1. Parasite virulence, co-infections and cytokine balance in malaria.
- Author
-
Gonçalves RM, Lima NF, and Ferreira MU
- Subjects
- Animals, Homeostasis, Humans, Lymphocyte Activation, Malaria pathology, Species Specificity, T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory, Virulence, Coinfection immunology, Cytokines blood, Host-Parasite Interactions immunology, Inflammation immunology, Malaria immunology, Plasmodium falciparum immunology, Plasmodium vivax immunology
- Abstract
Strong early inflammatory responses followed by a timely production of regulatory cytokines are required to control malaria parasite multiplication without inducing major host pathology. Here, we briefly examine the homeostasis of inflammatory responses to malaria parasite species with varying virulence levels and discuss how co-infections with bacteria, viruses, and helminths can modulate inflammation, either aggravating or alleviating malaria-related morbidity.
- Published
- 2014
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