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Introduction: The escalating bacterial resistance stands as an increasingly pertinent concern, particularly in the post-pandemic era where the use of antibiotics appears to be relentlessly surging, giving rise to profound apprehensions. The substantial utilization of last-generation penicillins and cephalosporins is anticipated to imminently result in the emergence of superbugs for which therapeutic solutions will be scarce., Methods: An analysis of antibiotic consumption in the hospital setting has been conducted in an Italian healthcare organization. Querying the internal management system facilitated the calculation of indicators and assessment of prescription trends., Results: A comparison has been made between the first half of 2023 and the first half of 2022, to highlight the exponential growth in the consumption of beta-lactam antibiotics, with consumption doubling compared to the previous year's semester. Overall, considering the prescription averages, there is a prescribing growth of +29% concerning hospitalization and +28% concerning hospital discharge. However, it should be noted that the consumption of certain antibiotics such as sulphonamides and trimethoprim (-103.00%), tetracyclines (-54.00%), macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramins (-50.00%) and colistin (-13.00%) decreased., Conclusion: This real-world evidence analysis aimed to support the justified and comprehensible global concerns regarding bacterial resistance. The extensive consumption of antibiotics will inevitably lead to the development of increasingly drug-resistant bacteria for which no antibiotic may be efficacious. National programs addressing antibiotic resistance and the awareness of all healthcare personnel must be accorded the utmost priority to enhance consumption data and, consequently, safeguard future human survival., (Copyright © 2024 Académie Nationale de Pharmacie. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Present in all social circles with proven effects on health, alcohol is the second leading cause of avoidable death after tobacco. Like men, women can be affected by alcohol misuse, or even addiction. As the female organism is more vulnerable to the deleterious effects of alcohol, women are particularly exposed in terms of risks and complications for their physical and mental health., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Dietary recommendations to reduce sugars consumption may influence choices of sugars-containing foods and affect the intake of key micronutrients. We compared intakes of nutrients and food sources stratified by quintiles of total sugars in Canadian children (2-8 y) and adolescents (9-13 y, 14-18 y) using 24-hour dietary recalls from the 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey-Nutrition. Energy intakes did not differ across quintiles of sugars intake. Those with lower sugars intakes (Q1/Q3) generally had higher protein, fat, sodium, niacin, folate, and zinc and lower vitamin C compared with those with the highest sugars intakes (Q5). Q1 also had lower potassium but higher saturated fat compared with Q5. Further, Q1 generally had higher protein, fats, and niacin compared with Q3, while children in Q3 had higher potassium and riboflavin and older adolescents had higher calcium and fibre. Q5 had highest intakes of multiple sugar-containing food categories (e.g., fruit, confectionary, milks, cakes/pies/pastries), with higher sugars-sweetened beverages in adolescents. Q3 had higher fruit, milks, and fruit juice compared with Q1 and lower sugars/syrups/preserves, confectionary, and fruit juices compared with Q5. Certain nutrient-dense food sources of sugars (fruit, milks) may help increase key nutrients (potassium, calcium, fibre) in older adolescents with low sugars intakes. However, in those with the highest sugars intakes, nutrient-poor foods may displace nutrient-dense foods. Novelty: Canadian children and adolescents with lower sugars intake have better intakes of some nutrients. Energy intakes did not differ across sugars intake. Older adolescents with mean intakes of total sugars had better intakes of some key nutrients (potassium, calcium, fibre).

This paper presents the narrative of vice-chief Meireles Karitiana, with the participation of chief-shaman Cizino Karitiana, who discusses the Karitiana people's origin myth, particularly in relation to the tension between God and Orá, his brother - a tension between good and evil. The paper describes what can be understood of ancestral life, and the value of connecting life and earth today, especially the forest. It highlights some aspects of the myth related particularly to consumption, domination, anthropocentricity, and the transcendent emergence of a third energy from the tension between the 'good' God and his 'bad' brother; this is related to Jungian thinking., (© 2022, The Society of Analytical Psychology.)

Introduction: Epilepsy is one of the most common chronic neurological diseases. In Morocco, it is the second most common reason for consulting a neurologist. Its prevalence was estimated in Casablanca in 1998 at 1.1%. This study was carried out with the aim of evaluating, on the one hand, the consumption of antiepileptics and, on the other hand, the impact of their generic drugs on the pharmaceutical market between 2008 and 2018 in Morocco., Materials and Methods: We used sales data for antiepileptic drugs collected from the Moroccan subsidiary of IQVIA, a multinational healthcare data science company, and we converted them into a defined daily dose (DDD/1000 inhabitants)., Results: The consumption of antiepileptic drugs increased from 442 to 641 DDD/1000 inhabitants between 2008 and 2018, all molecules combined, recording a 45% increase in the period studied. From an economic point of view, the calculation of the average cost of DDD, all molecules combined, gives an average cost of 2.42 dollars/DDD in 2018 versus 3.53 dollars/DDD in 2008 (1 dirham = 0.11 dollar), which corresponds to a decrease of -30%. This is due mainly to the introduction of generic drugs., Conclusion: These results show that while the average cost of a DDD has decreased, the consumption of antiepileptics has increased in Morocco over the years. Several events that have marked the drug market in Morocco have contributed to this trend, including the arrival on the market of several new molecules indicated for the treatment of epilepsy, the decrease in drug prices in 2014 and the policy of promoting generic drugs., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

World tobacco consumption during pregnancy is estimated to be 1.7% (95% CI: 0.0-4.5). Among the 50 European countries evaluated, France ranks 7th among the countries most affected by active smoking during pregnancy. In the 2016 National Perinatal Survey, 30.0% of women reported active smoking before they started their pregnancy and 16.6% still smoked in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy. There are also disparities in consumption between regions in France (24.0% of pregnant women with active smoking in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy in Brittany against 9.4% in the Paris region and 5.2% in the French departments and French overseas territories). A young age, a low level of education, a low socioeconomic level, primiparity, a geographical origin of mainland France, unemployment, a smoking partner, no partner or a depression are risk factors for smoking during pregnancy. Multiparity is a risk factor for failure of smoking cessation during pregnancy. For health professionals in contact with women of childbearing age, it is recommended to identify a tobacco consumption in women or their partners before pregnancy or as early as possible during pregnancy., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Aquaculture will continue to grow, but environmental constraints will interact with changing consumer profiles and regulatory frameworks such that future growth will look somewhat different from the trajectories of the past 30 years. Availability and price of land, fresh water, feeds and energy, and concerns about pollution and the introduction of non-native species will be major constraints to expansion. New technology will evolve in response to these concerns. This new technology will be based on the principle of sustainable intensification so as to reduce the environmental footprint per unit of production and limit volatility in markets precipitated by disease and other production system problems. Markets and consumer demand will be reflected in the economics of the industry under more sophisticated regulatory regimes. More sustainable sources of the proteins and oils in fish diets, improved genetic management, and better health and production systems will continue to underpin the expansion of aquaculture into the 21st century and beyond.

Introduction: Cannabis use is very frequent in bipolar disorder and has been found to increase the duration and frequency of manic symptoms while decreasing those of depression. Bipolar patients who use cannabis were shown to have poorer compliance to treatment, more symptoms that are psychotic and a worse prognosis than patients who do not. In this study, we have evaluated the importance of cannabis use among bipolar patients admitted to the Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Lebanon (Hôpital Psychiatrique de la Croix [HPC]) as well as the clinical differences between cannabis users and non-users., Methods: Over a period of 13 months, we recruited the patients admitted to HPC for bipolar disorder according to the MINI DSM-IV criteria. These patients were screened for substance abuse/dependence and were accordingly divided into 2 groups: cannabis users and cannabis non-users. Both groups were interviewed by a medical student and asked to answer the following questionnaires: the MINI DSM-IV, the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) for evaluating manic episodes, the Montgomery and Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) for evaluating depressive episodes, the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS) to assess psychotic symptoms associated to the bipolar disorder, and the Cannabis Abuse Screening Test (CAST) for evaluating the importance of cannabis consumption. The study's exclusion criteria were the following: diagnosis of a confusional state, schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, dementia, age less than 18 years old or superior to 85 years old, and non-cooperation., Results: Among the 100 bipolar patients included in the study, 27 (27 %) were cannabis users. Eight of these 27 patients were first admitted to HPC for substance abuse and then included in the study after a bipolar disorder was diagnosed according to the MINI DSM-IV criteria. Cannabis use was found to be more prevalent in young males with a mean age of 20.3 years old at the first contact with the substance. Compared to non-users, cannabis users were found to be younger (33.6 vs. 43.0 years old), more commonly male (77.8 % vs. 49.3 %), and were symptomatic at a younger age (24.6 vs. 30.8 years old). Cannabis users had more hospital admissions in total (6.0 vs. 3.7), and per year (0.73 vs. 0.44) as well as higher socio-economical state. There was a linear relationship between the monthly income per household and cannabis consumption with an OR increasing with the monthly income. Consumers presented more often in a manic state (59.3 %) than in a depressed state (11.1 %). The respective scores of consumers and non-consumers were: YMRS (30.3 vs. 32.1), MADRS (38 vs. 39.5), SAPS (22.7 vs. 23.2). Among cannabis users, 55.6 % and 33.3 % represent the respective percentages of cannabis abuse and dependence. The mean CAST score in these patients was 13.4., Discussion: Compared to the results in the literature, cannabis use in bipolar disorder was found to be lower in our sample. Cannabis use was also associated with an earlier onset of the bipolar disorder as well as a higher number of hospitalizations per year. The age at the diagnosis of the bipolar disorder was 6.2 years lower among cannabis users. Cannabis users had scores of depression, mania and psychotic symptoms statistically similar to those of the non-consumers., (Copyright © 2016 L'Encéphale, Paris. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Aim: This article proposes a description of French regional consumption of antibiotics with a bacterial resistance risk (amoxicillin+clavulanic acid, third-generation cephalosporins [C3G] and fluoroquinolones)., Methods: Antibiotics reimbursements data were obtained by Open Medic website. The antibiotic consumption profile has been established using some indicators of the European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption (ESAC) in daily-defined dose per 1000 inhabitants per day (DID) or in percentage., Results: Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur-Corse (34.4 DID) and Midi-Pyrénées-Languedoc-Roussillon (33.5 DID) consume the most of both, systemic antibiotics and antibiotics with a bacterial resistance risk. Pays-de-la-Loire (26.7 DID), Bretagne (29.1 DID), Centre-Val-de-Loire (29.7 DID) et Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes (29.7 DID) consume the less of both, systemic antibiotics and antibiotics with a bacterial resistance risk., Conclusion: Even if some environmental and socioeconomic factors could explain variabilities between regions, a link between consumption intensity and misuse is not excluded., (Copyright © 2017 Société française de pharmacologie et de thérapeutique. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Background: To evaluate the evolution of consumption of antihypertensive drugs generic among 1991-2010, to assess the impacts after the institution of Mandatory Health Insurance and the marketing of generic drugs., Methods: We used sales data from the Moroccan subsidiary of IMS Health Intercontinental Marketing Service., Results: Consumption of generic antihypertensive drugs increased from 0.08 to 10.65 DDD/1 000 inhabitants/day between 1991 and 2010. In 2010, generic of the calcium channel blockers (CCBs) represented 4.08 DDD/1 000 inhabitants/day (82.09%), followed by angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) by 2.40 DDD/1 000 inhabitants/day (48.29%). The generics market of CCBs is the most dominant and represented in 2010, 79.21% in volume and 62.58% in value., Conclusion: In developing countries like Morocco, the generic drug is a key element for access to treatment especially for the poor population., (Copyright © 2013 Société Française de Pharmacologie et de Thérapeutique. Publié par Elsevier Masson SAS.)