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The organizational citizenship behavior of teachers holds paramount significance in elevating school organizational effectiveness and sustaining competitive advantage. To address this, this study examines the cross-level influence of group-focused transformational leadership on organizational citizenship behavior among secondary school teachers. This exploration includes investigating the mediating role of individual-level psychological contract fulfillment and the moderating impact of group-level collectivism. An empirical investigation involving 1162 secondary school teachers in China was designed for this purpose. The results demonstrate that group-focused transformational leadership significantly positively impacts teachers' organizational citizenship behavior. Moreover, this relationship is positively moderated by collectivism at the group level, suggesting a stronger effect of transformational leadership on organizational citizenship behavior in more collective-oriented groups. Additionally, the findings reveal that psychological contract fulfillment at the individual level mediates this cross-level relationship, providing evidence for its role in translating leadership's influence to organizational citizenship behavior. The findings underscore the significance of concentrating on group-focused transformational leadership, cultivating a collectivist atmosphere, and guaranteeing the fulfillment of psychological contracts as pivotal strategies for bolstering organizational citizenship behavior among teachers., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

This paper aims to examine the effect of mindful leadership on employees' self-spirituality, and the mediating effect of organizational identification, and the moderating effect of cohort differences in machinery companies. This study collected data from three different periods. The result demonstrated that organizational identification mediated between mindful leadership and employees' self-spirituality, which boosted to deliver the peculiarity and attractiveness of their hardworking regarding personal capability. Besides, larger cohort differences negatively moderated between mindful leadership and employees' self-spirituality, and vice versa. The main dedication is the application of critical surveys depending on important supportive elements in the associated territory.

Digital transformation (DT) has been a key way for pharmaceutical companies to enhance innovation and R&D capabilities, improve product quality, reduce costs, and create competitive advantages. The external environment factors and the internal conditions' factors are the main factors affecting the DT of pharmaceutical companies. This research aimed to probe the effects of the external environment factors, the internal conditions' factors, firm size, and control variables on the DT of pharmaceutical companies based on synergetics. Purposive sampling and snowball sampling were used in this research. In addition, this research collected 395 valid data from Chinese pharmaceutical companies through online questionnaires. This research used quantitative analysis, and SPSS and Amos software were applied to data processing analysis. The results of structural equation modelling (SEM) and regression analysis showed that the external environment factors and the internal conditions' factors had a significantly positive correlation with the DT of pharmaceutical companies, and the effects of the internal conditions on the DT of pharmaceutical companies were greater than that of the external environment. In addition, firm size positively moderated the relationship between the external environment, internal conditions, and the DT of pharmaceutical companies. The results of this research not only can provide theoretical reference for scholars but also put forward implementation suggestions of DT for Chinese pharmaceutical company managers., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Xiaowen Luo and Shun-Chi Yu.)