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The replacement of gold bonding wire with silver bonding wire can significantly reduce the cost of wire bonding. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of silver wire bonding technology. Firstly, it introduces various types of silver-based bonding wire currently being studied by researchers, including pure silver wire, alloy silver wire, and coated silver wire, and describes their respective characteristics and development statuses. Secondly, the development of silver-based bonding wire in manufacturing and bonding processes is analyzed, including common silver wire manufacturing processes and their impact on silver wire performance, as well as the impact of bonding parameters on silver wire bonding quality and reliability. Subsequently, the reliability of silver wire bonding is discussed, with a focus on analyzing the effects of corrosion, electromigration, and intermetallic compounds on bonding reliability, including the causes and forms of chlorination and sulfurization, the mechanism and path of electromigration, the formation and evolution of intermetallic compounds, and evaluating their impact on bonding strength and reliability. Finally, the development status of silver wire bonding technology is summarized and future research directions for silver wire are proposed.

We report on the Sm 3+ and Sm 3+ :Yb 3+ -doped barium fluorotellurite glasses prepared using the conventional melting and quenching method. The spectroscopic characterisations were investigated with Raman and FTIR to evaluate the glasses' structural and hydroxyl (-OH) content. The Raman analysis revealed a structural modification in the glass network upon adding and increasing the Yb 3+ concentration from a TeO 3 trigonal pyramid to a TeO 4 trigonal bi-pyramid polyhedral. At the same time, the FTIR measurements showed the existence of -OH groups in the glass. Thus, under the current experimental conditions and nominal composition, the -OH group contents are too large to enable an effective removal. The near-infrared region of the absorption spectra is employed to determine the nephelauxetic ratio and bonding parameters. The average nephelauxetic ratio decreases, and the bonding parameter increases with the increasing Yb 3+ content in the glasses. A room temperature visible and near-infrared photoluminescence ranging from 500 to 1500 nm in wavelength and decay properties were investigated for glasses doped with Sm 3+ and Sm 3+ -Yb 3+ by exciting them with 450 and 980 nm laser sources. Exciting the Sm 3+ - and Sm 3+ -Yb 3+ -doped glasses by 450 nm excitation reveals a new series of photoluminescence emissions at 1200, 1293, and 1418 nm, corresponding to the 6 F 11/2 state to the 6 H J ( J = 7/2, 9/2, 11/2) transitions. Under the 976 nm laser excitation, a broad photoluminescence emission from 980 to 1200 nm was detected. A decay lifetime decreased from ~244 to ~43 μs by increasing the Yb 3+ content, ascribing to concentration quenching and the OH content.

A new series of white light emitting Dy(3+) doped Lead tellurofluoroborate glasses have been prepared and their spectroscopic and energy transfer behavior were explored through analyzing XRD, FTIR, Raman, SEM, EDAX, optical absorption, photoluminescence and lifetime measurements. The fundamental stretching of the various borate and tellurite networks were identified using FTIR and Raman spectral analysis. The bonding parameter studies reveal the ionic nature of the DyO bond in the present glasses. The Judd-Ofelt (JO) intensity parameters determined from the absorption spectra have been used to investigate the nature of bonding and symmetry orientation of the Dy-ligand field environment. The luminescence intensity increases with increasing Dy(3+) ion concentration up to 0.5wt%, beyond that luminescence quenching is observed. The JO parameters have been used to determine the transition probability (A), stimulated emission cross-section (σP(E)), radiative lifetime (τR) and branching ratios (βR) for the different emission transitions from the (4)F9/2 excited level. The higher σP(E) and βR values of the (4)F9/2→(6)H15/2 and (4)F9/2→(6)H13/2 transitions suggest the possible laser action in the visible region. The Y/B ratio, CIE chromaticity color coordinates (x, y) and Color correlated temperature (CCT) were also estimated from the luminescence spectra for different concentration as well as pumping wavelengths. The x, y chromaticity color coordinates fall within the white light region and the white light can be tuned by varying the excitation wavelengths. The lifetime of the (4)F9/2 excited state were measured and is found to decrease with increasing Dy(3+) ion content. The non-exponential behavior is predominant in higher Dy(3+) ion content glasses and is due to the efficient energy transfer between Dy(3+)Dy(3+) ions. The decay curves were fitted to the Inokuti-Hirayama (IH) model to understand the nature of energy transfer. Among the prepared glasses, 0.5DPTFB glass possesses higher A,βR,σP(E),η values and is suggested for lasers and WLED applications., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Cu(II) ion-doped NaCaAlPO(4)F(3) phosphor has been synthesized using a solid state reaction method. The prepared sample is characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, optical absorption, electron paramagnetic resonance photoluminescence and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy techniques. The crystallite size evaluated from x-ray diffraction data is in nanometers. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs showed the presence of several irregular shaped particles. From optical absorption and electron paramagnetic resonance spectral data the doped Cu(II) ions are ascribed to distorted octahedral site symmetry. The synthesized phosphor exhibits emission bands in ultraviolet, blue and green regions under the excitation wavelength of 335 nm. The CIE chromaticity coordinates (x = 0.159, y = 0.204) also calculated for the prepared sample from the emission spectrum. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectrum revealed the characteristic vibrational bands of the prepared phosphor material., (Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)