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Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is a complex disease with rapid progression and poor/unsatisfactory outcomes. In the past few years, the focus has been on developing newer therapies for AML; however, relapse remains a significant problem. Natural Killer cells have strong anti-tumor potential against AML. This NK-mediated cytotoxicity is often restricted by cellular defects caused by disease-associated mechanisms, which can lead to disease progression. A stark feature of AML is the low/no expression of the cognate HLA ligands for the activating KIR receptors, due to which these tumor cells evade NK-mediated lysis. Recently, different Natural Killer cell therapies have been implicated in treating AML, such as the adoptive NK cell transfer, Chimeric antigen receptor-modified NK (CAR-NK) cell therapy, antibodies, cytokine, and drug treatment. However, the data available is scarce, and the outcomes vary between different transplant settings and different types of leukemia. Moreover, remission achieved by some of these therapies is only for a short time. In this mini-review, we will discuss the role of NK cell defects in AML progression, particularly the expression of different cell surface markers, the available NK cell therapies, and the results from various preclinical and clinical trials., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 D’Silva, Singh and Pinto.)

Cancer immunotherapy has long offered the promise of producing cancer treatments that are more effective and less toxic than traditional chemotherapy and radiotherapy. That potential has only begun to be realized in the last 5 years with the first US FDA-approved cancer vaccine (sipuleucel-T), checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive cell therapy. While these therapies have been remarkably more effective than previous cancer immunotherapeutics, they are often limited by their inherently personalized nature. Indeed, each patient's immune system and cancer are unique, limiting the scalability and generalizability of new approaches. However, emerging solutions may overcome these limitations, producing 'off-the-shelf' cancer immunotherapies that transform patient outcomes.

Objectives: Other than automobiles, bicycles are connected to more pediatric injuries than any other consumer product. Whereas characterization of injury patterns following motor vehicle accidents has led to safety initiatives and treatment guidelines, knowledge related to bicyclist injuries is lacking. Our purpose is to identify major injury patterns and outcomes associated with pediatric bicycle accidents., Methods: From January 2000 to December 2012, 1934 consecutive pediatric admissions (≤17 years) at a level I trauma center were retrospectively reviewed for mechanism injury, demographics, and outcomes. Parametric data were analyzed with student's t test and are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Nonparametric data were analyzed with Mann-Whitney-U test and are presented as median (interquartile range). Analysis was performed to recognize injury patterns and outcomes significantly associated with bicycle related accidents., Results: 80 pediatric patients were admitted following bicycle related trauma (4% of all pediatric trauma admissions). The cohort was age 11 ± 4 years, ISS 11 ± 10, 48% black, and 81% male. Injury patterns included 21% isolated head, 21% isolated abdominal, 13% isolated extremity, and 34% multiple injuries. 5% were age 0-4 years, 35% were age 5-9 years, 45% were 10-14 years, and 15% were 15-17 years (p < 0.001). 16% required operative intervention (6% abdominal, 9% orthopedic, 1% vascular). Children under age 6 required an abdominal operation 20% of the time. Length of stay was 2 (4) days with a mortality of 2.5%., Conclusions: Pediatric bicycle accidents more commonly occur in male children aged 10-14 years. Orthopedic injury is the most frequent overall indication for surgery, yet the youngest children more often required an abdominal operation., Level of Evidence: Level III.