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The effects of twelve different pre-drying and drying methods on the chemical composition in the pericarp and kernel of Amomum tsao-ko were studied. The volatile components were isolated from the samples by simultaneous distillation and extraction and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Sixty and thirty-eight compounds were identified from pericarp and kernel, respectively, and the main constituents were oxygenated monoterpenes. These compounds were not only significantly affected by pre-drying and drying methods but also varied in content due to different tissue locations. The total volatile content of pericarp varied from 0.70 to 1.55%, with the highest obtained by microwave-dried samples (150 W) and the lowest in freeze-dried samples. The total volatile content of the kernel varied from 6.11 to 10.69%, with the highest content obtained during sun drying (SD) and the lowest content in samples treated with boiling water for 2 min. Oxygenated monoterpenes were the highest compounds in pericarp and kernel, which were also the most affected by drying methods. The highest content of oxygenated monoterpenes in the pericarp (0.77%) could be obtained by boiling water treatment for 5 min, and the highest content of oxygenated monoterpenes in the kernel (7.48%) could be obtained by SD. Additionally, the main components such as 1,8-cineole, 2-carene, ( Z )-citral, nerolidol, ( Z )-2-decenal, ( E )-2-dodecenal, citral, ( E )-2-octenal, 4-propylbenzaldehyde, and phthalan showed remarkable variations in pre-drying and drying methods., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Qin, Yang, Yang, Yang, Wang and Zhang.)

One new indole diterpenoid, drechmerin I ( 1 ), was isolated from the fermentation broth of Drechmeria sp. isolated from the root of Panax notoginseng . Its structure was elucidated based on 1 D and 2 D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrum (HRESIMS), and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectroscopic analyses as well as TD DFT calculations of ECD spectra. Drechmerin I ( 1 ) was assayed for its antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans , Staphylococcus aureus , Bacillus cereus , B. subtillis , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and Klebsiella pneumonia , respectively. Drechmerin I ( 1 ) showed antimicrobial activities against B. subtillis with an MIC value of 200 μg/mL. The interaction of S. aureus peptide deformylase with drechmerin I ( 1 ) was investigated by molecular docking.

A novel 1(2), 2(18)-diseco indole diterpenoid, drechmerin H (1), was isolated from the fermentation broth of Drechmeria sp. together with a new indole diterpenoid, 2'-epi terpendole A (3), and a known analogue, terpendole A (2). Their structures were determined by HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR, ECD, and X-ray single crystal diffraction analyses as well as quantum chemical calculation. The abosulte configuration of terpendole A (2) was determined for the first time. Compound 1 displayed the significant agonistic effect on pregnane X receptor (PXR) with EC 50 value of 134.91 ± 2.01 nM, and its interaction with PXR was investigated by molecular docking. Meantime, a plausible biosynthetic pathway for compounds 1-3 is also discussed in the present work., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

A strain (SYPF 7183 T ) was isolated from rhizosphere soil of Panax notoginseng in southwest China. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that strain SYPF 7183 T was distinct from the other Absidia species with well-supported values. Strain SYPF 7183 T produced spherical or subpyriform sporangia and short cylindrical sporangiospores. The azygospores were globose to oval. Based on morphological and phylogenetic evidence, the novel strain Absidia panacisoli sp. nov. is proposed.

A fungal strain, Drechmeria sp., was isolated from the root of Panax notoginseng. Totally, seven new indole diterpenoids, drechmerins A-G (1-7), were isolated from the fermentation broth of Drechmeria sp. together with four known analogues (8-11). Their structures were determined on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectroscopic analyses as well as theoretical calculations. All the isolated compounds were evaluated for their antimicrobial activities against Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, B. subtillis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumonia, respectively. Drechmerin B (2) displayed antimicrobial activity against C. albicans with an MIC value of 12.5 μg/mL. Molecular docking was used to investigate interactions of peptide deformylase with compounds 1-3, 5-7, 9, and 10., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The Panax notoginseng is an important Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) and the quality is affected by growing environment. UV spectra approach was used to study the relationships between UV spectra of P. notoginseng and locations, rapidly. The UV spectra of fifty P. notoginseng samples which collected from ten regions were obtained and processed by using mean value, smoothing and derivative. The numbers of common peaks of chloroform, ethanol and water extractions were compared, respectively and the best extraction solvent was confirmed. The differences and relationships of P. notoginseng samples from different locations were investigated by comparing the characteristics of UV spectra combined with partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). The results showed that the extract ratio was the best in chloroform and the RSD% of precision, repeatability and stability in 30 h were 0.00～0.42, 0.00～0.54 and 0.00～0.60, respectively. The spectra of samples collected from different areas were similar except the absorbance. It could display the fingerprint characteristics. The common peaks of UV spectra were 194, 200, 204, 210 and 218 nm and the peaks absorption value ranged from 0.00 to 4.00. It showed that the main constituent had low correlation with collection regions while the content may be affected by the collection areas. The PLS-DA score plots could show the relationships among the P. notoginseng from different locations. In conclusion, this qualitative method could evaluate P. notoginseng samples from different locations rapidly and exactly. Moreover, it could provide the reference for source discrimination of CHM.

Objective: To find out variety of the fungal diseases of cultivated Gentiana rigescens and provide important basis for prevention., Methods: The diseases were diagnosed based on field investigate, symptoms observation, pathogen isolation, determination the size of morphological and verification following the Koch's Postulate procedures., Results: Anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides), grey mould (Botrytis cinerea), brown spot (Alternaria tenuis), rust (Aecidiumpers), circular spot (Pestalotiopsis), leaf blight (Stemphylium, Ascochyta, Pleospora) and nematodes (Heterodera spp., Meloidogyne spp.) were found on Gentiana rigescens. Anthracnose was the first main disease, the diseased plant rate was over 40% and disease severity was 4 - 5 degree and second disease was rust, incidence of rate was less 10% and other diseases rate was not enough 2%., Conclusion: All these diseases on Gentiana rigescens are reported for the first time and Gentiana rigescens is the new host plant of the diseases.