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Introduction: There is currently limited guidance for researchers on Patient and Public Involvement (PPI) for preclinical spinal cord research, leading to uncertainty about design and implementation. This study aimed to develop evidence-informed principles to support preclinical spinal cord researchers to incorporate PPI into their research., Methods: This study used a modified Delphi method with the aim of establishing consensus on a set of principles for PPI in spinal cord research. Thirty-eight stakeholders including researchers, clinicians and people living with spinal cord injury took part in the expert panel. Participants were asked to rate their agreement with a series of statements relating to PPI in preclinical spinal cord research over two rounds. As part of Round 2, they were also asked to rate statements as essential or desirable., Results: Thirty-eight statements were included in Round 1, after which five statements were amended and two additional statements were added. After Round 2, consensus (> 75% agreement) was reached for a total of 27 principles, with 13 rated as essential and 14 rated as desirable. The principles with highest agreement related to diversity in representation among PPI contributors, clarity of the purpose of PPI and effective communication., Conclusion: This research developed a previously unavailable set of evidence-informed principles to inform PPI in preclinical spinal cord research. These principles provide guidance for researchers seeking to conduct PPI in preclinical spinal cord research and may also inform PPI in other preclinical disciplines., Patient and Public Involvement Statement: This study was conducted as part of a project aiming to develop PPI in preclinical spinal cord injury research associated with an ongoing research collaboration funded by the Irish Rugby Football Union Charitable Trust (IRFU CT) and the Science Foundation Ireland Centre for Advanced Materials and BioEngineering Research (SFI AMBER), with research conducted by the Tissue Engineering Research Group (TERG) at the RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences. The project aims to develop an advanced biomaterials platform for spinal cord repair and includes a PPI Advisory Panel comprising researchers, clinicians and seriously injured rugby players to oversee the work of the project. PPI is included in this study through the involvement of members of the PPI Advisory Panel in the conceptualisation of this research, review of findings, identification of key points for discussion and preparation of the study manuscript as co-authors., (© 2024 The Author(s). Health Expectations published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

The development of targeted cancer therapies based on monoclonal antibodies against tumor-associated antigens has progressed markedly over recent decades. This approach is dependent on the identification of tumor-specific, normal tissue-sparing antigenic targets. The transmembrane protein claudin-18 splice variant 2 (CLDN18.2) is frequently and preferentially displayed on the surface of primary gastric adenocarcinomas, making it a promising monoclonal antibody target. Phase 3 studies of zolbetuximab, a chimeric immunoglobulin G1 monoclonal antibody targeting CLDN18.2, combined with 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin plus oxaliplatin (modified FOLFOX6) or capecitabine plus oxaliplatin (CAPOX) in advanced or metastatic first-line gastric or gastroesophageal junction (G/GEJ) adenocarcinoma have demonstrated favorable clinical results with zolbetuximab. In studies using xenograft or syngeneic models with gastric cancer cell lines, zolbetuximab mediated death of CLDN18.2-positive human cancer cell lines via antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity in vitro and demonstrated anti-tumor efficacy as monotherapy and combined with chemotherapy in vivo. Mice treated with zolbetuximab plus chemotherapy displayed a significantly higher frequency of tumor-infiltrating CD8 + T cells versus vehicle/isotype control-treated mice. Furthermore, zolbetuximab combined with an anti-mouse programmed cell death-1 antibody more potently inhibited tumor growth compared with either agent alone. These results support the potential of zolbetuximab as a novel treatment option for G/GEJ adenocarcinoma., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest Toshihide Nishibata, Jane Weng, Keisuke Omori, Yuji Sato, Taisuke Nakazawa, Tomoyuki Suzuki, Tomohiro Yamada, Ikumi Nakajo, Fumitaka Kinugasa, and Taku Yoshida are current or former employees of Astellas Pharma, Inc., Ibaraki, Japan. Özlem Türeci and Uğur Şahin were co-founders, stockholders, and employees of Ganymed Pharmaceuticals AG, Mainz, Germany, at the time this preclinical evaluation was conducted, and are co-inventors on patent filings related to CLDN18.2 and zolbetuximab., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Experimental laboratory research has an important role to play in dementia prevention. Mechanisms underlying modifiable risk factors for dementia are promising targets for dementia prevention but are difficult to investigate in human populations due to technological constraints and confounds. Therefore, controlled laboratory experiments in models such as transgenic rodents, invertebrates and in vitro cultured cells are increasingly used to investigate dementia risk factors and test strategies which target them to prevent dementia. This review provides an overview of experimental research into 15 established and putative modifiable dementia risk factors: less early-life education, hearing loss, depression, social isolation, life stress, hypertension, obesity, diabetes, physical inactivity, heavy alcohol use, smoking, air pollution, anesthetic exposure, traumatic brain injury, and disordered sleep. It explores how experimental models have been, and can be, used to address questions about modifiable dementia risk and prevention that cannot readily be addressed in human studies. HIGHLIGHTS: Modifiable dementia risk factors are promising targets for dementia prevention. Interrogation of mechanisms underlying dementia risk is difficult in human populations. Studies using diverse experimental models are revealing modifiable dementia risk mechanisms. We review experimental research into 15 modifiable dementia risk factors. Laboratory science can contribute uniquely to dementia prevention., (© 2024 The Authors. Alzheimer's & Dementia published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Alzheimer's Association.)

Background: In a critically ill patient, when an arterial blood sample is processed on an arterial blood gas (ABG) analyzer, it also measures electrolytes apart from analyzing the blood gases. The turnaround time for ABG analysis is way too less compared to the conventional electrolyte analysis with a serum sample., Objective: This study intends to investigate whether values of electrolytes estimated in arterial blood can substitute the routinely practiced method., Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective cross-sectional study. The source of data is patients' reports of serum electrolytes and ABG analysis from the Clinical Biochemistry laboratory, CIMS Teaching Hospital, Chamarajanagar between January and June 2021. The electrolytes report of 200 patients from whom both arterial and venous blood samples were sent to the Clinical Biochemistry laboratory on the same day and at the same time for analysis were selected. The data was compiled, compared, and correlated using a suitable statistical tool., Results: The mean and standard deviation of sodium (135.62 ± 5.20 in venous vs 134.08 ± 8.49 in arterial blood), potassium (4.20 ± 0.64 vs 3.80 ± 0.75), and chloride (102.28 ± 4.99 vs 96.33 ± 8.11) were observed. However, when the concordance correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman plot analysis were made there was no agreement between electrolytes analyzed on serum in an autoanalyzer with that of ABG analyzer., Conclusion: We conclude that the electrolytes measured by a conventional autoanalyzer on a serum sample cannot be replaced by values analyzed on a blood gas analyzer., How to Cite This Article: Devaki RN, Kasargod P, Roopa Urs AN, Chandrika N. A Retrospective Database Analysis to Investigate if Electrolytes in Venous Blood are Equivalent to the Levels in Arterial Blood. Indian J Crit Care Med 2024;28(5):442-446., Competing Interests: Source of support: Nil Conflict of interest: None, (Copyright © 2024; The Author(s).)

Background: Patient engagement in research is the meaningful and collaborative interaction between patients and researchers throughout the research process. Patient engagement can help to ensure patient-oriented values and perspectives are incorporated into the development, conduct, and dissemination of research. While patient engagement is increasingly prevalent in clinical research, it remains relatively unrealized in preclinical laboratory research. This may reflect the nature of preclinical research, in which routine interactions or engagement with patients may be less common. Our team of patient partners and researchers has previously identified few published examples of patient engagement in preclinical laboratory research, as well as a paucity of guidance on this topic. Here we propose the development of a process framework to facilitate patient engagement in preclinical laboratory research., Methods: Our team, inclusive of researchers and patient partners, will develop a comprehensive, empirically-derived, and stakeholder-informed process framework for 'patient engagement in preclinical laboratory research.' First, our team will create a 'deliberative knowledge space' to conduct semi-structured discussions that will inform a draft framework for preclinical patient engagement. Over the course of several sessions, we will identify actions, activities, barriers, and enablers (e.g. considerations and motivations for patient engagement in preclinical laboratory research, define roles of key players). The resulting draft process framework will be further populated with examples and refined through an international consensus-building Delphi survey with patients, researchers, and other collaborator organizations. We will then conduct pilot field tests to evaluate the framework with preclinical laboratory research groups paired with patient partners. These results will be used to create a refined framework enriched with real-world examples and considerations. All resources developed will be made available through an online repository., Discussion: Our proposed process framework will provide guidance, best practices, and standardized procedures to promote patient engagement in preclinical laboratory research. Supporting and facilitating patient engagement in this setting presents an exciting new opportunity to help realize the important impact that patients can make., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Introduction: Patient and public involvement (PPI) in research is an embedded practice in clinical research, however, its role in preclinical or laboratory-based research is less well established and presents specific challenges. This study aimed to explore the perspectives of two key stakeholder groups, preclinical researchers and clinicians on PPI in preclinical research, using spinal cord research as a case study., Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted online with 11 clinicians and 11 preclinical researchers all working in the area of spinal cord injury (SCI). Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically., Findings: Nine themes were developed through analysis. Participants' perspectives included that people living with SCI had a right to be involved, that PPI can improve the relevance of preclinical research, and that PPI can positively impact the experiences of researchers. They identified the distance between lab-based research and the daily experiences of living with SCI to be a barrier and proactive management of accessibility and the motivated and networked SCI community as key facilitators. To develop strong partnerships, participants suggested setting clear expectations, ensuring good communication, and demonstrating respect for the time of PPI contributors involved in the research., Conclusions: While traditionally PPI has been more commonly associated with clinical research, participants identified several potential benefits of PPI in preclinical spinal cord research that have applicability to preclinical researchers more broadly. Preclinical spinal researchers should explore how to include PPI in their work., Patient or Public Contribution: This study was conducted as part of a broader project aiming to develop an evidence base for preclinical PPI that draws on a 5-year preclinical research programme focused on the development of advanced biomaterials for spinal cord repair as a case study. A PPI Advisory Panel comprising seriously injured rugby players, clinicians, preclinical researchers, and PPI facilitators collaborated as co-authors on the conceptualisation, design of the interview protocol, data analysis and writing of this manuscript., (© 2024 The Authors. Health Expectations published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Aim and Objective: To evaluate and compare the cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of various inorganic metal oxide nanoparticles along with vehicles when used as intracanal medicaments in the root canal system., Materials and Methods: The study included triplicates ( n = 36 times) that were subjected to n calcium oxide (CaO), n zinc oxide (ZnO), n magnesium oxide (MgO), and metapaste as intracanal medicaments. The efficacy of novel intracanal medicaments was evaluated for biocompatibility assay using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) reagent following antimicrobial efficacy against Enterococcus faecalis ( E. faecalis) was evaluated using zone of inhibition (ZOI) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The statistical analysis Kruskal-Wallis test, student t -test, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software (v.20.0)., Results: The order of proliferative activity of experimental groups on L929 mouse fibroblast cells using MTT assay was: metapaste > n CaO > n MgO > n ZnO). After evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy, group I: n CaO showed maximum ZOI and MIC against E. faecalis, which showed high statistically significant differences between all four groups after ANOVA ( p < 0.0001*)., Conclusion: n calcium oxide (CaO) mixed with propylene glycol (PPG) 400 has a potential role as an intracanal medicament with minimum cytotoxic effect and maximum antimicrobial activity against endodontic pathogens., Clinical Significance: Nanoparticles-based intracanal medicament can provide a promising future in reducing endodontic flareups when used as intracanal medicament., How to Cite This Article: Barge P, Gugawad S, Devendrappa SN, et al. Comparative Evaluation of Nano Inorganic Metal Oxides as Intracanal Medicaments for Cytotoxicity and Antimicrobial Activity in the Root Canal System. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2023;16(S-2):S168-S175., Competing Interests: Source of support: Nil Conflict of interest: None, (Copyright © 2023; The Author(s).)

The musculoskeletal system involves multiple tissues which are constantly exposed to being exposed to various biological and mechanical stimuli. As such, isolating and studying a particular system from a complex human clinical environment is not always a realistic expectation. On top of that, recruitment limitations, in addition to the nature of orthopaedic interventions and their associated cost, sometimes preclude consideration of human trials to answer a clinical question. Therefore, in this mini review, we sought to rationalize the rapid evolution of biomedical research at a basic scientific level and explain why the perception of orthopaedic conditions has fundamentally changed over the last decades. In more detail, we highlight that the number of orthopaedic in vitro publications has soared since 1990. Last but not least, we elaborated on the minimum requirements for conducting a scientifically sound infection-related laboratory experiment to offer valuable information to clinical practitioners. We also explained the rationale behind implementing molecular biology techniques, ex vivo experiments, and artificial intelligence in this type of laboratory research., Competing Interests: Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article., (©The Author(s) 2023. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: The traditional methods of deboning metal brackets exert excessive force, resulting in enamel scratches, fractures, and patient discomfort. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of using two intensity levels of a diode laser for debonding metallic orthodontic brackets as an alternative to the conventional debonding method., Materials and Methods: Sixty intact, extracted human premolar teeth were used in this study, and metal orthodontic brackets were bonded to the buccal surface of these teeth. The teeth were divided into three groups for the experiment: (1) the control group, where conventional bracket debonding was performed using a debonding plier, (2) the first experimental group, where a diode laser (2.5W, 980nm) was utilized for laser debonding, and (3) the second experimental group, where a diode laser (5W, 980nm) was used for laser debonding. The laser was applied using a sweeping movement for 5 seconds. After debonding, the adhesive remnant index (ARI), the lengths, and the frequency of enamel cracks were compared among the groups. Additionally, an increase in intra-pulpal temperature was measured., Results: In all groups, there were no instances of enamel fractures. Laser debonding resulted in a significant reduction in both the frequency and length of newly formed enamel cracks compared to the conventional debonding method. The laser debonding group exhibited increases in intra-pulpal temperature of 2.37°C and 3.60°C in the second and third groups, respectively. These temperature increases were significantly lower than the threshold of 5.5°C. There were no significant differences observed in the ARI scores among the groups., Conclusion: With all debonding methods, an increase in the length and frequency of enamel cracks should be anticipated. However, laser-assisted debonding of metal brackets offers the advantage of reducing the risk of enamel damage while avoiding thermal damage to the pulp., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, Mousa et al.)

The intent of this article is to shed light on the future challenges that sociology, in concert with other disciplines, will have to face from now on, starting with one of the possible hypotheses of research methodology. Indeed, as much as some of these issues in the last two decades have become the preserve of neuroscience, their origins, namely the conceptualizations of the classics of sociology, should not be forgotten. In this regard, it will be the task of researchers and sociology to investigate, through applied research attempts, phenomena such as empathy and emotions from innovative methodologies and research different from the current ones, capable of highlighting how emotions are modified by cultural context and spaces of interaction, moving away from a depersonalizing structuralism we were used to, refuting, for example, what neuroscientists have pointed out, according to which empathy and emotions belong to biological universalisms. Therefore, within this brief and informative article we intend to present a possibility of investigation, without any claim to truth or the only way to be able to do research in this field, moved only by the desire to open a fruitful discourse that can lead to the methodological approach toward applied sociology or laboratory research. The idea is to move beyond online netnography, not because the latter cannot provide satisfactory results, but because it will be necessary to broaden the range of choices, such as analysis in the metaverse, generating a viable alternative where this type of analysis cannot be pursued., Competing Interests: The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Auriemma.)

Aim: This study compared two molecular iodine mouthrinses for their in vitro bactericidal effects against subgingival biofilm bacteria from severe periodontitis patients., Materials and Methods: In a subgingival biofilm eradication assay, dilution aliquots of subgingival microbial specimens from 32 adults with severe periodontitis were mixed in vitro with either a mouthrinse containing 100 parts per million (ppm) molecular iodine (Iorinse®) or one containing 150 ppm molecular iodine (iClean®), followed by mouthrinse neutralization after 60 seconds with 3% sodium thiosulfate. The mixtures, along with unexposed subgingival biofilm aliquots, were inoculated onto enriched Brucella blood agar and incubated anaerobically for 7 days to quantitate total viable bacterial counts and selected red/orange complex periodontal pathogens ( Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Prevotella intermedia/nigrescens, Parvimonas micra, Campylobacter rectus, and Fusobacterium nucleatum )., Results: Both molecular iodine mouthrinses significantly reduced total viable bacterial counts in the subgingival biofilm samples, with iClean® providing significantly greater in vitro suppression than Iorinse®. Both molecular iodine mouthrinses also significantly reduced total red/orange complex periodontal pathogens, with significantly greater suppression also exhibited by iClean®., Conclusion: The molecular iodine mouthrinses exerted marked bactericidal activity in vitro against human subgingival biofilm microbial species, including red/orange complex periodontal pathogens associated with severe periodontitis, with iClean® providing significantly better antimicrobial activity than Iorinse®., Clinical Significance: These findings suggest potential value of molecular iodine mouthrinses in the treatment and prevention of periodontal diseases.

Aim: Understanding the mechanism of fluid outflow by comparing the subconjunctival and subtenon spaces can lead to improved ocular therapeutics. The purpose of the current study is to evaluate subconjunctival vs subtenon lymphatic outflow by creating tracer-filled blebs in each location., Methods: Porcine ( n = 20) eyes received subconjunctival or subtenon injection(s) of fixable and fluorescent dextrans. Blebs were angiographically imaged using a Heidelberg Spectralis ([Heidelberg Retina Angiograph] HRA + OCT; Heidelberg Engineering) and bleb-related lymphatic outflow pathways were counted. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging of these pathways was used to assess structural lumens and the presence of valve-like structures. Furthermore, a comparison between tracer injection locations (superior/inferior/temporal/nasal) was made. Histologic analyses for subconjunctival and subtenon outflow pathways were performed, to confirm tracer co-localization with molecular lymphatic markers., Results: Subconjunctival blebs demonstrated a greater number of lymphatic outflow pathways compared to subtenon blebs in every quadrant [superior: 6.10 ± 1.18 (subconjunctival) vs 0.50 ± 0.27 (subtenon); temporal: 2.30 ± 0.40 vs 0.10 ± 0.10; nasal: 5.30 ± 0.60 vs 0.30 ± 0.21; inferior: 6.00 ±1.29 vs 0.1 ± 0.1; all comparisons p < 0.001]. For subconjunctival blebs, the temporal quadrant showed fewer lymphatic outflow pathways compared to the nasal side ( p = 0.005)., Discussion: Subconjunctival blebs accessed greater lymphatic outflow compared to subtenon blebs. Furthermore, regional differences existed, with fewer lymphatic vessels temporal than at the other locations., Clinical Significance: Aqueous humor drainage after glaucoma surgery is incompletely understood. The present manuscript adds to our understanding of how lymphatics might influence filtration bleb function., How to Cite This Article: Lee JY, Strohmaier CA, Akiyama G, et al. Bleb-related Porcine Lymphatic Outflow Is Greater from Subconjunctival compared to Subtenon Blebs. J Curr Glaucoma Pract 2022;16(3):144-151., Competing Interests: Source of support: Funding for this work came from the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (Grant Numbers R01EY030501 [ASH] and R21EY026260 [YH]); Japan Society for the Promotion of Science JP18K16972 [GA]; Glaucoma Research Foundation Shaffer Grant [AH]; unrestricted grants from Research to Prevent Blindness [UCSD and USC] (New York, NY), an unrestricted grant from Johannes Kepler University (ACSP program, CAS), Adele Rabensteiner Foundation (CAS). Conflict of interest: JYL: none; CAS: none; GA: none; SS: none; CY: none; YYK: none; YKH: none; ASH: Aerie Pharmaceuticals: Consultant, Allergan/Abbvie: Consultant, Celanese: Consultant, Diagnosis: Research Support, Equinox: Consultant, Glaukos Corporation: Research Support, Consultant, Gore: Consultant, Heidelberg Engineering: Research Support, Qlaris: Consultant, Santen Pharmaceuticals: Consultant., (Copyright © 2022; The Author(s).)

Introduction: Expired gutta-percha (GP) can lose its mechanical properties. This study aimed to compare the tensile strength values between expired and nonexpired GP-cones and to assess the outcome of different heat temperatures on this strength., Materials and Methods: Two-hundred-forty ProTaper points were obtained from nonexpired and 2 years expired pack with two different subgroups (sealed or exposed to air and light). All groups were subjected to the following treatments: control, 90°C water bath and cool either at room temperature or 0°C and 70°C water bath and cool either at room temperature or at 0°C. The strength under the tensile load was calculated using the universal testing machine., Results: The collected data were evaluated by one-way analysis of variance. Tensile strength for all control groups did not show any difference. Significant increase in the tensile strength in groups heated for 1 min in a water bath at 70°C, the tensile strengths were 8.19 ± 2.72 Mpa and 5.94 ± 1.14 Mpa cooled at 25°C and 0°C, respectively, P ≤ 0.001. Two years expiration did not lower the tensile strength of the GP and exposure to air and light did not show any change. Appropriate storage of GP is a key factor to extend its lifespan., Conclusion: A clinician may consider using expired GP as long as there are no noticeable changes in their structure and properties. A simple chairside technique using hot water may be helpful in restoring the mechanical properties of expired GP., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2022 Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences.)

Objective: Probiotics are increasingly used in oral prevention and treatment conditions, but little is known about their abilities. The aim of this review is to clarify, summarize and disseminate current knowledge about the mode of action of in vitro probiotics on factors involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis., Method: 2495 articles were identified in three databases (Medline, Web of Science, SpringerLink) and 26 studies included in this scoping review., Results: Twenty-three probiotic species were identified, the majority of which were Lactobacilli or Bifidobacteria. Lactobacillus rhamnosus (30.8 %) and Lactobacillus reuteri (42.3 %) were found to be the two predominantly studied probiotic species and three main mechanisms of action of probiotics could be classified as: (i) modulation of the immuno-inflammatory response, (ii) direct actions of probiotics on periodontopathogens by adhesion or nutritive competitions and/or the secretion of antimicrobial molecules and (iii) indirect actions through environmental modifications. A combination of several probiotic strains seems to be beneficial via synergistic action amplifying the functions of each strain used. However, heterogeneity of the methodologies and probiotic species included in studies leads us to consider the following avenues for future research: (i) implementation of standardized periodontal models as close as possible to in vivo periodontal conditions to identify the functions of each strain for appropriate medication, (ii) updating data about interactions within oral biofilms to identify new candidates and to predict then analyze their behavior within these biofilms., Conclusion: Probiotics may have their place in the response to inter-individual variability in periodontitis, provided that the choice of the probiotic strain or combination of them will be personalized and optimal for each patient., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Milk-derived beverages are considered to be beneficial to not only health but also to dental tissue. However, the exact nature of the effect of these beverages should be studied to formulate an exact diet plan for a child so that only good effects can be obtained from a dietary derivative., Aim and Objective: To evaluate and compare the surface roughness and microhardness of human enamel surface after exposure to different immersion regimes in milk-based beverages., Materials and Methods: A total of 90 samples were prepared from caries-free premolars extracted for orthodontic purposes. The samples were then randomly divided into three groups based on the immersion beverage used vis-a-vis chocolate milk, sweet lassi , and soy milk. The immersion cycles were done for 7 days. After the immersions were complete, the samples were dried and subjected to microhardness and surface roughness testing., Results: The surface roughness of the exposed surface of enamel was found to be in the following order: sweet lassi (verka) > control > soya milk chocolate (sofit) > chocolate milk (Amul Kool Koko). The microhardness of the exposed surface of enamel was found to be in the following order: chocolate milk (Amul Kool Koko) > soya milk chocolate (sofit) > sweet lassi (verka) > control., How to Cite This Article: Ghavri T, Pathak A, Bajwa NK. Comparative Evaluation of the Effect of Different Beverages on the Surface Roughness and Microhardness of Human Enamel Surface: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(5):657-661., Competing Interests: Source of support: Nil Conflict of interest: None, (Copyright © 2021; Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd.)

The demand for biomedical researchers and health science professionals has increased over the past several decades. This need is particularly acute in the fields of cancer research and oncology in which technological advances have fueled an unprecedented pace of laboratory discoveries and their applications in novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Internships that expose undergraduate students to cancer research and patient care serve an important function in meeting this need by educating trainees about careers in this field and inspiring them to pursue these professional paths. Moreover, the translational impetus of cancer research incorporates research, regulatory, business, and clinical components, providing students with even more cancer-focused career options. With the goal of providing hands-on experiences in cancer research and oncology to undergraduate students who comprise the next generation of cancer physician-scientists and will fill this demand in our professional workforce, the Nathan Schnaper Intern Program in Translational Cancer Research (NSIP) has grown from a small laboratory-based local summer internship to a competitive national program. In this study, we evaluate three new modules of the NSIP research, education, and clinical components that have been implemented in the first 2 years of National Cancer Institute Cancer Research Education Grants Program funding. The impact of these modules on intern satisfaction, learning, and near-term career trajectory is assessed to identify the most effective approaches and key measures of program outcomes.

Aim and Objective: This in vitro study evaluates and compares the changes in pulp chamber temperature during direct fabrication of provisional restorations in maxillary central incisors after using three different cooling techniques., Materials and Methods: Total of 60 samples of maxillary central incisors along with their putty indices were divided into four groups (one control and three experimental) and were prepared using a surveyor cum milling machine. Teeth were sectioned 2 mm below cementoenamel junction and a K-type thermocouple wire was inserted in the tooth and secured at the pulpal roof using amalgam. Putty index filled with DPI tooth molding resin material [polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)] was placed on the tooth and temperature changes per 5 seconds were recorded by temperature indicating device for the control, on-off, precooled putty, and dentin bonding agent (DBA) group., Results: The highest mean obtained was of the control (11.04°C), followed by DBA group (9.53°C), precooled putty group (6.67°C), and on-off group (1.94°C). Precooled putty index group took maximum time to reach the baseline temperature (847.5 seconds)., Conclusion: On-off technique is the most effective method to reduce the intrapulpal temperature during polymerization, as compared to the other techniques used in the study. Retardation in the polymerization process was seen in precooled putty group, which may make this technique clinically inadvisable., Clinical Significance: Thermal protection of pulp must always be considered during direct fabrication of provisional restoration when a PMMA-based resin is used. By using on-off technique, not only the thermal insult to the pulp can be effectively minimized but also the harmful effects of residual monomer (poor marginal fit and pulpal irritation) can be eliminated.

Background: Translational research is a process of applying knowledge from basic biology and clinical trials to techniques and tools that address critical medical needs. Translational research is less explored in the Ugandan health system, yet, it is fundamental in enhancing human health and well-being. With the current high disease burden in Uganda, there are many opportunities for exploring, developing and utilising translational research., Main Body: In this article, we described the current state, barriers and opportunities for translational research in Uganda. We noted that translational research is underutilised and hindered by limited funding, collaborations, laboratory infrastructure, trained personnel, equipment and research diversity. However, with active collaborations and funding, it is possible to set up and develop thriving translational research in Uganda. Researchers need to leverage existing international collaborations to enhance translational research capacity development., Conclusion: Expanding the integration of clinical and translational research in Uganda health care system will improve clinical care.

Aim and Objective: The present study compared the fracture strength and failure pattern of endodontically treated, bi-rooted, maxillary premolars with different number of coronal walls and postendodontic restoration (one vs double post)., Materials and Methods: 105 premolars were divided into 3 groups according to the number of residual walls: control group (intact teeth; n = 15), group 1 (3 residual walls; n = 45), group 2 (2 residual walls; n = 45). Each test group was then divided into 3 subgroups ( n = 15 each) according to postendodontic restoration: no post (A), 1 post (B) or 2 posts (C). A load was applied parallel to the longitudinal axis of the teeth, thus simulating physiological occlusion. ANOVA and Tukey's tests were used to detect fracture strength differences among groups, while Chi-square test was used to check differences in fracture pattern., Results: No significant differences were observed between control group (intact teeth) and groups A1 ( p = 0.999), B1 ( p = 0.997) and C1 ( p = 1.000); statistically significant differences were detected between control group and groups A2 ( p < 0.001), B2 ( p < 0.001) and C2 ( p < 0.05). Different post placement techniques were non-significantly associated with fracture pattern in both groups 1 ( p = 0.666) and 2 ( p = 0.143) while, irrespective of the number of posts, the presence of the post was significantly associated with the fracture pattern in teeth with two residual walls. The double-post technique did not further improve the fracture resistance of hardly damaged endodontically treated maxillary bi-rooted premolars compared to single-post technique. Therefore, the insertion of a single post in the palatal canal could be a safer and more conservative choice., Clinical Significance: The double-post technique did not further improve the fracture resistance of severely structurally compromised endodontically treated maxillary premolars with two roots compared to the single-post technique. Therefore, the safer and less invasive treatment is the placement of a single post in the palatal canal.

The coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected individuals of all categories, irrespective of their geographical locations, professions, gender, or race. As a result of full or partial lock-down and stay-at-home orders, the well-being and productivity of individuals were severely affected. Since basic science research requires laboratory experiments, the work-from-home strategy hurt their productivity. In addition, the combination of decreased productivity and staying at home is likely to compromise their well-being by causing stress and anxiety. In this case study, a strategy was developed to engage researchers through listening and learning, motivation, and empowerment, using regular virtual sessions. Through these virtual sessions, research work was prioritized and coordinated, from idea conception to writing research papers and grant proposals. Perceived stress scores (PSS) and COVID-19-related stress (COVID-SS) scores were measured to evaluate general and COVID-19-induced stress, respectively, every month from March to July 2020 during the COVID-19 era. The result showed a significant improvement in both the PSS and the COVID-SS scores of the intervention group compared to the control group. In addition, while there was no/minimal change in PSS and COVID-SS scores from March to subsequent months until July for the control group, the intervention groups showed significant and consistent improvement in both scores in the intervention group. Overall, the intervention strategy showed improved well-being for basic science researchers, which was also consistent with their improved productivity during the COVID-19 era., (Copyright © 2020 Kumar, Kodidela, Kumar, Gerth and Zhi.)

Background: The diagnosis of nondisplaced longitudinal fractures [vertical root fractures (VRFs)] is challenging in clinical practice. Radiographic techniques showed a difficulty in detection of VRFs. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is a new diagnostic imaging modality that provides high-quality three-dimensional (3D) images for dental diagnosis., Aims: The aim of this in vitro study is to compare accuracy of three different imaging modalities: conventional periapical radiographs, digital radiographs, and CBCT in detecting VRFs in teeth that are endodontically as well as nonendodontically treated., Materials and Methods: An in vitro model consisting of 60 recently extracted human mandibular lower premolars were used. Root canal treatment was carried out for 30 teeth. Root fractures were created in 30 teeth (15 root canal treated and 15 non-treated) by mechanical force. Other 30 teeth remain intact. The teeth were mounted and images were taken with a periapical, digital, and CBCT X-ray unit. Three endodontists separately evaluated the images., Results: Interobserver κ values showed a very good interobserver agreement (0.98 for CBCT, 0.88 for digital, and 0.93 for conventional periapical X-rays). There was an overall statistically significant difference ( p = 0.00) in detecting of root fracture among the three imaging modalities and the highest accuracy with CBCT images., Conclusions: In in vitro model, CBCT scan appears to give the highest accuracy in detecting VRFs when compared with the periapical systems in both endodontically and nonendodontically treated teeth., Clinical Significance: The CBCT scan shows higher sensitivity in detection of VRFs in comparison with periapical images.

Aim: To assess the influence of three probiotic mouthrinses on the microhardness of three esthetic materials used for teeth restorations., Materials and Methods: Thirty specimens of each material: conventional glass ionomer cement (GIC), resin-modified glass ionomer, and resin composite were randomly assigned to three groups. Surface microhardness was measured at baseline. The specimens were immersed in probiotic mouthrinses, group I: (P2 probiotic power), group II: (Probioclean), and group III (BōKU natural). Microhardness was measured after 21 and 63 minutes of immersion which is comparable with 3 and 9 weeks of mouthrinse use every day, respectively. Measurements of microhardness were completed using Micro Vickers testing machine with a 200 g load applied for a duration of 15 seconds., Results: The microhardness change of the three restorative materials reveled statistically significant differences in all mouthrinse groups ( p = 0.001). BōKU natural mouthrinse decreased microhardness significantly in all restorative materials ( p < 0.05). However, Probioclean mouthrinse was associated with an increase in microhardness in all restorative materials. The effect of P2 probiotic power mouthrinse varied depending on time cycles and the restorative material. The mean difference in mouthrinse groups of resin composite was highest in BōKU natural at immersion time of 63 minutes. While no mean difference was seen in P2 probiotic power group at immersion time of 21 minutes which had no effect on the microhardness of resin composite., Conclusion: Surface microhardness was affected by immersion in probiotic mouthrinses. The BōKU natural mouthrinse had the highest reduction, while resin composite showed the least change in surface microhardness., Clinical Significance: There is lack of studies that investigated the effect of probiotics mouthrinses on the surface properties of restorative materials. This study showed evidence that some of the tested probiotic mouthrinses in this study decreased the microhardness of the tested tooth-colored restorative materials after immersion for 21 and 63 minutes which is equivalent to 3 and 9 weeks of everyday use.

Aim: The aim of this work is to investigate the quality of root canal seals obtained by comparing two bioceramic cements, GuttaFlow bioseal and BioRoot RCS, focusing on the presence of voids created during the canal obturation procedure., Materials and Methods: The voids are analyzed using a micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) device. The study will be performed using images of the endodontic space before and after filling of a selected group of elements. Furthermore, the average thickness of the cement, the average quantity of gutta-percha compared to the total shaped volume, and the average quantity of the two cements, GuttaFlow bioseal and BioRoot RCS, with respect to the total shaped volume were considered. The apical, middle, and coronal thirds have been investigated in a sectorial manner. Images have been analyzed using a CT-An™ software and visualized through a three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of the slices by the software CT-Vol™. Shapiro-Wilk test/Test D'Agostino-Pearson/Kolmogorov-Smirnov test were used to ensure the reliability of results., Results: No significant differences were observed in the amount of gutta-percha compared to the shaped volume between the GuttaFlow bioseal group and BioRoot RCS. No statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups in terms of voids., Conclusion: The data obtained from this study allowed to conclude that the samples filled with GuttaFlow bioseal and BioRoot RCS have a similar seal capacity since no statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups. No sample showed the absence of voids within the root canal obturation., Clinical Significance: Even if the two cements tested showed differences in terms of void volume and ability to fill thin spaces, they should be considered both acceptable and equivalent in terms of clinical sealing ability.

Aim: To compare the efficacy of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate-fluoride (CPP-ACP-F) paste and 0.2% sodium fluoride mouthwash in the prevention of dental erosion using profilometer., Materials and Methods: The buccal surfaces of 36 premolar sound teeth were ground and polished to achieve a flat surface with silicone disks. Samples were allocated in three groups randomly. Group I was pretreated for 5 days four times a day with CPP-ACP-F paste. Group II was pretreated for 5 days with 0.2% sodium fluoride mouthwash four times a day. Group III remained as the control group without any pretreatment. In the next step, all the samples were exposed four times a day for 3 days to carbonated beverages. The samples were rinsed with saline after each erosive cycle and stored in artificial saliva. The profilometer was used to determine the surface loss. The data collected were evaluated using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) along with post hoc test., Results: The erosion of group I (CPP-ACP-F paste) and group II (0.2% sodium fluoride mouthwash) was significantly less than that of group III (control group). The erosion in group II was significantly lower than in group I., Conclusion: Both sodium fluoride mouthwash and CPP-ACP-F paste are effective in the prevention of dental erosion. Sodium fluoride mouthwash shows higher reduction in dental erosion when compared with CPP-ACP-F paste., Clinical Significance: This study contributes to the understanding of the efficacy of CPP-ACP-F paste and 0.2% sodium fluoride mouthwash in the prevention of dental erosion.

Objectives: To minimize the tooth sensitivity caused by in-office bleaching, many dentists use non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and topical desensitizing gels containing potassium nitrate and sodium fluoride. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of these substances on inflammation and the expression of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide in pulp nerve fibers., Materials and Methods: Seventy-two rats were divided into 6 groups as follows: GI, control; GII, only dental bleaching; GIII, only ibuprofen; GIV, ibuprofen administered 30 minutes before and after the bleaching treatment and every 12 hours until the analysis; GV, only topical application of a desensitizing agent; and GVI, topical application of a desensitizing agent before dental bleaching. Placebo gel was applied to the upper left jaw and the bleaching agent was applied to the upper right jaw in all groups. Subsequently, the groups were divided into 3 subgroups based on the time of analysis: 0, 24, and 48 hours after bleaching ( n = 8). The rats were euthanized and the maxillae were processed and evaluated by histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses. The data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by the Dunn test ( p < 0.05)., Results: In the bleaching groups, the inflammatory process and expression of neuropeptides decreased over time. The animals in which a desensitizing agent was applied showed better results within 24 hours., Conclusions: The use of a desensitizing agent had positive effects on inflammation and pain-related neuropeptide expression, minimizing the painful effects of dental bleaching treatment., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported., (Copyright © 2020. The Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.)

Context: Public and patient involvement is increasingly becoming an expectation of research funders and policy makers. Not all areas of health research are public-facing. Here, we outline an approach for building the skills and developing the relationships required for downstream public and patient involvement in pre-clinical adolescent rheumatology research., Objective: To design a methodology for improving researcher-adolescent communications specifically aimed at mutual relationship building for PPI. Deliberate and effective preparation in advance of research involvement to improve the downstream success of that involvement., Design: A research seminar and research skills workshop conducted entirely in 'plain English' for adolescents and their siblings aged 10-20. Upskilling of pre-clinical researchers for effective public involvement., Setting and Participants: Study co-design between the voluntary charity Irish Children's Arthritis Network and the academic research centre UCD Centre for Arthritis Research. Fifteen adolescents aged 10-20 years old living with arthritis, four pre-clinical researchers and one qualitative researcher investigating adolescent or paediatric arthritis., Main Variables Studied: Relationship building and communications for effective downstream public involvement in pre-clinical and laboratory research., Results: The methodology outlined here was received extremely positively. Both researchers and adolescents living with arthritis felt more comfortable communicating, more knowledgeable about juvenile arthritis and research, and more able to engage in co-operative dialogue., Discussion: Engaging early, considering the needs of the community and developing appropriate involvement methodology can enable involvement in pre-clinical research., Conclusions: Dedicating resources to building relationships and skills necessary for co-operative research involvement can overcome some of the barriers to public involvement in pre-clinical and laboratory-based research., (© 2019 The Authors. Health Expectations published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Aim: An in vitro study to evaluate and compare the remineralization potential of commercially available remineralizing agents containing silver diamine fluoride (SDF), casein sucrose phosphate (CSP), casein phospho peptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) using DIAGNOdent., Materials and Methods: Thirty freshly extracted premolars for orthodontic treatment were collected. Specimens were randomly divided into 3 groups of 10 each: group I: SDF, group II: CSP, group III: CPP-ACP. The samples were subjected to DIAGNOdent analysis for recording the baseline values. Specimens were placed in demineralizing solution incubated at 37°C for 72 hours. DIAGNOdent values were recorded after demineralization. Following this, remineralization procedure was carried out using 3 different remineralizing agents: group I samples with SDF, group II with CSP, and group III with CPP-ACP. The remineralization procedure was performed to group I once and repeated for 14 days for group II and group III and storage solution was changed every 24 hours. The samples were subjected to DIAGNOdent analysis after 72 hours, 7 days, and 14 days and values were recorded., Results: The data were analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) with analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc test. Intragroup comparison of DIAGNOdent readings showed a highly significant difference between baseline, postdemineralization, and postremineralization values. Among intergroup comparison, SDF showed maximum remineralization values followed by CSP and CPP-ACP, respectively., Conclusion: Silver diamine fluoride, CSP, and CPP-ACP are proven to possess remineralization potential., Clinical Significance: A comparative evaluation of these three remineralizing agents will aid in identifying most potent and effective agent in treating initial caries lesions in an effective noninvasive and child-friendly manner., How to Cite This Article: Vinod D, Gopalakrishnan A, Subramani SM, et al. A Comparative Evaluation of Remineralizing Potential of Three Commercially Available Remineralizing Agents: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020;13(1):61-65., Competing Interests: Source of support: Nil Conflict of interest: None, (Copyright © 2020; Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd.)

Aim: The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the effect of different manipulation techniques on the surface hardness of ChemFil Rock glass ionomer., Materials and Methods: The changes in Vickers surface hardness (VH) of ChemFil Rock were evaluated after the application of five manipulation techniques and compared with one control group ( n = 60). The manipulation techniques included: finger pressure set, electronic piezo producing a high frequency set, air piezo producing a low frequency set, heat-set achieved with a curing light and the last technique was a combination of electronic piezo followed by heat-set. Standard set was the control., Results: The average surface hardness for the standard set was 49.5 VH. No statistical differences were demonstrated when the means were compared for finger pressure set (49.2 VH) or the air piezo set (48.49 VH) with standard set. The electronic piezo (54.21 VH) and the heat-set (57.5 VH) had an increased mean surface hardness when compared to other techniques. Heat-set had the highest surface hardness demonstrating a significant statistical difference when compared with standard set, finger pressure set, air piezo set as well as the combination of electronic piezo ( p < 0.05)., Conclusion: The surface hardness of the glass ionomer cement (GIC) material assessed in this study can be predictably improved by applying the heat-set technique. A command set can be achieved with the electronic piezo or the air piezo, however, the surface hardness will only increase with the use of the electronic piezo., Clinical Significance: The clinical advantage of using the air piezo as well as the electronic piezo technique would lie in preventing moisture contamination and dissolution of the GIC due to the command set effect of the ultrasonic vibrations within 15 seconds. The heat technique with the LED curing light will reduce the setting time to 90 seconds.

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strengths (SBSs) of one-step self-etch adhesives containing different co-solvents to enamel and dentin and to determine the failure modes of tested specimens., Materials and Methods: Two hundred and forty ( n = 240) sound human molars were used. The buccal surfaces of each tooth were ground and polished to obtain flat enamel surfaces ( n = 120) or to expose the underlying dentin ( n = 120). The specimens with exposed enamel or dentin were randomly divided into four main groups ( n = 30) according to the one-step self-etch adhesives used: Bond-1 SF, OptiBond All-In-One, G-aenial, and Single Bond Universal adhesive. All the main groups were then subdivided into two subgroups (control and thermocycling subgroups) ( n = 15). After bonding procedures, a composite restoration (Filtek Z250) was applied in a vinyl tube and condensed against the cured adhesive bonding agent, to form a resin cylinder. The specimens were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 24 hours (control and thermocycling subgroups), followed by thermocycling (5-55°C/5,000 cycles + storage in artificial saliva for 2 weeks) (thermocycling subgroup). They were subjected to SBS testing in a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/minute. After being shear-tested, all fractured samples were examined by means of a Hirox Digital Microscope at 50× magnification for failure analysis. The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's post hoc analysis at a p value of ≤0.05., Results: OptiBond All-In-One adhesive showed significantly higher mean SBS values on both types of tooth structures (enamel and dentin) and under different conditions (control and thermocycled) compared with the other three adhesives ( p < 0.001), except in the enamel-thermocycled group, where the Single Bond Universal adhesive showed higher mean SBS but without a significant difference compared with the OptiBond All-In-One adhesive ( p = 0.266), and there was no significant difference between OptiBond All-In-One and G-aenial Bond in the same group ( p = 0.192). Conversely, Bond-1 SF showed significantly lower mean SBS values compared with those of the other three adhesives on different types of tooth structures and under different conditions (control and thermocycled) ( p < 0.001)., Conclusion: One-step self-etch adhesives containing ethanol as a solvent or co-solvent showed higher SBS compared with the other self-etching bonding agents. The bond strength values of these adhesives to dentin are significantly higher than those to enamel., Clinical Relevance: The types of solvents of one-step self-etch adhesives had an effect on SBS, and the absence of solvent in those adhesives would adversely influence their performance. How to cite this article: Ageel FA, Alqahtani MQ. Effects of the Contents of Various Solvents in One-step Self-etch Adhesives on Shear Bond Strengths to Enamel and Dentin. J Contemp Dent Pract 2019;20(11):1260-1268.

Aims: The present study aims at recording the antibacterial efficacy of various disinfectants used at different time periods against Staphylococcus aureus and viridans streptococcal species of bacteria isolated from complete dentures., Materials and Methods: Fifty complete denture patients were selected for the study and swabs were collected from their complete denture surfaces. The isolated bacteria were subjected to six experimental groups which includes four groups of chemical denture disinfectants and two tree extracts groups. Isolation of the bacteria S. aureus and viridians streptococcal species was done by means of selective media and confirmed by means of biochemical tests. The bacteria were subjected to biofilm assays. The biofilm-forming bacteria with optical density (O.D.) values of more than 1.5 were selected for the study. About 150 acrylic specimens were fabricated and were contaminated by the 2 isolated bacteria mentioned above. The contaminated samples were disinfected by immersion for 10, 20, and 30 minutes in six disinfectants, namely: (1) 1% sodium hypochlorite, (2) 2% chlorhexidine, (3) 2% glutaraldehyde, (4) 3.8% sodium perborate, (5) 2% aalam extract, and (6) 2% neem extract., Results: ANOVA test was performed for both S. aureus and viridans streptococcal species with regard to various synthetic and tree extracts as well as time duration of disinfection. F values for disinfection vs S. aureus is 205.4 ( p < 0.001) and the relevant Scheffe post hoc test values is in the following order: 3 < 1, 4 < 6, 2 < 5. F values for disinfection vs viridans streptococcal species is 364.7 ( p < 0.001) and the relevant Scheffe post hoc test values is in the following order: 3 < 4 < 1, 6, 2 < 5., Conclusion: For biofilm-forming S. aureus , 2% glutaraldehyde showed best antibacterial efficacy which was followed by 1% sodium hypochlorite and 3.8% sodium perborate. When it comes to biofilm-forming viridans streptococcal species, 2% glutaraldehyde showed best antibacterial efficacy. Next to 2% glutaraldehyde, 3.8% sodium perborate exhibited good disinfection potential., Clinical Significance: Complete denture patients have a plethora of microorganisms habitating their complete dentures. Some bacteria are capable of causing systemic illness such as aspiration pneumonia and endocarditis. Hence, constant removal and disinfection of biofilms from the denture surface is vital to the local and systemic wellness of the patient. The most common bacteria capable of causing pneumonia and endocarditis that are isolated from complete dentures include S. aureus and viridans streptococcal species. The present study evaluates antibacterial efficacy of different disinfection agents especially against these biofilm-forming bacteria for different time periods. How to cite this article: Andonissamy L, Karthigeyan S, Ali SA, et al. Effect of Chemical Denture Disinfectants and Tree Extracts on Biofilm-forming Staphylococcus aureus and Viridans Streptococcus Species Isolated from Complete Denture. J Contemp Dent Pract 2019;20(11):1307-1314.

Given the increasing capabilities of highly automated systems, the article argues for a need to address the issue of social stress in human-machine interaction. It suggests a classification system of subordinate concepts found in the research literature under the heading of social stress. A review of the literature revealed a paucity of studies examining the effects of social stressors on performance. In particular, the review showed a shortage of experimental lab-based work, needed to establish clear cause-effect relationships. The article examined the suitability of different social stressors for lab-based research, not only when humans are the source of stress but also in so-called hybrid teams where social stress is caused by machine agents. The review shows that a closer link is needed between the separate literature on social stress and automation. Finally, three mechanisms are proposed that may predict how social stress may affect performance: 'blank-out'-mechanism, 'rumination'-mechanism, and 'increased-motivation'-mechanism. Practitioner summary: Theories of ergonomics and human factors may benefit from better integration of research and theoretical work in the domain of social stress. This is due to the increasing capabilities of machines to induce social stress. Abbreviations: HMI: human-machine interaction; TSST: trier social stress test.

Aim: Aim of the study was to investigate the effect of PRP and MTA individually and combined on in vitro human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells' (MSCs) proliferation and osteo/odontogenic differentiation potential., Materials and Methods: MSCs were cultured in vitro with MTA, 5% PRP, 10% PRP, MTA with 5%PRP, and MTA with 10% PRP. Fetal calf serum (FCS) was used as control. Cell viability and proliferative efficiency were tested with cell adhesion and MTT assay. Osteo/odontogenic differentiation was assessed and quantified with alizarin red staining., Results: MTA alone, MTA with 5% PRP, and MTA with 10% PRP showed significantly high proliferation at day 7 and 14 when compared to the control group. Enhanced differentiation and the highest calcium deposition was observed in MTA with the 10% PRP group., Conclusion: Within limitations of the in vitro environment, results imply an increased proliferation and induction of MSCs into osteo/odontogenic differentiation by the combination rather than a mere sealing of PRP by MTA., Clinical Significance: PRP and MTA have the potential for true regeneration of the pulp tissue. Moreover, the combination of PRP and MTA can be utilized to expand the MSCs to generate adequate numbers for clinical applications, without xenogenic contamination. How to cite this article: Vanka A, Vishwakarma SK, Bhat MK, et al. Osteo/odontogenic Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells with Platelet-rich Plasma and Mineral Trioxide Aggregate. J Contemp Dent Pract 2019;20(10):1171-1178.

Aim: The aim of the study was to ascertain the influence of a resin remover on color and surface roughness of two resin composites., Materials and Methods: Disc-shaped specimens were fabricated from either a Te-Econom plus microhybrid or a Tetric EvoCeram nanocomposite. The color and surface roughness of the specimens were measured before and after treatment, with a resin remover for 3, 5, and 8 minutes. The color was measured using a reflective spectrophotometer according to the CIE L * a * b * color space measurements. Surface roughness was evaluated using optical profilometry. Results were statistically analyzed using Student's t test, ANOVA, Tukey's post hoc , and Pearson's correlation tests., Results: The resin remover induced a statistically significant color change of both resin composites, which increased with increasing the time of immersion to 8 minutes. The color change of Tetric EvoCeram was higher than that of the Te-Econom Plus. Surface roughness change was more pronounced with Tetric EvoCeram. No correlation was found between changes in color and surface roughness., Conclusion: Resin solvent changed the color of microhybrid and nanocomposite. Increasing the immersion time to 8 minutes increased the color change. The type of composite influenced the changes in color and surface roughness., Clinical Significance: Resin solvent had potentials to stain resin composites, which could be helpful in its identification from tooth structure during removal of failed resin composite restorations.

Aim: To evaluate the accuracy of removable partial denture (RPD) metal frameworks fabricated by the conventional lost-wax (CLW) technique and those made by the selective laser melting (SLM)., Materials and Methods: A dentoform of a mandibular Kennedy class III, modification 1 dental arch were surveyed, and rest seats were prepared on the abutment teeth. The dentoform was then duplicated into a metal die which was used as a reference model. Thirty RPD metal frameworks were fabricated by two techniques; fifteen for each technique. Polyvinyl siloxane (PVS) impression material was painted on the intaglio surface of the rests of each framework which is then seated on the reference die. PVS specimens that represent the gap under the rest were measured in four zones: buccal, lingual, marginal and central by a single examiner using a digital microscope at 50x in micrometers., Results: Comparison between the two techniques for each abutment tooth revealed that the CLW technique had better fit in one tooth, while the SLM technique showed a better fit in two teeth. Regarding the edentulous span length within the SLM technique, the long edentulous span had a significantly better fit. When comparing the four measured rest zones, it was found that in the CLW technique group, the marginal zone had the highest fit accuracy while the lingual zone showed the lowest fit accuracy. In the SLM group, the central zone had the best fit and the buccal zone had the worst fit., Conclusion: RPD frameworks fabricated using the SLM technique showed better fit accuracy than those made by the CLW technique, however, the difference was not statistically significant., Clinical Significance: SLM is a promising technique for the fabrication of RPD frameworks in routine clinical practice.

Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the penetration abilities of a commercially available low-viscosity resin infiltrant into developmentally hypomineralized teeth in vitro ., Materials and Methods: Four extracted third molars of a 17-year-old patient with signs of developmental enamel hypomineralization (discoloration, increased opacity, and surface roughness) were infiltrated with a low-viscosity resin mixed with a fluorescent dye, according to the manufacturer's standard protocol. Four extracted molars with sound enamel or showing only initial fissure caries were used as a control group. Specimens were embedded in polymethylmethacrylate, and grindings were prepared. High-resolution projectional radiography of the grindings was performed, and, for one specimen, quantitative micro-computed tomography was used to measure hydroxyapatite density in enamel and dentin lesions. After decalcification, the grindings were examined by reflected bright-field microscopy, wide-field fluorescence microscopy, and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Fluorescence micrographs were superimposed on the radiographs and analyzed correlatively., Results: The pattern of hypo-/demineralization in enamel and dentin in developmentally hypomineralized teeth showed a good congruence with the pattern of resin infiltration. Cavitations and dentin tubules up to a depth of 2 mm beyond cavitations were filled by the infiltrant. In control teeth, the penetration of the infiltrant was limited to decalcified enamel areas (initial fissure caries)., Conclusions: In vitro infiltration of developmentally hypomineralized enamel was successful., Clinical Significance: Resin infiltration might be considered as a routine procedure in the treatment of developmentally hypomineralized teeth. Further investigations with higher sample sizes, different degrees of severity, different stages of lesion extension, and modified treatment protocols are necessary., How to Cite This Article: Schnabl D, Dudasne-Orosz V, et al. Testing the Clinical Applicability of Resin Infiltration of Developmental Enamel Hypomineralization Lesions Using an In Vitro Model. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2019;12(2):126-132., Competing Interests: Source of support: The study was supported by the Medical University of Innsbruck Conflict of interest: None, (Copyright © 2019; Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd.)

Introduction: There are controversies regarding the most reliable conditioning method of the aged composite surface to ensure optimum bond strength. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strength of metal brackets to microhybrid composite restorations after different surface preparation techniques., Materials and Methods: A total of sixty microhybrid composite samples were prepared using upper right central incisor celluloid crown as a mold. Samples were treated with 4 different surface conditioning methods: (1) etching, (2) sandblasting, (3) grinding, and (4) CO 2 laser irradiation. Samples were then bonded with metal brackets and underwent shear bond strength testing. A scanning electron microscope was carried out and the data was analysed by one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey test. Bond failure was examined by stereomicroscope and scored based on adhesive remnant index (ARI). Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare ARI values (α=0.05)., Results: Shear bond strength values in the sandblasting group (17.18±1.53MPa) were significantly higher than the other groups. There was no significant difference between the grinding (12.87±3.38MPa) and laser (11.08±1.37MPa) groups (P=0.09). The lowest values were recorded in the etching group (6.78±1.69MPa). There was a significant difference in ARI scores among the four groups (P<0.001). ARI scores were mostly 2 and 3 in the sandblasting and grinding group, while in the etching and laser groups ARI was mostly 0 and 1., Conclusions: Surface preparation by sandblasting and CO 2 laser provides clinically acceptable results with regards to bond strength and ARI score, however grinding and acid etching failed to produce the same results., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

The article presents the results of the analysis of the needs of long-lived people with disabilities in medical and social care, reflects the problems that arise in this contingent of persons when it is necessary to address the issues of medical and social rehabilitation. A medical and social examination of 238 long-lived patients undergoing inpatient treatment in a geriatric medical organization was carried out. The most frequent deviations from the norm in laboratory and instrumental methods of research are revealed. Screening of «Age is no obstacle», which revealed the presence of cognitive disorders and depression in a significant number of investigated and their dependence on others. Emphasized the importance of participation of bodies of social protection of the population in solving the problems of the aged.

Preclinical models of diabetic retinopathy are indispensable in the drug discovery and development of new therapies. They are, however, imperfect facsimiles of diabetic retinopathy in humans. This chapter discusses the advantages, limitations, and physiological and pathological relevance of preclinical models of diabetic retinopathy. The judicious interpretation and extrapolation of data derived from these models to humans and a correspondingly greater emphasis placed on translational medical research in early-stage clinical trials are essential to more successfully inhibit the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy in the future., (© 2019 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Aim: This study was aimed to evaluate whether antibacterial pretreatment of enamel and dentin with silver nanoparticles (SNPs), zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZNPs) and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TNPs) has any effect on the microshear bond strength of an etch-and-rinse adhesive system., Materials and Methods: Eighty human third molars were randomly assigned to eight subgroups (n = 10). Enamel groups included no pretreatment (E), pretreatments with SNPs (ESNP), ZNPs (EZNP) and TNPs (ETNP) before acid etching and adhesive application. Dentinal groups included no pretreat-ment (D), pretreatments with SNPs (DSNP), ZNPs (DZNP) and TNPs (DTNP). The specimens were bonded by Adper Single Bond and polyvinyl chloride microtubes and were restored with Z250 composite. The bonded surfaces underwent microshear bond strength (uSBS) test. Data in megapascal (MPa) were analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis test and the Mann-Whitney test (p = 0.05)., Results: There was not a significant difference among the groups in enamel (p > 0.05). There was no significant difference between the application of three nanoparticles and the control group in dentin. However, DSNPs had a higher uSBS (25.60 ± 14.61) than that of the DZNPs and DTNPs groups (p = 0.03 and p = 0.001, respectively). Also, the mean uSBS value was lower in dentin groups compared to the respective enamel groups (p < 0.05) except for groups DSNPs and ESNPs in which no significant difference was found (p > 0.05)., Conclusion: Pretreatment with SNPs, TNPs, and ZNPs can be suggested to achieve potent antibacterial activities without compromising the bond strength. The best result was obtained for pretreatment with SNPs compared to pretreatment with TNPs or ZNPs in dentin and enamel, albeit the differences were not significant in the enamel groups., Clinical Significance: Effective antibacterial treatment prior to adhesive bonding application is desirable to provide successful restoration if it would not adversely affect the bond strength of the adhesive system. Nanoparticles can be applied to meet this goal.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of widening the apical root canal preparation (RCP) on the efficiency of different ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) agitation protocols on smear layer removal: EDTA; EDTA + Easy Clean in rotary movement (ECROT); EDTA + Easy Clean in reciprocating movement (ECREC); and EDTA + Passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI)., Materials and Methods: A total of 80 mandibular premolars had their crowns sectioned and then were divided into two groups according to widening: size 25 or 40, 0.08 taper. Sequentially they were once again allocated to subgroups according to the agitation protocol performing eight experimental groups (n = 10). Ten additional teeth were prepared for controls (C+/C-). The specimens were then submitted to the cleaning protocols and thereafter cleaved and microphotographed by variable pressure scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at previously determined points along their root thirds (750*). Scores were attributed to the images, and data were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis, Student-Newman-Keuls and Friedman tests., Results: A higher widening was observed to have a positive influence on cleaning efficiency offering significant differences in global and apical third evaluations (p < 0.05). Relative to the agitation, significant differences were observed mainly in the apical third, with PUI and ECROT providing the best results (p < 0.05); no difference for C+ was observed when higher widening was employed., Conclusion: A greater widening of the apical third provided a significant improvement in the action of the agitation/activation protocols. Moreover, the PUI and ECROT activation methods were shown to be superior to the use of EDTA solely, particularly in the apical third., Clinical Significance: The findings of this study reinforce the need for clinical use of additional methods to complement cleaning. Therefore, it is important for professionals to have knowledge and command of these protocols to obtain more satisfactory results.

Background: Metallurgical workers are a high-risk population as a function of their occupational exposure to toxicants, such as heavy metals, aromatic hydrocarbons and silicate., Objective: To investigate the occurrence of biological effects among workers exposed to toxicants in various areas of a metallurgical company in Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil., Methods: Cross-sectional study with 31 workers from 10 areas who responded a questionnaire on occupational and lifestyle habits. Blood and toxicology tests were compared to the questionnaire results., Results: About 19.4% (n=6) of the sample did not use all the required personal protective equipment (PPE). Reduction of red blood cell parameters and leukocyte abnormalities were found, including leukocytosis, neutrophilia and eosinophilia, as well as in the blood lead levels. The following significant associations were found on analysis per work area: smoking and neutrophilia (p=0.000); work in the mold section and leukocytosis (p=0.023) and eosinophilia (p=0.007); and more than 10 years of work and leukocytosis (p=0.008)., Conclusions: The data suggest that length of work, type of exposure and use of PPE might cause changes in the results of laboratory tests.

Aim: The aim of this study is to assess marginal microleakage of cervical cavities restored with composite resins and two different adhesive techniques subjected to at-home and in-office bleaching., Materials and Methods: In this randomized, blind laboratory experiment, 60 bovine teeth recently extracted were collected and divided into six groups (n = 10 each group). The teeth received cervical cavity preparations (2 mm × 3 mm × 1 mm) with enamel margins. Two different adhesive systems were used (Single Bond 2 and Clearfil SE Bond), in addition to composite resin (Z250). Restored teeth received two different bleaching gels (Opalescence PF and Opalescence Boost). Teeth were thermo-cycled and analyzed under confocal laser scanning microscopy., Results: No significant differences were observed (p > 0.05) in microleakage scores between the two groups not subjected to bleaching nor between the four groups that received bleaching treatment (p > 0.05), regardless of the gel and adhesive system employed. However, when comparing nonbleached with bleached teeth, those not subjected to bleaching showed statistically lower marginal microleakage scores (p < 0.05). Data were statistically analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Student-Newman-Keuls post hoc test, with significance set at 5%., Conclusion: Marginal microleakage in composite resin restorations is influenced by the action of bleaching agents used both at-home and in-office, regardless of the adhesive system employed (total-etch or self-etch)., Clinical Significance: Both at-home and in-office bleaching agents have an influence on the adhesive interface of resin restorations, producing changes and inducing marginal leakage.

Aim: This research focused on the results of the cross-validation program related with the performance of a Cuban novel low-cost real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay for hepatitis B virus (HBV) quantification developed by the Therapeutic Vaccine against Hepatitis B Department, Vaccines Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), Havana, Cuba., Materials and Methods: Dilution series with the plasmid standard at concentrations of 900,000 to 0.09 copies/reaction (c/r) were made for each PCR instrument. The mean cycles threshold (Ct) values and PCR efficiency were compared among the cyclers. Hepatitis B virus-positive serum samples were used for the calculation of reproducibility of the HBV assay. Biotecon Diagnostics (BCD) also ordered the oligo sequences from a second supplier and compared the PCR performance to those provided from the CIGB., Results: All PCR cyclers were able to detect concentrations up to 0.09 c/r. However, below the concentration of 9 c/r, the variation of results increased within and between the cyclers. The PCR efficiency showed satisfying results. The overall coefficient of variation (CV) cycler values were 1.29 and 0.91% for M6 and M19 respectively. No significance was observed between the different primer suppliers., Conclusion: The HBV assay was performed with a good concordance between the five real-time instruments from different suppliers. The HBV assay was also performed with a high reproducibility for samples with a high and a low viral load. The HBV assay is robust against different primer suppliers. How to cite this article: Aguiar J, Silva JA, García G, Guillén G, Aguilar JC. Cross-validation Studies of a Novel Low-cost Hepatitis B Virus Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction System. Euroasian J Hepato-Gastroenterol 2018;8(1):38-41., Competing Interests: Source of support: Nil Conflict of interest: None

Aim: Interdental stripping is a common clinical procedure in orthodontic therapy, by reshaping the proximal contacts. Handheld abrasive strips have been criticized as time-consuming process. Metallic strip system, diamond disk, or segment disks have become increasingly popular. The aim of this study is to evaluate the morphological aspects of remodeled dental surfaces so as to conclude which of the different techniques (disk, bur, or strip) used to reduce the mesiodistal diameter is the best to reproduce the initial contour of the proximal surface of the tooth., Materials and Methods: Seventy-nine pieces ("teeth") were prepared from permanent healthy teeth (premolars and molars) extracted for orthodontic reasons. They were mounted on a stand resembling the position of the natural teeth in a mild crowded dentition. The "teeth" are divided into three groups as follows: group S (strip): 26 "teeth," group D (disk): 25 "teeth," group B (bur): 28 "teeth." In order to study the changes, these prepared "teeth" are macro-photographed in groups of 5 before and after proximal grinding., Results: The "teeth" contours have been identified using piecewise cubic Hermit polynomials. The change in the contour has been traduced in terms of the change of curvature in the "teeth" contours. We used the z-test in order to find the confidence interval for the proportion of the class "+" for each of the techniques B, S, and D. With confidence level of 95%, we obtained the following confidence intervals:B = (0.6943; 0.9057); S = (0.9093; 1.0138); D = (0.6184; 0.8616)These results can be interpreted, as the technique S is significantly much better than the other two techniques if we aim at conserving the shape of the teeth before and after treatment., Conclusion: We conclude that the use of a strip for remodeling the proximal surface of a tooth is an optimal technique to preserve the proximal shape of the tooth although it requires more time., Clinical Significance: The use of abrasive strip preserves the best shape of the proximal side. Abrasive strip could be the last step of any proximal reshaping technique. How to cite this article: Nassif N, Gholmieh MN, Sfeir E, Mourad A. In vitro Macro-qualitative Comparison of Three Enamel Stripping Procedures: What is the Best Shape We can get? Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017;10(4):358-362., Competing Interests: Source of support: Nil Conflict of interest: None

Aim: Surface treatment is necessarily required for bonding of zirconia to the veneering porcelain and luting cements. Sandblasting is the most common and probably the most efficient surface treatment method. Sandblasting roughens the surface and may affect the flexural strength of zirconia. Different sandblasting protocols may yield variable results. This study sought to assess the effect of sandblasting angle and distance on the biaxial flexural strength of zirconia-based ceramics., Materials and Methods: This in vitro experimental study was conducted on 50 zirconia discs measuring 1.2 ± 0.2 mm in thickness and 15 ± 0.2 mm in diameter, which were randomly divided into five groups (n = 10) of one control and four experimental groups subjected to sandblasting with 110 μm aluminum oxide particles under 2 bar pressure for 10 seconds at 15 and 25 mm distances and 45 and 90° angles (between the nozzle head and zirconia surface). Surface roughness was measured by a roughness tester and samples were subjected to thermocycling followed by biaxial flexural strength testing according to ISO6872. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (p < 0.05)., Results: No statistically significant difference was noted in the mean biaxial flexural strength of the five groups (p = 0.40). Different sandblasting protocols yielded significantly different surface roughness values (p < 0.001). The highest and the lowest mean surface roughness belonged to 15 mm/90° (0.51 μm) and control (0.001 μm) groups respectively., Conclusion: Change in sandblasting angle and distance had no significant effect on the biaxial flexural strength of zirconia-based ceramic, but surface roughness was significantly different in the study groups. Clinical significances: Regardless of sandblasting angle, increasing distance to 25 mm significantly decreases surface roughness that may negatively affect zirconia bond strength.

Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of plant extracts and chemical fractions of Sideroxylon obtusifolium T.D. Penn on Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus parasanguinis, and Candida albicans as well as to identify the chemical classes found in the bioactive extracts possessing better activity., Materials and Methods: Freeze-dried hydroalcoholic extracts of the bark and leaves (LC and LF respectively) and ethanol extracts of bark and leaves (EC and EF respectively) of S. obtusifolium were assessed for antimicrobial potential by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration, and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC). The tests were performed by microdilu-tion method (in triplicate) in three independent experiments. Phytochemical characterization was performed by quantification of total polyphenols, total flavonoids, and condensed tannins., Results: The EC extract presented weak antimicrobial potential on the growth of S. mutans (MIC = 1000 μg/mL); all extracts showed moderate inhibitory activity on the growth of C. albicans (MIC = 500 μg/mL). The dichloromethane and n-butanol fractions of LF extracts showed moderate growth inhibitory activity (MIC = 250 μg/mL) on C. albicans and fungicide potential (MFC/MIC = 2). The phytochemical characterization revealed a predominance of total polyphenols (EC = 29.23%; LC = 25.98%) and condensed tannins (LC = 38.84%; LF = 17.78%)., Conclusion: The dichloromethane and n-butanol fractions of S. obtusifolium LF extract showed antifungal activity against C. albicans, with the potential for bioprospection of phytocom-pounds for the treatment of periodontal fungal diseases caused by this microorganism. The effect may be related to phyto-chemical compounds from the polyphenol and condensed tannin classes., Clinical Significance: Research for new oral microbial disease treatment alternatives in bioactive compounds from medicinal plants is of clinical relevance and scientific interest since many therapeutic antifungal agents do not obtain the effectiveness expected due to microbial resistance, or to adverse effects on human tissues.

Aim: This study aimed to assess the antimicrobial efficacy of 0, 0.5, 2, and 5 wt% nanosilver in conjunction with zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) against Enterococcus faecalis., Materials and Methods: Nanosilver in 0.5, 2, and 5 wt% concentrations was added to ZOE and the antibacterial activity of the mixtures on E. faecalis was assessed using disk diffusion method, and the results were reported as the diameter of the growth inhibition zone., Results: The diameters of the growth inhibition zones around 0, 0.5, 2, and 5 wt% concentrations of nanosilver particles were not significantly different at 24 and 48 hours and 1 week; however, the difference with the azithromycin disk was significant., Conclusion: Considering the lack of a significant increase in the diameter of the growth inhibition zones around 0, 0.5, 2, and 5 wt% ZOE containing nanosilver, it appears that addition of nanosilver up to 5 wt% cannot improve the antibacterial properties of ZOE sealer against E. faecalis., Clinical Significance: Microorganisms present in the root canal system of primary teeth are mainly responsible for endodontic infections. Enterococcus faecalis is the most important cause of endodontic failure. Application of sealers that decrease the adhesion and colonization of bacteria, as well as susceptibility to bacterial infections can greatly help in this regard. Using these sealers in conjunction with antibacterial agents, such as nanosilver particles may yield higher antibacterial efficacy.

Aim: This study analyzed the effect of the dimensions of the flute and shank in the first 4 mm of instrument tips on the deformation and dimensional changes of reciprocating instruments after root canal shaping (RCS)., Materials and Methods: The reciprocating instruments used were Reciproc ® R25, R40, and R50; WaveOne ® Small, Primary, and Large; and Unicone ® #20, #25, and #40. Scanning electron microscopy images of the first 4 mm of the tip were acquired at 30× magnification before and after simulated curved root canals were shaped. Each instrument was used only once. The images were transferred to the AxioVision ® software to measure the flute area (μm 2 ), shank area (μm 2 ), flute length (μm), and cross-sectional diameter (μm). Student's t test for paired samples was used to compare differences before and after RCS, and analysis of variance followed by the Tukey test, to compare differences between instruments of similar sizes. The instruments were classified according to deformations after RCS., Results: Reciproc ® instruments had larger flutes and smaller shanks. The Reciproc ® R40 had significant differences in cross-sectional diameter at 0.5 mm from the tip. Reciproc ® had no plastic deformations. Unicone ® #20 instruments had significant differences in cross-sectional diameter at 1.5 and 3.0 mm from the tip, and #25 instruments had differences at 1.5 and 3.0 mm and in length of the second and third flutes. One #20 and three #40 instruments had plastic deformations. The differences in length of the first and fourth flutes of WaveOne ® Primary and in cross-sectional diameter at 2.0 mm from the tip of WaveOne ® Large were significant. Two of three WaveOne ® Large instruments had plastic deformations., Conclusion: Reciproc ® instruments had greater flute areas and lengths and smaller shanks than Unicone ® and WaveOne ® instruments of similar sizes. Reciproc ® instruments had a greater flute-to-shank ratio. WaveOne ® instruments had the lowest flute-to-shank ratio. Unicone ® instruments had the most plastic deformations. Instruments with larger flutes and smaller shanks had fewer plastic deformations after curved RCS., Clinical Significance: The knowledge of mechanical behavior before choosing the endodontic instrument may avoid fracture, regardless of the clinical condition, and it is essential to the success of root canal treatment.

Aim: To identify changes in the expression of genes coding for extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in patients with non-inflammatory corneal disorder keratoconus (KC), patients with corneal scarring, and normal controls., Materials and Methods: Total RNA extracted from corneal tissue of 13 KC patients, 2 patients with corneal scaring and 4 normal controls was analyzed using Human Extracellular Matrix & Adhesion Molecules Profiler PCR Array. Statistically significant changes in gene expression were identified using the Data Analysis software., Results: Comparison of KC and control corneas with thresholds of 1.5 or greater fold change and a p-value of 0.05 or lower, revealed 21 differentially expressed genes, 16 genes were downregulated and 5 were upregulated. Among transcripts downregulated in KC patients we identified THBS1, ADAMTS1, SPP1, several collagens and integrins. We found TGFBI (BIGH3) gene was the most significantly upregulated transcript., Conclusion: Development of keratoconus results in deregulation of gene expression of extracellular matrix and adhesion molecules., Clinical Significance: Downregulation of collagens and upregulation of TGFBI repeatedly identified in KC patients may be used as clinical markers of the disease., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest statement All authors certify that they have no conflicts of interest.