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Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) have been widely studied in aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) due to the characteristics of large specific surface area, open aperture, and straightforward synthesis. In this work, vanadium-based PBA nanocubes were firstly prepared using a mild in situ conversion strategy at room temperature without the protection of noble gas. Benefiting from the multiple-redox active sites of V 3+ /V 4+ , V 4+ /V 5+ , and Fe 2+ /Fe 3+ , the cathode exhibited an excellent discharge specific capacity of 200 mAh g -1 in AZIBs, which is much higher than those of other metal-based PBAs nanocubes. To further improve the long-term cycling stability of the V-PBA cathode, a high concentration water-in-salt electrolyte (4.5 M ZnSO 4 +3 M Zn(OTf) 2 ), and a water-based eutectic electrolyte (5.55 M glucose+3 M Zn(OTf) 2 ) were designed to successfully inhibit the dissolution of vanadium and improve the deposition of Zn 2+ onto the zinc anode. More importantly, the assembled AZIBs maintained 55 % of their highest discharge specific capacity even after 10000 cycles at 10 A g -1 with superior rate capability. This study provides a new strategy for the preparation of pure PBA nanostructures and a new direction for enhancing the long-term cycling stability of PBA-based AZIBs at high current densities for industrialization prospects., (© 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

The design of bimetallic metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with a hierarchical structure is important to improve the electrocatalytic performance of catalysts due to their synergistic effect on different metal ions. In this work, the catalyst comprises bimetallic iron-nickel MOF-derived FeNi phosphides, intricately integrated with phosphorus-doped reduced graphene oxide architectures (FeNi 2 P-C/P-rGA) through the hydrothermal and phosphating treatments. The hierarchical architecture of the catalyst is beneficial for exposing active sites and facilitating electron transfer. The FeNi 2 P-C/P-rGA catalyst exhibits excellent performance in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline electrolytes. Notably, FeNi 2 P-C/P-rGA requires only the overpotential of 93 and 210 mV to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm -2 for the HER and OER with small values of Tafel slope and charge transfer resistance, respectively. Furthermore, the catalyst exhibits boosted activity for overall water splitting with a low potential of 1.56 V. This work can be considered to extend the design of multilevel catalysts in the application of water splitting.

Aqueous Zn metal batteries are attracting tremendous interest as promising energy storage systems due to their intrinsic safety and cost-effectiveness. Nevertheless, the reversibility of Zn metal anodes (ZMAs) is hindered by water-induced parasitic reactions and dendrite growth. Herein, a novel hydrated eutectic electrolyte (HEE) consisting of Zn(BF 4 ) 2 ·xH 2 O and sulfolane (SL) is developed to prevent the side reactions and achieve the outstanding cyclability of ZMAs. The strong coordination between Zn 2+ and SL triggers the eutectic feature, enabling the low-temperature availability of HEEs. The restriction of BF 4 - hydrolysis in the eutectic system can realize favorable compatibility between Zn(BF 4 ) 2 -based electrolyte and ZMAs. Besides, the newly-established solvation structure with the participation of SL, H 2 O, and BF 4 - , can induce in situ formation of desirable SEI with gradient structure consisting of B,O-rich species, ZnS, and ZnF 2 , to offer satisfactory protection toward ZMAs. Consequently, the HEE allows the Zn||Zn symmetric cell to cycle over 1650 h at 2 mA cm -2 and 1 mA h cm -2 . Moreover, the Zn||NH 4 V 4 O 10 full batteries can deliver a prolonged lifespan for 1000 cycles with a high capacity retention of 83.4%. This work represents a feasible approach toward the elaborate design of advanced electrolyte systems for next-generation batteries., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Chalcophosphates are an important type of infrared nonlinear optical (NLO) candidates in view of their rich anionic motifs. Here, two copper chalcophosphates Cu 3 PSe 4 (CPSe) and Cs 2 CuP 3 S 9 (CCPS) were synthesized and studied as IR NLO materials. They both feature three-dimensional polyanionic frameworks constructed by similar T2-supertetrahedra, and the structure of CCPS can be derived from CPSe via introducing Cs and substituting Se with S. This structural evolution results in phase-matchable NLO behavior, enlarged optical band gap, and enhanced laser-induced damage threshold for CCPS. These results are elucidated by structure analysis and theoretical calculations, and the increased structural anisotropy contributes to the phase matchable behavior of CCPS. This work presents a case on how to adjust NLO properties via certain structure considerations, which may be extended to more systems for obtaining high-performance NLO materials.

Sodium metal batteries (SMBs) are considered as strong alternatives to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), due to the inherent merits of sodium metal anodes (SMAs) including low redox potential (-2.71 V vs. SHE), high theoretical capacity (1166 mAh g -1 ), and abundant resources. However, the uncontrollable Na dendrite growth has significantly impeded the practical deployment of SMBs. Separator modification has emerged as an effective strategy for substantially enhancing the performance of SMAs. Herein, for the first time, we present the successful grafting polyacrylic acid (PAA) onto polypropylene (PP) separators (denoted as PP-g-PAA) using highly efficient electron beam (EB) irradiation to improve the cyclability of SMAs. The polar carboxyl groups of PAA can facilitate the electrolyte wetting and provide ample mechanical strength to resist dendrite penetration. Consequently, the regulation of Na + ion flux enables uniform Na + deposition with dendrite-free morphology, facilitated by the favorable anode/separator interface. The PP-g-PAA separator significantly enhances the cyclability of fabricated cells. Notably, the lifespan of Na||Na symmetric cells can be extended up to 5519 h at 1 mA cm -2 and 1 mAh cm -2 . The stable design of the anode/separator interface achieved through polyolefin separator modification presented in this study holds promise for the further advancement of next-generation advanced battery systems., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

A fluorescent probe based on salicylate modified layered double hydroxide (LDH-SA) is presented, enabling the swift sequential detection of Al 3+ , fosetyl-Al and glyphosate in aqueous environment. The probe was synthesized using a simple co-precipitation procedure, and its properties and synthesis conditions were thoroughly characterized and optimized. A unique "off-on-off" fluorescent response was observed when the probe sequentially interacted with Al 3+ and glyphosate, and the detection method based on this phenomenon was established. The limits of detection for Al 3+ and glyphosate were determined as 0.03 μmol/L and 0.03 mg/L, respectively, with rapid detection periods of one minute and four minutes. The LDH-SA/Al 3+ complex requires Al 3+ to generate a chelation-gathered fluorescence effect, which is the mechanism by which it quenches LDH-SA. This is possible due to the inhibition of excited-state intramolecular proton transfer and photoinduced electron transfer processes within LDH-SA after incorporating Al 3+ . Upon interaction with glyphosate, competitive complexation between glyphosate and Al 3+ is initiated, which leads to a recovery of the fluorescence spectrum of LDH-SA and demonstrating the "off-on-off" behavior. An "INHIBIT" logic gate system was devised utilizing the response, indicating potential applications in fluorescence-based devices. Such a rapid, sequential detection capacity is impressive. It attests to the utility of LDH-SA as a probe for Al 3+ or glyphosate, and suggests promise for applications in pollutant analysis or environmental monitoring applications., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This research exploited biochar, sourced from Ginkgo leaves (GLs), to facilitate the adsorption of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in aqueous environments. The results reveal that GL biochar, activated with ZnCl 2 at a temperature of 500°C (500-ZGBC), demonstrated the greatest specific surface area (S BET ) of 536.0 m 2  g -1 for 2,4-D adsorption. The biochar's properties, including specific surface area, morphology, structure, thermal stability, and functional groups, were analyzed. Additionally, studies of kinetic and isotherm profiles were conducted, yielding the highest recorded adsorption capacity of 281.8 mg g -1 . Pore filling, hydrogen bonding, π-π interactions, surface complexation with Zn groups, and electrostatic interactions contribute significantly to the adsorption performance of 500-ZGBC for 2,4-D. Optimal adsorption was determined to occur at pH 2.117, with a dose of 0.4230 g L -1 of 500-ZGBC, and an initial concentration of 2,4-D at 294.7 mg L -1 , as evidenced by the application of the response surface method (RSM). PRACTITIONER POINTS: Premium pharmaceutical-grade biochar, derived from Ginkgo leaves, boasting a S BET of 536.0 m 2  g -1 was produced. An absorption capacity reaching 281.8 mg g -1 was observed in Ginkgo leaf biochar for 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) adsorption. The adsorption procedure was refined through the employment of response surface methodology., (© 2024 Water Environment Federation.)

In this study, we measured 15 common organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in six categories of tea samples across China. OPFRs were found in all the tea samples, with the total concentrations of OPFRs (∑OPFRs) at 3.44-432 ng/g [geometric mean (GM): 17.6 ng/g]. Triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) was the dominant OPFR, accounting for 39.0-76.2% of ∑OPFRs across all tea categories. The potential factors influencing the residual OPFRs in tea were thoroughly examined, including the agricultural environment, fermentation, and packaging of teas. Tea packaging materials (TPMs) were then identified as the primary sources of OPFRs in teas. The migration test revealed that OPFRs with lower molecular weights and log K ow values exhibited a higher propensity for facilitating the migration of OPFRs from TPMs to teas. The estimated daily intakes of OPFRs from teas were relatively higher for the general populations in Mauritania, Gambia, Togo, Morocco, and Senegal (3.18-9.79 ng/kg bw/day) than China (3.12 ng/kg bw/day). The health risks arising from OPFRs in Chinese teas were minor. This study established a baseline concentration and demonstrated the contamination sources of OPFRs in Chinese tea for the first time, with an emphasis on enhancing the hygiene standards for TPMs.

With the increase of Cu (II) content, its bioaccumulation becomes a potential pollution to the environment. It is necessary to design an economical and efficient material to remove Cu (II) without causing other environmental hazards. A novel material of alginate composite bead (ALG@NCDs) was synthesized by embedding N-doped carbon dots into pure alginate bead for the adsorption of Cu (II) from wastewater and contaminated soil. The initial concentration, the amount of adsorbent, temperature, adsorption time, and pH value were optimized for the adsorption of Cu (II). According to the Langmuir isothermal adsorption model, the maximum adsorption amount of the material to Cu (II) was 152.44 mg/g. The results of selective adsorption showed that ALG@NCDs had higher affinity to Cu (II) than to Pb (II), Co (II), Ni (II), and Zn (II). After five adsorption-desorption experiment, adsorption capacity of the ALG@NCDs was kept 89% of the initial adsorption capacity. Its Cu (II) adsorption mechanism was studied by density functional theory calculations. In addition, the material could effectively adsorb Cu (II) and release the phytonutrient Ca (II) simultaneously when applied to actual wastewater and soil. The fabricated ALG@NCDs would be a promising material for the adsorption of Cu (II) from wastewater or soil., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are hazardous to humans, and dietary intake acts as the primary pathway for human exposure to CPs. Takeout food is popular worldwide, but the presence of CPs in takeout food and its packaging is unclear. In this study, the concentrations and distributions of short- and median-chain CPs (SCCPs and MCCPs, respectively) were measured in 97 samples of four categories of takeout food and 33 samples of three types of takeout packaging. The SCCP and MCCP median concentrations for the takeout food samples were 248 and 339, 77.2 and 98.2, 118 and 258, 42.9 and 64.4 ng/g wet weight in meat, starch, half meat/half starch, and vegetables, respectively. Takeout food contained higher concentrations of SCCPs than MCCPs. The dominant SCCP and MCCP congener groups in takeout food were C 10 Cl 6-7 and C 14 Cl 7-8 , respectively. The CP concentrations in takeout food were lower than those in packaging. The SCCP and MCCP median concentrations, respectively, in packaging were 9750 and 245 ng/g in polypropylene, 2830 and 135 ng/g in paper, and 2060 and 119 ng/g in aluminum foil. The concentrations of SCCPs and MCCPs were comparable in aluminum foil, whereas the concentrations of SCCPs were higher than those of MCCPs in polypropylene and paper. Correlations between CP concentrations in the takeout food and packaging indicated that CPs in packaging were potentially an important source of CPs in the takeout food. A dietary exposure risk assessment showed the takeout food posed a low risk for human exposure to CPs; however, high-frequency consumption may pose a health risk. This study clarified the current contamination situation in takeout food in Beijing, China. The resulting data could be used to prevent human exposure to CPs through dietary intake and to facilitate the market's control over the quality of takeout food., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Heavy metal pollution has always been a great threat to human health and safety. Compared with other heavy metals, although zirconium ion (Zr(IV)) is equally harmful, due to the lack of research on Zr(IV) in the biological systems and environment, its detection does not seem to have received the attention it deserves. Herein, a rapid visual dual-mode detection (colorimetric and chrominance method) of Zr(IV) based on L-histidine functionalized gold nanoparticles (HIS-AuNPs) has been reported. AuNPs and HIS-AuNPs before and after adding Zr(IV) were characterized by UV-Vis, TEM, DLS, Zeta potential, EDS and FT-IR, etc. These results showed that L-histidine was successfully modified on the surface of AuNPs by forming a stable Au-N bond, and its modification had little effect on the dispersion degree of AuNPs. After the addition of Zr(IV), interaction of this metal ion with the imidazolyl group on L-histidine can obviously cause the aggregation of HIS-AuNPs within 12 min, and the dispersion state and particle size of HIS-AuNPs can be significantly changed. These two detection modes were established by means of absorbance and color change of solution, and being used in addition and recovery experiments of Zr(IV) in natural water. Under the optimal conditions, these two modes exhibited good linearity within 15-70 and 20-100 μmol L -1 , and limit of detection of 2.62 and 6.25 μmol L -1 . The proposed method was highly sensitive and selective, which provided a new convenient way to realize the detection of Zr(IV)., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to The Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry.)

Noncentrosymmetric chalcogenides are promising candidates for infrared nonlinear-optical (NLO) crystals, and exploring high-performance ones is a hot topic and challengeable. Herein, the combination of AgQ 4 , InQ 4 , and SiQ 4 (Q = S, Se) units with different S/Se ratios resulted in the discovery of the tetrahedral chalcogenides Ag 2 In 2 SiS 4 Se 2 ( 1 ) and Ag 2 In 2 SiS 5 Se ( 2 ). They both crystallize in the monoclinic Cc space group with different local structures. Co-occupied S/Se sites only exist in 2 , and the arrangement of [In 2 SiQ 3 ] six-membered rings builds different helical chains and 3D [(In 2 SiQ 6 ) 2- ] n polyanionic frameworks in 1 and 2 . They show balanced NLO performances, including phase-matchable moderate NLO responses (0.7 and 0.5 × AGS) and enhanced laser-induced damage thresholds (4.5 and 5.1 × AGS). Theoretical calculations reveal that their NLO responses are predominantly contributed by the AgQ 4 and InQ 4 units.

Oxychalcogenides are increasingly attracting wide attention because they contain multiple anions that may combine the advantages of oxides and chalcogenides. In this work, two new pentanary oxythiogermanates, Ba 3 MGe 3 O 2 S 8 [M = Ca ( 1 ), Zn ( 2 )], were synthesized by a high-temperature solid-state reaction. They crystallize in the orthorhombic space group Pnma , and their structures contain isolated [Ge 3 O 2 S 8 ] 8- units constructed by one [GeO 2 S 2 ] and two [GeOS 3 ] tetrahedra that link with M 2+ ions to build the {[MGe 3 O 2 S 8 ] 6- } ∞ chain, representing a new type of oxythiogermanate. Notably, a [ZnS 5 ] square pyramid exists in 2 . Their structural chemistry and relationship with relevant structures are analyzed. 1 and 2 exhibit wide band gaps of 3.93 and 2.63 eV, birefringences of 0.100 and 0.089 at 2100 nm, respectively, and also obvious photocurrent responses. This work may be extended to a family of AE 3 M II M IV 3 O 2 Q 8 (AE = alkali-earth metal; M II = Ca, Zn, Cd, Hg; M IV = Si, Ge, Sn; Q = S, Se), and further systematic survey on them can be performed to enrich the study of multifunctional oxychalcogenides.

Obtaining compounds with large nonlinear-optical (NLO) coefficients and wide band gaps is challenging due to their competitive requirements for chemical bonds. Herein, the first member with mixed cations on the A site in the A-M 3 -Q 5 or A-Ag-M 6 -Q 10 (A = alkali metal; M = Ga, In; Q = S, Se, Te) family, viz. Na 0.45 Ag 0.55 Ga 3 Se 5 (NAGSe), was obtained by a solid-state reaction. Its structure features [GaSe 4 ] tetrahedra built three-dimensional {[Ga 3 Se 5 ] - } ∞ network, with Na and Na/Ag cations located at the octahedral cavities. Noncentrosymmetric ( R 32) NAGSe can also be transformed from centrosymmetric RbGa 3 S 5 ( P 2 1 / c ) via multiple-site cosubstitution. NAGSe exhibits the highest NLO response (1.9 × AGS) in the A-Ag-M-Q family. Crystal structure analysis and theoretical calculations suggest that the NLO response is mainly contributed by the regularly arranged [GaSe 4 ] units. This work enriches the exploration of the undeveloped A-M 3 -Q 5 or A-Ag-M 6 -Q 10 family as potential infrared NLO materials.

In this study, ginkgo leaves were used as a carbon source to synthesize carbon quantum dots (CQDs) with uniform particle size, high fluorescence (FL) intensity and strong stability, using a hydrothermal method. FL could be quenched by the FL resonance energy transfer effect between CQDs and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), an important FL quenching agent. The electrostatic attraction between thiosemicarbazone (TSC) and citrate on the surface of AuNPs and the formation of a stable Au-S bond between TSC and AuNPs led to the aggregation of AuNPs and thus weakened the quenching effect on CQDs and partly recovered the FL. A sensor in FL mode for the detection of TSC was constructed based on the above-mentioned FL "off" and "on" phenomena. The results showed a good linear correlation in the concentration range 0-1.75 μM, and the limit of detection was as low as 0.05 μM. In addition, the aggregation of AuNPs caused by TSC also led to a change in the absorbance curve and color of the solution; colorimetric and chrominance detection modes were also constructed using these two types of changes, with sensitive responses ranging 0-2.25 μM and 0-1.60 μM and the limits of detection of 0.03 μM and 0.08 μM, respectively. More importantly, these three detection modes obtained satisfactory recovery rates in the detection of the TSC content in river water, liquor and wheat samples, and the detection results were mutually verified (95.18% to 104.96%).

As one of the potential candidates of nonlinear-optical (NLO) materials, rare-earth chalcophosphates have demonstrated promising properties. Here, KREP 2 S 6 (RE = Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy) were synthesized using the facile RE 2 O 3 -B-S solid-state method. They crystallize with a monoclinic chiral P 2 1 structure, and their layer structures are built by isolated ethane-like P 2 S 6 dimers and RES 8 bicapped trigonal prisms built {[RE 2 S 15 ] 24- } ∞ layers. By comparing the structures with related ones, the change of the alkali metal or RE 3+ ions can cause structural transformation. Their band gaps are tunable between 2.58 and 3.79 eV, and their powder samples exhibit good NLO properties. Theoretical calculations suggest that the NLO properties are mainly contributed by P 2 S 6 units and {[RE 2 S 15 ] 24- } ∞ layers synergistically, in which {[RE 2 S 15 ] 24- } ∞ layers and P 2 S 6 units dominate the contribution to the band gap and second-harmonic-generation response, respectively. This work enriches the application of rare-earth chalcophosphates as NLO materials.

The main goal of this study is to create a CS-CMC-SF aerogel consisting of chitosan sodium carboxymethylcellulose and silk fibroin. The aerogel is designed to remove types of dyes from water while also being environmentally friendly. This innovative adsorbent has been optimized for extracting both cationic and anionic dyes from solutions. It incorporates chitosan sodium carboxymethylcellulose and silk filament fibers to enhance its strength. Experimental data illustrates that the CS-CMC-SF aerogel possesses remarkable adsorption capabilities - 5461.77 mg/g for Congo Red (CR), 2392.83 mg/g for Malachite Green (MG), and 1262.20 mg/g for Crystal Violet (CV). A kinetic study aligns with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model suggesting predominant chemisorption phenomena occur during adsorption process. Isotherm analysis further identifies multilayered adsorption occurring on irregularly shaped surfaces of the aerogel while thermodynamic assessments validate exothermic and spontaneous characteristics inherent in its absorption mechanism. Several analytical methods such as SEM, FT-IR, XRD, and XPS were employed to examine physicochemical attributes tied to this unique material design conceptually; identifying mechanisms including pore filling, π-π interactions, ion exchange activity, electrostatic connections along with hydrogen bonding inducing overall superior performance output. Furthermore substantial soil biodegradability alongside compostable features associated with our proposed CS-CMC-SF aerogels established it's potential suitability within applications demanding sustainable options thereby validating its underlying ecological credibility., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Soil aggregates are essential functional units involved in soil carbon sequestration, particularly in saline-sodic soils prone to severe carbon loss. In the present study, the distribution of aggregate-associated carbon fractions and their influencing factors were investigated after artificial utilization of saline soil in the Songnen Plain, Northeast China. Physicochemical properties, enzymatic activities, and bacterial communities were measured in various hierarchical aggregates among two natural land-use types (saline wasteland and degraded grassland) and three anthropogenic land-use types (artificial forest, upland field, and paddy field). The results indicated that, compared to saline wasteland, anthropogenic land use was witnessed an increase in macroaggregate proportions, and PF in large macroaggregates increased the most, while UF and FL were mainly increased in small macroaggregates. After transforming from natural land to anthropogenic land, the aggregate-associated carbon fractions (total organic carbon, readily soluble organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, and microbial biomass carbon) increased, especially in small macroaggregates. All enzyme activities increased after artificial utilization, hydrolase (urease, amylase, and invertase), catalase, and β-glucosidase activities were highest in the small macroaggregates. Bacterial biomass was increased in all three aggregate types compared to natural land. Due to the influence of various factors on soil carbon storage, through partial least squares path modeling revealed that large macroaggregates were conducive to carbon storage. These findings suggested that artificial utilization of saline soil can increase large macroaggregate proportions and the abundance of aggregate-associated carbon, resulting in increased soil carbon stocks, with PF having the greatest carbon sequestration capacity., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

ConspectusSecond-order nonlinear optical (NLO) materials are currently a hot topic in modern solid-state chemistry and optics because they can produce coherent light by frequency conversion. Noncentrosymmetric (NCS) structure is not only the prerequisite for NLO materials but also a challengeable issue because materials tend to be centrosymmetric (CS) in terms of thermodynamical stability. Among NLO materials, an excellent infrared (IR) candidate should simultaneously meet several strict key conditions including a large NLO coefficient, high laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT), phase-matchable (PM) behavior, and so on. Achieving a balance between the large NLO effect and high LIDT is difficult, as they have contradictory requirements for chemical bonds. Considering the urgent need of the high-power IR laser market and the drawbacks of the available ones, exploring new high-performance IR NLO crystals is necessary while challenging. In this Account, we first briefly introduce the status and advancement of IR NLO crystals and emphasize the criteria of an excellent candidate. Then, we will introduce five simple methods developed by us to discover practical NLO candidates through understanding of the chemical composition-structure-NLO performance relationship. (1) A rarely investigated system with simple chemical compositions as new-type NLO crystals, namely, adducts containing S 8 molecules, are developed. Combining a chairlike S 8 unit with other units through van der Waals forces has successfully obtained several high-performance NLO adducts. (2) The main trend in exploring new NLO crystals is that the chemical composition is more and more diversified and the structure is more and more complex, and expensive and chemically active alkaline and alkaline earth metals are usually introduced as counter cations. In contrast, the research on systems with simple chemical compositions, simple structures, and low costs has been continuously ignored. The binary M 2 Q 3 (M = Ga, In; Q = S, Se) family with rich acentric modifications has been systematically investigated, and they all exhibit strong SHG effects and high LIDTs. (3) We first proposed the concept of inducing CS structures transformed to NCS ones by partial cation substitution to design novel NLO crystals. Considering the huge number of CS structures in the database compared to the number of NCS structures, it is an attractive method to apply CS structures as the parents to obtain potential NLO materials via partial-substitution-induced symmetry breaking. A series of chalcogenides with high NLO performances have been successfully obtained by us in this way. (4) We investigated the first NLO-active rare earth (RE) chalcophosphates and developed this family systematically, and they demonstrate wonderful comprehensive NLO properties. (5) We created a novel mixed-anion system for NLO applications, namely, chalcogenide borates. Usually, mixed-anion compounds can engender a synergistic effect to obtain desired IR NLO properties. Our recent progress on this system suggests that chalcogenide borates are potential candidates for IR NLO applications, although the study is still in its infancy. Finally, we state the current problems of IR NLO materials and give some perspectives for their future development.

Rice cultivation has been demonstrated to have the ability to improve saline-sodic soil. Whether this human activity can influence the accumulation of soil organic carbon (SOC) in saline-sodic soil remains unclear. In this study, the impact of rice cultivation across different planting durations (1, 5, 10, 27 years and abandoned land) on the carbon (C) levels, derived from plant residues and microbial necromass, were assessed. Compared to the control, plant residues and microbial necromass greatly contributed to the carbon accumulation. For the short-term of rice cultivation (1-10 years), the C content originated from both microbial and plant residues gradually accumulated. In the prolonged cultivation phase (27Y), plant residues and microbial necromasses contributed 40.82 % and 21.03 % of the total SOC, respectively. Additionally, rice cultivation significantly reduced the pH by 13.58-22.51 %, electrical conductivity (EC) by 60.06-90.30 %, and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) by 60.68-78.39 %. In contrast, total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), SOC, particulate organic C, mineral-bound organic C, and microbial biomass all saw statistical increases. The activities of extracellular enzymes in paddy soils, such as peroxidase, phenol oxidase, and leucine aminopeptidase, were significantly reduced, and the decomposition of lignin, phenol, and amino sugars by soil microorganisms was consequently suppressed. The partial least squares path modeling results demonstrated that rice cultivation affected the accumulation of plant and microbial components via the corresponding chemical properties (pH, EC, and ESP), nutrient content (TN, TP, and SOC), enzyme activity (LAP, PER, and POX), microbial biomass, and plant biomass. These findings are crucial for understanding the organic carbon sequestration potential of sodic saline soils., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Rare-earth (RE) chalcophosphates have been widely studied because of their abundant structures. Here, five new RE selenophosphates, NaREP 2 Se 6 (RE = Y, Sm, Gd-Dy), were synthesized by a facile RE oxide-boron-selenium solid-state route. They crystallize in the triclinic P 1̅ space group, featuring three-dimensional (3D) structures constructed by RESe 8 and P 2 Se 6 motifs, different from common 2D RE chalcophosphates A-RE-P 2 -Q 6 (A = alkali metal; Q = S, Se) system. Their structural chemistry and relationship with related phases are analyzed. Both the size of A and the coordination geometry of RE have important influences on the system's structures. Their optical band gaps are tunable from 1.79 to 2.50 eV, and they exhibit diverse magnetic behaviors, including Van-Vleck-type paramagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and ferromagnetism. Their photocurrent responses and thermal stabilities are analyzed as well. Calculation results suggest that the RESe 8 and P 2 Se 6 units make a great contribution to the optical properties. This work enriches the chemistry and multifunctional properties of RE chalcophosphates.

Glyphosate, the most used herbicide in the world, has a residue problem that cannot be ignored. However, glyphosate itself does not have fluorescence emission and lacks the conditions for fluorescence detection. In this work, a rapid and selective fluorescence detection method of glyphosate was designed by an 'on-off-on' fluorescent switch based on a luminous covalent organic framework (L-COF). Only the fixed concentration of Fe 3+ as an intermediate could trigger the fluorescent switch and no incubation step was required. The proposed method showed good accuracy with a correlation coefficient of 0.9978. The method's limits of detection and quantitation were 0.88 and 2.93 μmol/L, which were lower than the maximum allowable residue limits in some regulations. Environmental water samples and tomatoes were selected as actual samples to verify the application in a complex matrix. A satisfactory mean recovery from 87% to 106% was gained. Furthermore, Fe 3+ could induce fluorescence quenching of L-COF through the photo-induced electron transfer (PET) effect, while the addition of glyphosate could block the PET effect to achieve detection. These results demonstrated the proposed method had abilities to detect glyphosate and broaden the application of L-COF., (© 2023 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

Exploration of new functional materials with enhanced performance from known ones is always an attractive strategy. A new infrared (IR) nonlinear-optical (NLO) mixed chalcogenide Ag 2 In 2 SiS 3.06 Se 2.94 ( 1 ), was obtained through partial congener substitution originated from Ag 2 In 2 SiS 6 ( 0 ). 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group Cc , and its three-dimensional (3D) polyanionic network is composed of {[In 4 Si 2 Se 5 (S/Se) 11 ] 12- } ∞ helical chains sharing S/Se(5) corner atoms with cavities embedded with counterion Ag + ions. It exhibits a much enhanced NLO response compared to that of 0 , reaching 1.1 × AgGaS 2 . Further theoretical analysis results indicate that the large NLO response can be attributed to the synergistic effect of AgQ 4 and InQ 4 tetrahedral functional motifs. This work not only reports a new high-performance IR NLO material but also enriches the partial ion substitution strategy to obtain new functional materials.

This research involves the construction of a phenylboronic acid-functionalized magnetic UiO-66 metal-organic framework (MOF) nanoparticle (CPBA@UiO-66@Fe 3 O 4 ). Its design is primarily for the magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) of benzoylurea insecticides. An organic ligand, 2-amino terephthalic acid (2-ATPA), facilitated the introduction of amino groups while keeping the original crystal structure of UiO-66 intact. The constructed UiO-66 MOF showcases a porous structure and extensive surface area, thereby providing an optimal platform for further functionalization. The employment of 4-carboxylphenylboronic acid as a modifier notably amplified the extraction efficiency for benzoylureas. This improvement was due to the formation of B-N coordination and other secondary interactions. By integrating this with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), we established a quantitative analytical method for benzoylurea insecticides. This method achieved a wide linear range (2.5-500 μg L -1 or 5-500 μg L -1 ), satisfactory recoveries (83.3-95.1%), and acceptable limits of detection (LODs: 0.3-1.0 μg L -1 ). The developed method proved successful when applied to six tea infusion samples, representing China's six major tea categories. Semi-fermented and light-fermented tea samples demonstrated relatively higher spiking recoveries., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Bolted spherical joints, due to their prominent merits in installation, have been widely used in modern spatial structures. Despite significant research, there is a lack of understanding of their flexural fracture behaviour, which is important for the catastrophe prevention of the whole structure. Given the recent development to fill this knowledge gap, it is the objective of this paper to experimentally investigate the flexural bending capacity of the overall fracture section featured by a heightened neutral axis and fracture behaviour related to variable crack depth in screw threads. Accordingly, two full-scale bolted spherical joints with different bolt diameters were evaluated under three-point bending. The fracture behaviour of bolted spherical joints is first revealed with respect to typical stress distribution and fracture mode. A new theoretical flexural bending capacity expression for the fracture section with a heightened neutral axis is proposed and validated. A numerical model is then developed to estimate the stress amplification and stress intensity factors related to the crack opening (mode-I) fracture for the screw threads of these joints. The model is validated against the theoretical solutions of the thread-tooth-root model. The maximum stress of the screw thread is shown to take place at the same location as the test bolted sphere, while its magnitude can be greatly reduced with an increased thread root radius and flank angle. Finally, different design variants related to threads that have influences on the SIFs are compared, and the moderate steepness of the flank thread has been found to be efficient in reducing the joint fracture. The research findings could thus be beneficial for further improving the fracture resistance of bolted spherical joints.

The efficient crack eliminated stop-hole measure was proposed to repair and reduce the stress concentration associated fracture risk of the corrugated plate girders by setting it at the critical joint of flange plate with tightened bolts and gaskets under preloading. To investigate the fracture behaviour of these repaired girders, parametric finite element analysis was conducted, focusing on the mechanical feature and stress intensity factor of crack stop-hole in this paper. The numerical model was verified against experimental results first, and then the stress characteristics due to the presence of crack open-hole were analysed. It was found that the moderate-sized open-hole was more effective than the over-sized open-hole in the reduction of stress concentration. For the model with prestressed crack stop-hole through bolt preloading, the stress concentration was nearly 50% with the prestress around open-hole increased to 46 MPa, but such a reduction is inconspicuous for even higher prestress. Relatively high circumferential stress gradients and the crack open angle of oversized crack stop-holes were decreased owing to additional prestress effects from the gasket. Finally, the shift from the original tensile area around the edge of the crack open-hole that was prone to fatigue cracking to a compression-oriented area is beneficial for the reduction of stress intensity factor of the prestressed crack stop-holes. It was also demonstrated that the enlargement of crack open-hole has limited influence on the reduction of stress intensity factor and crack propagation. In contrast, higher bolt prestress was more beneficial in consistently reducing the stress intensity factor of the model with the crack open-hole, even containing long crack.

Herein, three patterns for the detection of fenpyroximate based on the response signal of gold nanoparticles are described. The strong interaction between the guanidine group of arginine-modified gold nanoparticles and the ester group of fenpyroximate led to the aggregation of the nanoparticles and to a variation of ultraviolet-visible light spectrum and color of the solution. Sensors were constructed based on the correlation of the concentration of fenpyroximate with the absorbance ratio ( A 650 / A 525 ) and the R value was obtained by extracting the color of the test solution by using a smartphone to take a photo of the solution, which was then analyzed by colorimeter software. The absorbance ratio increased linearly in the range of 0.225-0.375 mg L -1 and the limit of detection was 0.215 mg L -1 , while the R value declined linearly in the range of 0.20-0.40 mg L -1 and the limit of detection was 0.21 mg L -1 . Further, the gold nanoparticles could cause a fluorescence quenching of fluorescent dyes, such as rhodamine B, and it was found that the fluorescence could be quenched and then restored after aggregation; therefore, a fluorescence method based on fluorescence "off-on" was constructed, and the fluorescence quenching was found to increase linearly in the range of 0.0-1.0 mg L -1 and the limit of detection was 0.013 mg L -1 . These three patterns indicated highly selective and sensitive response signals for fenpyroximate, and all were applied to the detection of fenpyroximate in apple juice, pear juice, and environmental water samples, with the results showing that the three methods could be mutually verified, with the recoveries ranging from 94.15% to 110.65%.

As an important part of agricultural socialization services, outsourced machinery services are of great significance for promoting the green development of agriculture. Using the field survey data of 1080 rice growers in Sichuan Province, this paper empirically analyzes outsourced machinery services' impact and role path on farmers' green production behavior. Further, it analyzes the difference in influence from the perspective of group heterogeneity. The research results show that: (1) The outsourced machinery services significantly impact farmers' adoption of no-tillage technology, organic fertilizer application technology, and straw returning technology. The conclusion is still stable after considering endogeneity. (2) The outsourced machinery services indirectly affect farmers' green production behavior by promoting off-farm employment and expanding the scale of farmland. (3) The impact of outsourced machinery services on farmers' green production behavior is not significant in the male group and the group whose households own agricultural machinery. In conclusion, the study proposes to increase assistance to outsourced machinery services providers and encourage service entities to actively publicize and popularize green production technologies while providing services, to play an influential role in guiding and educating farmers., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

It's the direction of all humankind's joint efforts to develop clean cooking fuels and reduce carbon emissions vigorously. While most studies found that householder and family characteristics influence household cooking fuel choice, few studies focus on the relationship between labor transfer and the choice of clean cooking fuels. Based on the three-phase survey data of the China Labor-Force Dynamic Survey in 2012, 2014, and 2016, this paper analyzes the influence of labor transfer on rural households' cooking fuel choice. It focuses on the mediating role of income and the heterogeneity of labor transfer on household cooking fuel choice under different educational levels and location conditions. The results show that (1) from 2012 to 2016, there are regional differences in the development of clean cooking fuels; (2) labor transfer can promote households to choose clean cooking fuels, and this result remains robust after controlling for endogeneity; (3) labor transfer indirectly influences household cooking fuel choice through affecting family income; and (4) the impact of labor transfer on household cooking fuel choice varies with different education levels and location conditions. Therefore, analyzing the optimization of rural cooking energy structure from the perspective of labor transfer plays an important role in ensuring the sustainable development of clean cooking fuels in rural areas., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Agricultural low-carbon emission reduction is an essential part of China's ecological civilization construction. Farmers' low-carbon agricultural technology (LCAT) adoption has become an important means to achieve agricultural low-carbon emission reduction. Based on the survey data of 1080 farmers in Sichuan Province, farmers' LCAT adoption has been empirically studied using the combined estimate conditional mixed treatment model (CMP). The results show that the use of the Internet will substantially promote farmers' low-carbon tillage technology adoption and low-carbon fertilization technology adoption but has no significant impact on farmers' low-carbon pharmaceutical application technology adoption, low-carbon irrigation technology adoption, low-carbon agricultural film recycling technology adoption, and straw recycling technology adoption. Mechanism analysis shows that Internet use mainly affects farmers' low-carbon fertilization technology adoption through economic benefit cognition and affects farmers' low-carbon tillage technology adoption through ecological benefit cognition. This study can enhance our understanding of the relationship between Internet use and LCAT adoption and serve as a resource for rural digital infrastructure development and LCAT adoption-related policy design., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

The Tyndall Effect assay (TEA) has been applied into colorimetric metal ion detection since 2019. However, the TEA-based sensor for pesticide detection has never been reported till now. Herein, a facile fluorescent organic nanoparticle (FON)-based sensor is firstly developed for fluorine-containing pesticide detection through ratiometric fluorescence assay (FLA) and TEA. For FLA, the intensity of the second-order Tyndall scattering peak (STS 590nm ) and the fluorescence peak of the FON-based sensor would increase and remain unchanged respectively when adding bifenthrin, flufenoxuron, and diflubenzuron. The detection limits were respectively 9.34, 6.91, and 3.60 μg/kg. For TEA, the increased STS 590nm intensity displayed a bright and visible light beam. An economical, simple, and portable device was then constructed to visually monitor the analytes. The sensor was successfully used to detect the analytes in teas through FLA and TEA with the recoveries and RSD ranging from 86.27-100.00 %, and 0.00-5.68 %, respectively., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Under the background of carbon peak and carbon neutralization, the transformation and upgrading of energy consumption structure is crucial to achieve sustainable environmental development. Based on the questionnaire data of 1080 farmers in Sichuan province in 2021, the IV-Probit model was used to explore the impact of labor from off-farm employment on farmers' energy consumption structure and its specific mechanism. The results show the following: (1) the overall proportion of off-farm employment is not high, only 23%; in cooking energy, the most farmers use high-quality energy, accounting for up to 94%; (2) in addition to high-quality energy, off-farm employment of labor force is positively and significantly correlated with the remaining six types of energy consumption structure. The results of a heterogeneity analysis show that the proportion of off-farm employment of farmers with a high education level and above has the greatest positive effect on the use of high-quality energy; (3) the results of the mediating effect show that the off-farm employment can affect the energy consumption structure of farmers through the two paths of annual cash income and population structure.

Chronic diarrhea is associated with enteric dysbiosis and provokes the overuse of antibiotics. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a promising therapy, but it shows discrepant clinical efficacy. Bacterial colonization in recipients has been studied, although little is known about the role of gut fungi and Archaea after FMT. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of human-derived FMT on spontaneous chronic diarrhea cynomolgus monkeys and revealed the effector mechanisms. We demonstrated that FMT can mitigate the appearance of diarrheal symptoms and inhibit the increase in interleukin-6, interleukin-8, interleukin-1β, and interferon-γ and the decrease in interleukin-10 in serum. We confirmed that FMT restored the disturbance of gut bacteria by reducing the relative abundances of potential pathogens, including Cloacibacillus porcorum, Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, Erysipelotrichaceae bacterium 5_2_54FAA, and Erysipelotrichaceae bacterium 21_3, and increasing the levels of Lactobacillus fermentum and Lactobacillus ruminis CAG_367 in diarrheal monkeys. The metabolic pathways of healthy and FMT monkeys' gut bacteria were enriched in amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and lipid metabolism, while the metabolic pathways of pre-FMT monkeys' gut bacteria were enriched in antibiotic production. Moreover, a higher Ascomycota/Basidiomycota ratio, higher Aspergillus levels, and lower Trichosporon asahii abundance were present in intestinal fungi after FMT. Although the abundance of the Archaea Methanosphaera stastmanae did not change significantly, it was inversely correlated with the anti-inflammatory factor IL-4 after FMT. These results support the further development and application of FMT for chronic diarrhea.

Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) were added to the Stockholm Convention list of persistent organic pollutants in 2015. PCNs are mainly unintentionally produced during industrial processes nowadays, and can be widely found in environmental media and foodstuffs. Dietary intake is the primary pathway for human exposure to PCNs. PCNs in different categories of foodstuffs have been reported. However, little information on PCN concentrations in green tea, a popular beverage worldwide is available. In this study, all 75 PCN congener concentrations and distributions in green tea samples (n = 102) from 11 regions in China were determined, and risk assessment of human exposure to PCNs through tea consumption was conducted. The PCN concentrations in all the green tea samples were 3.62-175 pg/g dry weight (mean 36.1 pg/g dry weight). Similar PCN homolog and congener profiles were found in green tea samples from different areas. The dominant PCN homologs in all of the green tea samples were di-CNs, tetra-CNs, and tri-CNs. No direct relationships were found between PCN emission sources and PCN concentrations in the green tea samples. The brewing technique could affect the PCN concentrations and homolog profiles in tea leaves. PCNs in green tea from China were found to pose little risk to humans., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The development of high-power solid-state lasers is in urgent need of infrared (IR) nonlinear optical (NLO) materials with wide band gaps and high laser-induced damage thresholds (LIDTs). Herein, a new compressed chalcopyrite-like IR NLO crystal (Na 0.74 Ag 1.26 )BaSnS 4 was successfully synthesized using a facile high-temperature solid-state method. Its structure can be considered as a variant of chalcopyrite AgGaS 2 (AGS)-type ones. It features a three-dimensional framework constructed by corner-sharing {[(Na/Ag)S 4 ] 7- } ∞ layers and isolated SnS 4 tetrahedra with negative cavities occupied by counter ion Ba 2+ . (Na 0.74 Ag 1.26 )BaSnS 4 exhibits phase-matchable moderate SHG response (0.31 × AGS), wide band gap (3.70 eV), and high LIDT (6.44 × AGS). Theoretical calculations reveal that the NLO response of (Na 0.74 Ag 1.26 )BaSnS 4 is mainly originated from the synergetic effects of AgS 4 and SnS 4 tetrahedra, and the inclusion of alkaline and alkaline earth metals is responsible for the wide band gap and high LIDT. Moreover, the discovery of this chalcopyrite-like compound will provide a feasible design strategy for the exploration of new promising IR NLO materials., (© 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Pesticides are used in the agricultural production process to ensure the yield and quality of agricultural products. However, in recent years, environmental pollution issues caused by pesticide residues have sparked widespread concern in society. It is important to develop convenient and efficient approaches to detect and monitor pesticide residues. In this study, targeting benzoylurea insecticides (BUs), polyamidoamine dendrimer-functionalized silica nanocomposite with polydopamine coating (SiO 2 -PAMAM-PDA) was designed and successfully synthesized. First, monodisperse silica nanoparticles were prepared by the hydrolysis of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) in mixed solution of ethanol, water and ammonia. The silane coupling agent (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane was then employed to introduce amino groups into the silica. Silica with the zeroth generation of polyamidoamine (PAMAM) modification (SiO 2 -PAMAM-G0) was obtained through Michael addition reaction of methyl acrylate. Ethylenediamine was added to polymerize with methyl acrylate using an amidation reaction to form the first-generation PAMAM (SiO 2 -PAMAM-G1). Finally, by polymerizing dopamine under alkaline conditions (pH=8.5), the SiO 2 -PAMAM-G1 was coated with PDA. Thus, the final product named SiO 2 -PAMAM-PDA was obtained. The composite was characterized using a transmission electron microscope (TEM) and an increase in surface roughness indicated the successful grafting of PDA coating. Dopamine structure contains abundant benzene rings and amino and hydroxyl groups. It could bind with BUs through multiple secondary interactions, such as hydrogen bond and π-π stacking interaction. Therefore, the introduction of PDA could effectively enhance the affinity of the material toward benzoylurea insecticides. The prepared nanocomposites were used as sorbents in a dispersive micro solid-phase extraction approach (D-μ-SPE). The established approach was employed to extract and enrich the BUs in water samples before high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Diflubenzuron, triflumuron, hexaflumuron, and teflubenzuron were chosen as target analytes. The following was a typical D-μ-SPE procedure. The prepared adsorbents measuring 40 mg were first dispersed in an 8-mL sample solution containing 150 g/L NaCl. The dispersion was assisted by 120-s vortexing to ensure full contact between the SiO 2 -PAMAM-PDA and the targets. Next, the adsorbents were separated from the liquid phase by 4-min centrifugation (5000 r/min). Thereafter, the adsorbed benzoylureas were eluted using 1 mL acetonitrile as desorption solvent by 120-s vortexing. Separated by centrifugation, the eluate was dried under a mild nitrogen stream. The solid remains were redissolved in 0.1 mL of acetonitrile, filtered by filter membrane (0.22 μm), and then analyzed by HPLC. The experimental conditions in the D-μ-SPE process could have a great impact on the extraction efficiency. Experimental conditions were optimized using a single factor optimization approach to further enhance the extraction recoveries. The optimized conditions included adsorbent amount, extraction time, desorption solvent type, desorption solvent volume, desorption time, and NaCl addition amount. Under the optimal conditions, a linearity range of 10-500 μg/L and limits of detection (LODs, S/N=3) of 1.1-2.1 μg/L were obtained. The extraction recoveries and relative standard deviations (RSDs) of the four BUs were 82.8%-94.1% and 2.1%-8.0%, respectively. The established approach was compared with reported approaches targeting benzoylurea insecticides. It was discovered that this approach consumed less sample, material, organic solvent, and pretreatment time. It provided a more rapid and green choice for the determination of benzoylurea pesticides. To determine the applicability, the proposed approach was applied to analyze the four benzoylurea insecticides in three river water samples. The real water samples were pretreated using the developed approach ahead of instrumental analysis, and no benzoylurea pesticides residue was detected. Next, standard addition experiments were performed under three spiking levels, including 15, 50, and 200 μg/L. The established approach had good accuracy and feasibility with satisfactory recoveries (69.5%-99.4%) and RSDs (0.2%-9.5%).

Encouraging farmers to respond to climate change is very important for agricultural production and environmental governance. Based on the data of 540 farmers in Sichuan Province, China, the effects of conformity tendencies on farmers' adaptive behavior decisions to climate change were analyzed using the binary logistic model and propensity score matching method (PSM). The results show that (1) relatives' and friends' adaptive behaviors to climate change positively affect farmers' adaptive behaviors to climate change. (2) Compared with relatives and friends who do not visit each other during the New Year (weak ties), the climate change adaptation behavior of relatives and friends who visit each other during the New Year (strong ties) has a more significant impact on the climate change adaptation behavior of farmers. (3) Farmers with higher education levels and agricultural products without disaster experience are more significantly affected by peer effects and more inclined to take measures to respond to climate change. (4) Social networks and social trust play a partially mediating role in the peer effects of farmers' adaptation to climate change, but there are differences between relatives and friends with different strong and weak ties., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Enzyme catalysis has clear advantages in the process of oxidizing glucose to produce gluconic acid. In the enzyme cascade, the improvement of the cascade efficiency is desired but challenging. Graphene oxide (GO) and ZIF-8 composites as enzyme support offer the promising opportunity that not only the cascade efficiency can be improved by control the distance between two enzymes, but also the stability can be improved. Here, a new strategy of GO assisted co-growth of ZIF-8 and enzyme was carried in a one-pot synthesis. Glucose oxidase&catalase immobilized in the ZIF-8/GO composites can obtain 98% residual activity after 15 days of storage with almost no enzyme shedding. The residual activity is still higher than 75% after 5 repeated uses. The presented method of controllable growth of metal organic frameworks on 2D nanosheet can also be extended for renewable energy devices, gas storage and separation of small molecules., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Chalcohalides are attractive multifunctional candidates for new material due to their diverse crystal structures and the characteristics that come from the fusing of chalcogenides and halides. Here, we successfully synthesized a new Pb-based chalcohalide with multiple-halogens, namely, Pb 3 SBrI 3 , via a hydrothermal reaction using an organic chemical as the source of the sulfur. The Pb 3 SBrI 3 exhibits unique neutral [Pb 3 SBrI 3 ] ∞ layers composed of rich Pb-centered units including PbS 3 trigonal pyramids, PbSI 4 square pyramids, and PbBr 2 I 4 octahedra that are piled along the a -axis. Notably, the Pb 3 SBrI 3 is the first Pb-based chalcohalide featuring such a 2D structure. In this work, we examined in detail its synthesis, crystal structure, optical properties and theoretical calculation results.

This Letter presents the first, to the best of our knowledge, thin-film lithium niobate-chalcogenide based microring acousto-optic modulator where an interdigital transducer and a chalcogenide strip waveguide are integrated on X-cut thin-film lithium niobate. The microring resonator exhibits a high loaded quality factor of 5 × 10 5 . The developed hybrid acousto-optic modulator with an interaction length of 120 µm demonstrates an effective half-wave voltage of only 1.74 V, which corresponds to a voltage-length product of 0.02 V•cm. The performance of the acousto-optic modulator demonstrated on the unsuspended thin-film lithium niobate-chalcogenide waveguide platform is on par with that obtained from an acoustic cavity assisted homogeneous lithium niobate counterpart.

Encouraging rural residents to adopt biogas is of great practical significance in tackling environmental degradation in China. Based on the survey data of 540 rural households in Sichuan Province, China, this paper studies the peer effects of biogas adoption in rural households, focusing on the influence of relatives and friends on the biogas adoption behavior of rural households. According to whether there is a Chinese New Year visit, the relatives and friends of rural households are divided into strong ties and weak ties. The peer effects are further discussed from the perspective of strong and weak ties, and the probability score matching (PSM) method is used to correct the estimation errors that may be caused by selection bias. In addition, the study further revealed the internal mechanism of peer effects through heterogeneity analysis. The results found that (1) the adoption of biogas by relatives and friends significantly promotes the adoption of biogas in rural households. (2) Compared with relatives and friends who did not visit during the Chinese New Year (weak ties), relatives and friends who visited (strong ties) had a more significant impact on the biogas adoption behavior of rural families. (3) Farmer groups with lower education levels and farther from the market are more affected by the peer effects and are more likely to adopt biogas. The driving effect of biogas behavior choice of relatives and friends on biogas behavior decision of rural households can provide a reference for decision-makers to make relevant measures., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Chlorine dioxide (ClO 2 ) is commonly used as an alternative disinfectant to chlorine because it has a high bactericidal effect and may produce limited concentrations of halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs). However, previous studies have reported that free available chlorine (FAC) was produced when ClO 2 reacted with some compounds, such as phenol, leading to the formation of halogenated DBPs. In this study aliphatic amines was found to react rapidly with ClO 2 to form significant amount of FAC and its related DBPs. This study investigated the formation of FAC when ClO 2 reacts with six model aliphatic amines (including primary amines, secondary amines and tertiary amines). FAC was formed immediately as ClO 2 was added to the precursor solution. The maximum yield of FAC even reached 45% (based on consumed ClO 2 ) when ClO 2 reacted with 20 μM methylamine at a dose of 10 μM, which is close to a realistic maximum dose (about 0.8 mg/L) in the U.S.. The reactivity of amines to result FAC follows the sequence tertiary amines < secondary amines < primary amines. It was verified that the addition of aliphatic amines may enhance the formation of FAC during ClO 2 oxidation in actual water samples. Organic chloramines and other chlorinated DBPs, such as cyanogen chloride, were detected when ClO 2 was used as the sole oxidant of real water samples. This study demonstrated that chlorine-related byproducts may also be formed in the presence of organic amines during ClO 2 treatment., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

A highly efficient on-chip acousto-optic modulator is as a key component and occupies an exceptional position in microwave-to-optical conversion. Homogeneous thin-film lithium niobate is preferentially employed to build the suspended configuration for the acoustic resonant cavity, with the aim of improving the modulation efficiency of the device. However, the limited cavity length and complex fabrication recipe of the suspended prototype restrain further breakthroughs in modulation efficiency and impose challenges for waveguide fabrication. In this work, based on a nonsuspended thin-film lithium niobate-chalcogenide glass hybrid Mach-Zehnder interferometer waveguide platform, we propose and demonstrate a built-in push-pull acousto-optic modulator with a half-wave-voltage-length product V π L as low as 0.03 V cm that presents a modulation efficiency comparable to that of a state-of-the-art suspended counterpart. A microwave modulation link is demonstrated using our developed built-in push-pull acousto-optic modulator, which has the advantage of low power consumption. The nontrivial acousto-optic modulation performance benefits from the superior photoelastic property of the chalcogenide membrane and the completely bidirectional participation of the antisymmetric Rayleigh surface acoustic wave mode excited by the impedance-matched interdigital transducer, overcoming the issue of low modulation efficiency induced by the incoordinate energy attenuation of acoustic waves applied to the Mach-Zehnder interferometer with two arms in traditional push-pull acousto-optic modulators., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

The fluorescent organic nanoparticles (FONs)-based sensor has been attracting great attention in recent years. There are still big challenges in the preparation and application of FONs-based sensor. In this study, a FONs-based sensor was designed and developed through facile hydrothermal process using 3-perylenecarboxaldehyde (PlCA) as the fluorophore and L-methionine (Met) as the recognition site for mercury ions. According to the experimental results, the fluorescence intensity of the as-prepared PlCA-M would decrease when adding Hg 2+ and the mechanism was extrapolated to be photoinduced electron transfer inducing by specific coordination interaction. The acquired PlCA-M-based sensor was used to monitor Hg 2+ in several real samples (environmental water, tea, and apple) with the limit of detection being 60 nM. Remarkably, a visual detection device based on FONs, SDS-PAAG (sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel) @PlCA-M was firstly constructed and successfully used to Hg 2+ semi-quantitation by naked eyes. In addition, the acquired FONs was applied into imaging tool for security information detection and identified as solid-state luminescent material for the first time., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) have been found to occur ubiquitously in foodstuff of both animal and plant origin. However, limited information is available on the content of CPs in green tea, one of the most commonly consumed beverages worldwide. Herein, 107 commercial green tea samples originating from 11 provinces of China, were collected to study the occurrence of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs and MCCPs, respectively). The concentration of SCCPs in all green tea samples ranged from 4.99 to 717 ng/g (mean: 55.7 ng/g), while MCCPs ranged from 2.55 to 543 ng/g (mean: 33.5 ng/g). CP profiles in green tea samples from different provinces exhibited no regional differences. To identify the potential sources of CPs in green tea, 19 tea packaging samples were collected and analyzed, showing that SCCPs and MCCPs existed at much higher concentrations in the tea packaging material than in the teas. Migration tests indicated that CPs could migrate from packaging into teas during storage, with the migration velocity and efficiency of SCCPs being higher than MCCPs., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objective: The purpose of this study is to further deepen our understanding of the relationship between community resilience and disaster risk perception of residents, so as to provide beneficial enlightenment for the construction of community resilience disaster prevention system and disaster risk management., Methods: This study surveyed 327 rural households in four counties of Sichuan Province, China, that were affected by the Wenchuan and Lushan earthquakes. Community disaster resilience was divided into five dimensions: connection and caring, resources, transformative potential, disaster management, and information and communication. Residents' disaster risk perception was divided into three dimensions: possibility, threat, and worry. This study analyzed the characteristics of community disaster resilience and residents' disaster risk perceptions. Ordinary least squares (OLS) methods were used to explore the correlations between these factors., Results: The results show that (1) Residents' overall disaster risk perception was at a moderate level, and the community's overall disaster resilience were above the moderate level. (2) Community connection and caring has a positive significant correlation with the possibility perception of disaster occurrence; transformative potential has a negative significant correlation with the possibility perception of disaster occurrence; the overall community disaster resilience has negative significant correlations with the possibility and the overall residents' perception of disaster risk occurrence., Conclusions: The implication for the local government is that the government should appropriately increase its contact with external institutions/organizations, especially some Non-Governmental Organization, to strengthen the resilience and disaster prevention capacity of the community. Establish and improve information and communication networks to ensure the timely and effective transmission of effective disaster information, and strengthen the supervision of the dissemination of false information to reduce the losses caused by false information to residents. Attention should be paid to psychological counseling for people in disaster-hit areas to reduce the psychological trauma of the disaster.

In this study, a 4-formylphenylboronic acid-modified cross-linked chitosan magnetic nanoparticle (FPBA@CCHS@Fe 3 O 4 ) was fabricated. The synthesized material was utilized as the magnetic solid-phase extraction adsorbent for the enrichment of six benzoylurea pesticides. In addition to B-N coordination, FPBA@CCHS@Fe 3 O 4 interacts with benzoylureas through hydrogen bonds and π-π stacking interaction on account of rich active groups (amino and hydroxyl) and aromatic rings in structure. Compared to traditional extraction methods, less adsorbent (20 mg) and reduced extraction time (3 min) were achieved. The adsorbent also exhibited good reusability (no less than 10 times). Coupled with a high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector, satisfactory recoveries (89.1-103.9%) and an acceptable limit of detection (0.2-0.7 μg/L) were obtained. Under optimized conditions, the established method was successfully applied to the tea infusion samples from six major tea categories with acceptable recoveries ranging from 76.8 to 110%, indicating its application potential for the quantitative detection of pesticides in complex matrices., (© 2021 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

In this study, a novel FONs-based sensor P-M(w) was synthesized using 1-Pyrenecarboxaldehyde and L-methionine through facile hydrothermal strategy. The fluorescence emission peaks of the acquired P-M(w) would show specific changes after the addition of Hg 2+ due to interfering the PET process and inducing nano-structure conformational rigidification of P-M(w). Notably, the water-soluble FONs-based sensor was firstly used to detect Hg 2+ in tea samples providing a new material choice for the fluorescence sensor construction of metal ion detection. Besides, the qualitative and quantitative analysis of Hg 2+ could be carried out with P-M (w) at a very low concentration (1 μg/mL) meaning that the acquired P-M(w) synthesized by few grams of reactants may satisfy the detection of approximate fifty thousand samples., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In this paper, a simple and innovative colorimetric method is established, which is based on DBP-induced aggregation of arginine functionalized gold nanoparticles (ARG-AuNPs), and can be used for the sensitive determination of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) in Baijiu samples. The morphological characteristics and the color changes of ARG-AuNPs caused by aggregation show good sensitivity, and can be observed through ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential technology. The color change of ARG-AuNPs from red to blue is due to the strong non-covalent interactions between DBP and ARG-AuNPs (electrostatic, van der Waals force and hydrogen bonding), which leads to the reduction of the electrostatic repulsion between the nanoparticles and aggregation. A two-stage linear equation was established between the absorption ratio ( A 690 / A 530 ) and the DBP concentration (0.0-2.8 mg L -1 ); the correlation coefficient ( R 2 ) was 0.9914-0.9940, and the detection limit (LOD) was estimated at 0.05 mg L -1 . The designed ARG-AuNPs acting as a dependable sensor for the detection of Baijiu samples equally acquired satisfactory recoveries. When the concentration of DBP in the solution is more than 1.0 mg L -1 , the color change can be clearly observed by the naked eye; so there is no need for sample preparation techniques and tedious operations to quickly and semi-quantitatively detect DBP. The successful application of the proposed method in Baijiu samples indicates its potential to detect DBP in more complex environment samples.

Organic chloramines have attracted considerable attention because of their potential toxicity and reactivity. However, the lack of suitable and effective analytical methods has limited the study of organic chloramines due to their volatile and unstable properties. In this study, membrane introduction mass spectrometry (MIMS) combined with DPD/FAS titration was used to monitor the formation of organic chloramines. N-chlorodimethylamine [(CH 3 ) 2 NCl] and N-chlorodiethylamine [(C 2 H 5 ) 2 NCl] were detected and identified as the dominant volatile DBPs during chlorination of 18 organic compounds with dimethylamine or diethylamine functional groups, with yields ranging from 0.3% to 51.1% at a chlorine to precursor (Cl/P) molar ratio of 8.0. (CH 3 ) 2 NBr was formed in the presence of bromide, while the formation of (CH 3 ) 2 NCl was decreased. The reaction of phenol with (CH 3 ) 2 NCl combined with theoretical calculations confirmed that the reactivity of (CH 3 ) 2 NCl was similar to that of monochloramine. Moreover, (CH 3 ) 2 NCl and (C 2 H 5 ) 2 NCl were observed at the ppb level during chlorination of actual water samples collected from different areas. The results suggest that (CH 3 ) 2 NCl and (C 2 H 5 ) 2 NCl are important organic chloramines during chlorination, which may lead to the occurrence of further oxidation reactions and promote the formation of other disinfection byproducts simultaneously and should be of concern., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)