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Coffee is a universal beverage that drives a multi-industry market on a global basis. Today, the sustainability of coffee production is threatened by accelerated climate changes. In this work, we propose the implementation of genomic-assisted breeding for climate-smart coffee in Coffea canephora. This species is adapted to higher temperatures and is more resilient to biotic and abiotic stresses. After evaluating two populations, over multiple harvests, and under severe drought weather condition, we dissected the genetic architecture of yield, disease resistance, and quality-related traits. By integrating genome-wide association studies and diallel analyses, our contribution is four-fold: (i) we identified a set of molecular markers with major effects associated with disease resistance and post-harvest traits, while yield and plant architecture presented a polygenic background; (ii) we demonstrated the relevance of nonadditive gene actions and projected hybrid vigor when genotypes from different geographically botanical groups are crossed; (iii) we computed medium-to-large heritability values for most of the traits, representing potential for fast genetic progress; and (iv) we provided a first step toward implementing molecular breeding to accelerate improvements in C. canephora. Altogether, this work is a blueprint for how quantitative genetics and genomics can assist coffee breeding and support the supply chain in the face of the current global changes., (© 2023 The Authors. The Plant Genome published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Crop Science Society of America.)

Coffee is one of the most important beverages and trade products in the world. Among the multiple research initiatives focused on coffee sustainability, plant breeding provides the best means to increase phenotypic performance and release cultivars that could meet market demands. Since coffee is well adapted to a diversity of tropical environments, an important question for those confronting the problem of evaluating phenotypic performance is the relevance of genotype-by-environment interaction. As a perennial crop with a long juvenile phase, coffee is subjected to significant temporal and spatial variations. Such facts not only hinder the selection of promising materials but also cause a majority of complaints among growers. In this study, we hypothesized that trait stability in coffee is genetically controlled and therefore is predictable using molecular information. To test it, we used genome-based methods to predict stability metrics computed with the primary goal of selecting coffee genotypes that combine high phenotypic performance and stability for target environments. Using 2 populations of Coffea canephora, evaluated across multiple years and locations, our contribution is 3-fold: (1) first, we demonstrated that the number of harvest evaluations may be reduced leading to accelerated implementation of molecular breeding; (2) we showed that stability metrics are predictable; and finally, (3) both stable and high-performance genotypes can be simultaneously predicted and selected. While this research was carried out on representative environments for coffee production with substantial crossover in genotypic ranking, we anticipate that genomic prediction can be an efficient tool to select coffee genotypes that combine high performance and stability across years and the target locations here evaluated., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest The author(s) declare no conflict of interest., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Genetics Society of America.)