Search

Trehalase (Treh) is crucial for ovarian development as it directly regulates the energy supply by hydrolyzing trehalose into glucose. Juvenile hormone (JH) is also essential for ovarian development, but how it affects Treh2 activity remains unclear. This study, which employed Helicoverpa armigera as a model, showed that HaTreh2 transcription and enzymatic activity peaks coincided with the peak of JH titers (the 2 and 3 days after emergence). Compared to the dsGFP control, knockdown of HaTreh2 transcription severely impaired ovarian development. LC-MS/MS and site mutation experiments demonstrated that JH triggered the serine 345 phosphorylation of HaTreh2 via the GPCR-cAMP-PKA pathway, thereby activating its enzymatic activity. Additionally, HaTreh2 is directly bound with trehalose transporter (HaTreT) under JH induction, thus controlling intracellular trehalose and glucose contents as well as the transcription of HaTreT. TreT controls the amount of trehalose, which serves as a substrate for Treh1, entering the cell. Treh2, on the other hand, uses extracellular trehalose as substrate, and the hydrolysis product glucose is further transported into the cell. Here, HaTreh2 regulated the substrate that HaTreh1 can act upon in the cell by directly binding with HaTreT during ovarian development when JH is induced. Therefore, JH systematically regulated trehalose metabolism during ovarian development through regulating the activity of HaTreh2. This study sheds light on the coordinated interplay between JH pathway and sugar metabolism in ovarian development., (© 2024 Royal Entomological Society.)

With the increasing use of high-fat diets (HFD), fatty liver disease has become common in fish, and fucoidan is of interest as a natural sulfated polysaccharide with lipid-lowering activity. To explore the molecular regulatory mechanisms of fucoidan's alleviation of HFD-induced lipid deposition in liver, black seabream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii) was used to construct in vivo and in vitro HFD models. In vivo HFD stimulated the protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (Perk) pathway, and up-regulated proliferator-activated receptor gamma (Pparγ) nuclear translocation and expression of lipogenic genes, while it down-regulated Ppar alpha (Pparα) nuclear translocation and expression of lipolytic genes. However, fucoidan reversed these effects of HFD and significantly alleviated HFD-induced lipid accumulation in liver. Moreover, after sirtuin 1 (sirt1) knockdown, these effects of fucoidan disappeared. In the in vitro HFD model, GSK2606414 (GSK)-specific inhibition of the Perk pathway, decreased Pparγ nuclear translocation and increased Pparα nuclear translocation. Overall, fucoidan mitigated HFD-induced, Perk pathway-mediated lipid deposition in the liver of black seabream by activating Sirt1. The findings provided a new prospect for the application of green polysaccharides in aquatic animal feeds., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Silent information regulator protein 1 (Sirt1) is crucial in regulating lipid metabolism, but its specific role and mechanism in fish hepatic lipotoxic injury remain undefined., Objectives: This study aimed to elucidate the regulatory role of Sirt1 and the underlying mechanisms in dietary lipid-induced hepatic lipotoxic injury in a marine teleost black seabream., Methods: Black seabream were fed a control diet (12% lipid level), high-fat diet (HFD) [18% lipid level, oleic acid (OA)-rich], or HFD supplemented with 0.25%, 0.50%, or 1.00% resveratrol (RSV) for 8 wk. The cultured hepatocytes were stimulated by OA (200 μM), OA supplemented with RSV (20 μM), or transfection with sirt1-small interfering RNA (sisirt1). Biochemical indices, gene expression (qPCR), histology, transmission electron microscope, immunofluorescence, Western blot, flow cytometry, and immunoprecipitation assays were conducted to evaluate hepatic lipid deposition, lipid metabolism, endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation and apoptosis, and determine protein interactions between Sirt1 and Ire1α., Results: In vivo, RSV supplementation increased mRNA and protein expression levels of sirt1 (236.2% ± 16.1% and 53.1% ± 14.3%) and downregulated the mRNA and phosphorylated protein expression levels of ire1α/Ire1α (46.0% ± 7.6% and 38.6% ± 7.0%), jnk/Jnk (57.6% ± 7.3% and 122.1%), and nuclear factor κ B (nf-κb/Nf-κb) p65 (41.7% ± 7.1% and 24.6% ± 0.8%) compared with the HFD group. Similar patterns were found in the in vitro experiments; however, after knockdown of sirt1, although the cells were incubated with RSV, the expression levels of ire1α/ Ire1α, jnk/Jnk, and nf-κb/Nf-κb p65 showed no significant differences compared with the OA treatment. Moreover, we found that mutation of K61 to arginine to mimic Ire1α deacetylation confers protection against Ire1α-mediated OA-rich HFD-induced inflammation and apoptosis., Conclusions: The findings revealed that Sirt1 protects against OA-rich HFD-induced hepatic lipotoxic injury via the deacetylation of Ire1α on K61, hence reducing Ire1α autophosphorylation level, and suppressing Jnk and Nf-κb p65 activation. This mechanism is elucidated for the first time in fish., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest The authors report no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 American Society for Nutrition. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of myofunctional rehabilitation of the orofacial muscles through specific exercises on the recovery of facial expression in patients following orthognathic surgery., Material and Methods: The study included 62 patients who underwent Le Fort I and sagittal split ramus osteotomy (SSRO). Patients were divided into two groups: the first group started immediate post-operative myofunctional rehabilitation of the orofacial muscles through specific exercises. In contrast, patients in Group II did not undergo any myofunctional rehabilitation post-operative exercises. The recovery of facial expressions postoperatively was evaluated in both calm and smiling states by comparing the differences between 3D facial scanning data of chosen facial anatomical structures collected at five key time points: pre-surgery (D0), 2 days (D2), 14 days (D14), 1 month (D30), and 3 months (D90) postoperatively., Results: The analysis revealed that characteristic angles and lengths experienced significant changes post-surgery, with ∠chRnchL and ∠chRsnchL decreasing at D2 and normalizing by D30 in the experimental group, while the control group showed a slower recovery, normalizing by D90. The ChL-R length decreased at D2, returning to normal by D30 in the experimental group and D90 in the control group. The height Li-Ls increased at D2 and normalized by D30 in calm and smiling expressions across single and double jaw surgery patients. These findings underscore the more rapid recovery in the experimental group compared to the control group (P < 0.05; P < 0.005; P < 0.0001)., Conclusion: Initiating myofunctional rehabilitation immediately following orthognathic surgery enhances facial muscle function recovery, improves patient confidence, and expedites social reintegration. This approach is crucial for functional and psychological benefits., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest concerning this article's research, authorship, and publication., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a main pathogenic factor for cervical carcinoma. The prevalence and genotypes distribution of HPV vary in different regions. Thus, our study aimed to investigate the epidemiology of HPV in Huizhou, China., Methods: HPV tests were detected in 5,325 female outpatients, we focused on the overall HPV prevalence, genotypes distribution, and the correlation of HPV genotypes with cervical cytology., Results: The overall HPV prevalence was 27.53%, HPV52, HPV58, HPV39, HPV16 and HPV51 were predominant genotypes with single infection rate of 70.80%. HPV infection rate showed a U-shaped age distribution, statistical differences were observed among 5 age groups (χ 2  = 50.497, p < 0.01), and the higher positive rate was aged under 30 (34.42%) and above 60 (34.74%). Among high-risk HPV (hrHPV) infections, 60.69% involved NILM, 0.99% HSIL. The degrees of cervical lesions in multiple hrHPV infections were worse than those in single infection ( p  < 0.01)., Conclusion: The HPV infection rate is high in Huizhou, Guangdong, single infection was predominant. HPV infection presented with a U-shaped age distribution. Multiple hrHPV infection was worrying since it may aggravate cervical lesions. Women should pay more attention to HPV detection and choose a more appropriate HPV vaccine according to local HPV type distribution., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Shu, Zhao, Zhan, Zeng and Li.)

Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a widely employed half-electrode reaction in oxygen electrochemistry, in applications such as hydrogen evolution, carbon dioxide reduction, ammonia synthesis, and electrocatalytic hydrogenation. Unfortunately, its slow kinetics limits the commercialization of such applications. It is therefore highly imperative to develop highly robust electrocatalysts with high activity, long-term durability, and low noble-metal contents. Previously intensive efforts have been made to introduce the advancements on developing non-precious transition metal electrocatalysts and their OER mechanisms. Electronic structure tuning is one of the most effective and interesting ways to boost OER activity and spin angular momentum is an intrinsic property of the electron. Therefore, modulation on the spin states and the magnetic properties of the electrocatalyst enables the changes on energy associated with interacting electron clouds with radical absorbance, affecting the OER activity and stability. Given that few review efforts have been made on this topic, in this review, the-state-of-the-art research progress on spin-dependent effects in OER will be briefed. Spin engineering strategies, such as strain, crystal surface engineering, crystal doping, etc., will be introduced. The related mechanism for spin manipulation to boost OER activity will also be discussed. Finally, the challenges and prospects for the development of spin catalysis are presented. This review aims to highlight the significance of spin engineering in breaking the bottleneck of electrocatalysis and promoting the practical application of high-efficiency electrocatalysts., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Purpose: We evaluated the feasibility and safety of using a new unibody outer double-branched stent-graft system to reconstruct the canine ascending aorta, aortic arch, and supra-aortic vessels., Materials and Methods: The outer-branched stent-graft was a unibody design. The branched stent-graft consisted of a main stent-graft and 2 branches. The introducer system included a tri-channel catheter, 2 detachable sleeves, a front fixing device, a constraining wire, and a curved outer sheath. The branched stent-graft was loaded into the introducer system. Ten adult mongrel dogs underwent general anesthesia, and the branched stent-grafts were deployed into the canine ascending aorta, aortic arch, and supra-aortic vessels by the introducer system. All animals were followed up for 3 months. At the end of the follow-up period, computed tomographic angiography (CTA) was performed to observe the patency of the branched stent-grafts., Results: The mean operation time was 142.7±13.7 minutes. The mean fluoroscopy time was 20.73±2.22 minutes. The mean dosage of contrast agent was 95.9±8.7 mL. During the operation, the tri-channel catheters successfully paralleled the wires in the aorta. All 10 branched stent-grafts were successfully implanted into the canine ascending aorta and aortic arch. There were no symptoms of cerebral embolization and no incision infection during the follow-up period. Computed tomographic angiography and specimens showed that the branched stent-grafts and native vessels were patent, the inner surfaces of the branched stent-grafts were covered by neointima, and there was no retrograde aortic dissection in the ascending aorta., Conclusions: This animal research demonstrated that the unibody outer double-branched stent-graft system could be applied to reconstruct the canine ascending aorta, aortic arch, and supra-aortic vessels., Clinical Impact: Thoracic endovascular aortic repair has been the main treatment method for aortic aneurysms or dissections involving the descending thoracic aorta. However, the aortic arch and ascending aorta remain the last segments of the aorta without a validated and routinely used endovascular option. In this research, we designed a new unibody outer branched stent-graft system to reconstruct the distal ascending aorta, aortic arch and supra-aortic vessels. The unibody outer branched stent-graft system could be applied to treat aortic pathologies which involve the middle and distal proximal ascending aorta, aortic arch and proximal descending aorta., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Aim: From the perspective of doctor-patient communication, this research used multiple methods combined natural language processing (NLP), a cross-sectional survey and an online experiment to investigated how risk perception influenced people's vaccination intention., Methods: In Study 1, we used Python to crawl 335,045 comments about COVID-19 vaccine published in a social media platform Sina Weibo (equivalent of Twitter in China) from 31 December 2020 to 31 December 2021. Text analysis and sentiment analysis was used to examine how vaccination intention, as measured by linguistic features from the LIWC dictionary, changed with individuals' perceptions of pandemic risk. In Study 2, we adopted a cross-sectional questionnaire survey to further test the relation of risk perception, vaccination intention, trust in physicians, and perceived medical recommendations in a Chinese sample (n = 386). In Study 3, we conducted an online experiment where we recruited 127 participants with high trust in physicians and 127 participants with low trust, and subsequently randomly allocated them into one of three conditions: control, rational recommendation, or perceptual recommendation., Results: Text and sentiment analysis revealed that the use of negative words towards COVID-19 vaccine had a significant decrease at high (vs. low) risk perception level time (Study 1). Trust in physicians mediated the effect of risk perception on vaccination intention and this effect was reinforced for participants with low (vs. high) level of perceived medical recommendation (Study 2), especially for the rational (vs. perceptual) recommendation condition (Study 3)., Conclusion: Risk perception increased vaccination intention through the mediating effect of trust in physicians and the moderating effect of perceived medical recommendations. Rational (vs. perceptual) recommendation is more effective in increasing intention to get vaccinated in people with low trust in physicians., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

OC-2 plays a vital role in tumor growth, metastasis and angiogenesis, but molecular mechanism how OC-2 regulates angiogenic factors is unclear. We found that OC-2 was highly expressed in HepG2, COLO, MCF-7, SKOV3 cells and rectum carcinoma tissues, and angiogenic factors levels were positively related to OC-2. Then OC-2 KD inhibited the tumor growth, metastasis and angiogenesis process in vitro and vivo. ChIP-Seq showed that 228 target genes of OC-2 were identified and they were associated with tumor growth, metastasis, angiogenesis and signal transduction; OC-2 bound to ZKSCAN3 at promoter region. Luciferase assays showed that ZKSCAN3 was identified as target gene of OC-2 and VEGFA was identified as target gene of ZKSCAN3; OC-2 promoted VEGFA expression via activating ZKSCAN3 transcriptional program. Importantly, OC-2 KD down-regulated VEGFA secretion to suppress tumor angiogenesis of HUVECs. Besides VEGFA, OC-2 was positively correlated with other angiogenic factors HIF-1α, FGF2, EGFL6 and HGF. Meanwhile, ERK1/2 and Smad1 signaling pathways might be related to function of OC-2 driving tumor aggressiveness. We revealed that OC-2 might regulate tumor growth, metastasis, angiogenesis via ERK1/2, Smad1 signaling pathways and regulate VEGFA expression for tumor angiogenesis via activating ZKSCAN3 transcriptional program, indicating that OC-2 was a convincing target to develop novel anti-tumor drugs based on angiogenesis., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: CD74 is a non-polymorphic type II transmembrane glycoprotein. It is involved in the regulation of T and B cell development, and dendritic cell (DC) motility. Numerous studies have found that CD74 exerts an essential role in tumor immunity, but the expression profile of CD74 is still not systematically reported, and its value in human pan-cancer analysis is unknown. In this study, we analyzed the expression pattern of CD74 in 33 cancers, and evaluated the significance of CD74 in prognosis prediction and cancer immunity., Methods: Pan-cancer dataset from UCSC Xena.We used the Sangerbox website combined with R software' Timer, CIBERSORT method and IOBR package to analyze and plot the data. Survival was assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test for 33 cancer types (p < 0.05). In addition, to explore the relationship between CD74 expression and immune checkpoints, immune cell infiltration, tumor mutational burden (TMB) and microsatellite instability (MSI), Spearman correlation analysis was performed., Results: This study comprehensively analyzed CD74 expression in 33 different tumor types, revealing that CD74 play an crucial role in cancer formation and development., Conclusions: CD74 gene expression in different cancers is associated with immune cell infiltration and immunomodulators and may provide a promising target for survival and immunotherapy. Our study shows that CD74 has an essential role as a biomarker of prognosis during tumor development, which highlights the possibility of new targeted therapies., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

In advanced batteries, interphases serve as the key component in stabilizing the electrolyte with reactive electrode materials far beyond thermodynamic equilibria. While an active interphase facilitates the transport of working ions, an inactive interphase obstructs ion flow, constituting the primary barrier to the realization of battery chemistries. Here, a successful transformation of a traditionally inactive passivating layer on Mg-metal anode, characteristic of Mg-metal batteries with typical carbonate electrolytes, into an active and robust interphase in the Li-metal scenario is presented. By further strategically designing magnesiated Li + electrolytes, the in situ development of this resilient interphase on Li-metal anodes, imparting enduring stability to Li-metal batteries with nickel-rich cathodes is induced. It is identified that the strong affinity between Mg 2+ and anions in magnesiated Li + electrolytes assembles ionic clusters with a bias for reducibility, thereby catalyzing the creation of anion-derived interphases rich in inorganic constituents. The prevalence of ionic clusters induced by magnesiation of electrolytes has brought properties only available in high-concentration electrolytes, suggesting a fresh paradigm of tailing electrolytes for highly reversible LMBs., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

The challenge of the practical application of a water electrolyzer system lies in the development of low-manufacturing cost, highly active, and stable electrocatalysts to replace the noble metal ones, in order to enable environmentally friendly hydrogen production on a large scale. Herein, a facile method is proposed for boosting the performance of Co 3 O 4 through the incorporation of large-sized single atoms. Due to the larger ionic radius of rare earth metals than that of Co, the incorporation elongates the bond length of Co─O, resulting in the narrowed d-p band centers and the high spin configuration, which is favorable for the interaction and charge transfer with absorbent (*OH). As a result, the Ce-incorporated Co 3 O 4 with the longest Co─O bond length exhibits the best oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance, specifically, the turnover frequency is over 17 times higher than that of pristine Co 3 O 4 nanosheet under an overpotential of 400 mV. Powered by a commercial Si solar cell, a two-electrode solar water-splitting device combining Ce-incorporated Co 3 O 4 and Pt delivers a solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency of 13.53%. The strategy could provide a new insight for improving the performance of OER electrocatalysts in acid toward practical applications., (© 2023 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Exploring the electrocatalysts with high intrinsic activity and stability for both anode and cathode to tolerate the extremely acidic condition in proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer (PEMWE) is crucial for widespread industrial application. Herein, we constructed the bifunctional IrCo x nanoalloys with abundant metal vacancies via the combination of chemical reduction and electrochemical treatment for overall water splitting. The developed IrCo 0.13 exhibits ultra-low overpotentials of 238 mV for OER and 18.6 mV for HER at 10 mA cm -2 in 0.1 M HClO 4 , and achieves the exceptional stability of 1000 h for OER and 100 h for HER at 10 mA cm -2 . Further, the cell voltage is only 1.68 V to reach a high current density of 1 A cm -2 in PEMWE with IrCo 0.13 as the both cathode and anode catalytic layer, and it shows excellent corrosion resistance in acidic environment, evidenced by 415 h stable operation at 1 A cm -2 . The strong electronic interactions in the Ir-Co atomic heterostructure and the in-situ generation of Co vacancies by electrochemical oxidation synergistically contribute to the enhanced activity and stability via optimizing the electronic structure of adjacent Ir active sites, enhancing the conductivity and electrochemical active surface area of the catalyst, accelerating charge transfer and kinetics. This work provides a new perspective for designing bifunctional catalysts for practical application in PEMWE., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Gut microbiota exert an immense effect on host health and host environmental adaptation. Furthermore, the composition and structure of gut microbiota are determined by the environment and host genetic factors. However, the relative contribution of the environment and host genetic factors toward shaping the structure of gut microbiota has been poorly understood., Methods: In this study, we characterized the fecal microbial communities of the closely related voles Neodon fuscus, Lasiopodomys brandtii, and L. mandarinus after caged feeding in the laboratory for 6 months, through high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics analysis., Results: The results of pairwise comparisons of N. fuscus vs. L. brandtii and L. mandarinus vs. L. brandtii revealed significant differences in bacterial diversity and composition after domestication. While 991 same operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were shared in three voles, there were 362, 291, and 303 species-specific OTUs in N. fuscus, L. brandtii, and L. mandarinus, respectively. The relative abundances of Proteobacteria and Prevotella, which are reported to be enriched in high-altitude populations, were significantly higher in high-altitude N. fuscus than in low-altitude L. brandtii after domestication. Firmicutes, which produce various digestive enzymes for energy metabolism, and Spirochaetes, which can degrade cellulose, were found in higher abundance in subterranean L. mandarinus than that in L. brandtii which dwells on the earth surface., Conclusion: Our findings showed that some components of gut microbiota still maintained dominance even when different host species are reared under the same environmental conditions, suggesting that these bacteria are substantially influenced by host factors., (© 2024 The Authors. Animal Models and Experimental Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of The Chinese Association for Laboratory Animal Sciences.)

Studies showed that integrating coating or valve into Peripherally Inserted Central (PICC) can prevent related complications. However, data regarding efficiency were controversial. Therefore, a systematic review was needed to analyse the effect of PICC materials and designs on reduction of PICC-related complications. We searched PubMed, Cochrane library, EMbase, grey literature and referent literature from inception to 5 August 2022. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and case-control study were included. Two authors extracted data independently, using a predesigned Excel form, and assessed the quality of included RCTs according to the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews (V5.1.0), case-control study was assessed by the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Data were analysed using Review Manager (v5.3.0). A total of 10 RCTs and one case-control study were included. Meta-analysis results showed that PICC designs reduce the incidence of obstruction, and at the critical value of PICC-associated bloodstream infection, but may have no effects on other complications. Based on the literature reviewed, we can only say PICC new materials did not reflect significant reduction on complications, what's more, the result needs more multicentre, large RCTs to support. We suggested clinicians combine descriptive research and cost-effect analysis to select appropriate PICC materials and designs for patients., (© 2023 The Authors. International Wound Journal published by Medicalhelplines.com Inc and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Objective: This study aims at revealing the relationship between S100A11 and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in prostate cancer and improving T cell infiltration into solid tumors., Methods: H&E, IHC and Sirius red staining were used to detect the stroma content in prostate cancer tissues. Stable S100A11 knockdown cell lines DU 145, 22Rv1, RM-1 and NOR-10 were established by lentivirus transfection. Co-culture system of RM-1 and CAFs was established. CCK-8, wound healing and transwell were proceeded to determine proliferation, migration and invasion of prostate cancer cells. Stably knocked-down RM-1 and CAFs were co-injected into C57BL/6 mice to detect the role of S100A11 in vivo. CAFs, CD4 + T cell and CD8 + T cell in these tumors were assessed by IF. T cell profile was analyzed by flow cytometry., Results: A significant amount of stroma exists in prostate cancer tissues. Downregulation of S100A11 inhibits proliferation, migration and invasion of human prostate cancer cells in vitro, and suppresses the expression of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in vivo. Knockdown of S100A11 enhances the inhibitory effect of Erdafitinib on CAFs in both the co-culture system and in vivo. The combined knockdown of S100A11 in tumor cells and CAFs shows a superior therapeutic effect compared to the individual knockdown in tumor cells alone. Knockdown of S100A11, both in RM-1 and CAFs, combined with Erdafitinib treatment reduces tumorigenicity by suppressing the content of CAFs and increasing the infiltration of CD4 + T cell and effective CD8 + T cell in tumor., Conclusion: Downregulation of S100A11 plays a crucial role in enhancing the therapeutic response to Erdafitinib and reversing immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The control incorporation of metals in silica hollow spheres (SHSs) may bring new functions to silica mesoporous structures for applications including catalysis, sensing, molecular delivery, adsorption filtration, and storage. However, the strategies for incorporating metals, whether through pre-loading in the hollow interior or post-encapsulation in the mesoporous shell, still face challenges in achieving quantitative doping of various metals and preventing metal aggregation or channel blockage during usage. In this study, we explored the doping of different metals into silica hollow spheres based on the dissolution-regrowth process of silica. The process may promote the formation of more structural defects and functional silanol groups, which could facilitate the fixation of metals in the silica networks. With this simple and efficient approach, we successfully achieved the integration of ten diverse metal species into silica hollow sphere (SHS). Various single-metal, dual-metal, triple-metal, and quadruple-metal doped SHSs have been prepared, with the doped metals being stable and homogeneously dispersed in the structure. Based on the structural characterizations, we analyzed the influence of metal types on the morphology features of SHSs. The synergistic effects of multi-metals on the catalysis applications were also studied and compared., Competing Interests: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s)., (© 2024 The Author(s). Published by National Institute for Materials Science in partnership with Taylor & Francis Group.)

Staphylococcus aureus, a representative gram-positive bacterium, is a common infectious pathogen widely present in the natural environment. The increasing application of antibiotics is witnessing an increment in the number of clinically resistant strains (such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus [MRSA]), which has posed a great challenge to antimicrobial therapy. In this study, a novel MRSA phage, SauPS-28, was isolated from the lake water of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. This phage has an incubation period of approximately 30 min, a lysis period of approximately 40 min, and a burst size of approximately 25 PFU/cell. The isolated phage exhibited good biological stability at a pH range of 6.0-9.0 and temperature range of 4°C-37°C. In addition, the identification of an elongated tail using transmission electron microscopy confirmed that SauPS-28 belongs to the long-tailed phage family. Whole-genome sequencing analysis revealed that SauPS-28 has a 43,286-bp-long genome with 31.03% G + C content. Moreover, SauPS-28 exhibited 95.69% sequence identity with ECel-2020k, while the query coverage was only 66%, which is a newly discovered phage. Whole-genome functional annotation results revealed that SauPS-28 had 68 open reading frames (ORFs). Of these, 30 ORFs are unknown proteins. The results suggest that SauPS-28 could be a lysogenic phage strain. This study thus provides preliminary data to conduct further in-depth analysis of the mechanism of phage-host interaction and provides a reference value for phage therapy.IMPORTANCEIn recent years, drug-resistant bacterial infections have become increasingly serious. As a kind of virus with the ability to infect and lyse drug-resistant bacteria, phage is expected to be a new therapeutic method. In this study, we isolated and purified a new methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteriophage SauPS-28, studied a series of biological characteristics of the bacteriophage, analyzed the genome and structural proteome data of the bacteriophage, and provided reference data for further study of the interaction mechanism between bacteriophage and host bacteria and promoted new antibacterial strategies., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) plays an important role in energy conversion processes such as water electrolysis and metal-air batteries. At present, finding a high-performance and low-cost catalyst for the OER in acidic media remains a great challenge. It is therefore important to develop efficient, robust, and inexpensive electrocatalysts by replacing noble metal-based catalysts with transition-metal electrocatalysts. Herein, we propose a facile method for incorporating Ce-metal single atoms into Co 3 O 4 nanosheets to boost their OER activity and stability. Owing to the enhanced charge transfer and improved electronic structure resulting from Ce incorporation, the obtained Ce single-atom-doped Co 3 O 4 nanosheet exhibits greatly enhanced OER performance. It achieves a 10 mA cm -2 current density under a low overpotential of 348 mV in a 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 solution with excellent stability, outperforming the state-of-the-art non-noble electrocatalysts recently reported in acid.

The present study aimed to reveal the role of inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (Ire1α) in mediating high-fat-diet (HFD) induced inflammation and apoptosis in fish and elucidate underling mechanisms of action. In experiment 1, black seabream juveniles were fed a control diet (Control, 12 % dietary lipid) or a high fat diet (HFD, 19 % dietary lipid) for eight weeks. In experiment 2, primary hepatocytes were isolated from black seabream juveniles and treated with oleic acid (OA, 200 μmol/L), OA + transfection with non-silencing control siRNA (negative control) (OA + NC), and OA + transfection with ire1α-small interfering RNA (OA + siire1α) for 48 h versus untreated (Control). Results indicated that fish fed HFD increased lipid deposition in the liver and caused hepatic steatosis. HFD group had significantly higher ire1α/Ire1α mRNA and phosphorylated protein expression and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) related genes expression compared to the Control group, indicating that ERS was triggered. Meanwhile, feeding HFD induced inflammation and apoptosis by evaluated nuclear factor kappa B (nf-κb) mRNA and phosphorylated Nf-κb p65 protein expression, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (jnk) mRNA and protein expression. However, knock down of ire1α (OA + siire1α) in primary hepatocytes alleviated OA-induced increased expression of ire1α/Ire1α mRNA and protein expression, nf-κb/Nf-κb p65 mRNA and phosphorylated protein expression, and jnk/Jnk mRNA and phosphorylated protein expression. These findings revealed the underling mechanism of action of HFD in fish, confirming that HFD increased ESR stress and Ire1α that, in turn, activated Nf-κb and Jnk pathways in hepatocytes and liver mediating HFD-induced inflammation and apoptosis., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Glucose-regulated protein 78 (grp78) and activating transcription factor 6α (atf6α) are considered vital endoplasmic reticulum (ER) molecular chaperones and ER stress (ERS) sensors, respectively. In the present study, the full cDNA sequences of these two ERS-related genes were first cloned and characterized from black seabream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii). The grp78 cDNA sequence is 2606 base pair (bp) encoding a protein of 654 amino acids (aa). The atf6α cDNA sequence is 2168 base pair (bp) encoding a protein of 645 aa. The predicted aa sequences of A. schlegelii grp78 and atf6α indicated that the proteins contain all the structural features, which were characteristic of the two genes in other species. Tissues transcript abundance analysis revealed that the mRNAs of grp78 and atf6α were expressed in all measured tissues, but the highest expression of these two genes was all recorded in the gill followed by liver/ brain. Moreover, in vivo experiment found that fish intake of a high lipid diet (HLD) can trigger ERS by activating grp78/Grp78 and atf6α/Atf6α. However, it can be alleviated by dietary betaine supplementation, similar results were also obtained by in vitro experiment using primary hepatocytes of A. schlegelii. These findings will be beneficial for us to evaluate the regulator effects of HLD supplemented with betaine on ERS at the molecular level, and thus provide some novel insights into the functions of betaine in marine fish fed with an HLD., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

Oxygen electrochemistry plays a key role in renewable energy technologies, such as fuel cells and electrolyzers, but its slow kinetics limits the performance and the commercialization of such devices. Here, a strained MnO 2 nanosheet induced by Ir incorporation is developed with optimized electronic structure by a simple hydrothermal method. With the incorporation of Ir, the strain induces elongated Mn─O bond length, and thereby tuning the electronic structure to favor the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance. The obtained catalyst exhibits an excellent mass activity of 5681 A g -1 at an overpotential of 300 mV in 0.5 m H 2 SO 4 , and reaches 50 and 100 mA cm -2 at overpotentials of only 240 and 277 mV, respectively. The catalyst is also stable even at 300 mA cm -2 in 0.5 m H 2 SO 4 . Using the nanosheet as the OER catalyst and the Pt/C as the hydrogen evolution reaction catalyst, a two-electrode electrolyzer achieves 10 mA cm -2 with only a cell voltage of 1.453 V for overall water splitting in 0.5 m H 2 SO 4 . This strategy enables the material with high feasibility for practical applications on hydrogen production., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Background: Systematic evaluation of the effects of vitamin D supplementation in heart failure (HF) patients., Methods: Searches were conducted on National Library of Medicine, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and WANFANG databases. We analyzed data by using Review Manager 5.4 software. All are from the earliest records to March 2023. Outcome indicators analyzed the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), the left ventricular end-diastolic internal diameter (LVEDD), the B-type brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) level and the 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) level., Results: Ten studies with 1099 patients were included. LVEF (mean difference (MD) = 0.74, 95% CI: -0.29 to 1.76, p = 0.41), LVEDD (MD = -0.59, 95% CI: -1.83 to 0.66, p = 0.25), BNP (MD = -0.08, 95% CI: -0.24 to 0.08, p = 0.34), 25(OH)D (MD = 0.41, 95% CI: -0.28 to 1.11, p = 0.25) are not statistically significant. And there is no heterogeneity in the results of LVEF, LVEDD and BNP indicators., Conclusions: Vitamin D supplementation may not be helpful in the clinical management of patients with HF., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright: © 2023 The Author(s). Published by IMR Press.)

Chemoprevention is a potential strategy to reduce lung cancer incidence and death. Recently, we reported that garlic oil significantly inhibits 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)-induced lung tumorigenesis. Diallyl disulfide (DADS) is a bioactive ingredient in garlic. Our goal was to examine the chemopreventive effectiveness and mechanism of DADS on NNK-triggered lung cancer in vivo and in vitro in the current investigation. The results indicated that DADS significantly reduced the number of lung nodules in the NNK-induced A/J mice. Consistent with the in vivo results, DADS markedly inhibited NNK-induced decrease of MRC-5 cells' viability. Mechanistically, DADS could promote Nrf2 dissociated from the Keap1-Nrf2 complex and accelerate Nrf2 nuclear translocation, which in turn upregulates its downstream target genes. Besides, DADS further inhibited the NF-κB signaling cascade, thus reducing the accumulation of inflammatory factors. Collectively, these discoveries supported the potential of DADS as a novel candidate for the chemoprevention of tobacco-carcinogen-induced lung cancer.

Nonlinear optical (NLO) materials have aroused increasing interest owing to their promising applications in optoelectronic technologies. Herein, we present the synthesis of an acentric niobium tellurite crystal, Nb 2 Te 3 O 11 , extracted via a spontaneous crystallization approach. It adopts a unique three-dimensional (3D) structure constructed by the distorted [TeO 3 ], [TeO 4 ], and [NbO 6 ] fundamental building units. The title compound undergoes incongruent melting at approximately 807 °C. Optical characterizations demonstrate that Nb 2 Te 3 O 11 possesses an extended transparency window beyond 5 μm, along with a large band gap value of 3.1 eV. Moreover, the as-synthesized Nb 2 Te 3 O 11 displays an appreciable second-harmonic generation (SHG) response of 2 × KDP and a notable birefringence of 0.11 under 1064 nm for achieving phase-matching. In addition, theoretical calculation investigations suggest that the intriguing optical properties are ascribed to the cooperative effect of three types of NLO-active motifs: [TeO 3 ] pyramids, [TeO 4 ] seesaws, and [NbO 6 ] octahedra. These attributes provide new functional insights into Nb 2 Te 3 O 11 and enrich the family of NLO crystals in the mid-infrared region.

Sugar deficiency is the persistent challenge for plants during development. Trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P) is recognized as a key regulator in balancing plant sugar homeostasis. However, the underlying mechanisms by which sugar starvation limits plant development are unclear. Here, a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor (OsbHLH111) was named starvation-associated growth inhibitor 1 (OsSGI1) and the focus is on the sugar shortage of rice. The transcript and protein levels of OsSGI1 were markedly increased during sugar starvation. The knockout mutants sgi1-1/2/3 exhibited increased grain size and promoted seed germination and vegetative growth, which were opposite to those of overexpression lines. The direct binding of OsSGI1 to sucrose non-fermenting-1 (SNF1)-related protein kinase 1a (OsSnRK1a) was enhanced during sugar shortage. Subsequently, OsSnRK1a-dependent phosphorylation of OsSGI1 enhanced the direct binding to the E-box of trehalose 6-phosphate phosphatase 7 (OsTPP7) promoter, thus rose the transcription inhibition on OsTPP7, then elevated trehalose 6-phosphate (Tre6P) content but decreased sucrose content. Meanwhile, OsSnRK1a degraded phosphorylated-OsSGI1 by proteasome pathway to prevent the cumulative toxicity of OsSGI1. Overall, we established the OsSGI1-OsTPP7-Tre6P loop with OsSnRK1a as center and OsSGI1 as forward, which is activated by sugar starvation to regulate sugar homeostasis and thus inhibits rice growth., (© 2023 The Authors. Plant Biotechnology Journal published by Society for Experimental Biology and The Association of Applied Biologists and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

The α-molybdenum trioxide has attracted much attention for proton storage owing to its easily modified bilayer structure, fast proton insertion kinetics, and high theoretical specific capacity. However, the fundamental science of the proton insertion mechanism in α-molybdenum trioxide has not been fully understood. Herein, we uncover a three-proton intercalation mechanism in α-molybdenum trioxide using a specially designed phosphoric acid based liquid crystalline electrolyte. The semiconductor-to-metal transition behavior and the expansion of the lattice interlayers of α-molybdenum trioxide after trapping one mole of protons are verified experimentally and theoretically. Further investigation of the morphology of α-molybdenum trioxide indicates its fracture behavior upon the proton intercalation process, which creates diffusion channels for hydronium ions. Notably, the observation of an additional redox behavior at low potential endows α-molybdenum trioxide with an improved specific discharge capacity of 362 mAh g -1 ., (© 2023. Springer Nature Limited.)

Receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1)-mediated necroptosis is believed to have a significant role in contributing to inflammatory diseases. Inhibiting RIPK1 has shown promise in effectively alleviating the inflammation process. In our current study, we employed scaffold hopping to develop a series of novel benzoxazepinone derivatives. Among these derivatives, compound o1 displayed the most potent antinecroptosis activity (EC50=16.17±1.878nM) in cellular assays and exhibited the strongest binding affinity to the target site. Molecular docking analyses further elucidated the mechanism of action of o1, revealing its ability to fully occupy the protein pocket and form hydrogen bonds with the amino acid residue Asp156. Our findings highlight that o1 specifically inhibits necroptosis, rather than apoptosis, by impeding the RIPK1/Receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3)/mixed-lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) pathway's phosphorylation, triggered by TNFα, Smac mimetic, and z-VAD (TSZ). Additionally, o1 demonstrated dose-dependent improvements in the survival rate of mice with Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS), surpassing the protective effect observed with GSK'772., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: The prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is rising rapidly in the world. Our aim is to investigate the efficacy and safety of statins in the treatment of NAFLD., Methods: This study was conducted by searching The National Library of Medicine, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Web of Science, and Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform databases. Literature data are expressed as mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) or relative risk and 95% CI. For I2 > 50% trials, random effect model is used for statistical analysis, otherwise fixed effect model is used., Results: Fourteen studies are selected for this meta-analysis, which includes totally 534 patients in the treatment group and 527 patients in the control group. As a result, 5 studies show that the total effective rate of the treatment group is 17% higher than that of the control group (Z = 2.11, relative risk = 1.17, 95% CI: [1.01-1.35]). Twelve studies show that alanine aminotransferase levels of the experimental group are lower than that of the control group (Z = 2.63, P = .009, MD = -5.53, 95% CI: [-9.64 to -1.41]). Eleven studies show that aspartate transaminase levels of the experimental group are lower than that of the control group (Z = 2.01, P = .04, MD = -3.43, 95% CI: [-6.77 to -0.08]). Six studies show that alkaline phosphatase levels of the experimental group are lower than that of the control group (Z = 0.79, P = .43, MD = -3.46, 95% CI: [-12.08 to 5.16]). Eight studies show that gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase levels of the experimental group are lower than that of the control group (Z = 2.04, P = .04, MD = -4.05, 95% CI: [-7.96 to -0.15]). Thirteen studies show that triglyceride levels of the experimental group are lower than that of the control group (Z = 4.15, P < .0001, MD = -0.94, 95% CI: [-1.39 to -0.50]). Eleven studies show that the total cholesterol levels of the experimental group are lower than that of the control group (Z = 5.42, P < .00001, MD = -1.51, 95% CI: [-2.05 to -0.96]). Seven studies show that low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels of the experimental group are lower than that of the control group (Z = 5.00, P < .00001, MD = -0.85, 95% CI: [-1.18 to -0.52])., Conclusion: Statins can significantly reduce liver biochemical indicators in patients with NAFLD., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2023 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

Increasing evidence indicates that angiogenesis plays a pivotal role in tumor progression. Formin-like 2 (FMNL2) is well-known for promoting metastasis; however, the molecular mechanisms by which FMNL2 promotes angiogenesis in colorectal cancer (CRC) remain unclear. Here, we found that FMNL2 promotes angiogenesis and metastasis of CRC in vitro and in vivo. The GDB/FH3 domain of FMNL2 directly interacts with epidermal growth factor-like protein 6 (EGFL6). Formin-like 2 promotes EGFL6 paracrine signaling by exosomes to regulate angiogenesis in CRC. Cytoskeleton associated protein 4 (CKAP4) is a downstream target of EGFL6 and is involved in CRC angiogenesis. Epidermal growth factor-like protein 6 binds to the N-terminus of CKAP4 to promote the migration of HUVECs by activating the ERK/MMP pathway. These findings suggest that FMNL2 promotes the migration of HUVECs and enhances angiogenesis and tumorigenesis in CRC by regulating the EGFL6/CKAP4/ERK axis. Therefore, the EGFL6/CKAP4/ERK axis could be a candidate therapeutic target for CRC treatment., (© 2023 The Authors. Cancer Science published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Japanese Cancer Association.)

We constructed a frequently updated, near-real-time global power generation dataset: CarbonMonitor-Power since January, 2016 at national levels with near-global coverage and hourly-to-daily time resolution. The data presented here are collected from 37 countries across all continents for eight source groups, including three types of fossil sources (coal, gas, and oil), nuclear energy and four groups of renewable energy sources (solar energy, wind energy, hydro energy and other renewables including biomass, geothermal, etc.). The global near-real-time power dataset shows the dynamics of the global power system, including its hourly, daily, weekly and seasonal patterns as influenced by daily periodical activities, weekends, seasonal cycles, regular and irregular events (i.e., holidays) and extreme events (i.e., the COVID-19 pandemic). The CarbonMonitor-Power dataset reveals that the COVID-19 pandemic caused strong disruptions in some countries (i.e., China and India), leading to a temporary or long-lasting shift to low carbon intensity, while it had only little impact in some other countries (i.e., Australia). This dataset offers a large range of opportunities for power-related scientific research and policy-making., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Photocatalysis, such as solar-driven photodegradation and energy conversion, has attracted great attention, given that it provides a promising solution for alleviating the energy shortage and environmental contamination issues. However, the insufficient light absorption and charge separation/transport efficiency restrict the solar conversion efficiency. It has been proved that oxygen vacancies (O v ) can improve the photocatalytic activity by enhancing the light absorption. But in this study, we show that oxygen vacancies hinder the charge separation/transfer in Ba 2 Bi 1.4 Ta 0.6 O 6 . The incorporation of S further pushes the light absorption edge up to 1170 nm. Therefore, the S/O v -Ba 2 Bi 1.4 Ta 0.6 O 6 sample can absorb not only the full range of visible light but also part of near-infrared light. More importantly, it mitigates the drawback of oxygen vacancies, improving the charge separation/transport by 1.65 times. As a result, The S/O v -Ba 2 Bi 1.4 Ta 0.6 O 6 nanowires manifest 4.41 times and over 100 times higher photocatalytic activity for tetracycline hydrochloride degradation and hydrogen production, respectively., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: [Baicheng Weng reports financial support was provided by Hunan Key Technology R&D Program.]., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Insect resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins has led to an urgent need to explore the insecticidal mechanisms of Bt. Previous studies indicated that Helicoverpa armigera ATP synthase subunit α (HaATPs-α) is involved in Cry1Ac resistance. In this study, a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) confirmed that HaATPs -α expression was significantly reduced in the Cry1Ac-resistant strain (BtR). Cry1Ac feeding induced the downregulated expression of HaATPs -α in the susceptible strain, but not in the BtR strain. Furthermore, the interaction between HaATPs-α and Cry1Ac was verified by ligand blotting and homologous competition experiments. The in vitro gain and loss of function analyses showed HaATPs-α involved in Cry1Ac toxicity by expressing endogenous HaATPs-α and HaATPs-α double-stranded RNAs in Sf9 and midgut cells, respectively. Importantly, purified HaATPs-α synergized Cry1Ac toxicity to H. armigera larvae. These findings provide the first evidence that HaATPs-α is a potential receptor of Cry1Ac, it shows downregulated participation in Cry1Ac resistance, and it exhibits higher enhancement of Cry1Ac toxicity to H. armigera larvae.

Background: To investigate the correlation between rs738409 polymorphism of patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (PNPLA3) gene (encoding I148m) and genetic susceptibility to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)., Methods: Web of Science, Embase, PubMed, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform databases were subjected to study retrieving, from the earliest records to November 2022. International databases were searched using the key words (PNPLA3 gene or PNPLA3 polymorphism or patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing pro-tein3) and (nonalcoholic fatty liver disease or NAFLD or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis) and their possible combination. There was no limitation to language. Ethnicity and country restrictions were not applied. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium about the genotype frequencies of rs738,409 polymorphism in group of controls was assessed using a chi-square goodness-of-fit test (P > .05). A chi-square-based Q test was applied to assess heterogeneity among studies. The random-effect model (DerSimonian-Laird method) was used when a probability value of P < .10, I2 > 50%. If not, the fixed-effect model (Mantel-Haenszel method) was adopted. The current meta-analysis was done by using STATA 16.0., Results: Twenty studies are selected for this meta-analysis, which includes totally 3240 patients in the treatment group and 5210 patients in the control group. These studies demonstrated a significant increased association between rs738,409 and NAFLD under 5 models: allelic contrast (odds ratio [OR] = 1.98, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.65-2.37, Pheterogeneity = 0.000, Z = 7.346, P = .000), homozygote comparison (OR = 3.59, 95% CI = 2.56-5.04, Pheterogeneity = 0.000, Z = 7.416, P = .000), heterozygote comparison (OR = 1.93, 95% CI = 1.63-2.30, Pheterogeneity = 0.002, Z = 7.507, P = .000), the dominant allele model (OR = 2.33, 95% CI = 1.89-2.88, Pheterogeneity = 0.000, Z = 7.856, P = .000), and the recessive allele model (OR = 2.56, 95% CI = 1.96-3.35, Pheterogeneity = 0.000, Z = 6.850, P = .000). Subgroup analysis shows that the rs738,409 polymorphism of PNPLA3 gene in Caucasians and those with a sample size of < 300 is significantly associated with the susceptibility to nonalcoholic fatty liver. Sensitivity analysis shows that the results of meta-analysis are stable., Conclusion: PNPLA3 rs738,409 may play a significant role in increasing risk of NAFLD., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper., (Copyright © 2023 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

Background: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common comorbidity of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Our aim is to investigate the effects of liraglutide on T2DM with NAFLD., Methods: Relevant articles published from the earliest publication to March 2022 were selected from several databases. The Cochrane Collaboration's RevMan software was used for the analysis., Results: Sixteen studies are selected for this meta-analysis, which includes totally 634 patients in the treatment group and 630 patients in the control group. As a result, 14 studies show that fasting plasma glucose levels of the experimental group are lower than that of the control group; 15 studies show that glycosylated hemoglobin A1c levels of the experimental group are lower than that of the control group; 13 studies show that triglyceride levels of the experimental group are lower than that of the control group; twelve studies show that total cholesterol levels of the experimental group are lower than that of the control group; 10 studies show that alanine aminotransferase levels of the experimental group is lower than that of the control group; 10 studies show that no significant difference in changes in aspartate transaminase between 2 groups; 13 studies show that low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels of the experimental group is lower than that of the control group; 9 studies show that no significant difference in changes in high density lipoprotein cholesterol between 2 groups; 7 studies mentioned adverse effects and the difference is significant., Conclusion: Liraglutide is potentially curative for T2DM with NAFLD., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2023 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

Background and Purpose: Clinical outcome in patients who received thrombectomy treatment is time-dependent. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the one-stop stroke management (OSSM) platform in reducing in-hospital workflow times in patients receiving thrombectomy compared with the traditional model., Methods: The data of patients who received thrombectomy treatment through the OSSM platform and traditional protocol transshipment pathway were retrospectively analyzed and compared. The treatment-related time interval and the clinical outcome of the two groups were also assessed and compared. The primary efficacy endpoint was the time from door to groin puncture (DPT)., Results: There were 196 patients in the OSSM group and 210 patients in the control group, in which they were treated by the traditional approach. The mean DPT was significantly shorter in the OSSM group than in the control group (76 vs. 122 min; P < 0.001). The percentages of good clinical outcomes at the 90-day time point of the two groups were comparable ( P = 0.110). A total of 121 patients in the OSSM group and 124 patients in the control group arrived at the hospital within 360 min from symptom onset. The mean DPT and time from symptom onset to recanalization (ORT) were significantly shorter in the OSSM group than in the control group. Finally, a higher rate of good functional outcomes was achieved in the OSSM group than in the control group (53.71 vs. 40.32%; P = 0.036)., Conclusion: Compared to the traditional transfer model, the OSSM transfer model significantly reduced the in-hospital delay in patients with acute stroke receiving thrombectomy treatment. This novel model significantly improved the clinical outcomes of patients presenting within the first 6 h after symptom onset., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Zhou, Li, Zhu, Li, Li, Wang, Wu, He, Li, Zhou, Guan, Ma, pei, Meng, Feng, Zhang, Zhao, Liu and Wang.)

Background: Determining the origin of bone metastatic cancer (OBMC) is of great significance to clinical therapeutics. It is challenging for pathologists to determine the OBMC with limited clinical information and bone biopsy., Methods: We designed a regional multiple-instance learning algorithm to predict the OBMC based on hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining slides alone. We collected 1041 cases from eight different hospitals and labeled 26,431 regions of interest to train the model. The performance of the model was assessed by ten-fold cross validation and external validation. Under the guidance of top3 predictions, we conducted an IHC test on 175 cases of unknown origins to compare the consistency of the results predicted by the model and indicated by the IHC markers. We also applied the model to identify whether there was tumor or not in a region, as well as distinguishing squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and neuroendocrine tumor., Findings: In the within-cohort, our model achieved a top1-accuracy of 91.35% and a top3-accuracy of 97.75%. In the external cohort, our model displayed a good generalizability with a top3-accuracy of 97.44%. The top1 consistency between the results of the model and the immunohistochemistry markers was 83.90% and the top3 consistency was 94.33%. The model obtained an accuracy of 98.98% to identify whether there was tumor or not and an accuracy of 93.85% to differentiate three types of cancers., Interpretation: Our model demonstrated good performance to predict the OBMC from routine histology and had great potential for assisting pathologists with determining the OBMC accurately., Funding: National Science Foundation of China (61875102 and 61975089), Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong province (2021A15-15012379 and 2022A1515 012550), Science and Technology Research Program of Shenzhen City (JCYJ20200109110606054 and WDZC20200821141349001), and Tsinghua University Spring Breeze Fund (2020Z99CFZ023)., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests There are no competing interests in this work., (Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Neuromedin U receptor 2 (NMU2), an emerging attractive target for treating obesity, has shown the capability in reducing food intake and regulating energy metabolism when activated. However, drug development of NMU2 was deferred partially due to the lack of structural information. Here, we present the cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of NMU2 bound to the endogenous agonist NmU-25 and G i1 at 3.3 Å resolution. Combined with functional and computational data, the structure reveals the key factors that govern the recognition and selectivity of peptide agonist as well as non-peptide antagonist, providing the structural basis for design of novel and highly selective drugs targeting NMU2. In addition, a 25-degree rotation of G i protein in reference to NMU2 is also observed compared in other structures of class A GPCR-G i complexes, suggesting heterogeneity in the processes of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) activation and G protein coupling., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Evaporative loss of interception (E i ) is the first process occurring during rainfall, yet its role in large-scale surface water balance has been largely underexplored. Here we show that E i can be inferred from flux tower evapotranspiration measurements using physics-informed hybrid machine learning models built under wet versus dry conditions. Forced by satellite and reanalysis data, this framework provides an observationally constrained estimate of E i , which is on average 84.1 ± 1.8 mm per year and accounts for 8.6 ± 0.2% of total rainfall globally during 2000-2020. Rainfall frequency regulates long-term average E i changes, and rainfall intensity, rather than vegetation attributes, determines the fraction of E i in gross precipitation (E i /P). Rain events have become less frequent and more intense since 2000, driving a global decline in E i (and E i /P) by 4.9% (6.7%). This suggests that ongoing rainfall changes favor a partitioning towards more soil moisture and runoff, benefiting ecosystem functions but simultaneously increasing flood risks., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

The sluggish kinetics of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) limits the commercialization of oxygen electrochemistry, which plays a key role in renewable energy technologies such as fuel cells and electrolyzers. Herein, a facile and practical strategy is developed to successfully incorporate Ir single atoms into the lattice of transition metal oxides (TMOs). The chemical environment of Ir and its neighboring lattice oxygen is modulated, and the lattice oxygen provides lone-pair electrons and charge balance to stabilize Ir single atoms, resulting in the enhancement of both OER activity and durability. In particular, Ir 0.08 Co 2.92 O 4 NWs exhibit an excellent mass activity of 1343.1 A g -1 and turnover frequency (TOF) of 0.04 s -1 at overpotentials of 300 mV. And this catalyst also displays significant stability in acid at 10 mA cm -2 over 100 h. Overall water splitting using Pt/C as the hydrogen evolution reaction catalyst and Ir 0.08 Co 2.92 O 4 NWs as the OER catalyst takes only a cell voltage of 1.494 V to achieve 10 mA cm -2 with a perfect stability. This work demonstrates a simple approach to produce highly active and acid-stable transition metal oxides electrocatalysts with trace Ir., (© 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Background: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is regarded as a risk factor of many liver diseases., Methods: Relevant studies were searched from The National Library of Medicine, Cochrane Library, Elsevier, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Web of Science and WANFANG databases. A total of 15 eligible studies were analyzed in the Reviewer Manager 5.3 software, including 7 English articles and 8 Chinese articles., Results: Fifteen studies are selected for this meta-analysis, which includes totally 623 patients in the treatment group and 594 patients in the control group. As a result, 8 studies show that the total effective rate of the treatment group is higher than that of the control group [Z = 3.64, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.78 (1.31-2.43), P = .0003]; eleven studies show that fasting plasma glucose levels of the experimental group are lower than that of the control group [Z = 4.38, 95% CI: -0.95 (-1.38 to -0.53), P < .0001]; ten studies show that glutamic-pyruvic transaminase levels of the experimental group are lower than that of the control group [Z = 3.69, 95% CI: -11.76 (-18.01 to -5.51), P = .0002]; 6 studies show that glutamic oxalacetic transaminase levels of the experimental group are lower than that of the control group [Z = 7.40, 95% CI: -3.01 (-3.81 to -2.22), P < .00001]; 6 studies show that gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase levels of the experimental group are lower than that of the control group [Z = 2.43, 95% CI: -23.77 (-42.98 to -4.57), P = .02]; 9 studies show that triglyceride levels of the experimental group are lower than that of the control group [Z = 3.06, 95% CI: -0.62 (-1.01 to -0.22), P = .002]; 6 studies show that the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance of the experimental group is lower than that of the control group [Z = 3.22, 95% CI: -2.33 (-3.75 to -0.91), P = .001]; 6 studies show that the glycated hemoglobin A1c of the experimental group is lower than that of the control group [Z = 4.50, 95% CI: -1.90 (-2.72 to -1.07), P < .00001]; five studies show that the fasting insulin of the experimental group is lower than that of the control group [Z = 3.42, 95% CI: -2.25 (-3.53 to -0.96), P = .0006]., Conclusion: Pioglitazone intake is effective in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis management., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2022 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

The physiological processes involved in adaptation to osmotic pressure in euryhaline crustaceans are highly energy demanding, but the effects of dietary lipids (fat) on low salinity adaptations have not been well evaluated. In the present study, a total of 120 mud crabs ( Scylla paramamosain , BW = 17.87 ± 1.49 g) were fed control and high-fat (HF) diets, at both medium salinity (23‰) and low salinity (4‰) for 6 wk, and each treatment had 3 replicates with each replicate containing 10 crabs. The results indicated that a HF diet significantly mitigated the reduction in survival rate, percent weight gain and feed efficiency induced by low salinity ( P  < 0.05). Low salinity lowered lipogenesis and activated lipolysis resulting in lipid depletion in the hepatopancreas of mud crabs ( P  < 0.05). Thus, HF diets enhanced the process of lipolysis to supply more energy. In the gills, low salinity and the HF diet increased the levels of mitochondrial biogenesis markers, the activity of mitochondrial complexes, and the expression levels of genes related to energy metabolism ( P  < 0.05). Consequently, the positive effects of the HF diet on energy metabolism in mud crabs at low salinity promoted osmotic pressure regulation. Specifically, significantly higher haemolymph osmotic pressure and inorganic ion content, as well as higher osmotic pressure regulatory enzyme activity in gills, and gene and protein expression levels of NaK-ATPase were observed in crabs fed the HF diet at low salinity ( P  < 0.05). In summary, high dietary lipid levels improved energy provision to facilitate mitochondrial biogenesis, which increased ATP provision for osmotic pressure regulation of mud crabs. This study also illustrates the importance of dietary lipid nutrition supplementation for low salinity adaptations in mud crabs., Competing Interests: We declare that we have no financial and personal relationships with other people or organizations that can inappropriately influence our work, and there is no professional or other personal interest of any nature or kind in any product, service and/or company that could be construed as influencing the content of this paper., (© 2023 The Authors. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co. Ltd.)

Background: To systematically review and meta-analyze the efficacy of vitamin A as an adjuvant therapy for pneumonia in children., Methods: We searched in PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, WanFang Database and Chongqing VIP information network from libraries building to March 2022, screening randomized controlled trials (RCT) about vitamin A combined with conventional therapy for pneumonia in children. Two researchers used the Cochrane risk of bias tool to assess the quality of included studies dependently. Data analysis was conducted in the RevMan 5.3., Results: 15 trials involving 3496 patients (treated group: 1898; control group: 1598) were analyzed in this study. The Meta-analysis showed that vitamin A combined with conventional therapy improved clinical efficacy (P < .05), shortened the duration of fever and cough, negative time of chest X-ray, and the hospitalization, lung rale disappearance, choking milk disappearance, shortness of breath disappearance and perilabial cyanosis disappearance (P < .05). However, vitamin A combined with conventional therapy did not reduce the mortality of pneumonia in children (P > .05)., Conclusion: Vitamin A contributes to relieve the clinical symptoms and signs, and also shorten the hospitalization., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2022 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), a key enzyme in glycolysis, is commonly used as an internal reference gene in humans, mice, and insects. However, the function of GAPDH in insect development, especially in metamorphosis, has not been reported. In the present study, Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera frugiperda ovarian cell lines (Sf9 cells) were used as materials to study the function and molecular mechanism of GAPDH in larval metamorphosis. The results showed that HaGAPDH was more closely related to GAPDH of S. frugiperda and Spodoptera litura . The transcript peaks of HaGAPDH in sixth instar larvae were 6L-3 (epidermal and midgut) and 6L-1 (fat body) days, and 20E and methoprene significantly upregulated the transcripts of HaGAPDH of larvae in qRT-PCR. HaGAPDH-GFP-His was specifically localized in mitochondria in Sf9 cells. Knockdown of HaGAPDH by RNA interference (RNAi) in sixth instar larvae resulted in weight loss, increased mortality, and decreases in the pupation rate and emergence rates. HaGAPDH is directly bound to soluble trehalase (HaTreh1) physically and under 20E treatment in yeast two-hybrid, coimmunoprecipitation, and colocalization experiments. In addition, knockdown of HaGAPDH increased the Treh1 activity, which in turn decreased the trehalose content but increased the glucose content in larvae. Therefore, these data demonstrated that GAPDH controlled the glucose content within the normal range to ensure glucose metabolism and metamorphosis by directly binding with HaTreh1., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Zhao, Zhang, Geng, Chang, Wei and An.)

Active electronic states in transition metal dichalcogenides are able to prompt hydrogen evolution by improving hydrogen absorption. However, the development of thermodynamically stable hexagonal 2H-MoS 2 as hydrogen evolution catalyst is likely to be shadowed by its limited active electronic state. Herein, the charge self-regulation effect mediated by tuning Mo-Mo bonds and S vacancies is revealed in metastable trigonal MoS 2 (1T'''-MoS 2 ) structure, which is favarable for the generation of active electronic states to boost the hydrogen evolution reaction activity. The optimal 1T'''-MoS 2 sample exhibits a low overpotential of 158 mV at 10 mA cm -2 and a Tafel slope of 74.5 mV dec -1 in acidic conditions, which are far exceeding the 2H-MoS 2 counterpart (369 mV and 137 mV dec -1 ). Theoretical modeling indicates that the boosted performance is attributed to the formation of massive active electronic states induced by the charge self-regulation effect of Mo-Mo bonds in defective 1T'''-MoS 2 with rich S vacancies., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Cationic liposome delivery of interfering RNA (shRNA) plays an important role in tumor therapy. The cyclic Arg-Gly-Asp (cRGD) modified cationic liposomes (cRGD-CL) were designed for targeted delivery of ONECUT2 (OC-2) shRNA (pshOC-2) to breast cancer cells. The characterization analysis of cationic liposome showed that the prepared cRGD-CL/pshOC-2 lipoplexes had uniform particle size (150 ± 1.02 nm), moderate zeta potential (19.8 ± 0.249 mV) and high encapsulation efficiency (up to 96%). The results of flow cytometer showed that the introduction of cRGD could significantly promote the liposomes targeting tumor cells. In MCF-7 cells, the pshOC-2 could down-regulate expression of OC-2 and result in cell apoptosis, inhibition of the wound healing, migration and cell colony formation, in which the signal pathways of Bcl-xL, Bcl-2 were inhibited and the signal pathways of Bax and Cleaved Caspase-3 were promoted. In MCF-7 xenograft mice, intravenous administration of cRGD-CL/pshOC-2 lipoplexes could effectively reduce the expression of OC-2 in tumors and result in apparently antitumor effects, which suggested that the lipoplexes might be deeply penetrated into tumor through receptor-mediated transcytosis. The results revealed that the cationic liposome (cRGD-CL) was an effective delivery system for OC-2 shRNA, which might be an effective therapeutic candidate for breast cancer.

The biosynthesis and termination of insect sex pheromones should be accurately regulated. In most moths, the biosynthesis and release of sex pheromones are regulated by a class of neuropeptides known as pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptides (PBANs). However, endogenous mechanisms underlying the termination of sex pheromone biosynthesis in moths remain elusive. In the present study, Helicoverpa armigera was employed as a model to investigate the role of octopamine (OA) in the inhibition of sex pheromone biosynthesis. Results demonstrated that the release of sex pheromones decreased with an increase in OA titres in older female moths. Moreover, OA treatment led to a significant decrease in sex pheromone production, female capability to attract male counterparts and subsequent female acceptance, indicating its inhibitory role in sex pheromone release. Subsequent qPCR and RNAi analyses revealed that OctβR was a key receptor of OA that regulated sex pheromone biosynthesis. In addition, the OA/OctβR signal suppressed intracellular Ca 2+ levels and attenuated PBAN-mediated increase in the enzyme activities of calcineurin and acetyl-CoA carboxylase as demonstrated by OA treatment and OctβR-RNAi. Altogether, these results revealed a mechanism underlying the inhibition of sex pheromone production by OA via suppression of PBAN signalling in moths., (© 2022 Royal Entomological Society.)

Carbohydrate is the cheapest source of energy among the three major nutrient groups, an appropriate amount of carbohydrates can reduce feed cost and improve growth performance, but carnivorous aquatic animals cannot effectively utilize carbohydrates. The objectives of the present study are aimed at exploring the effects of dietary corn starch levels on glucose loading capacity, insulin-mediated glycemic responses, and glucose homeostasis for Portunus trituberculatus . After two weeks of feeding trial, swimming crabs were starved and sampled at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12, and 24 hours, respectively. The results indicated that crabs fed diet with 0% corn starch exhibited lower glucose concentration in hemolymph than those fed with the other diets, and glucose concentration in hemolymph remained low with the extension of sampling time. The glucose concentration in hemolymph of crabs fed with 6% and 12% corn starch diets reached the peak after 2 hours of feeding; however, the glucose concentration in hemolymph of crabs fed with 24% corn starch attained the highest value after 3 hours of feeding, and the hyperglycemia lasted for 3 hours and decreased rapidly after 6 hours of feeding. Enzyme activities in hemolymph related to glucose metabolism such as pyruvate kinase (PK), glucokinase (GK), and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) were significantly influenced by dietary corn starch levels and sampling time. Glycogen content in hepatopancreas of crabs fed with 6% and 12% corn starch first increased and then decreased; however, the glycogen content in hepatopancreas of crabs fed with 24% corn starch significantly increased with the prolongation of feeding time. In the 24% corn starch diet, insulin-like peptide (ILP) in hemolymph reached a peak after 1 hour of feeding and then significantly decreased, whereas crustacean hyperglycemia hormone (CHH) was not significantly influenced by dietary corn starch levels and sampling time. ATP content in hepatopancreas peaked at 1 h after feeding and then decreased significantly in different corn starch feeding groups, while the opposite trend was observed in NADH. The activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes I, II, III, and V of crabs fed with different corn starch diets significantly increased first and then decreased. In addition, relative expressions of genes related to glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, glucose transport, glycogen synthesis, insulin signaling pathway, and energy metabolism were significantly affected by dietary corn starch levels and sampling time. In conclusion, the results of the present study reveal glucose metabolic responses were regulated by different corn starch levels at different time points and play an important role in clearing glucose through increased activity of insulin, glycolysis, and glycogenesis, along with gluconeogenesis suppression., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Xiangsheng Zhang et al.)

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of bimaxillary orthognathic surgery on orofacial myofunctional changes in skeletal class III patients. 35 patients who received Le Fort I maxillary advancement osteotomy and mandibular SSRO setback were included in this study. Facial expression function was analyzed by "placid" or "smile" expressions using chL-chR, ∠chRnchL, and ls-li. Occlusal force and balance were analyzed using a T-scan III digital occlusal analysis system. Maximum mouth opening (MMO) was measured prior to surgery and 2/14/28/42/90/180/360 days after surgery. After surgery, patients recovered facial expressions in no less than 3 months for both the "placid" or "smile" facial expression. Patients obtained significantly improved 'smile' expressions 3 months after the operation compared to preoperative "smiles", and this improvement remained stable 12 months after the operation. Occlusal force was significantly decreased with the balance of occlusion lost immediately after surgery. These conditions gradually recovered, and patients finally obtained a more balanced and stronger occlusion [occlusion balance: 6.7 ± 2.7 mm vs. 4.1 ± 3.0 mm (day -7 vs. day 42); occlusion force: 19.6 ± 7.0 kg vs. 24.2 ± 9.3 kg (day -7 vs. day 180)]. However, patients had smaller postoperative mouth opening compared to preoperation opening during our follow-up. Our results confirmed that orthognathic surgery obstructs orofacial myofunctions of skeletal class III patients in the short-term. In the long-term, orthognathic surgery results in more stable and balanced orofacial myofunctions. By understanding the process of functional recovery of orofacial muscles after orthognathic surgery, we hope to accelerate patient's recovery from surgery., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest None., (Copyright © 2022 British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: This study aims to investigate whether a systematic digital training system can improve the learning efficiency of residents in the first-year orthognathic surgery training course and evaluate its effectiveness in teaching orthognathic surgery., Methods: A digital training system was applied, and a comparative research approach was adopted. 24 first-year orthognathic surgery residents participated in the experiment as part of their professional skill training. The Experimental group was required to use a digital training system, and the Control group was trained in lectures without digital technologies. Three indicators, including theoretical knowledge and clinical operation, were assessed in tests, and evaluations from instructors were analyzed to evaluate learning efficiency., Results: The results showed that the scores in theoretical tests, practical operations, and teacher evaluations, the Experimental groups were all higher than the Control group ( P  = 0.002 for anatomy, P  = 0.000 for operation theory) after using digital technology, except for the understanding of complications ( P  = 0.771). In addition, the questionnaire survey results showed that the study interest ( P  = 0.001), self-confidence ( P  = 0.001), satisfaction ( P  = 0.002), and academic performance ( P  = 0.001) of the residents of the Experimental group were higher than those of the Control group., Conclusions: The outcomes indicated that the digital training system could benefit orthognathic residents' learning efficiency, and learning interest and teaching satisfaction will also improve., Competing Interests: The authors declare there are no competing interests., (©2022 Su et al.)