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Exploring natural antioxidants is essential to delay lipid oxidation. This study investigated the inhibitory effect of Adinandra nitida (AN) extract in six edible oils, compared to TP and TBHQ. Methods included extract preparation, bioactive compounds analysis, in vitro antioxidant activities by FRAP, DPPH, and ABTS assays, fatty acid composition detection, and POV determination. The results showed that AN was rich in total flavonoids, total phenols and had better iron ion reduction ability than TBHQ. In oleic and linoleic acid-rich oils, AN significantly delayed early-stage lipid oxidation, outperforming TP and TBHQ. In linolenic acid-rich oils, AN maintained a stable effect. Molecular docking studies revealed strong binding interactions between main compounds and fatty acids, with Camelliaside A in (7.83) showing higher binding energy to linolenic acid than TBHQ (7.64), supporting the antioxidant effects. These findings suggest AN as a promising natural alternative to synthetic antioxidants, enhancing oil stability and shelf life., Competing Interests: The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grants No. 32060068 and No. U1812401], Natural science research project of Guizhou Provincial Department of Education [Qianjiaoji [2022] 009], and Guizhou Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Informatization for High-Efficiency Agriculture with Characteristics in Central Guizhou [Qianjiaoji [2022] 052]., (© 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Nekemias grossedentata (N. grossedentata) is a medicinal and edible plant. The young leaves and tender stems are specifically utilized to manufacture vine tea, which is traditionally employed in the treatment of conditions such as the common cold fever, sore throat, jaundice hepatitis, and other ailments. The morphologically of N. grossedentata similar to Nekemias cantoniensis (N. cantoniensis) and Nekemias megalophylla (N. megalophylla), which lead to a chaotic market supply. Numerious studies have confirmed that chloroplast genomes and chromatography play important role in plant classification. Here, the whole chloroplast (cp) genomes of the three Nekemias species were sequenced in Illumina sequencing platform. Meanwhile, their chromatographic fingerprints have constructed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The annotation results demonstrated that the three chloroplast genomes were typical quadripartite structures, with lengths of 162,147 bp (N. grossedentata), 161,981 bp (N. megalophylla), and 162,500 bp (N. cantoniensis), respectively. A total of 89 (N. grossedentata) /86 (N. megalophylla and N. cantoniensis) protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA gene and 8 rRNA genes were annotated. The IR/SC boundary regions were relatively conserved across the three species, although three regions (rps19-rpl2, rpl32-trnL-UAG, ccsA-ndhD) exhibited nucleotide diversity values (Pi) of variable sites higher than 1%. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that N. grossedentata had a closer genetic relationship with N. megalophylla than that of N. cantoniensis. Moreover, the chromatographic fingerprints revealed that the main functional components and genetic relatedness of three species were highly similar with their morphological results. In conclusion, N. grossedentata and N. megalophylla can be consider as the origin plants of vine tea. This study provides appropriate information for species identification, phylogeny, quality assessment of three medicinal plants of the genus Nekemias and will contribute to the standardization of vine tea raw materials., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

The Camellia tetracocca Zhang is a rare and ancient plant, exclusively found in the vicinity of Puan County, Guizhou Province, China. According to leaf color , two distinct variations have been identified: purple C. tetracocca Zhang (PCTZ) and green C. tetracocca (GCTZ). This research was conducted to investigate the antioxidant activities and chemical compositions of different edible parts of PCTZ and GCTZ. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH, ABTS, HSA, and T-AOC assays, while the content of compounds was determined by HPLC. The findings demonstrated that the antioxidant capacity of PCTZ leaves is significantly superior to that of GCTZ leaves. Notably, theacrine, a rare compound, contains up to 2.075% in PCTZ leaves, indicating potential as a novel natural antidepressant and antioxidant. In conclusion, PCTZ is a distinctive tea beverage and a valuable genetic material for tea tree breeding due to its high theacrine and low caffeine characteristics., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Synthetic antioxidants have long been used to protect edible oils from oxidation. However, concerns about their potential health risks and environmental impact have led to a growing interest in natural antioxidants. In this study, we explore the antioxidant properties of extracts from four Nekemias plant species: Nekemias grossedentata (AGR), Nekemias megalophylla (AME), Nekemias chaffanjonii (ACH), and Nekemias cantoniensis (ACA) by obtaining the values for different tests. We investigate their bioactive compound content and evaluate their antioxidant capabilities on six edible oils categorized into three lipid systems based on their fatty acid compositions: oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid. Our findings demonstrate that AGR and AME extracts, rich in bioactive compounds, exhibit strong antioxidant activities in vitro , effectively inhibiting lipid oxidation, especially in oleic acid-rich oils like camellia oil. The antioxidant effects of these extracts are comparable to synthetic antioxidants such as TBHQ and superior to natural antioxidant Tea Polyphenols (TP). While the extracts also show antioxidant potential in linoleic and linolenic acid systems, the stability of their effects in these oils is lower than in oleic acid system. These results suggest that Nekemias species extracts have the potential to serve as natural additives for extending the shelf life of edible oils, contributing to the exploration of natural antioxidants., Competing Interests: The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Zhengwen Yu reports financial support was provided by the 10.13039/501100001809National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grants No. 32060068 and No. U1812401] and Natural science research project of Guizhou Provincial Department of Education [Qianjiaoji [2022] 009]., (© 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Alteration of HIF-1α expression levels under hypoxic conditions affects the sequence of its downstream target genes thereby producing different effects. In order to investigate whether the effect of hypoxic compound exercise (HE) on HIF-1α expression alters cardiac pumping function, myocardial structure, and exercise capacity, we developed a suitable model of hypoxic exercise using Drosophila, a model organism, and additionally investigated the effect of hypoxic compound exercise on nocturnal sleep and activity behavior. The results showed that hypoxic compound exercise at 6% oxygen concentration for five consecutive days, lasting 1 h per day, significantly improved the cardiac stress resistance of Drosophila. The hypoxic complex exercise promoted the whole-body HIF-1α expression in Drosophila, and improved the jumping ability, climbing ability, moving speed, and moving distance. The expression of HIF-1α in the heart was increased after hypoxic exercise, which made a closer arrangement of myofilaments, an increase in the diameter of cardiac tubules, and an increase in the pumping function of the heart. The hypoxic compound exercise improved the sleep quality of Drosophila by increasing its nocturnal sleep time, the number of deep sleeps, and decreasing its nocturnal awakenings and activities. Therefore, we conclude that hypoxic compound exercise promoted the expression of HIF-1α to enhance the exercise capacity and heart pumping function of Drosophila, and improved the quality of sleep., (© 2024 Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.)

Aging of the brain usually leads to the decline of neurological processes and is a major risk factor for various neurodegenerative diseases, including sleep disturbances and cognitive decline. Adipose tissue exosomes, as adipocyte-derived vesicles, may mediate the regulatory processes of adipose tissue on other organs, including the brain; however, the regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. We analyzed the sleep-wake behavior of young (10 days) and old (40 days) Drosophila and found that older Drosophila showed increased sleep fragmentation, which is similar to mammalian aging characteristics. To investigate the cross-tissue regulatory mechanisms of adiposity on brain aging, we extracted 10-day and 40-day Drosophila adipose tissue exosomes and identified circRNAs with age-dependent expression differences by RNA-seq and differential analysis. Furthermore, by combining data from 3 datasets of the GEO database (GSE130158, GSE24992, and GSE184559), circ_sxc that was significantly downregulated with age was finally screened out. Moreover, dme-miR-87-3p, a conserved target of circ_sxc, accumulates in the brain with age and exhibits inhibitory effects in predicted binding relationships with neuroreceptor ligand genes. In summary, the current study showed that the Drosophila brain could obtain circ_sxc by uptake of adipose tissue exosomes which crossed the blood-brain barrier. And circ_sxc suppressed brain miR-87-3p expression through sponge adsorption, which in turn regulated the expression of neurological receptor ligand proteins (5-HT1B, GABA-B-R1, Rdl, Rh7, qvr, NaCP60E) and ensured brain neuronal synaptic signaling normal function of synaptic signaling. However, with aging, this regulatory mechanism is dysregulated by the downregulation of the adipose exosome circ_sxc, which contributes to the brain exhibiting sleep disturbances and other "aging" features., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

The interconnection between cardiac function and circadian rhythms is of great importance. While the role of the biological clock gene Timeless (Tim) in circadian rhythm has been extensively studied, its impact on cardiac function remains largely been unexplored. Previous research has provided experimental evidence for the regulation of the heart by adipose tissue and the targeting of miR-276a/b on Timeless. However, the extent to which adipose tissue regulates cardiac Timeless genes trans-organically through miR-276a/b, and subsequently affects cardiac function, remains uncertain. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the potential trans-organ modulation of the Timeless gene in the heart by adipose tissue through miR-276a/b. We found that cardiac-specific Timeless knockdown and overexpression resulted in a significant increase in heart rate (HR) and a significant decrease in Heart period (HP), diastolic intervals (DI), systolic intervals (SI), diastolic diameter (DD), and systolic diameter (SD). miR-276b systemic knockdown resulted in a significant increase in DI, arrhythmia index (AI), and fractional shortening (FS) significantly increased and SI, DD and SD significantly decreased. Adipose tissue-specific miR-276a/b knockdown and miR-276a overexpression resulted in a significant increase in HR and a significant decrease in DI and SI, which were improved by exercise intervention. This study presents a novel finding that highlights the significance of the heart circadian clock gene Timeless in heart function. Additionally, it demonstrates that adipose tissue exerts trans-organ modulation on the expression of the heart Timeless gene via miR-276a/b., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Graphical abstract created with “BioRender.com.”, (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of American Physiological Society.)

Both Lonicerae japonicae flos and Lonicerae similis flos are important components in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with precious medicinal value. However, the absence of studies on their chloroplast genomes and chromatography has considerably hindered the study of their evolutionary and phylogenetic relationships. In this study, the complete chloroplast (cp) genomes of Lonicera acuminata Wall. and Lonicera similis Hemsl. were sequenced using the Illumina sequencing platform and compared with that of Lonicera japonica Thunb., which has been previously reported. Furthermore, the chromatographic fingerprints of the three plants were constructed using HPLC and the content of quality marker (Q-Marker) was calculated. The annotation results showed that the two chloroplast genomes were typical quadripartite structures with lengths of 155,330 bp ( L. acuminata ) and 155,207 bp ( L. similis ). A total of 126 different genes were annotated, containing 82 protein-coding genes, 36 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. The expansion and contraction of the inverted repeat (IR) regions suggested that the boundary regions of IR/SC were comparatively conserved in the three species, and six regions (trnH-GUG-psbA, rps2-rpoC2, rbcL-psaI, trnN-GUU-ndhF, rps15-ycf1, and infA) with nucleotide diversity values (Pi) of variable sites higher than 1% were identified. Phylogenetic relation indicated that L. similis had a closer genetic relationship with L. japonica than L. acuminata . Additionally, the chromatographic fingerprints showed that the characteristic peaks of the three medicinal plants were similar, including Neochlorogenic acid, Chlorogenic acid, 4-Dicaffeoylquinic acid, Sweroside, Secoxyloganin, Luteoloside, Isochlorogenic acid A, Isochlorogenic acid B, and Isochlorogenic acid C. The content of chlorogenic acid and total phenolic acid in L. acuminata (7.4633 ± 0.4461%, 14.8953 ± 0.0728%) and L. similis (14.1055 ± 0.2566%, 21.9782 ± 0.1331%) was much higher than that of L. japonica (3.9729 ± 0.0928%, 6.0964 ± 0.1228%), respectively. This study provides appropriate information for species identification, phylogeny, quality assessment, and rational use of three medicinal plants of the genus Lonicera .

Aorianigripes (Baly, 1860) is one of the main pests of grapes, mainly damaging leaves, petioles and shoots and seriously affecting plant growth and development. Recently, this pest was found to damage the leaves of Ampelopsisgrossedentata , Ampelopsismegalophylla , Ampelopsischaffanjonii and Ampelopsiscantoniensis. However, the phylogenetic relationships of A.nigripes and other related family members are unclear. In this study, we sequenced and analysed the complete mitogenome of A.nigripes for the first time. The mitogenome of A.nigripes is circular and 17,306 bp in size, consisting of 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs) and two ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs). The base composition of the A.nigripes mitogenome is 41.70% A, 33.76% T, 9.01% G and 15.53% C. The phylogenetic analysis showed that A.nigripes was clustered together with Basileptafulvipes and Colasposomadauricum ., (Chenju Yang, Chunyan Jiang, Shaoxiong Wu, Xiayu Feng, Zhengwen Yu.)

Morphine is frequently applied in cancer patients for pain management. However, its effects on cancer are not well understood but observed to be specific to certain cancer types. We previously revealed the stimulatory properties of morphine in esophageal carcinoma. This work addressed the effects of morphine and its underlying mechanisms in cervical cancer. Proliferation, apoptosis, and migration assays were performed to examine the effects of morphine alone and its combinatory effects with chemotherapeutic drugs. Immunoblotting and biochemical analysis were performed to determine the underlying mechanisms of morphine's action. Morphine promoted proliferation in opioid receptor-dependent manner and stimulated migration in opioid receptor-independent manner. However, morphine did not affect cervical cancer cell survival. Morphine also interfered with all tested chemotherapeutic drugs (e.g., cisplatin, 5-FU, and paclitaxel) and alleviates their efficacy. Mechanistically, morphine-stimulated growth via activating EGFR-mediated signaling pathways and is opioid-receptor-dependent; morphine-stimulated migration via activating RhoA-mediated signaling pathways and this is opioid receptor-independent. Our work suggests a strong correlation of this opioid receptor on growth factor signaling to stimulate growth and opioid receptor-independent activation of RhoA and consequent migration. Our findings have the potential to guide the clinical use of morphine for patients with cervical cancer., (© 2022 The Authors. Pharmacology Research & Perspectives published by British Pharmacological Society and American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Neuropathic pain (NP) is one of the most intractable diseases. The lack of effective therapeutic measures remains a major problem due to the poor understanding of the cause of NP. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of the long non‑coding RNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 5 (SNHG5) in NP and the underlying molecular mechanism in order to identify possible therapeutic targets. A chronic constriction injury (CCI) mouse model was used to investigate whether SNHG5 prevents NP and the inflammatory response. Luciferase and RNA pull‑down assays were used to detect the binding between SNHG5 and miR‑142‑5p as well as between miR‑142‑5p and CAMK2A. Western blot and qPCR were used to detect the RNA and protein expression. The results indicated that SNHG5 significantly inhibited CCI‑induced NP. In addition, SNHG5 inhibited the inflammatory response through decreasing the release and the mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)‑1β, IL‑6, IL‑10 and tumor necrosis factor‑α. Mechanistically, SNHG5 acted via sponging microRNA‑142‑5p, thereby upregulating the expression of calcium/calmodulin‑dependent protein kinase II α (CAMK2A). Further investigation indicated that CAMK2A knockdown also inhibited CCI‑induced NP and inflammation. In summary, the present study demonstrated that SNHG5 silencing could alleviate the neuropathic pain induced by chronic constriction injury via sponging miR‑142‑5p and regulating the expression of CAMK2A.

Lonicera acuminata Wall. is a medicinal and edible homologous plant in folk medicine that displays excellent pharmacological activities. However, the phylogenetic relationship between L. acuminata and other related family members remains unclear. In this study, we assembled the chloroplast genome of L. acuminata . The circular chloroplast genome was 154,282 bp in size, including a large single-copy region of 88,373 bp and a small single-copy region of 18,455 bp, which were separated by two inverted repeat regions (23,727 bp each). A total of 128 genes were predicted, including 8 ribosomal RNAs, 37 transfer RNAs and 83 protein-coding genes. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that L. acuminata was clustered together with L. pampaninii , L. macranthoides and L. hypoglauca ., Competing Interests: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s)., (© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.)

Lonicera similis Hemsl. belongs to the Caprifoliaceae family and used as a substitute for 'jin yin hua'. Recent years, it demonstrates great economic value because of its rich chemical composition. However, the phylogenetic relationship between L. similis and other family members remains unclear. In this paper, we assembled the cp genome of L. similis using the high-throughput Illumina pair-end sequencing data. The circular cp genome was 155,207 bp in size, including a large single-copy (LSC) region of 88994 bp and a small single-copy (SSC) region of 18,633 bp, which were separated by two inverted repeat (IR) regions (23,790 bp each). A total of 121 genes were predicted, including eight ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), 36 transfer RNAs (tRNAs), and 77 protein-coding genes (PCGs). In addition, the result of phylogenetic analysis indicated that L. similis formed a close relationship from another congeneric species ( Lonicera confusa ). This study provides helpful information for future genetic study of L. similis., Competing Interests: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s)., (© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.)

Lonicera pampaninii Levl, a Chinese herbal medicine widely used in the folk, has the effect of clearing away heat and detoxifying similar to other plants of the Lonicera . However, its genetic relationship with these plants is unclear. In this work, the cp genome of Lonicera pampaninii Levl. was assembled by the high-throughput Illumina pair-end sequencing data. The circular cp genome is 155,249 bp in size, including a large single-copy (LSC) region of 89,068 bp and a small single-copy (SSC) region of 18,635 bp, which were separated by two inverted repeat (IR) regions (23,773 bp each). A total of 120 genes were predicted, including eight ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), 33 transfer RNAs (tRNAs), and 79 protein-coding genes (PCGs). Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis revealed a strong sister relationship between L. pampaninii and other two congeneric species ( Lonicera confusa and Lonicera japonica ). This study provides useful information for future genetic study of L. pampaninii ., Competing Interests: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s)., (© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.)

Lonicera fulvotomentosa Hsu et S. C. Cheng is widely used as an edible and medicinal food in China and also displays excellent pharmacological activities. The phylogenetic relationship between L. fulvotomentosa and other family members remains unclear. In this work, we assembled the cp genome of L. fulvotomentosa using the high-throughput Illumina pair-end sequencing data. The circular cp genome is 155,102 bp in size, including a large single-copy (LSC) region of 88,906 bp and a small single-copy (SSC) region of 18,628 bp, which were separated by two inverted repeat (IR) regions (23,784 bp each). A total of 129 genes were predicted, including eight ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), 39 transfer RNAs (tRNAs), and 82 protein-coding genes (PCGs). Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis revealed that L. fulvotomentosa formed a different clade from other two congeneric species ( Lonicera confuse and Lonicera japonica ). This study provides useful information for future genetic study of L. fulvotomentosa ., Competing Interests: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s)., (© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.)

Lonicera hypoglauca Miq, which is widely distribute in south China, is an important Chinese plant used in traditional medicine. Here we report the first complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequence of this species. The circular cp genome is 154,581 bp in size, including a large single-copy (LSC) region of 88,379 bp and a small single-copy (SSC) region of 18,646 bp, which were separated by two inverted repeat (IR) regions (IRA and B, 23,778 bp each). A total of 121 genes were annotated, including 8 ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), 33 transfer RNAs (tRNAs) and 80 protein-coding genes (PCGs). Phylogenetic analysis of 20 representative members within the Caprifoliaceae showed that L. hypoglauca is closely related to the Lonicera macranthoides . This study provides important genetic information for future systematic and evolutionary studies of L. hypoglauca ., Competing Interests: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s)., (© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.)

Background: The expression of SIN3A is closely correlated with electroacupuncture (EA) treatment efficacy of scopolamine-induced amnesia (SIA), but its underlying mechanisms remain to be further explored., Methods: Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to analyze the expression of candidate microRNAs (miRNAs) and SIN3A mRNA in a rat model of SIA. Western blot was carried out to evaluate the differential expression of SIN3A proteins under different circumstances. Luciferase assay was used to explore the inhibitory role of certain miRNAs in SIN3A expression. A novel object recognition (NOR) test was performed to assess the memory function of SIA rats undergoing EA treatment. Immunohistochemistry was carried out to evaluate the expression of SIN3A in the hippocampus of SIA rats., Results: Rno-miR-183-5p, rno-miR-34c-3p and rno-miR-210-3p were significantly up-regulated in SIA rats treated with EA. In addition, rno-miR-183-5p and rno-miR-210-3p exerted an inhibitory effect on SIN3A expression. EA treatment of SIA rats effectively restored the dysregulated expression of rno-miR-183-5p, rno-miR-210-3p and SIN3A. EA treatment also promoted the inhibited expression of neuronal IEGs including Arc, Egr1, Homer1 and Narp in the hippocampus of SIA rats. Accordingly, the NOR test also confirmed the effect of EA treatment on the improvement of memory in SIA rats., Conclusion: In summary, the findings of this study demonstrated that scopolamine-induced amnesia was associated with downregulated expression of miR-210/miR-183 and upregulated expression of SIN3A. Furthermore, treatment with EA alleviated scopolamine-induced amnesia in rats and was associated with upregulated expression of miR-210/miR-183 and downregulated expression of SIN3A.

Artemisinin extracted from Artemisia annua L. is the best medicine with the highest efficiency, the most effective and the lowest toxicity in treating ague nowadays. At present, most studies focus on artemisinin and its derivatives, while the study and report about the other active components are rare. This paper purposed to further discover new indication of Artemisia annua L. connecting with the record of traditional medicine. We screened the hemostatic active fraction of Artemisia annua L. in-vitro by plasma recalcification time (PRT). The crude extract and the extract of n-butanol were purified by polyamide, MCI, gel column in order. Determining the part of 20% methanol fraction after column chromatography of MCI gel is the hemostatic active fraction of Artemisia annua L. The shorten rate of clotting time are followed by: crude extract of Artemisin annua L. (8.51%); the n-butanol extract (14.89%); water eluting fraction after the extract of n-butanol was purificated by polyamide (22.11%); 20% methanol fraction after column chromatography of MCI gel (27.37%). It can provide experimental data for the clinical application of Artemisia annua L. which can be exploited as hemostatic. This topic has a certain academic value and potential prospects on the deep research of the Artemisia annua L. resource.

The chemical composition of the essential oils of flower at the pre-flowering, full-flowering and post-flowering stage of A. annua was analyzed by GC and GC/MS and sixty-two components were identified. The main compounds in the pre-flowering oil were β-myrcene (37.71%), 1, 8-cineole (16.11%) and camphor (14.97%). The full-flowering oil contained predominantly caryophyllene (19.4%), germacrene D (18.1%), camphor (15.84%), 1, 8-cineole (10.6%) and (Z)-β-farnesene (9.43%). The major constituents identified in the post-flowering oil were camphor (16.62%), caryophyllene (16.27%), β-caryophyllene oxide (15.84%), β-farnesene (9.05%) and (-)-spathulenol (7.21%). The variety of anti-AChE activity of flower oil of A. annua at three flowering stage might be a result of the variety of the content and interaction of those terpenoids with anti-AChE activity. The greatest acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity (IC50 = 0.13 ± 0.02 mg mL(-1)) was exhibited by the essential oil of flower of A. annua at post-flowering stage.

While the role of hemostatic activity is well established, the importance of infection prevention in the wound has not been addressed. Based on the available evidence from disinfection and infection prevention, essential oils are attractive candidates for antimicrobial drugs. Therefore, we hypothesize to design a novel hemostatic model with triple protective functions through coordinating essential oils to hematostatic ingredients. The hematostatic ingredients play their roles in hemostasis when hemorrhage occurs. Simultaneously, the essential oils evaporate naturally to form a protective layer around the wound, which can help to prevent pathogenic bacteria from infecting the wound. What more, most plant essential oils possess antibacterial activity. Thus, the essential oils can be used as an accessory treatment for infection once the wound infected by pathogenic bacteria. So the novel hematostatic model with triple protective functions will have broader utility in therapy of out-wound bleeding than current hemostatic drugs.

Recently, TDDS (Targeting drug delivery system) plays an important role in enhancing the bioavailability and targeting of anti-tumor drugs. How to transport drugs quickly and precisely to their target sites of action has not been solved fundamentally. A large number of researches have identified artemisinin and its analogs have the merit of precisely targeting to cancer cell, and low side effects to healthy tissue. Thus, if these compounds could be attached to established anti-tumor drugs with probe, a novel targeting anti-tumor drugs will be put into practice in the future. The novel drugs delivery system will be a powerful weapon against cancer disease for their unique targeting.