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Background: Fetal exposure to tobacco smoking throughout pregnancy is associated with wheezing in infancy. We investigated the influence of in utero smoking exposure on lung ventilation homogeneity and the relationship between lung ventilation inhomogeneity at 7 weeks of age and wheezing in the first year of life., Methods: Maternal smoking was defined as self-reported smoking of tobacco or validated by exhaled (e)CO > 6 ppm. Lung function data from healthy infants (age 5-9 weeks) born to asthmatic mothers and parent-reported respiratory questionnaire data aged 12 months were collected in the Breathing for Life Trial (BLT) birth cohort. Tidal breathing analysis and SF 6 -based Multiple Breath Washout testing were performed in quiet sleep. Descriptive statistics and regression analysis were used to assess associations., Results: Data were collected on 423 participants. Infants born to women who self-reported smoking during pregnancy (n = 42) had higher lung clearance index (LCI) than those born to nonsmoking mothers (7.90 vs. 7.64; p = .030). Adjusted regression analyzes revealed interactions between self-reported smoking and LCI (RR: 1.98, 95% CI: 1.07-3.63, 0.028, for each unit increase in LCI) and between eCO > 6 ppm and LCI (RR: 2.25, 95% CI: 1.13-4.50, 0.022) for the risk of wheeze in the first year of life., Conclusion: In utero tobacco smoke exposure induces lung ventilation inhomogeneities. Furthermore, an interaction between smoke exposure and lung ventilation inhomogeneities increases the risk of having a wheeze in the first year of life., (© 2024 The Authors. Pediatric Pulmonology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Background: One of the most traumatic injuries a child can experience is a severe burn. Despite improvements in medical treatments which have led to better physical outcomes and reduced mortality rates for paediatric burns patients, the psychological impact associated with experiencing such a traumatic injury has mostly been overlooked. This is concerning given the high incidence of psychopathology amongst paediatric burn survivors., Objectives: This project will aim to pilot test and evaluate a co-designed trauma-focused intervention to support resilience and promote positive mental health in children and adolescents who have sustained an acute burn injury. Our first objective is to collect pilot data to evaluate the efficacy of the intervention and to inform the design of future trauma-focussed interventions. Our second objective is to collect pilot data to determine the appropriateness of the developed intervention by investigating the changes in mental health indicators pre- and post-intervention. This will inform the design of future interventions., Methods: This pilot intervention study will recruit 40 children aged between 6-17 years who have sustained an acute burn injury and their respective caregivers. These participants will have attended the Stan Perron Centre of Excellence for Childhood Burns at Perth Children's Hospital. Participants will attend a 45-minute weekly or fortnightly session for six weeks that involves building skills around information gathering, managing reactions (behaviours and thoughts), identifying, and bolstering coping skills, problem solving and preventing setbacks. The potential effects and feasibility of our intervention will be assessed through a range of age-appropriate screening measures which will assess social behaviours, personal qualities, mental health and/or resilience. Assessments will be administered at baseline, immediately post-intervention, at 6- and 12-months post-intervention., Conclusion: The results of this study will lay the foundation for an evidence-based, trauma-informed approach to clinical care for paediatric burn survivors and their families in Western Australia. This will have important implications for the design of future support offered to children with and beyond burn injuries, and other medical trauma populations., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Wickens et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Background: Despite the medical and surgical improvements of paediatric burn injuries, burn injuries can be a painful and traumatic experience for the child and their family. It is therefore important to explore the experiences of caregivers who support their child throughout the burn journey. Thus, the purpose of this study was to explore the traumatic nature of paediatric burns on the family from a caregiver's perspective., Methods: This study used a descriptive qualitative approach to conduct online semi-structured interviews with caregivers (18 years and older) of children (aged four to 17 years) that had previously been admitted with an unintentional acute burn injury to a paediatric burns unit in Western Australia. Interviews explored the child's and caregiver's experiences throughout the burn journey from the perspective of the caregiver and were digitally recorded and transcribed verbatim. Transcripts were analysed using Braun and Clarke's six stages of reflexive thematic analysis., Results: Eleven mothers participated in the interviews and identified a range of poor psychological and psychosocial outcomes that themselves and their child experienced. Three overarching themes were elaborated from the interviews: Child and caregiver mental health difficulties during and after the burn (including medical trauma, mental health outcomes and caregiver guilt); Lifestyle and physical changes following the burn (including disruptions to routine, appearance concerns and puberty); and factors supporting or inhibiting the recovery journey (including personality factors, coping strategies, family dynamics and support)., Final Considerations: This study has presented the difficulties that children, young people, and their family face throughout a paediatric burn injury, which makes the implementation of timely and effective family centred interventions imperative. Meeting the needs and supporting these families with their mental health throughout this traumatic recovery journey, can ensure positive psychosocial outcomes and adaptive coping strategies are adopted early on., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest None., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Background: Exhaled nitric oxide is a marker of airway inflammation. Air pollution induces airway inflammation and oxidative stress. Little is known about the impact of air pollution on exhaled nitric oxide in young infants., Methods: The Breathing for Life Trial recruited pregnant women with asthma into a randomised controlled trial comparing usual clinical care versus inflammometry-guided asthma management in pregnancy. Four hundred fifty-seven infants from the Breathing for Life Trial birth cohort were assessed at six weeks of age. Exhaled nitric oxide was measured in unsedated, sleeping infants. Its association with local mean 24-h and mean seven-day concentrations of ozone, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, ammonia, particulate matter less than 10 μm (PM10) and less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) in diameter was investigated. The air pollutant data were sourced from local monitoring sites of the New South Wales Air Quality Monitoring Network. The association was assessed using a 'least absolute shrinkage and selection operator' (LASSO) approach, multivariable regression and Spearman's rank correlation., Results: A seasonal variation was evident with higher median exhaled nitric oxide levels (13.6 ppb) in warmer months and lower median exhaled nitric oxide levels (11.0 ppb) in cooler months, P = 0.008. LASSO identified positive associations for exhaled nitric oxide with 24-h mean ammonia, seven-day mean ammonia, seven-day mean PM10, seven-day mean PM2.5, and seven-day mean ozone; and negative associations for eNO with seven-day mean carbon monoxide, 24-h mean nitric oxide and 24-h mean sulfur dioxide, with an R-square of 0.25 for the penalized coefficients. These coefficients selected by LASSO (and confounders) were entered in multivariable regression. The achieved R-square was 0.27., Conclusion: In this cohort of young infants of asthmatic mothers, exhaled nitric oxide showed seasonal variation and an association with local air pollution concentrations., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Background: Individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD) are at a substantial risk of harm to themselves and others, experience high levels of functional impairment and typically are high users of tertiary healthcare to address their mental health concerns. As indicators for BPD typically emerge in adolescence, a day therapy service in Bentley, Western Australia, Touchstone Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service (CAMHS), was developed as an intensive intervention for adolescents with indicators for BPD and its associated symptomology. Touchstone utilizes mentalization-based therapy (MBT) in a therapeutic community setting, where the current study sought to document the anecdotal outcomes using the data provided at Touchstone, to enable a greater understanding of this treatment approach for adolescents with indicators for BPD., Method: Forty-six participants attended the Touchstone programme between 2015 and 2020. The programme involved 6 months of MBT (group and individual), occupational therapy, education and creative therapies. Measures of self-injury, mood and emergency department presentations were collected pre- and post-programme., Results: Results indicate that participants show a reduction in non-suicidal acts and thoughts, as well as a reduction in negative moods and feelings from pre-Touchstone to post-Touchstone. There is also a decrease in participant presentation to tertiary emergency departments for mental health concerns., Conclusions: The current study shows evidence for the efficacy of Touchstone as an MBT therapeutic community intervention to reduce symptoms of emerging BPD and effectively reduce presentations to emergency departments for mental health presentations, alleviating pressure on tertiary hospitals and reducing economic impact of adolescents within this demographic., (© 2023 The Authors. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: Advances in medicine have improved the chances of survival following burn injuries, however, psychosocial outcomes have not seen the same improvement, and burn injuries can be distressing for both the child or young person, negatively affecting their wellbeing. Pediatric burn patients are at a higher risk of developing psychopathology compared to the general population. In order to promote resilience and prevent psychopathology post-burn injury for pediatric burn patients, it is crucial to understand the experience of children and young people after a burn. This study aimed to understand the psychosocial impact that a pediatric burn has as perceived by the pediatric burn patient., Methods: Seven pediatric burn patients were interviewed from the Perth Metropolitan area on average 3.1 years after their injury. All participants had been admitted to hospital for their acute injury and stayed for a median length of 2 days in hospital. Interviews with pediatric patients took place online, and the patients were asked about their mental health, coping strategies, changes to lifestyle and supports following their burn injury. The interviews were transcribed and then thematically analysed using an inductive approach., Results: Three overarching themes were developed from the interviews: burn-specific impact on the child or young person (including appearance concerns, family factors, and lifestyle factors), the psychological impact (including positive and negative impact on mental health), and factors supporting the recovery journey (including coping strategies and support services). The participants in our study highlighted issues they faced during recovery, the positive and negative impacts of the injury and recovery process and provided suggestions for future opportunities to bolster resilience and promote growth for pediatric burn patients who may face similar challenges in the future., Conclusion: Factors that improve the mental health and wellbeing of pediatric burn patients should be promoted, such as mental health and social supports, the promotion of adaptive coping mechanisms, and meeting the needs of the family unit as a whole. Ultimately, the implementation of trauma-focused, family centred interventions is crucial for the psychosocial recovery of pediatric burn survivors., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Background: Nitric oxide in exhaled air (eNO) is used as a marker of type 2 immune response-induced airway inflammation. We aimed to investigate the association between eNO and bronchiolitis incidence and respiratory symptoms in infancy, and its correlation with eosinophil protein X (EPX)., Methods: We followed up infants at 6 weeks of age born to mothers with asthma in pregnancy and measured eNO during natural sleep using a rapid response chemiluminescense analyser (CLD88; EcoMedics), collecting at least 100 breaths, interpolated for an expiratory flow of 50 mL/s. EPX normalised to creatinine was measured in urine samples (uEPX/c). A standardised questionnaire was used to measure symptoms in first year of life. Associations were investigated using multiple linear regression and robust Poisson regression models., Results: eNO levels were obtained in 184 infants, of whom 125/184 (68%) had 12 months questionnaire data available and 51/184 (28%) had uEPX/c measured. Higher eNO was associated with less respiratory symptoms during the first 6 weeks of life (n=184, ß-coefficient: -0.49, 95% CI -0.95 to -0.04, p=0.035). eNO was negatively associated with uEPX/c (ß-coefficient: -0.004, 95% CI -0.008 to -0.001, p=0.021). Risk incidence of bronchiolitis, wheeze, cold or influenza illness and short-acting beta-agonist use significantly decreased by 18%-24% for every unit increase in eNO ppb., Conclusion: Higher eNO levels at 6 weeks of age may be a surrogate for an altered immune response that is associated with less respiratory symptoms in the first year of life., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Rationale: Asthma in pregnancy is associated with respiratory diseases in the offspring., Objective: To investigate if maternal asthma is associated with lung function in early life., Methods: Data on lung function measured at 5-6 weeks of age were combined from two large birth cohorts: the Bern Infant Lung Development (BILD) and the Australian Breathing for Life Trial (BLT) birth cohorts conducted at three study sites (Bern, Switzerland; Newcastle and Sydney, Australia). The main outcome variable was time to reach peak tidal expiratory flow as a percentage of total expiratory time(tPTEF:tE%). Bayesian linear hierarchical regression analyses controlling for study site as random effect were performed to estimate the effect of maternal asthma on the main outcome, adjusting for sex, birth order, breast feeding, weight gain and gestational age. In separate adjusted Bayesian models an interaction between maternal asthma and sex was investigated by including an interaction term., Measurements and Main Results: All 406 BLT infants were born to mothers with asthma in pregnancy, while 193 of the 213 (91%) BILD infants were born to mothers without asthma. A significant interaction between maternal asthma and male sex was negatively associated with tPTEF:tE% (intercept 37.5; estimate: -3.5; 95% credible interval -6.8 to -0.1). Comparing the model posterior probabilities provided decisive evidence in favour of an interaction between maternal asthma and male sex (Bayes factor 33.5)., Conclusions: Maternal asthma is associated with lower lung function in male babies, which may have lifelong implications on their lung function trajectories and future risk of wheezing and asthma., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2021. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Objective: Offspring born to mothers with asthma in pregnancy are known to have lower lung function which tracks with age. Human group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) accumulate in foetal lungs, at 10-fold higher levels compared to adult lungs. However, there are no data on foetal ILC2 numbers and the association with respiratory health outcomes such as lung function in early life. We aimed to investigate cord blood immune cell populations from babies born to mothers with asthma in pregnancy., Methods: Cord blood from babies born to asthmatic mothers was collected, and cells were stained in whole cord blood. Analyses were done using traditional gating approaches and computational methodologies (t-distributed stochastic neighbour embedding and PhenoGraph algorithms). At 6 weeks of age, the time to peak tidal expiratory flow as a percentage of total expiratory flow time (tPTEF/tE%) was determined as well as Lung Clearance Index (LCI), during quiet natural sleep., Results: Of 110 eligible infants (March 2017 to November 2019), 91 were successfully immunophenotyped (82.7%). Lung function was attempted in 61 infants (67.0%), and 43 of those infants (70.5% of attempted) had technically acceptable tPTEF/tE% measurements. Thirty-four infants (55.7% of attempted) had acceptable LCI measurements. Foetal ILC2 numbers with increased expression of chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule (CRTh2), characterised by two distinct analysis methodologies, were associated with poorer infant lung function at 6 weeks of age.", Conclusion: Foetal immune responses may be a surrogate variable for or directly influence lung function outcomes in early life., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2021 The Authors. Clinical & Translational Immunology published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Australian and New Zealand Society for Immunology, Inc.)

Background: Uncontrolled severe asthma in children is burdensome and challenging to manage. This study aims to describe outcomes in children with uncontrolled severe asthma managed in a nurse-led severe asthma clinic (SAC)., Methods: This retrospective analysis uses data collected from children referred by a paediatric respiratory specialist to a nurse-led SAC for uncontrolled severe asthma between 2014 and 2019. The pre-clinical assessments included a home visit to assess modifiable factors that could be addressed to improve control. A comprehensive lung function analysis was conducted at each visit. Interventions were personalised and included biologic agents. Statistical analysis was performed using nonparametric, two-tailed Mann-Whitney U-test, the parametric Student's t-test, or analysis of variance (ANOVA) as appropriate., Results: Twenty-three children with a median age of 12 years were seen once, and 16 were followed up. Compared to a non-asthmatic (NA) and asthmatic (A) age-matched cohort, children with severe asthma (SA) had a lower FEV1, and FVC% predicted before and after bronchodilator inhalation, and a higher mean Lung Clearance Index [LCI] (10.5 [SA] versus 7.3 [NA] versus 7.6 [A], p = 0.003). Almost 80% of children with SA had an abnormal LCI, and 48% had a reduced FEV1% at the first SAC visit. Asthma control and FEV1% predicted significantly improved at a follow-up visit, while LCI remained abnormal in the majority of children (83%)., Conclusion: Over time, many children with severe asthma showed improved clinical outcomes and lung function while lung ventilation inhomogeneities persisted. Future appropriately controlled studies are required to determine if a nurse-led multidisciplinary SAC is associated with better outcomes.