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Objective: To investigate the potential association between the ratio of the second digit length to the fourth digit length (2D:4D) and schizophrenia, to provide evidence regarding the pathogenesis of schizophrenia., Methods: In this study, we enrolled 843 patients with schizophrenia (387 men and 456 women), all of whom met the diagnostic criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV), and 1050 normal healthy controls (477 men and 573 women). The digit lengths of both hands were measured in all subjects and the 2D:4D ratio was analyzed., Results: In the healthy controls, the 2D:4D ratio was sexually dimorphic, with a larger value in women than in men. In addition, the 2D:4D ratio in the schizophrenia patients was significantly larger than in the healthy controls. The 2D:4D ratio of the right hand was more sexually dimorphic than the left hand. Furthermore, the difference in 2D:4D ratios between the male patients and male controls was significantly larger than in their female counterparts., Conclusions: By analyzing the 2D:4D ratio and considering alternative factors related to schizophrenia, our findings support the hypothesis that there are abnormal cerebral conditions in schizophrenia patients.

Background: Down syndrome, most common chromosomal abnormality leading to intellectual disability is being diagnosed by Karyotyping. Due to cost constraints, parents couldn't afford to do Karyotyping which causes delay in individual and family interventions., Introduction: Down syndrome has characteristic morphological features. The minor physical anomaly (MPA) are insults which occur in utero during embryonic development mostly in first and early second trimester and persists throughout life., Material and Methods: 70 karyotyping confirmed cases of Down syndrome (DS), 70 other causes of intellectual disabilities (Other ID) and 70 age matched normal children and adolescents (Average) have been incorporated in the study. The Modified Waldrop's scale (Ismail's 41 item scale) have been applied. Demographic comparison and Decision tree algorithm approach have been analysed by SPSS 25 version., Results and Discussion: The paternal age of childbirth, maternal age of childbirth, maternal age of marriage ( P < 0.001), income ( P = 0.026) variables are statistically significant in Down's syndrome group in comparison to other two groups whereas age and birth order are not statistically significant. DS group has more MPA (m = 17.04, SD = 5.462), than other ID (m = 5.93, SD = 2.628) and Average group (m = 1.59, SD = 1.378). Big sandal gap, high arched palate and epicanthus are most common three minor anomalies found in Down syndrome. Region wise scoring shows high significance ( P < 0.001) in Global head, eyes, ears, mouth, hands and feet in Down syndrome group. The four anomalies; epicanthus, telecanthus, high-arched palate, and curved fifth finger) thus can be grouped as differentiating anomalies. When clinodactyly (item 27) and high arched palate (item 21) are present together or epicanthus (item 08) and telecanthus (item 09) present together sensitivity of diagnosing the case as Down syndrome is 0.945 with negative predictive value 0.979., Conclusion: The simian crease which is being considered as common physical anomaly is not specific for Down syndrome. The large scale study is required to extrapolate the above findings but surely it opens new avenue of research., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest.

Objective: The minor physical anomaly (MPA) is believed to reflect abnormal development of the CNS. The aim is to find incidence of MPA and its behavioral correlates in Down syndrome and to compare these findings with the other causes of intellectual disability and normal population., Materials and Methods: One-hundred and forty intellectually disabled people attending a tertiary care set-up and from various NGOs are included in the study. The age-matched group from normal population was also studied for comparison. MPA are assessed by using Modified Waldrop scale and behavioral abnormality by Diagnostic assessment scale for severely handicapped (DASH II scale)., Results: The Down syndrome group had significantly more MPA than other two groups and most of the MPA is situated in the global head region. There is strong correlation (P < 0.001) between the various grouped items of Modified Waldrop scale. Depression subscale is correlated with anomalies in the hands (P < 0.001), feet and Waldrop total items (P < 0.005). Mania item of DASH II scale is related with anomalies around the eyes (P < 0.001). Self-injurious behavior and total Waldrop score is negatively correlated with global head., Conclusion: Down syndrome group has significantly more MPA and a pattern of correlation between MPA and behavioral abnormalities exists which necessitates a large-scale study.