substantial missing values. In this paper, we propose an effort estimation method based on Collaborative Filtering for solving the problem. Collaborative Filtering has been developed in information retrieval researchers, as one of the estimation techniques using defective data, i.e. data having substantial missing values. The proposed method first evaluates similarity between a target (ongoing) project and each past project, using vector based similarity computation equation. Then it predicts the effort of the target project with the weighted sum of the efforts of past similar projects. We conducted an experimental case study to evaluate the estimation performance of the proposed method. The proposed method showed better performance than the conventional regression method when the data had substantial missing values., PROFES 2004 : Product Focused Software Process Improvement, April 5-8, 2004, Kansai Science City, Japan

In order to improve website usability, it is important for developers to understand how users access websites. In this paper, we present Webjig, which is a support system for website usability evaluation in order to resolve the problems associated with the existing systems. Webjig can collect users’ interaction data from static and dynamic websites. Moreover, by using Webjig, developers can precisely identify users’ activities on websites. By performing an experiment to evaluate the usefulness of Webjig, we have confirmed that developers could effectively improve website usability., HCI 2009 : Human-Computer Interaction. New Trends, July 19-24, 2009, San Diego, CA, USA

People are using search engine in daily life. But most of the tools that we have today treat information-seeking tasks as a transient activity. In this research paper we introduce a web application system that provides collaborative function and experts finding system. We develop a system that will help user to organize search result and to do the collaboration with others. With the new iterative algorithm, users will also gain more percentage of needed result and the system will be able to suggest the experts related to the search keyword., OCSC 2011 : Online Communities and Social Computing, July 9-14, 2011, Orlando, FL, USA

This paper presents a system which extensively exploits user’s eye gaze information for operating services and appliances in the emerging home network system (HNS). We design and implement the system called AXELLA, which captures user’s gaze, then invokes a service operation, and finally announces the response via voice. AXELLA interprets the gaze information together with supplementary information as a gaze context, and triggers a service module associated by a service rule. Thus, a simple gazing activity can be used for various service operations. Service developers (or even home users) can easily develop context-aware HNS services with the eye-gaze-based UI. We demonstrate a practical service called “See and Know” implemented using AXELLA, where a user can acquire the current status information of every appliance just by looking at the appliance. It was shown that the proposed system can reduce the artificial dependency significantly with respect to ease-of-learning and system scalability., UCS 2006 : Ubiquitous Computing Systems, October 11-13, 2006, Seoul, Korea

This paper presents a survey about use of quantitative management indicators in a Japanese software development organization. This survey is conducted in order to investigate possible criteria for selecting and customizing organizational standard indicators according to the context of each project. Based on results of the survey, we propose a process tailoring support system that is mainly focusing to quantitative management planning. The system EPDG+ (Electronic Process Data Guidebook Plus) helps project planners select / customize indicators to be employed in process control. Derived software project plans including measurement and analysis activities can be browsed in detail with this system., PROFES 2006 : Product-Focused Software Process Improvement, June 12-14, 2006, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Due to the increasing of software requirements and software features, modern software systems continue to grow in size and complexity. Locating source code entities that required to implement a feature in millions lines of code is labor and cost intensive for developers. To this end, several studies have proposed the use of Information Retrieval (IR) to rank source code entities based on their textual similarity to an issue report. The ranked source code entities could be at a class or function granularity level. Source code entities at the class-level are usually large in size and might contain a lot of functions that are not implemented for the feature. Hence, we conjecture that the class-level feature location technique requires more effort than function-level feature location technique. In this paper, we investigate the impact of granularity levels on a feature location technique. We also presented a new evaluation method using effort-based evaluation. The results indicated that function-level feature location technique outperforms class-level feature location technique. Moreover, function-level feature location technique also required 7 times less effort than class-level feature location technique to localize the first relevant source code entity. Therefore, we conclude that feature location technique at the function-level of program elements is effective in practice., APRES 2014 : Asia Pacific Requirements Engineering Symposium, April 28-29, 2014, Auckland, New Zealand

In general, most search engines display a certain number of search results on a search results page at one time, separating the entire search results into multiple search results pages. Therefore, lower ranked results (e.g., 11th-ranked result) may be displayed on the top area of the next (second) page and might be more likely to be browsed by users, rather than results displayed on the bottom of the previous (first) results page. To better understand users’ activities in web search, it is necessary to analyze the effect of display positions of search results while browsing multiple search results pages. In this paper, we present the results of our analysis of users’ eye movements. We have conducted an experiment to measure eye movements during web search and analyzed how long users spend to view each search result. From the analysis results, we have found that search results displayed on the top of the latter page were viewed for a longer time than those displayed on the bottom of the former page., HCI 2009 : Human-Computer Interaction. New Trends, July 19-24, 2009, San Diego, CA, USA

This paper formalizes three kinds of safety to be satisfied by networked appliances and services in the emerging home network system (HNS). The local safety is defined by safety instructions of individual networked appliances. The global safety is specified as required properties of HNS services, which use multiple appliances simultaneously. The environment safety is derived from residential rules in home and surrounding environments. Based on the safety defined, we propose a modeling/validation framework for the safety. Specifically, we first introduce an object-oriented modeling technique to clarify the relationships among the appliances, the services and the home (environment) objects. We then employ the technique of Design by Contract with JML (Java Modeling Language), which achieves systematic safety validation through testing., ICOST 2007 : Pervasive Computing for Quality of Life Enhancement, June 21-23, 2007, Nara, Japan

Bicycling has grown significantly in the past ten years. In some regions, the implementation of large-scale bike-sharing systems and improved cycling infrastructure are two of the factors enabling this growth. An increase in non-motorized modes of transportation makes our cities more human, decreases pollution, traffic, and improves quality of life. In many cities around the world, urban planners and policymakers are looking at cycling as a sustainable way of improving urban mobility. Although bike-sharing systems generate abundant data about their users’ travel habits, most cities still rely on traditional tools and methods for planning and policy-making. Recent technological advances enable the collection and analysis of large amounts of data about urban mobility, which can serve as a solid basis for evidence-based policy-making. In this paper, we introduce a novel analytical method that can be used to process millions of bike-sharing trips and analyze bike-sharing mobility, abstracting relevant mobility flows across specific urban areas. Backed by a visualization platform, this method provides a comprehensive set of analytical tools to support public authorities in making data-driven policy and planning decisions. This paper illustrates the use of the method with a case study of the Greater Boston bike-sharing system and, as a result, presents new findings about that particular system. Finally, an assessment with expert users showed that this method and tool were considered very useful, relatively easy to use and that they intend to adopt the tool in the near future.

In this paper, the theoretical convergence rate of the trapezoidal rule combined with the double-exponential (DE) transformation is given for a class of functions for which the single-exponential (SE) transformation is suitable. It is well known that the DE transformation enables the rule to achieve a much higher rate of convergence than the SE transformation, and the convergence rate has been analyzed and justified theoretically under a proper assumption. Here, it should be emphasized that the assumption is more severe than the one for the SE transformation, and there actually exist some examples such that the trapezoidal rule with the SE transformation achieves its usual rate, whereas the rule with DE does not. Such cases have been observed numerically, but no theoretical analysis has been given thus far. This paper reveals the theoretical rate of convergence in such cases, and it turns out that the DE’s rate is almost the same as, but slightly lower than that of the SE. By using the analysis technique developed here, the theoretical convergence rate of the Sinc approximation with the DE transformation is also given for a class of functions for which the SE transformation is suitable. The result is quite similar to above; the convergence rate in the DE case is slightly lower than in the SE case. Numerical examples which support those two theoretical results are also given.

Strictly subadditive, subadditive and weakly subadditive labelings of quivers were introduced by the second author, generalizing Vinberg’s definition for undirected graphs. In our previous work we have shown that quivers with strictly subadditive labelings are exactly the quivers exhibiting Zamolodchikov periodicity. In this paper, we classify all quivers with subadditive labelings. We conjecture them to exhibit a certain form of integrability, namely, as the T-system dynamics proceeds, the values at each vertex satisfy a linear recurrence. Conversely, we show that every quiver integrable in this sense is necessarily one of the 19 items in our classification. For the quivers of type $${\hat{A}} \otimes A$$ A ^ ⊗ A we express the coefficients of the recurrences in terms of the partition functions for domino tilings of a cylinder, called Goncharov–Kenyon Hamiltonians. We also consider tropical T-systems of type $${\hat{A}} \otimes A$$ A ^ ⊗ A and explain how affine slices exhibit solitonic behavior, i.e. soliton resolution and speed conservation. Throughout, we conjecture how the results in the paper are expected to generalize from $${\hat{A}} \otimes A$$ A ^ ⊗ A to all other quivers in our classification.

In this paper, we extend the collinear superspace formalism to include the full range of N$$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 1 supersymmetric interactions. Building on the effective field theory rules developed in a companion paper — Navigating Collinear Superspace [1] — we construct collinear superspace Lagrangians for theories with non-trivial F- and D-term auxiliary fields. For (massless) Wess-Zumino models, the key ingredient is a novel type of Grassmann-valued supermultiplet whose lowest component is a (non-propagating) fermionic degree of freedom. For gauge theories coupled to charged chiral matter, the key ingredient is a novel type of vector superfield whose lowest component is a non-propagating gauge potential. This unique vector superfield is used to construct a gauge-covariant derivative; while such an object does not appear in the standard full superspace formalism, it is crucial for modeling gauge interactions when the theory is expres sed on a collinear slice. This brings us full circle, by showing that all types of N$$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 1 theories in four dimensions can beconstructed in collinear superspace from purely infrared considerations. We speculate that supersymmetric theories with N$$ \mathcal{N} $$ > 1 could also be implemented using similar collinear superspace constructions.

The CP asymmetries of seven B− decays to two charm mesons are measured using data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 9 fb−1 of proton-proton collisions collected by the LHCb experiment. Decays involving a D*0 or D s ∗ − $$ {D}_s^{\ast -} $$ meson are analysed by reconstructing only the D0 or D s − $$ {D}_s^{-} $$ decay products. This paper presents the first measurement of A $$ \mathcal{A} $$ CP(B− → D s ∗ − $$ {D}_s^{\ast -} $$ D0) and A $$ \mathcal{A} $$ CP(B− → D s − $$ {D}_s^{-} $$ D∗0), and the most precise measurement of the other five CP asymmetries. There is no evidence of CP violation in any of the analysed decays. Additionally, two ratios between branching fractions of selected decays are measured.

A growing community is constructing a next-generation file format (NGFF) for bioimaging to overcome problems of scalability and heterogeneity. Organized by the Open Microscopy Environment (OME), individuals and institutes across diverse modalities facing these problems have designed a format specification process (OME-NGFF) to address these needs. This paper brings together a wide range of those community members to describe the cloud-optimized format itself—OME-Zarr—along with tools and data resources available today to increase FAIR access and remove barriers in the scientific process. The current momentum offers an opportunity to unify a key component of the bioimaging domain—the file format that underlies so many personal, institutional, and global data management and analysis tasks.

A growing community is constructing a next-generation file format (NGFF) for bioimaging to overcome problems of scalability and heterogeneity. Organized by the Open Microscopy Environment (OME), individuals and institutes across diverse modalities facing these problems have designed a format specification process (OME-NGFF) to address these needs. This paper brings together a wide range of those community members to describe the cloud-optimized format itself—OME-Zarr—along with tools and data resources available today to increase FAIR access and remove barriers in the scientific process. The current momentum offers an opportunity to unify a key component of the bioimaging domain—the file format that underlies so many personal, institutional, and global data management and analysis tasks.

Holography on cutoff surfaces can appear to be in tension with causality. For example, as argued by Omiya and Wei [1], double holography seemingly allows for superluminal signalling. In this paper we argue that the brane description of double holography should be treated as an effective theory and demonstrate that causality violations due to faster-than-light communication are not visible above the associated cutoff length scale. This suggests that end-of-the-world brane models are consistent with causality and that the apparent superluminal signalling is a UV effect. Moreover, we argue that short distance non-localities generically give rise to apparent faster-than-light propagation of signals in Anti-de Sitter space. Nonetheless, superluminal signalling indicates that the causal structure on holographic cutoff surfaces needs to be modified. We propose and study three different candidate regions that might replace the domain of dependence in the brane EFT of the Karch-Randall model. These regions are defined by unitarity on the brane, through bulk entanglement wedges and through the nice slice criterion, respectively. In all dimensions, these candidate regions exclude those parts of the domain of dependence which are affected by superluminal signalling. While all three definitions agree in two dimensions, they are different in higher dimensions.

Jet grooming is an important strategy for analyzing relativistic particle collisions in the presence of contaminating radiation. Most jet grooming techniques introduce hard cutoffs to remove soft radiation, leading to discontinuous behavior and associated experimental and theoretical challenges. In this paper, we introduce Pileup and Infrared Radiation Annihilation (Piranha), a paradigm for continuous jet grooming that overcomes the discontinuity and infrared sensitivity of hard-cutoff grooming procedures. We motivate Piranha from the perspective of optimal transport and the Energy Mover’s Distance and review Apollonius Subtraction and Iterated Voronoi Subtraction as examples of Piranha-style grooming. We then introduce a new tree-based implementation of Piranha, Recursive Subtraction, with reduced computational costs. Finally, we demonstrate the performance of Recursive Subtraction in mitigating sensitivity to soft distortions from hadronization and detector effects, and additive contamination from pileup and the underlying event.

A network of observers is considered, where through asynchronous (with bounded delay) communications, they cooperatively estimate the states of a linear time-invariant (LTI) system. In such a setting, a new type of adversary might affect the observation process by impersonating the identity of the regular node, which is a violation of communication authenticity. These adversaries also inherit the capabilities of Byzantine nodes, making them more powerful threats called smart spoofers. We show how asynchronous networks are vulnerable to smart spoofing attack. In the estimation scheme considered in this paper, information flows from the sets of source nodes, which can detect a portion of the state variables each, to the other follower nodes. The regular nodes, to avoid being misguided by the threats, distributively filter the extreme values received from the nodes in their neighborhood. Topological conditions based on strong robustness are proposed to guarantee the convergence. Two simulation scenarios are provided to verify the results.

The Pandora Software Development Kit and algorithm libraries provide pattern-recognition logic essential to the reconstruction of particle interactions in liquid argon time projection chamber detectors. Pandora is the primary event reconstruction software used at ProtoDUNE-SP, a prototype for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment far detector. ProtoDUNE-SP, located at CERN, is exposed to a charged-particle test beam. This paper gives an overview of the Pandora reconstruction algorithms and how they have been tailored for use at ProtoDUNE-SP. In complex events with numerous cosmic-ray and beam background particles, the simulated reconstruction and identification efficiency for triggered test-beam particles is above 80% for the majority of particle type and beam momentum combinations. Specifically, simulated 1 GeV/c charged pions and protons are correctly reconstructed and identified with efficiencies of 86.1 $$\pm 0.6$$ ± 0.6 % and 84.1 $$\pm 0.6$$ ± 0.6 %, respectively. The efficiencies measured for test-beam data are shown to be within 5% of those predicted by the simulation.

In India, approximately 1.4 million new cases of cancer are recorded annually, with 26.7 million people living with cancer in 2021. Providing care for family members with cancer impacts caregivers’ health and financial resources. Effects on caregivers’ health and financial resources, understood as family and caregiver “financial toxicity” of cancer, are important to explore in the Indian context, where family members often serve as caregivers, in light of cultural attitudes towards family. This is reinforced by other structural issues such as grave disparities in socioeconomic status, barriers in access to care, and limited access to supportive care services for many patients. Effects on family caregivers’ financial resources are particularly prevalent in India given the increased dependency on out-of-pocket financing for healthcare, disparate access to insurance coverage, and limitations in public expenditure on healthcare. In this paper, we explore family and caregiver financial toxicity of cancer in the Indian context, highlighting the multiple psychosocial aspects through which these factors may play out. We suggest steps forward, including future directions in (1) health services research, (2) community-level interventions, and (3) policy changes. We underscore that multidisciplinary and multi-sectoral efforts are needed to study and address family and caregiver financial toxicity in India.

By quantifying the distance between two collider events, one can triangulate a metric space and reframe collider data analysis as computational geometry. One popular geometric approach is to first represent events as an energy flow on an idealized celestial sphere and then define the metric in terms of optimal transport in two dimensions. In this paper, we advocate for representing events in terms of a spectral function that encodes pairwise particle angles and products of particle energies, which enables a metric distance defined in terms of one-dimensional optimal transport. This approach has the advantage of automatically incorporating obvious isometries of the data, like rotations about the colliding beam axis. It also facilitates first-principles calculations, since there are simple closed-form expressions for optimal transport in one dimension. Up to isometries and event sets of measure zero, the spectral representation is unique, so the metric on the space of spectral functions is a metric on the space of events. At lowest order in perturbation theory in electron-positron collisions, our metric is simply the summed squared invariant masses of the two event hemispheres. Going to higher orders, we present predictions for the distribution of metric distances between jets in fixed-order and resummed perturbation theory as well as in parton-shower generators. Finally, we speculate on whether the spectral approach could furnish a useful metric on the space of quantum field theories.

Urbanization and its problems require an in-depth and comprehensive understanding of urban dynamics, especially the complex and diversified lifestyles in modern cities. Digitally acquired data can accurately capture complex human activity, but it lacks the interpretability of demographic data. In this paper, we study a privacy-enhanced dataset of the mobility visitation patterns of 1.2 million people to 1.1 million places in 11 metro areas in the U.S. to detect the latent mobility behaviors and lifestyles in the largest American cities. Despite the considerable complexity of mobility visitations, we found that lifestyles can be automatically decomposed into only 12 latent interpretable activity behaviors on how people combine shopping, eating, working, or using their free time. Rather than describing individuals with a single lifestyle, we find that city dwellers’ behavior is a mixture of those behaviors. Those detected latent activity behaviors are equally present across cities and cannot be fully explained by main demographic features. Finally, we find those latent behaviors are associated with dynamics like experienced income segregation, transportation, or healthy behaviors in cities, even after controlling for demographic features. Our results signal the importance of complementing traditional census data with activity behaviors to understand urban dynamics.

This paper presents a non-line-of-sight technique to estimate the position and temperature of an occluded objectfrom a camera via reflection on a wall. Because objects with heat emit far infrared light with respect to theirtemperature, positions and temperatures are estimated from reflections on a wall. A key idea is that light paths from ahidden object to the camera depend on the position of the hidden object. The position of the object is recoveredfrom the angular distribution of specular and diffuse reflection component, and the temperature of the heat source isrecovered from the estimated position and the intensity of reflection. The effectiveness of our method is evaluated byconducting real-world experiments, showing that the position and the temperature of the hidden object can berecovered from the reflection destination of the wall by using a conventional thermal camera.

We study the problem of approximating the cone of positive semidefinite (PSD) matrices with a cone that can be described by smaller-sized PSD constraints. Specifically, we ask the question: “how closely can we approximate the set of unit-trace $$n \times n$$ n × n PSD matrices, denoted by D, using at most N number of $$k \times k$$ k × k PSD constraints?” In this paper, we prove lower bounds on N to achieve a good approximation of D by considering two constructions of an approximating set. First, we consider the unit-trace $$n \times n$$ n × n symmetric matrices that are PSD when restricted to a fixed set of k-dimensional subspaces in $${\mathbb {R}}^n$$ R n . We prove that if this set is a good approximation of D, then the number of subspaces must be at least exponentially large in n for any $$k = o(n)$$ k = o ( n ) . Second, we show that any set S that approximates D within a constant approximation ratio must have superpolynomial $${\varvec{S}}_+^k$$ S + k -extension complexity. To be more precise, if S is a constant factor approximation of D, then S must have $${\varvec{S}}_+^k$$ S + k -extension complexity at least $$\exp ( C \cdot \min \{ \sqrt{n}, n/k \})$$ exp ( C · min { n , n / k } ) where C is some absolute constant. In addition, we show that any set S such that $$D \subseteq S$$ D ⊆ S and the Gaussian width of S is at most a constant times larger than the Gaussian width of D must have $${\varvec{S}}_+^k$$ S + k -extension complexity at least $$\exp ( C \cdot \min \{ n^{1/3}, \sqrt{n/k} \})$$ exp ( C · min { n 1 / 3 , n / k } ) . These results imply that the cone of $$n \times n$$ n × n PSD matrices cannot be approximated by a polynomial number of $$k \times k$$ k × k PSD constraints for any $$k = o(n / \log ^2 n)$$ k = o ( n / log 2 n ) . These results generalize the recent work of Fawzi (Math Oper Res 46(4):1479–1489, 2021) on the hardness of polyhedral approximations of $${\varvec{S}}_+^n$$ S + n , which corresponds to the special case with $$k

In its traditional form, the string field in closed string field theory is constrained by the level-matching condition, which is imposed beside the action. By analogy with the similar problem for the Ramond sector, it was understood by Okawa and Sakaguchi how to lift this condition and work with unconstrained field by introducing spurious free fields. These authors also pointed out that new backgrounds may exist thanks to a new gauge field which is trivial on flat space, but can generate fluxes on a toroidal background. In this paper, we perform a complete study of the free theory at the tachyonic and massless levels with the aim of setting the stage for studying backgrounds without level-matching.

This paper presents a new topology optimization framework in which the design decisions are made by humans and machines in collaboration. The new Human-Informed Topology Optimization approach eases the accessibility of topology optimization tools and enables improved design identification for the so-called ‘everyday’ and ‘in-the-field’ design situations. The new framework is based on standard density-based compliance minimization. However, the design engineer is enabled to actively use their experience and expertise to locally alter the minimum feature size requirements. This is done by conducting a short initial solution and prompting the design engineer to evaluate the quality. The user can identify potential areas of concern based on the initial material distribution. In these areas, the minimum feature size requirement can be altered as deemed necessary by the user. The algorithm rigorously resolves the compliance problem using the updated filtering map, resulting in solutions that eliminate, merge, or thicken topological members of concern. The new framework is demonstrated on 2D benchmark examples and the extension to 3D is shown. Its ability to achieve performance improvement with few computational resources are demonstrated on buckling and stress concentration examples.

This paper studies disjunctive cutting planes in Mixed-Integer Conic Programming. Building on conic duality, we formulate a cut-generating conic program for separating disjunctive cuts, and investigate the impact of the normalization condition on its resolution. In particular, we show that a careful selection of normalization guarantees its solvability and conic strong duality. Then, we highlight the shortcomings of separating conic-infeasible points in an outer-approximation context, and propose conic extensions to the classical lifting and monoidal strengthening procedures. Finally, we assess the computational behavior of various normalization conditions in terms of gap closed, computing time and cut sparsity. In the process, we show that our approach is competitive with the internal lift-and-project cuts of a state-of-the-art solver.

In this paper, we show that if a solution to the Muskat problem in the case of different densities and the same viscosity is sufficiently smooth, then it must be analytic except at the points where a turnover of the fluids happens.

In ref. [1], we analyzed the reflected entropy (SR) in random tensor networks motivated by its proposed duality to the entanglement wedge cross section (EW) in holographic theories, S R = 2 EW 4 G $$ {S}_R=2\frac{EW}{4G} $$ . In this paper, we discover further details of this duality by analyzing a simple network consisting of a chain of two random tensors. This setup models a multiboundary wormhole. We show that the reflected entanglement spectrum is controlled by representation theory of the Temperley-Lieb algebra. In the semiclassical limit motivated by holography, the spectrum takes the form of a sum over superselection sectors associated to different irreducible representations of the Temperley-Lieb algebra and labelled by a topological index k ∈ ℤ>0. Each sector contributes to the reflected entropy an amount 2 k EW 4 G $$ 2k\frac{EW}{4G} $$ weighted by its probability. We provide a gravitational interpretation in terms of fixed-area, higher-genus multiboundary wormholes with genus 2k – 1 initial value slices. These wormholes appear in the gravitational description of the canonical purification. We confirm the reflected entropy holographic duality away from phase transitions. We also find important non-perturbative contributions from the novel geometries with k ≥ 2 near phase transitions, resolving the discontinuous transition in SR. Along with analytic arguments, we provide numerical evidence for our results. We finally speculate that signatures of a non-trivial von Neumann algebra, connected to the Temperley-Lieb algebra, will emerge from a modular flowed version of reflected entropy.

We consider 3XOR games with perfect commuting operator strategies. Given any 3XOR game, we show existence of a perfect commuting operator strategy for the game can be decided in polynomial time. Previously this problem was not known to be decidable. Our proof leads to a construction, showing a 3XOR game has a perfect commuting operator strategy iff it has a perfect tensor product strategy using a 3 qubit (8 dimensional) GHZ state. This shows that for perfect 3XOR games the advantage of a quantum strategy over a classical strategy (defined by the quantum-classical bias ratio) is bounded. This is in contrast to the general 3XOR case where the optimal quantum strategies can require high dimensional states and there is no bound on the quantum advantage. To prove these results, we first show equivalence between deciding the value of an XOR game and solving an instance of the subgroup membership problem on a class of right angled Coxeter groups. We then show, in a proof that consumes most of this paper, that the instances of this problem corresponding to 3XOR games can be solved in polynomial time.

Cryptocurrencies have the potential to become a disruptive innovation because they define a new paradigm: the decentralization of trust in secure electronic transactions without the need for a central control authority. Cryptocurrencies arouse interest in society because they reformulate the generation and transference of money. The aim of this paper is to investigate the role of the disruptive innovation of cryptocurrencies in the acceptance and trust perceived by users with regard to the monetary transactions generated in e-commerce. This paper defines a model using constructs from the technology acceptance model, trust and perceived risk. This model is evaluated using partial least squares analysis. The findings affirm that perceived trust, perceived risk, and perceived ease of use are not strong predictors of the intention to use cryptocurrencies and that the strength of their effects on the intention to use is determined by the perceived usefulness of adopting the mentioned disruptive innovation. This preliminary study makes a significant contribution to consumer behaviour research by analysing a cryptocurrency acceptance model for C2C e-commerce. The theoretical and practical contributions are detailed in the final section of the paper.

Geomechanics classifications are used to perform a preliminary assessment of rock slope stability for different purposes in civil and mining engineering. Among all existing rock mass classifications, slope mass rating (SMR) is one of the most commonly used for slopes. Although SMR is a geomechanics classification applied worldwide, often some misapprehensions and inaccuracies are made when professionally and scientifically used. Nearly all these miscalculations involve the influence of slope geometry and the dip and direction of the discontinuities. These problems can be overcome by a systematic assessment of SMR, which allows users to understand and visualize the relative orientation between discontinuities and slope. To fulfil this purpose, a complete and detailed definition of the angular relationships between discontinuities and slope are included in this paper, clarifying the assessment of the SMR parameters. Additionally, a Matlab-based open-source software for SMR (SMRTool) calculation is presented, avoiding miscalculations by automating the calculations and showing the graphical representation of slope and discontinuities. Finally, a general explanation of the method for the use of SMR is reviewed, stressing the common source of errors when applying this classification. The performance, benefits and usefulness of SMRTool are also illustrated in this paper through a specific case study.