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In modern times, many antibiotics have become less effective as microorganisms develop resistance. Besides antibiotic resistance, another bacterial strategy that contributes to the capacity to withstand antimicrobials is biofilm formation. Because of these bacterial survival strategies, the desired response cannot be achieved with conventional treatment. Considering the limited discovery of new compounds, the most logical approach is to reconstruct existing antimicrobial molecules with nano-drug delivery systems. With this scientific approach, the aim of the study is to develop a novel nano-antibiotic hydrogel formulation containing silver nanoparticles, chitosan, and amoxicillin. Endodontic disease was used as a model of biofilm-mediated infection, and the antibacterial activity of nano-antibiotic hydrogel was evaluated with the E. faecalis standard bacterial strain. By adopting the Box-Behnken design for the optimisation of formulation variables, an innovative pharmaceutical formulation with antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity was successfully obtained. Further characterisation studies, including nanoparticle characterisation, in vitro cytotoxicity, and ex vivo activity studies, were carried out on dental samples using the optimised formulation. All results were compared with antimicrobial agents routinely used in endodontic treatment. The findings mainly conclude that the optimised nano-antibiotic hydrogel may be an alternative antimicrobial formulation since it is non-cytotoxic and exhibits high antibiofilm activity., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To investigate the antimicrobial effects of a mouthrinse containing silver nanoparticles (AgNP) on polymicrobial biofilms in vitro., Materials and Methods: Polymicrobial biofilms were grown on glass cover slips following the method of Exterkate. Saliva collected from a healthy human was added to McBain medium (including 0.2% sucrose) to achieve a 50-fold dilution. Glass coverslips were attached to the lid of a 24-well culture plate and suspended in the medium of each well. After 24 h of cultivating, coverslips with biofilms were immersed in each of four treatment solutions or sterile deionized water for 5 min. The control and four treatment groups were as follows: 1) control: sterile deionized water; 2) nanosilver (NS): mouthrinse containing AgNP; 3) 0.05C: 0.05% chlorhexidine gluconate; 4) 0.2C: 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate; 5) Xyl: 25% xylitol. The biofilms were further regrown for 48 h. After removing the biofilms ultrasonically, they were cultured on blood agar, viable cells were counted, and the amount of lactic acid in the biofilms was analysed using a colorimetric assay., Results: Mouthrinse containing AgNP suppressed viable cells in the biofilm to the same degree or more than with chlorhexidine gluconate. Amounts of lactic acid after 72 h cultivation of biofilms treated with 0.2C and NS showed consistently low values., Conclusion: The mouthrinse containing AgNP suppressed viable cells in polymicrobial biofilms to the same level as 0.2% chlorhexidine or higher.

Cancer remains one of the most challenging health issues globally, demanding innovative therapeutic approaches for effective treatment. Nanoparticles, particularly those composed of gold, silver, and iron oxide, have emerged as promising candidates for changing cancer therapy. This comprehensive review demonstrates the landscape of nanoparticle-based oncological interventions, focusing on the remarkable advancements and therapeutic potentials of gold, silver, and iron oxide nanoparticles. Gold nanoparticles have garnered significant attention for their exceptional biocompatibility, tunable surface chemistry, and distinctive optical properties, rendering them ideal candidates for various cancer diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Silver nanoparticles, renowned for their antimicrobial properties, exhibit remarkable potential in cancer therapy through multiple mechanisms, including apoptosis induction, angiogenesis inhibition, and drug delivery enhancement. With their magnetic properties and biocompatibility, iron oxide nanoparticles offer unique cancer diagnosis and targeted therapy opportunities. This review critically examines the recent advancements in the synthesis, functionalization, and biomedical applications of these nanoparticles in cancer therapy. Moreover, the challenges are discussed, including toxicity concerns, immunogenicity, and translational barriers, and ongoing efforts to overcome these hurdles are highlighted. Finally, insights into the future directions of nanoparticle-based cancer therapy and regulatory considerations, are provided aiming to accelerate the translation of these promising technologies from bench to bedside., (© 2024 The Author(s). Advanced Healthcare Materials published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Nanoparticles have gained worldwide attention as a new alternative to chemical control agents due to their special physiochemical properties. The current study focused on the environmentally friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Lycopersicon esculentum peel. In addition to studying the intrinsic cytotoxic effectiveness of Le-AgNPs contribute to their antibacterial, and antifungal activities and the effect of nanoparticles on the integrity of their morphological behavior. The initiative biosynthesis of L. esculentum silver nanoparticles (Le-AgNPs) was indicated by the color change of L. esculentum (Le) extract mixed with silver nitrate (AgNO 3 ) solution from faint pink to faint brown. UV-visible spectroscopy, Dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), and X-ray diffraction techniques were used to characterize biosynthesized Le-AgNPs. Results of UV-visible spectroscopy recorded surface plasmon resonance at 310 nm for SPR of 2.5. The DLS results showed particles of 186 nm with a polydispersity index of 0.573. The FTIR spectrum indicated the existence of carboxyl, hydroxyl, phenolic, and amide functional groups. The HR-TEM analysis revealed quasi-spherical crystal particles of Le-AgNPs. Le-AgNPs had a negative zeta potential of - 68.44 mV, indicating high stability. Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 and Escherichia coli ATCC 8739 were the most susceptible pathogens to Le-AgNPs inhibition, with inhibition zone diameters (IZDs) of 4.0 and 0.92 cm, respectively. However, Listeria monocytogenes NC 013768 and Shigella sonnei DSM 5570 were the most resistant pathogens, with IZDs of 0.92 and 0.90 cm, respectively. Le-AgNPs demonstrated good inhibitory potential against pathogenic fungi, with IZDs of 3.0 and 0.92 cm against Alternaria solani ATCC 62102 and Candida albicans DSM 1386, respectively. The cytotoxicity effect was observed at a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) of 200.53 μg/ml on human colon NCM460D normal cells., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Fixed orthodontic appliances act as a niche for microbial growth and colonization. Coating orthodontic wires with antimicrobial silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and nanocomposite was adopted in this study to augment the biological activity of these wires by increasing their antibacterial and antibiofilm properties and inhibiting bacterial infections that cause white spot lesions and lead to periodontal disease., Methods: Three concentrations of biologically synthesized AgNPs were used for coating NiTi wires. The shape, size, and charge of the AgNPs were determined. Six groups of 0.016 × 0.022-inch NiTi orthodontic wires, each with six wires, were used; and coated with AgNPs and nanocomposites. The antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of these coated wires were tested against normal flora and multidrug-resistant bacteria (Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial isolates). The surface topography, roughness, elemental percentile, and ion release were characterized., Results: AgNPs and nanocomposite coated NiTi wires showed significant antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities. The chitosan-silver nanocomposite (CS-Ag) coated wires had the greatest bacterial growth inhibition against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The surface roughness of the coated wires was significantly reduced, impacting the surface topography and with recorded low Ni and Ag ion release rates., Conclusions: NiTi orthodontic wires coated with AgNPs, and nanocomposites have shown increased antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities, with decreased surface roughness, friction resistance and limited- metal ion release., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Nanoparticles are a significant topic due to their applications in various fields, including biology, optics, catalysis, pharmaceutics, health, agriculture, and industry, with biosynthesis processes being quick, easy, and environmentally friendly. Due to their applications across multiple industries, silver nanoparticles, or AgNPs, have become the most desired nanoparticles with the recent development of nanotechnology. The physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of AgNPs are being studied. These characteristics are crucial for limiting the hazards associated with silver nanoparticles while optimizing their potential applications in many fields. A higher degree of toxicity in both the environment and living things could arise from the increasing use of silver nanoparticles in the product. Silver nanoparticles find application in wound care, anti-infective therapy, food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. As antioxidant, antiviral, anticancer, antifungal, antiinflammatory, and microbiological agents, silver nanoparticles are widely used. Not only must the particles be nanoscale in order for silver nanoparticles to be present, but their production must also be simple and inexpensive to achieve. This paper aims to review the different methods of synthesis of silver nanoparticles, properties, characterization, and their applications. In specific, several chemical and green synthesis approaches for synthesising silver nanoparticles have been discussed. The morphology, size, thermal properties, toxicity properties, electrical properties, catalytic properties, and applications of silver nanoparticles are focused. The main focus is on the effective and efficient synthesis of pure silver nanoparticles and their potential applications., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Aim: Nanotechnology presents a promising approach for managing chronic periodontitis, a common oral disease characterized by gum inflammation and loss of supporting bone around teeth. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of acerola-mediated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) gel and copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) gel in periodontitis patients with and without diabetes., Materials and Methods: The antimicrobial efficacy of acerola-mediated AgNPs gel and CuONPs nanogel was assessed using the agar well diffusion technique, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) assay, Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) analysis, time-kill curve assay, and cytoplasmic and protein leakage analysis from periodontitis patients with and without diabetes., Results: The study found that acerola-mediated AgNPs gel demonstrated more consistent and effective antimicrobial activity against periodontitis, with lower MIC and MBC values compared to the CuONPs gel, across all tested concentrations. These results suggest that acerola-mediated AgNPs gel may be a more effective and targeted therapeutic agent for periodontal disease management., Conclusion: The findings emphasize the importance of nanoparticle gel concentration in optimizing periodontal treatment outcomes. Acerola-mediated AgNPs gel, with its superior efficacy and consistency in bactericidal activity, shows significant potential for periodontal therapy., Clinical Significance: Innovative nanoparticles like copper and silver oxides exhibit antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, making them promising agents for targeting periodontal pathogens. Acerola (Malpighia emarginata), with its high vitamin C content and antioxidant properties, is beneficial in mitigating oxidative stress associated with chronic periodontitis., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors.)

In the present study, we investigated the anti-biofilm effect of urinary catheters fabricated with biogenic nanoparticles synthesized from metabolites of Justicia adhatoda under in vitro conditions against human pathogenic bacteria. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized in the reaction mixture composed of 2 % w/v of 0.1 M of precursor (silver nitrate) and 0.2 g of the metabolites obtained from ethanolic extract of Justicia adhatoda. Characterization of the nanoparticles was done by UV visible spectroscopy, fourier infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X ray diffraction (XRD) to confirm the structural and functional properties. Primary conformation of nanoparticles synthesis by UV visible spectroscopy revealed the notable absorption spectra at 425 nm with a wavelength shift around 450 nm, likely due to surface plasmon resonance excitation. SEM analysis showed spherical, monodisperse, nano scale particles with a size range of 50-60 nm. Crystaline phase of the synthesized nanoparticles was confirmed by x ray diffraction studies which showed the distinct peaks at (2θ) 27.90, 32.20, 46.30, 54.40, and 67.40, corresponding to (111), (200), (220), (222), and (311) planes of nano scale silver. The biocompatibility of these nanoparticles was assessed through zebrafish embryonic toxicity study which showed more than 90 % of embryos were alive and healthy. No marked changes on the blood cells also confirmed best hemocompatibility of the nanoparticles. Synthesized nanoparticles thus obtained were fabricated on the urinary catheter and the fabrication was confirmed by FTIR and SEM analysis. Notable changes in the absorption peaks, uniform coating and embedding of silver nanoparticles studied by FTIR and SEM analysis confirmed the fabrication of silver nanoparticles. The coated catheters demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacterial strains, including E. coli ATCC 25922 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. Anti-biofilm studies, conducted using a modified microtiter plate crystal violet assay, revealed effective inhibition of both bacterial adhesion and biofilm development. 85 % of biofilm inhibition was recorded against both the tested strains. The coating method presented in this study shows promise for enhancing infection resistance in commonly used medical devices like urinary catheters, thus addressing device-associated infections., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have drawn a lot of attention from a variety of fields, particularly the biological and biomedical sciences. As a result, it is acknowledged that AgNPs' direct interactions with macromolecules such as DNA, proteins, and enzymes are essential for both therapeutic and nanotoxicological applications. Enzymes as important catalysts may interact with AgNP surfaces in a variety of ways. Therefore, mechanistic investigation into the molecular effects of AgNPs on enzyme conformation and function is necessary for a comprehensive assessment of their interactions. In this overview, we aimed to overview the various strategies for producing AgNPs. We then discussed the enzyme activity inhibition (EAI) mechanism by nanostructured particles, followed by an in-depth survey of the interaction of AgNPs with different enzymes. Furthermore, various parameters influencing the interaction of NPs and enzymes, as well as the antibacterial and anticancer effects of AgNPs in the context of the enzyme inhibitors, were discussed. In summary, useful information regarding the biological safety and possible therapeutic applications of AgNPs-enzyme conjugates may be obtained from this review., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) is increasingly recognized as a vital sustainable practice in urban environments, aimed at enhancing water conservation and reducing energy consumption. This study introduces an innovative integration of nano-composite materials as Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) into RWH systems to elevate water treatment efficiency and assess the resulting environmental and energy-saving benefits. Utilizing a regression analysis approach with Support Vector Machines (SVM) and K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), this study will reach the study objective. In this study, the inputs are building attributes, environmental parameters, sociodemographic factors, and the algorithms SVM and KNN. At the same time, the outputs are predicted energy consumption, visual comfort outcomes, ROC-AUC values, and Kappa Indices. The integration of AgNPs into RWH systems demonstrated substantial environmental and operational benefits, achieving a 57% reduction in microbial content and 20% reductions in both chemical usage and energy consumption. These improvements highlight the potential of AgNPs to enhance water safety and reduce the environmental impact of traditional water treatments, making them a viable alternative for sustainable water management. Additionally, the use of a hybrid SVM-KNN model effectively predicted building energy usage and visual comfort, with high accuracy and precision, underscoring its utility in optimizing urban building environments for sustainability and comfort., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) ligands were initially shown to be the source of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a gram-negative bacterium's cell wall immunostimulatory component. Oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation are all potential effects of LPS treatment on the lungs. By triggering oxidative stress and inflammation, these negative effects could be avoided. Robust flavonoid oleuropein (OLE) exhibits anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and antioxidative properties. A nanodelivery system could improve its low bioavailability, making it more effective and useful in treating chronic human ailments. This study evaluates the effects of AgNP-loaded OLE on LPS-induced lung injury in rats in terms of TLR4/P2X7 receptor-mediated inflammation and apoptosis. Forty-eight male albino rats were randomly divided into eight groups. Drugs were administered to the groups in the doses specified as follows: Control, LPS (8 mg/kg ip), OLE (50 mg/kg) AgNPs (100 mg/kg), OLE + AgNPs (50 mg/kg), LPS + OLE (oleuropein 50 mg/kg ig + LPS 8 mg/kg ip), LPS + AgNPs (AgNPs 100 mg/kg ig + LPS 8 mg/kg ip), and LPS + OLE + AgNPs (OLE + AgNPs 50 mg/kg + LPS 8 mg/kg ip). After the applications, the rats were decapitated under appropriate conditions, and lung tissues were obtained. Oxidative stress (SOD, MDA, and GSH), and inflammation (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, Nrf2, P2X7R, AKT, and TLR4) parameters were evaluated in the obtained lung tissues. Additionally, histopathology studies were performed on lung tissue samples. The data obtained were evaluated by comparison between groups. Both OLE and OLE + AgNPs showed potential in reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis (p < 0.05). These findings were supported by histopathological analysis, which revealed that tissue damage was reduced in OLE and OLE + AgNPs-treated groups. According to the results, LPS-induced lung injury can be reduced by using nanotechnology and producing OLE + AgNP., (© 2024 The Author(s). Environmental Toxicology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Hydrogels composed of polysaccharides and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely recognized for their application in wound dressings, particularly for healing wounds prone to infection. Traditional methods for preparing AgNP-immersed hydrogels are often complex, costly, and may lead to sustained cytotoxicity. To address these challenges, we developed a biocompatible, one-step green reduction strategy to generate AgNPs within hydrogels using a triple-helix β-glucan (PCPA) derived from Poria cocos, a renowned Chinese traditional herb. PCPA serves as a reducing agent, converting silver ions into AgNPs while its triple-helix conformation prevents AgNP aggregation. The resulting hydrogel (PAg-G) is injectable and contains uniformly distributed AgNPs. PAg-G exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and enhanced bioactivity. The in vivo studies on S.aureus-infected SD rats demonstrated that PAg-G accelerates wound healing within 12 days by down-regulating inflammatory factors such as IL-6 and TNF-α, and up-regulating VEGF and CD31 expression, promoting neovascularization in wound tissues. This innovative one-step construction of AgNP-immersed hydrogels offers a promising approach for the development of antimicrobial hydrogels, especially for treating bacterial-infected wounds., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest to the manuscript titled “One-step Construction of Silver Nanoparticles Immersed Hydrogels by Triple-helix β-glucans and the Application in Infectious Wound Healing” submitted to International Journal of Biological Macromolecules., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Mesocosm systems simulating floodplain areas are essential for the understanding of the environmental fate and effects of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs). In such mesocosm studies, the quantification of different types of nanoparticles coexisting in natural systems and containing the same element is often challenging. Such coexistence is expected e.g., for ENPs simultaneously released into the environmental systems. Despite the relevance of the coexistence, little is known about combined behavior and effects of ENPs in the environment. In this study, we developed a method for the quantification and differentiation of silver nanoparticles enriched by 109 Ag isotope ( 109 Ag-NPs) and sulfidized silver nanoparticles with natural isotopic distribution (S-Ag-NPs) in water, soil, and sediment and applied it to evaluate the environmental fate of these nanoparticles introduced simultaneously together with gold (Au-NPs) and titanium dioxide (TiO 2 -NPs) nanoparticles into mesocosms simulating an aquatic-terrestrial transition zone. High nanoparticle recoveries determined in water, sand, and soil spiked with nanoparticle mixtures indicate that the application of isotopically enriched ENPs will allow their differentiation from other nanoparticles containing the same element in environmental compartments even at the concentrations in the range of natural background. The co-accumulation of 109 Ag-NPs, S-Ag-NPs, and Au-NPs in the top layer of sediment and soil and in biofilms observed in mesocosm studies suggests that these compartments can act as effective sinks for these ENPs. We suggest that the hetero-aggregation between different co-occurring ENPs and their high affinity to biota are major mechanisms controlling their fate in the aquatic-terrestrial transition zone. A high co-enrichment of 109 Ag-NPs, S-Ag-NPs, Au-NPs, and TiO 2 -NPs in/on algae, biofilms, leaves, and amphipods suggests an enhanced risk of biomagnification. The findings of this study will contribute to a better understanding of the fate of ENPs and their combined effects in environmental compartments, where the simultaneous presence of diverse nanoparticles is expected., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

In the present study, we have developed an agar-based asymmetric Janus nanofibrous wound dressing comprising a support and an electrospun layer with antibacterial and antioxidant properties, respectively, to facilitate healing effectively. The support layer containing agar and silver nitrate was fabricated by using solvent casting for sustained release, combating the dose-dependent cytotoxicity of silver nanoparticles, where nanoparticles were synthesized using a one-pot reduction method. The electrospun layer, fabricated with a mixture of agar and polycaprolactone infused with gallic acid, was electrospun over the support layer to impart antioxidant properties. Characterizations using UV-vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy validated the synthesis of nanoparticles in 10-20 nm diameter and the asymmetric Janus dressing. The developed Janus nanofibrous structure exhibited 98% porosity, excellent fluid-handling properties, a moisture permeability of 1200 g/m 2 /day, and a water absorption of ∼250%. Moreover, the time-kill assay confirmed potent bacteriostatic effect against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and sustained release of silver nanoparticles followed the Korsmeyer-Peppas model. With over 90% free radical scavenging efficacy, 37% degradation in 7 days, and less than 2% hemolysis, the dressings demonstrated exceptional antioxidant, biodegradable, and hemocompatible properties. The biocompatibility assessment further confirmed its cytocompatible efficacy, with more than 79% wound closure in the wound scratch assay. Most importantly, in vivo studies demonstrated the efficacy of the developed Janus dressing, promoting over 97% healing within 12 days of injury with higher epithelial formation. Overall, the in vitro and in vivo assessment of the developed Janus dressing confirmed its potential to function as a versatile and effective material for wound care applications.

Nanoparticles synthesized from green sources have attracted great recognition in the present times, which can be ascribed to their distinctive attributes and diversified applicability. Therefore, the present study employed Ocimum basilicum seed extract to synthesize silver nanoparticles. UV-vis spectrophotometry revealed strenuous peaks for different concentrations of silver nanoparticles ranging between 400 and 430 nm. The average crystal size calculated using X-ray diffraction analysis was 6.7 nm. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis clearly displayed the presence of silver ions in the elemental structure of the synthesized nanoparticles. The morphology of synthesized nanoparticles revealed by scanning electron microscopy was documented in terms of spherical shape surrounded by an organic layer and nanoparticle size was estimated to be in between 10 and 80 nm. The nanoparticles exhibited substantial antibacterial activity against 46 foodborne bacterial isolates and 15 clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae, with the largest inhibition zones measuring 24 and 13 mm, respectively. Minimum inhibitory concentration values ranged between 500 and 800 µl/ml for various isolates. The antibacterial effect of all antibiotics revealed considerable enhancement when combined with nanoparticles. The calculated fractional inhibitory concentration index values were < 1 validating excellent synergism between nanoparticles and all antibiotics except ciprofloxacin against the majority of bacterial isolates. Interestingly, the biogenic nanoparticles showed significant antioxidant potential with IC 50 value of 165 µg/ml as well as anti-inflammatory activity with an IC 50 value of 82 µg/ml. Conclusively, the seed extract of Ocimum basilicum can be prospected for the development of antibacterial silver nanoparticles against pathogenic bacteria., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Chronic wounds cause serious health and economic burdens on patients and society. Herein, a wireless and flexible smart wound dressing was developed for matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) monitoring and antimicrobial treatment toward chronic wound management. The highly sensitive radio frequency MMP-9 sensor was realized based on a bioresponsive hydrogel with the bioactive peptide sequences. Taking advantage of the flexible inductive-capacitive (LC) circuit and bioresponsive hydrogel, the wireless and wearable smart wound dressing offered an efficient strategy for in-situ wound analysis. Besides, the controlled release of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from the degradable hydrogel exhibited significant antimicrobial efficacy against typical bacteria in wound infection including Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The analysis of MMP-9 in wound exudate from diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) patients demonstrated good accuracy cross-validated with gold-standard fluorescent measurements, providing great potential for personalized wound management., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This study reports the enhancement of luminol's sensitivity for blood detection at a crime scene. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized from the extracts derived from Citrus limon peels, Aloe vera leaves, Capsicum annuum barks from Salix alba, Crinum asiaticum Linn leaves, and Crinum macowanii bulb using green chemistry procedure. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles followed a green chemistry method utilizing water as a solvent, with the phytochemicals from the extracts acting as stabilizing and reducing agents to reduce Ag(I) to Ag(0). The synthesized AgNPs were characterized using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis). XRD revealed that the structural composition of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was face-centered cubic crystalline (Fcc). TEM imaging demonstrated the spherical crystalline nature of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) derived from the plant extracts. These silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were used to enhance the shelf-life, chemiluminescence intensity, specificity, and sensitivity of luminol. It was observed that the silver nanoparticles synthesized from these plant extracts effectively enhanced the chemiluminescence signal of luminol. Moreover, applying plant extracts in blood detection demonstrated a higher fluorescence when exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests. Nare Leah Mojela reports financial support was provided by University of Johannesburg. Not applicable If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: To compare the impacts of different remineralizing agents on demineralized enamel, we focused on chitosan nanoparticles (ChiNPs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)., Methods: This study was conducted on 40 extracted human premolars with artificially induced demineralization using demineralizing solution. Prior to the beginning of the experimental procedures, the samples were preserved in artificial saliva solution. The nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and teeth were divided into four equal groups: Group A was utilized as a control group (no demineralization) and received no treatment. Group B was subjected to demineralization with no treatment. Group C was subjected to demineralization and then treated with ChiNPs. Group D was subjected to demineralization and then treated with AgNPs. The teeth were evaluated for microhardness. The enamel surfaces of all the samples were analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for morphological changes and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) for elemental analysis., Results: The third and fourth groups had the highest mean microhardness and calcium (Ca) and phosphorous (P) contents. SEM of these two groups revealed relative restoration of homogenous remineralized enamel surface architecture with minimal micropores., Conclusion: Chitosan nanoparticles (NPs) and silver NPs help restore the enamel surface architecture and mineral content. Therefore, chitosan NPs and AgNPs would be beneficial for remineralizing enamel., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Silver nanoparticles (Ag/Ag₂O NPs) have garnered attention for their potent antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties, showing promise for therapeutic applications, particularly in mitigating chemical-induced toxicity., Objective: This study aimed to synthesize Ag/Ag₂O NPs using Olea europaea (olive) leaf extract as a green, eco-friendly reducing agent and evaluate their protective effects against metribuzin-induced toxicity in Wistar rats, focusing on oxidative stress, hematological parameters, and lipid profiles, with specific dose optimization., Methodology: Ag/Ag₂O NPs were synthesized using Olea europaea leaf extract, and their properties were confirmed via XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDS, and UV-visible spectroscopy. Wistar rats exposed to metribuzin (110 mg/kg/day) were treated with two doses of Ag/Ag₂O NPs (0.062 mg/kg and 0.125 mg/kg). Hematological and biochemical markers were assessed to evaluate the NPs' protective effects., Results: Physicochemical characterization confirmed the successful formation of Ag/Ag₂O NPs loaded with phytochemicals, exhibiting crystallite sizes of 23 nm and 19 nm, a particle size of 25 nm, and significant peaks in XRD, FTIR, and UV-Vis spectra indicating the formation of Ag/Ag₂O. Metribuzin exposure led to significant hematological disruptions (elevated WBC, reduced RBC and hemoglobin) and worsened lipid profiles (increased cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides). The lower NP dose (0.062 mg/kg) improved WBC, RBC, hemoglobin, and platelet counts, normalized lipid levels, and positively influenced biochemical markers such as serum creatinine and uric acid. In contrast, the higher NP dose (0.125 mg/kg) showed mixed results, with some improvements but an increase in triglycerides and continued elevation of ASAT and ALAT enzyme levels., Conclusion: Ag/Ag₂O NPs synthesized via green methods using olive leaf extract effectively mitigated metribuzin-induced toxicity, especially at lower doses, by improving oxidative stress markers and hematological and biochemical profiles. Dose optimization is crucial to maximize therapeutic benefits and minimize adverse effects, underscoring their potential in treating chemical-induced toxicity., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The author(s) declared that they were an editorial board member of Frontiers, at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision., (Copyright © 2024 Azzi, Laib, Bouafia, Medila, Tliba, Laouini, Alsaeedi, Cornu, Bechelany and Barhoum.)

Background: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of adding mesoporous silica with silver nanoparticles to conventional glass ionomer cements (GIC) on its, physical, chemical, mechanical properties and ion release analysis., Methods: Synthesized mesoporous silica with silver nanoparticles were added in 1, 3 and 5% by weight to the liquid component of GIC forming three experimental groups and compared with plain GIC as control group. Physical and chemical characterization were conducted using nano-computerized tomography (NanoCT) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Surface microhardness, water sorption and solubility were analyzed. Ion release was investigated using Inductive Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy and High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Statistical analysis between different groups for the set parameters using parametric and non-parametric tests. The results were analysed using one way analysis of variance (p < 0.05)., Results: Synthesized mesoporous silica with silver nanoparticles were of 7.28 ± 5.0 nm in diameter with a spherical morphology. NanoCT revealed less porosities for 3 wt %. Microhardness showed a statistically significant difference for 5 wt% at day 1 and 21 ( p < 0.0001). Water sorption values decreased significantly on day 14 compared to day 7 for control, 1, 3 and 5 wt%. Control specimens showed highest concentration of fluoride release followed by 5, 3 and 1 wt%., Conclusion: Mesoporous silica with silver nanoparticles modified glass ionomer cements showed comparable microhardness to conventional GIC. Ion release was evident from the modified specimens. Silver remained within the GIC for atleast four weeks following incorporation., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

The rapid and reliable detection and quantification of nucleic acids is crucial for various applications, including infectious disease and cancer diagnostics. While conventional methods, such as the quantitative polymerase chain reaction are widely used, they are limited to the laboratory environment due to their complexity and the requirement for sophisticated equipment. In this study, we present a novel amplification-free digital sensing strategy by combining the collateral cleavage activity of the Cas12a enzyme with single-impact electrochemistry. In doing so, we modified silver nanoparticles using a straightforward temperature-assisted cofunctionalization process to subsequently detect the collision events of particles released by the activated Cas12a as distinct current spikes on a microelectrode array. The functionalization resulted in stable DNA-AgNP conjugates, making them suitable for numerous biosensor applications. Thus, our study demonstrates the potential of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-based diagnostics combined with impact-based digital sensing for a rapid and amplification-free quantification of nucleic acids.

Dynamic macroscopically chiral nanocomposites are prepared by combining silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and dynamic helical poly(phenylacetylene)s (PPAs) bearing pendants functionalized with amino groups. These amino groups provide the nanocomposite with the ability to disperse in water along with high stability due to the interaction between the ammonium group and the AgNP. Moreover, the equilibrium between NH 3 + /NH 2 produces a "blinking" contact between the PPA and the AgNPs, which allows total control of the dynamic helical behavior of the polymer. The use of acidic or neutral pH allows controlling the morphology of the nanocomposite, which consists of a nanosphere that has trapped inside it a single AgNP (pH = 2) or several AgNPs (pH = 7) with ca. 30 nm of diameter. These nanocomposites combine the optical and chiroptical stimuli-responsive properties of both components, AgNPs and PPAs. Thus, the controlled aggregation of the nanocomposite produced variations in the LSPR band of the AgNPs in a reversible manner. In turn, given that the chiral coating is selective to Ba 2+ , the presence of this metal ion caused a helical inversion of the chiral coating of the nanocomposite detected by electronic circular dichroism. Moreover, it is possible to distinguish between three metal ions in different oxidation states, such as Ce 4+ , Fe 3+ , and Hg 2+ , which produce different responses of the nanocomposite when oxidizing the AgNP to Ag + .

Calendula officinalis is a widespread medicinal plant with a sufficiently well-studied chemical composition. Secondary metabolites synthesized by C.officinalis plants have pharmacological value for treating numerous diseases, and various types of aseptic in vitro cultures can be used as a source of these compounds. From this perspective, hairy roots attract considerable attention for the production of bioactive chemicals, including flavonoids with antioxidant activity. This paper shows the possibility of C.officinalis hairy roots obtaining with 100% frequency by Agrobacterium rhizogenes genetic transformation. Hairy root lines differed in growth rate and flavonoid content. In particular, flavonoids were accumulated in the amount of up to 6.68 ± 0.28 mg/g of wet weight. Methyl jasmonate in the concentration of 10 µM inhibited root growth to a small extent but stimulated the synthesis of flavonoids. The antioxidant activity and the reducing power increased in the roots grown in the medium with methyl jasmonate. The strong correlation of antioxidant activity and reducing power with flavonoid content was detected. The influence of extraction conditions on the content of flavonoids in the extracts and their bioactivity was determined. The potent reducing activity of extracts from hairy roots allowed the production of silver nanoparticles, which was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy.

The incorporation of bactericidal properties into textiles is a widely sought-after aspect, and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) can be used for this. Here, we evaluate a strategy for incorporating AgNPs into a cotton fabric. For this purpose, a bactericidal textile coating based on a composite of AgNPs and kappa-carrageenan ( k -CA) was proposed. The composite was obtained by heating the silver precursor (AgNO 3 ) directly in k -CA solution for green synthesis and in situ AgNPs stabilization. Cotton substrates were added to the heated composite solution for surface impregnation and hydrogel film formation after cooling. Direct synthesis of AgNPs on a fabric was also tested. The results showed that the application of a coating based on k -CA/AgNPs composite can achieve more than twice the silver loading on the fabric surface compared to the textile subjected to direct AgNPs incorporation. Furthermore, silver release tests in water showed that higher Ag + levels were reached for k -CA/AgNPs-coated cotton. Therefore, inoculation tests with the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (SA) using the agar diffusion method showed that samples covered with the composite resulted in significantly larger inhibition halos. This indicated that the use of the composite as a coating for cotton fabric improved its bactericidal activity against SA.

Silver nanoparticles have promising therapeutic potential in the field of dentistry, as newly emerging oral therapeutics, in the form of mouthwashes based on silver nanoparticles, demonstrate significant potential for enhancing oral management thus the present investigation aims to formulate silver nanoparticles-based mouthwash from an aqueous extract of Phaseolus lunatus seed coat (PLSC) and evaluate its biomedical properties. The green synthesized AgNPs in the mouthwash were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and x-ray diffraction (XRD). The formulated mouthwash was assessed for its anti-microbial activity using the agar well diffusion technique and time-kill curve assay. Its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities are assessed through egg albumin assay and hydrogen peroxide assays. The Cytotoxic effect of formulated mouthwash was assessed through a brine shrimp lethality assay and MTT assay over the human osteoblast cell line (MG-63). Furthermore, the study also assessed the toxicity effect of formulated mouthwash through zebrafish embryos. The results suggest that the green synthesized AgNPs were spherical and had an average size of 42 nm and the formulated mouthwash exhibited significant anti-microbial activity, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, making them a better candidate for oral health therapeutics. The Zebrafish embryo toxicology studies of mouthwash revealed a consistent lack of abnormalities and a good viability and hatchability rate and the cytotoxic effect shows less toxicity over brine shrimp and human osteoblast cells. In conclusion, PLSC-AgNPs mouthwash is a potential oral therapeutic option with minimal toxicity for better oral management., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests:There is no any other releationship or activity that may be interpreted as a conflict of interest by the reader., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

4-Nitrophenol (4-NP) is an organic contaminant attached to textiles, pharmaceuticals, and pesticides. Its presence has been increasingly detected in various water bodies such as lakes, rivers, and occasionally in drinking water. The present work shows the reduction of 4-NP using a hybrid catalytic system composed of gold and silver nanoparticles supported onto the biogenic porous silica (AgAu-SiO 2 ). The AgAu nanoparticles were fabricated in situ onto the salinized biogenic silica substrates through a green synthesis. The catalytic reaction was analyzed with NaBH 4 and the proposed AgAu-SiO 2 catalyst. Mimicking 4-NP reduction reaction in different spiked river/marine water samples revealed superior catalytic activity in marine water. Subsequently, interference studies performed in the presence of different metal salts and pHs (found in the marine water) showed the vital role played by NaCl in the 4-NP reduction as the increase in the NaCl concentration enhances the catalytic activity of the proposed catalyst. Additional reusability of the proposed catalyst demonstrated its efficacy up to 10 cycles. The density functional theory (DFT) results supported the experimental findings, confirming the crucial role of Na + and Cl - in the catalytic process. Our experimental results, which have significant implications for the field, have been explained by comparing them with DFT calculations. The main reason behind the enhanced catalysis performance in our systems was deduced at the atomic scale. The study included the adsorption energies and electronic density of molecular structures (4-NP and 4-AP) on different surface coverages. In exceptional cases, at the intermediate of 4-NP on Au(111)-NaCl, a displacement of the electronic density is observed, leading to a quinoline-type ring weakening the N-O bond and favoring the catalytic performance., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors have no competing interests to declare., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using a green method from an extract of the edible insect Oxya chinensis sinuosa (O&#95;extract). The formation of AgNPs (O&#95;AgNPs) was confirmed via UV-vis spectroscopy, and their stability was assessed using Turbiscan analysis. The size and morphology of the synthesized particles were characterized using transmission electron microscopy and field-emission scanning electron microscopy. Dynamic light scattering and zeta potential analyses further confirmed the size distribution and dispersion stability of the particles. The average particle size was 111.8 ± 1.5 nm, indicating relatively high stability. The synthesized O&#95;AgNPs were further characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), high-resolution X-ray diffraction (HR-XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. XPS analysis confirmed the chemical composition of the O&#95;AgNP surface, whereas HR-XRD confirmed its crystallinity. FTIR analysis suggested that the O&#95;extract plays a crucial role in the synthesis process. The antibacterial activity of the O&#95;AgNPs was demonstrated using a disk diffusion assay, which revealed effective activity against common foodborne pathogens, including Salmonella Typhimurium, Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus aureus , and Bacillus cereus . O&#95;AgNPs exhibited clear antibacterial activity, with inhibition zones of 15.08 ± 0.45 mm for S . Typhimurium, 15.03 ± 0.15 mm for E. coli , 15.24 ± 0.66 mm for S. aureus , and 13.30 ± 0.16 mm for B. cereus . These findings suggest that the O&#95;AgNPs synthesized from the O&#95;extract have potential for use as antibacterial agents against foodborne bacteria.

Currently, there are quite a few data on the ways silver nanoparticles get into the aquatic environment, on their subsequent dissolution in water, and on the release of toxic Ag + ions. Differences in the experimental conditions hinder the determination of the basic regularities of this process. In this study, the stages of oxidative dissolution of AgNPs were studied, starting from the formation of silver hydrosol in deaerated solution, the reaction of silver with oxygen and with drinking and natural waters, the analysis of intermediate species of the oxidized colloidal particles, and the subsequent particle aggregation and precipitation, by optical spectroscopy, DLS, TEM, STEM, and EDX. In the presence of oxygen, silver nanoparticles undergo oxidative dissolution, which gives Ag + ions and results in the subsequent aggregation of nanoparticles. The carbonate hydrosol loses stability when mixed with waters of various origin. This is due to the destruction of the electric double layer, which is caused by an increase in the solution's ionic strength and the neutralization of the charge of the metal core. The environmental hazard of the silver nanoparticle hydrosol would noticeably change and/or decrease when the nanoparticles get into natural waters because of their fast precipitation and because the major part of released Ag + ions form poorly soluble salts with ions present in water.

Burn and diabetic wounds present significant challenges due to their complex nature, delayed healing, pain, and high susceptibility to bacterial infections. In this study, we developed and evaluated polyurethane (PU) nanofibers embedded with heparin-functionalized silver nanoparticles (hep-AgNPs) using an electrospinning technique. The choice to functionalize silver nanoparticles with heparin was based on heparin's established role in modulating inflammation and promoting angiogenesis. The electrospun nanofibers exhibited smooth, bead-free morphology with diameters ranging from 300 to 500 nm and demonstrated a sustained release of silver over seven days, offering continuous antimicrobial protection. Mechanical testing of the nanofibers revealed excellent strength and elasticity, making them well-suited for flexible wound dressings. The nanofibers also showed superior water absorption, fluid retention, and controlled water vapor transmission, essential for maintaining a moist wound environment conducive to healing. In vitro biocompatibility assays confirmed that the PU/hep-AgNPs bandages were non-toxic to keratinocytes and fibroblasts and significantly accelerated wound closure, as evidenced by scratch assays. The nanofibrous bandages also exhibited potent antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella Typhimurium, two common wound pathogens. Overall, our findings demonstrate that PU/hep-AgNPs nanofibrous bandages are a promising candidate for chronic wound healing. They combine excellent biocompatibility, anti-inflammatory properties, and strong antimicrobial activity, which collectively contribute to faster wound healing and reduced risk of infection., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Xenogeneic decellularized heart valves (DHVs) have become one of the most commonly used scaffolds for tissue engineered heart valves (TEHVs) due to extensive resources and possessing the distinct three-layer structure similar to native heart valves. However, DHVs as scaffolds face the shortages such as poor mechanical properties, proneness to thrombosis and calcification, difficulty in endothelialization and chronic inflammatory responses etc., which limit their applications in clinic. In this work, we constructed a novel TEHV with immunomodulatory functions by loading folic acid modified silver nanoparticles (FS NPs) on DHVs to overcome these issues. The FS NPs preferentially targeted M1 macrophages and reduced their intracellular H 2 O 2 level, resulting in polarizing them into M2 phenotype. The increased M2 macrophages facilitated to eliminate inflammation, recruit endothelial cells, and promote their proliferation and endothelialization by secreting relative factors. We founded that FS NPs with the size of 80 nm modified DHVs (FSD-80) performed optimally on cytocompatibility and regulating macrophage phenotype ability in vitro. In addition, the FSD-80 had excellent mechanical properties, hemocompatibility and anti-bacteria property. The results of the subcutaneous implantation in rats revealed that the FSD-80 also had good performance in regulating macrophage phenotype, promoting endothelialization, remolding the extracellular matrix and anti-calcification in vivo. Therefore, FS NPs-loaded DHVs possess immunomodulatory functions, which is a feasible and promising strategy for constructing TEHVs with excellent comprehensive performance., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Our investigation aims to appraise the neuroprotective impact of Bone Marrow-Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BM-MSCs) derived exosomes against Ag NPs-inducing neurotoxicity in rats., Materials and Methods: Twenty-four albino rats were divided into 3 groups. Group I (control negative), Group II (intraperitoneally injected with Ag NPs for 28 days, whereas Group III (intraperitoneally injected with Ag NP and BM-MSCs derived exosomes., Results: There was a marked elevation of Malondialdehyde (MDA) along with a reduction of brain antioxidants, Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) in the Ag NPs receiving group. Ag NPs upregulated c-Jun N-terminal Kinases (JNK) genes and c-Myc and downregulated the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP-1) and Histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) genes. Otherwise, the co-treatment of BM-MSCs derived exosomes with Ag NPs could markedly increase the rat's body weight, activity and learning while, decreasing anxiety, restoring all the toxicological parameters and improving the microscopic appearance of different brain areas., Conclusion: BM-MSCs-derived exosomes downregulated both apoptotic and inflammatory mediators and upregulated the antiapoptotic genes. BM-MSCs-derived exosomes exhibit a great therapeutic effect against the neurotoxic effects of Ag NPs.

Hydrogel-based delivery systems have now emerged as a pivotal platform for addressing chronic tissue defects, leveraging their innate capacity to suppress pathogenic infections and facilitate expedited tissue regeneration. In this work, an injectable hydrogel dressing, termed AgNPs-dermal matrix hydrogel (Ag@ADMH), has been designed to expedite the healing process of wounds afflicted with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), featuring sustained antibacterial efficacy. The synthesis of the hydrogel dressing entailed a self-assembly process of collagen fibers within an acellular dermal matrix to construct a three-dimensional scaffold, encapsulated with plant polyphenol-functionalized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The Ag@ADMH demonstrated exceptional biocompatibility, and enables a sustained release of AgNPs, ensuring prolonged antimicrobial activity. Moreover, the in vitro RT-qPCR analysis revealed that compared with ADMH, Ag@ADMH diminish the expression of iNOS while augmenting CD206 expression, thereby mitigating the inflammatory response and fostering wound healing. Especially, the Ag@ADMH facilitated a reduction in M1 macrophage polarization, as evidenced by a significant decrement in the M1 polarization trend and an enhanced M2/M1 ratio in dermal matrix hydrogels laden with AgNPs, corroborated by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry analyses of macrophage phenotypes. The in vivo assessments indicated that Ag@ADMH minimized fibrous capsule formation. In a full-thickness skin defect model of MRSA infection, the formulation significantly attenuated the inflammatory response by reducing MPO and CD68 expression levels, concurrently promoting collagen synthesis and CD34 expression, pivotal for vasculogenesis, thereby accelerating the resolution of MRSA-infected wounds. These attributes underscore the injectable extracellular matrix hydrogel as a formidable strategy for the remediation and regeneration of infected wounds., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

β-Tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) is a well-established biomaterial for bone regeneration, highly regarded for its biocompatibility and osteoconductivity. However, its clinical efficacy is often compromised by susceptibility to bacterial infections. In this study, we address this limitation by integrating femtosecond (fs)-laser processing with the concurrent synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) mediated by Azorean green tea leaf extract (GTLE), which is known for its rich antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The fs laser was employed to modify the surface of β-TCP scaffolds by varying scanning velocities, fluences, and patterns. The resulting patterns, formed at lower scanning velocities, display organized nanostructures, along with enhanced roughness and wettability, as characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), optical profilometry, and contact angle measurements. Concurrently, the femtosecond laser facilitated the photoreduction of silver ions in the presence of GTLE, enabling the efficient synthesis of small, spherical AgNPs, as confirmed by UV-vis spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The resulting AgNP-embedded β-TCP scaffolds exhibited a significantly improved cell viability and elongation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs), alongside significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus ). This study underscores the transformative potential of combining femtosecond laser surface modification with GTLE-mediated AgNP synthesis, presenting a novel and effective strategy for enhancing the performance of β-TCP scaffolds in bone-tissue engineering.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized through green synthesis routes are widely used as antimicrobial agents due to their advantages such as biocompatibility, stability, sustainability, speed and cost-effectiveness. Although AgNPs appear to be more potent than silver ions, the mechanisms related to their antibacterial activity are not yet fully understood. The most common proposed mechanism of AgNPs' toxicity so far is the release of silver ions and/or specific functions of the particles. In this context, the present study aimed to investigate the mechanisms of action of AgNPs synthesized using noni fruit peels (Morinda citrifolia) against the phytopathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) through proteomics. Xcc was treated with AgNPs (32 µM), AgNO 3 (32 µM), or received no treatment (Ctrl - control condition), and its proteomic response was comprehensively characterized to elucidate the antimicrobial mechanisms of AgNPs in the phytopathogenic microorganism. A total of 352 differentially abundant proteins were identified. Most proteins were regulated in the AgNPs × Ctrl and AgNPs × AgNO 3 comparisons/conditions. When Xcc treated with 32 µM AgNPs were compared to controls, the results showed 134 differentially abundant proteins, including 107 increased and 27 decreased proteins. In contrast, when Xcc treated with 32 µM AgNO 3 were compared to Ctrl, the results showed only 14 differentially abundant proteins, including 10 increased proteins and 4 decreased proteins. Finally, when Xcc treated with 32 µM AgNPs were compared to Xcc treated with 32 µM AgNO 3 , the results showed 204 differentially abundant proteins, including 75 increased proteins and 129 decreased proteins. Gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed that most of the increased proteins were involved in important biological processes such as metal ion homeostasis, detoxification, membrane organization, metabolic processes related to amino acids and carbohydrates, lipid metabolic processes, proteolysis, transmembrane transport, and others. The AgNPs used in this study demonstrated effective antimicrobial activity against the phytopathogenic bacteria Xcc. Furthermore, the obtained results contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms of action of AgNPs in Xcc and may aid in the development of strategies to control Xcc in brassica., (© 2024. The Author(s) under exclusive licence to Sociedade Brasileira de Microbiologia.)

Introduction: This study explores potential application of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to treat periodontal infection using Azadirachta indica leaf extract. The eco-friendly green synthesis process uses Azadirachta indica as a natural stabilizer and reducer, allowing AgNPs to be formed., Methods: Experimental AgNPs were characterized through transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Zeta potential, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) etc. The antimicrobial, antioxidant potential of AgNPs was tested to identify its efficacy against periodontal infections., Results and Discussion: AgNPs were found spherical, nanosized (86 nm), with negative surface charge (-26.9 mV). TEM study depicted clear formation of discrete nanosize particles with smooth surface texture. Results showed strong antibacterial and anti-oxidant action of experimental AgNPs, preventing biofilm growth and bacterial viability. A higher binding affinity was observed between Quercetin and the selected protein, which is implicated in bacterial growth and biofilm formation on teeth. The study suggests that Azadirachta indica derived AgNPs could be a safe, efficacious, and eco-friendly alternative in place of conventional therapies to treat periodontal infection. Future in vivo studies are however warranted., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Barik, Satapathy, Pattnaik, Bhavrao and Shetty.)

The application of environmentally friendly and sustainable catalysts requires efficient and safe preparation methods using cheap and renewable materials. Although many metal nanoparticles (NPs) have low colloidal stability, they are still very effective as catalysts. Using a straightforward method, we developed a bacterial cellulose-glycol chitosan-silver (BC-GCS-Ag) nanocomposite, by introducing both AgNPs and self-crosslinked GCS within the BC network. Self-crosslinking of GCS occurred during the formation of AgNPs by employing the glycol moieties for reduction to produce aldehyde functionalities, thereby forming Schiff's base bonds within the GCS structure. Using GCS, well-defined AgNPs within the BC matrix. The formation of AgNPs and the self-crosslinking of GCS were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that spherical AgNPs with a mean diameter of 10 nm exhibited a well-organized structure within the BC-GCS matrix. The BC-GCS-Ag nanocomposite was applied as dip catalyst for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4NP) to 4-aminophenol (4AP), chosen as a model reaction. The results showed that the catalytic reaction was completed within 4 min, with high reusability (10 times) and without loss of catalyst. The reaction followed pseudo-first-order kinetics with a high rate constant of 0.582 min -1 . Therefore, the BC-GCS-Ag dip catalyst is an attractive alternative for environmentally friendly and sustainable catalysis, owing to its exceptional catalytic performance, high recyclability, and stability, as well as the minimal environmental footprint of the supporting materials., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The need to identify ammonia is necessary because of its harmful effects on the environment and humans. In this study, a colorimetric method was also developed for the detection of ammonia using silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized with the green approach. Biosynthesis of AgNPs was performed by silver nitrate as a silver precursor and Smyrnium cordifolium extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent. Plant extract was studied by FTIR and LC/Mass techniques. The optimization of the effective parameters was carried out with central composite design according to silver nitrate concentration, plant extract volume, pH, and temperature. Biosynthetic nano-silver was characterized with XRD, EDS/EDX, FE-SEM, FTIR, TGA, and DLS methods. The AgNPs was validated for ammonia colorimetric detection. Biosynthesis of AgNPs were increased in 20 mM AgNO 3 , 5 ml Smyrnium cordifolium extract, pH 10, and the temperature of 70 °C. Crystal form of AgNPs characterized with XRD at 2Ѳ value of 38.34°, 44.19°, 64.74°, and 77.59° and spherical shape highlighted in the range between 77.8 and 93 nm. Plant extract consisted of polyphenol (phenolic acid, flavonoid, and terpenoid), fatty acid, amino acid, sugar, purine, and organic acid. AgNPs were used for colorimetric detection of ammonia by shifting the λmax from 580 to 490 nm. A method for ammonia detection was set up, with linear range of 0.5-200 ppm, detection limit of 0.028 ppm and recovery level of 96.3 ± 6.5%. In conclusion, a new biosynthetic method by specified local plant was developed to propose a simple and sensitive colorimetric method for soluble ammonia detection., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Post-space disinfectants methylene blue loaded with silver (Ag) and Quartz nanoparticles (NPs) and MB alone activated by photodynamic therapy (PDT) on the survival of Enterococcus faecalis, smear layer (SL) removal efficacy, and extrusion bond strength (EBS) of fiber posts to canal dentin. Hundred mandibular premolars underwent root canal treatment using the rotary ProTaper system. The canals were obturated and post-space was prepared up to a length of 8 mm, maintaining a 5 mm seal. To assess antibacterial efficacy E. faecalis were inoculated in the canal (n = 20). The samples were then randomly allocated into four groups according to the canal disinfectant used to sterilize the canals. Group 1: 2.5% NaOCl+17% EDTA, Group 2: MB-PDT, Group 3: MB@QP-PDT, and Group 4: MB@AgNP-PDT (n = 25). SEM analysis was conducted on five samples from each disinfectant group to assess the removal of the SL. Survival rates were calculated (n = 5 from each group). Glass fiber post (GFP) was cemented to the root dentin of the remaining samples followed by artificial aging. Sectioning of the specimens was performed in all three-thirds of the canals. PBS was assessed followed by failure evaluation. ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test were used to compare the E. faecalis survival rate and PBS of fiber post among different investigated groups. Group 4 (MB@AgNP-PDT) treated canals exhibited the minimum survival rate (0.30 ± 0.04 CFU/mL) of E. faecalis and maximum PBS. However, the highest survival rate and minimum bond strength of GFP were observed in Group 1 (NaOCl+17% EDTA) and Group 2 (MB-PDT) treated teeth respectively. The highest SL removal was recorded in the coronal section of the samples of Group-4 disinfected with MB@AgNP-PDT. The lowest removal of SL was recorded in Group 2 samples sterilized with MB-PDT at apical one-third. Silver nanoparticles when utilized as nano-carriers to enhance the efficiency of MB activated by PDT, have been shown to exhibit the highest antimicrobial potency, improved capacity for SL removal and improved PBS., (© 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Pathogen-induced infections and the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, such as Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) and Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus ), pose significant global health challenges, emphasizing the need for new antimicrobial strategies. In this study, we synthesized graphene oxide (GO)-based composites functionalized with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) as potential alternatives to traditional antibiotics. The objective is to assess the antibacterial properties of these composites and explore their efficacy against E. coli and S. aureus , two common bacterial pathogens. The composites are prepared using eco-friendly and conventional methods to ensure effective nanoparticle attachment to the GO surface. Structural and morphological characteristics are confirmed through SEM, AFM, EDS, XRD, UV-vis, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy. The antibacterial efficacy of the composites is tested through disk diffusion assays, colony-forming unit (CFU) counts, and turbidimetry analysis, with an emphasis on understanding the effects of different nanoparticle concentrations. The results demonstrated a dose-dependent antibacterial effect, with GO/AgNP-1 showing superior antibacterial activity over GO/AgNP-2, particularly at lower concentrations (32.0 μg/mL and 62.5 μg/mL). The GO/CuNP composite also exhibited significant antibacterial properties, with optimal performance at 62.5 μg/mL for both bacterial strains. Turbidimetry analysis confirmed the inhibition of bacterial growth, especially at moderate concentrations, although slight nanoparticle aggregation at higher doses reduced efficacy. Lastly, both GO/AgNP and GO/CuNP composites demonstrated significant antibacterial potential. The results emphasize the need to fine-tune nanoparticle concentration and refine synthesis techniques to improve their efficacy, positioning these composites as strong contenders for antimicrobial use., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Tene, Bellucci, Pachacama, Cuenca-Lozano, Tubon-Usca, Guevara, La Pietra, Cruz Salazar, Scarcello, Arias Polanco, Gahramanli, Vacacela Gomez and Caputi.)

The insufficient capabilities of current surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates in enriching dilute analytes from complex media severely restrict detection sensitivity, hampering practical applications. To meet this demand, in this study, a novel super hydrophobic membrane that can be directly prepared on a large scale based on the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) functioning with perfluorodecanethiol (PFDT) is fabricated and evaluated as an SERS substrate. Firstly, polyester (PET) films modified with sodium chloride were proven to be capable of loading AgNPs, and the sizes of AgNPs were investigated. In addition, the PFDT concentration and reaction time for functionalizing the surface of AgNPs have been optimized. The relationship between the hydrophobic properties of the film and its SERS performance was then studied. The PET@Ag-PFDT film demonstrates two orders of magnitude superior SERS performance than the unmodified PET@Ag substrate, with a detection limit of folic acid approaching 5 × 10 -10 M., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) conjugated with amino-functionalized cellulose nanofibrils (NH 2 -CNFs) were in situ-prepared by reducing silver ions with free amino groups from NH 2 -CNFs. The spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy measurements confirmed the presence of non-agglomerated nanometer-in-size Ag NPs within micrometer-large NH 2 -CNFs of high (20 wt.-%) content. Although the consumption of amino groups during the formation of Ag NPs lowers the ζ-potential and surface charge of prepared inorganic-organic hybrids (from +31.3 to +19.9 mV and from 2.4 to 1.0 mmol/g at pH 7, respectively), their values are sufficiently positive to ensure electrostatic interaction with negatively charged cell walls of pathogens in acidic and slightly (up to pH ~8.5) alkaline solutions. The antimicrobial activity of hybrid microparticles against various pathogens ( Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Staphylococcus aureus , and Candida albicans ) is comparable with pristine NH 2 -CNFs. However, a long-timescale use of hybrids ensures the slow and controlled release of Ag + ions to surrounding media (less than 1.0 wt.-% for one month).

Bio-scaffolds, while mimicking the morphology of native tissue and demonstrating suitable mechanical strength, enhanced cell adhesion, proliferation, infiltration, and differentiation, are often prone to failure due to microbial infections. As a result, tissue engineers are seeking ideal scaffolds with antibacterial properties. In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were integrated into cotton-like polyacrylonitrile nanofibers via a polydopamine (PDA) interlayer (Ag@p-PAN). These Ag@p-PAN nanofibers were then incorporated into the chitosan (CS) matrix, developing an antibacterial CS/Ag@p-PAN composite scaffold. The composite scaffold features an interconnected porous morphology with fiber-infused pore walls, improved water absorption and swelling properties, a controlled degradation profile, enhanced porosity, better mechanical strength, strong antibacterial properties, and excellent MC3T3-E1 cell viability, adhesion, proliferation, and infiltration. This study presents a novel method for reinforcing CS-based scaffolds by incorporating bioactive nanofibers, offering potential applications in tissue engineering and other biomedical fields., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

The need to develop synthetic bone substitutes with structures, properties, and functions similar to bone and capable of preventing microbial infections is still an ongoing challenge. This research is focused on the preparation and characterization of three-dimensional porous scaffolds based on hydroxyapatite (HA)-functionalized calcium carbonate loaded with silver nanoparticles and simvastatin (SIMV). The scaffolds were prepared using the foam replica method, with a polyurethane (PU) sponge as a template, followed by successive polymer removal and sintering. The scaffolds were then coated with poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) to improve mechanical properties and structural integrity, and loaded with silver nanoparticles and SIMV. The scaffolds were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), ATR FT-IR, and silver and SIMV loading. Moreover, the samples were analyzed by Brillouin and Raman microscopy. Finally, in vitro bioactivity, SIMV and silver release, and antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis were evaluated. From the Brillouin spectra, samples showed characteristics analogous to those of bone tissue. They exhibited new hydroxyapatite growth, as evidenced by SEM, and good antimicrobial activity against the tested bacteria. In conclusion, the obtained results demonstrate the potential of the scaffolds for application in bone repair.

Silver nanoparticles (NPs) have become highly promising agents in the field of biomedical science, offering wide therapeutic potential due to their unique physicochemical properties. The unique characteristics of silver NPs, such as their higher surface-area-to-volume ratio, make them ideal for a variety of biological applications. They are easily processed thanks to their large surface area, strong surface plasmon resonance (SPR), stable nature, and multifunctionality. With an emphasis on the mechanisms of action, efficacy, and prospective advantages of silver NPs, this review attempts to give a thorough overview of the numerous biological applications of these particles. The utilization of silver NPs in diagnostics, such as bioimaging and biosensing, as well as their functions in therapeutic interventions such as antimicrobial therapies, cancer therapy, diabetes treatment, bone repair, and wound healing, are investigated. The underlying processes by which silver NPs exercise their effects, such as oxidative stress induction, apoptosis, and microbial cell membrane rupture, are explored. Furthermore, toxicological concerns and regulatory issues are discussed, as well as the present difficulties and restrictions related to the application of silver NPs in medicine.

In this study, a composite of silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (AgNPs-TiO 2 NPs) was examined for its synergistic effects on phytostabilization of lead (Pb) and mitigation of toxicity in cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp). Seeds of V. unguiculata were wetted with water, 0.05 and 0.1 mgL -1 Pb and 25 mgmL -1 each of AgNPs, TiO 2 NPs, and AgNPs-TiO 2 NPs. Root lengths of V. unguiculata were reduced by 25% and 44% at 0.05 and 0.1 mgL -1 Pb, respectively, while shoot lengths were reduced by 2% and 7%. In V. unguiculata , AgNPs and TiO 2 NPs significantly improved physiological indicators and mitigated Pb effects, with TiO 2 NPs modulating physiological parameters more effectively than AgNPs. The composite (AgNPs-TiO 2 NPs) synergistically regulated V. unguiculata physiology better than individual nanoparticles. Compared to individual AgNPs and TiO 2 NPs, the composite (AgNPs-TiO 2 NPs) synergistically increased antioxidant activity by 12% and 9%, and carotenoid contents by 88%. Additionally, AgNPs-TiO 2 NPs effectively reduced malondialdehyde levels by 29%, thereby mitigating the effects of Pb on V. unguiculata better than individual nanoparticles. AgNPs-TiO 2 NPs enhanced Pb immobilization by 57%, reducing its translocation from soil to shoots compared to V. unguiculata wetted with water. The bioconcentration and translocation factors of Pb indicate that phytostabilization was most effective when the composite was used.

The increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant microorganisms in poultry has led to a rise in bacterial infections, causing significant economic loss. Green nanotechnology, such as silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), has the potential to address this issue by providing potent antifungal, antiviral, and antibacterial properties. This study explored the combined potential of AgNPs and the local herb Swertia chirayita against established poultry pathogens, employing a non-factorial Central Composite Design (CCD) to evaluate the factors affecting the production of nanoparticles induced by silver nitrate from the selected herb. The optimal values for temperature, wavelength, silver nitrate concentration, incubation duration, and pH were found to produce the highest nanoparticles. The functional groups in Swertia chirayita stimulated nanoparticles were confirmed using FTIR spectroscopy, and the stability of ScNPs was elucidated using zeta potential. The crystalline structure of ScNPs was confirmed using diffraction intensity patterns. Silver nanoparticles demonstrated antibacterial activity against Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli (E.coli), both known as significant poultry pathogens, using the agar well diffusion method, with inhibition zones of 25.0 mm and 35.0 mm, respectively.This study explored the green manufacturing of silver nanoparticles by using plants and microorganisms, focusing on their antibacterial properties. The exact mechanism of synthesis and action in AgNPs is still poorly understood. Researchers should prioritize the use of accessible, easy-to-extract plants or bacteria, especially non-pathogenic and fast-growing microorganisms for safe handling. Analyzing biomolecules in plant extract, microbial biomass, or culture supernatants, including probiotic bacteria, is crucial for creating and stabilizing AgNPs, which could be effective synthetic agents. It is crucial to optimize conditions for rapid, stable, and large-scale synthesis. Based on this research, Sc-NPs may be proposed as nanomedicine for treating infections in poultry caused by E. coli and Salmonella spp., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest We declare no conflicts of interest regarding the research conducted and presented in the manuscript entitled "Biosynthesis of antimicrobial nanoparticles from Swertia spp. (Chirayita) against bacterial pathogens of Poultry - A way forward to Green Nanotechnology and Nanomedicines", submitted for publication in the Journal of “Microbial Pathogens”. All authors listed have no financial or personal relationships that could influence the content of this work. This research was conducted with integrity and following ethical standards., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Long-term oral health issues caused by fungi and bacteria are a primary concern for individuals who wear dentures. Denture stomatitis, primarily caused by Candida albicans (C. albicans), is a prevalent condition among denture users. Metal nanoparticles exhibit improved antimicrobial effectiveness and fewer adverse effects. This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal and antibacterial effects of nystatin-coated silver nanoparticles (Nys-coated AgNPs) embedded in acrylic resin as a more biocompatible material for denture resins. AgNPs and Nys-coated AgNPs were synthesized and characterized using UV-Vis, SEM, EDX, and DLS. Specimens of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) with three different concentrations of Nys, AgNPs, and Nys-coated AgNPs (0.1%, 1%, 10% w/w) were prepared. The water absorption properties of the disks and drug release were investigated for 14 days and 120 h, respectively. The hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties of the samples and their contact angles were evaluated using the sessile drop technique. The antifungal and antimicrobial activity of the prepared discs was studied against C. albicans and Streptococcus mutans, respectively. Adding Nys-coated AgNPs decreased the contact angle of discs from 67° to 49°. Furthermore, the water absorption rates of the different discs were not significantly different from those of the control groups. Results showed that Nys-coated AgNPs (10% w/w) in PMMA effectively inhibited C. albicans growth better than Nys composites (10% w/w). Additionally, Nys-coated AgNPs composites, as well as AgNPs-containing composites, showed considerable antibacterial activity against S. mutans. Nys-coated AgNPs (10% w/w) had no toxic effect on NIH3T3 cells. In conclusion, Nys-coated AgNPs could be considered a good candidate for incorporation into denture resins to address chronic oral diseases., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

The global crisis of antibiotic resistance has impelled the exigency to develop more effective drug delivery systems for the treatment of bacterial infection. The development of possessing high biocompatibility and targeted delivery of antimicrobials remains a persisting challenge. For programmable release of efficient antimicrobials in infection sites to enhance antibacterial activity, herein, we fabricated diselenide-bridged mesoporous organosilica nanoparticle-supported silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) with high drug-loading capacity for the co-delivery of tobramycin (TOB) within one drug delivery system (Ag-MON@TOB (Se)). The resultant Ag-MON@TOB (Se) exhibited favorable biocompatibility due to its high stability in the physiological condition. Notably, such Ag-MON@TOB (Se) manifested a programmable structural destabilization to trigger sequential drug release in response to the oxidative stimuli within the bacterial infection microenvironment. In contradistinction to the oxidation-stable disulfide bond moieties within the framework of the nanocarrier (Ag-MON@TOB (S)), the Ag-MON@TOB (Se) with its programmed drug release behavior augmented prominent antibacterial therapy both in vitro and in vivo. This work represents a promising strategy for programmable drug release by harnessing a responsive degradable vehicle to enhance the treatment of bacterial infection., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

The escalating environmental contamination with mercury has become a pressing issue, significantly impacting human beings and nature. For instance, small-scale gold mining has led to severe contamination in the Brazilian Yanomami village, highlighting the urgent need for action. The development of fibrillar-based sensors for mercury (II) ions represents an important issue to be considered in the point-of-care and simple detection of contaminants in water. Herein, this review discussed different colorimetric/photoluminescent-based prototypes for Hg 2+ ions sensors and corresponding strategies to improve selectivity and sensitivity associated with the regeneration and reuse of the devices. Given these aspects, the electrospinning technique is promising for developing advanced mercury (II) ion sensors., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Despite being clinically used for over a century, the benefits of silver nanoparticles are perennially under debate and dispute. In the last two decades, a revived interest in their therapeutic applications has resulted in a few new formulations transitioning into clinical trials. These metal nanomedicines are used in concrete applications that are defined by the physicochemical and biological features of the silver nanoconstructs, as well as their biodistribution profiles. Examples of these applications are topical antibacterial and antiviral therapies and wound healing, as these avoid concerns regarding the long-term accumulation of the nanomedicines in fenestrated organs after intravenous administration. Here, we discuss the current landscape of silver nanoparticles, and critically analyze the characteristics that endowed their transition and use in clinical settings., (© 2024. The Author(s).)