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Fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composite is a useful material. It has been utilised to enhance the structural behaviour of reinforced concrete beams (RCB). It is also crucial to summarise the impact of FRP on various types of RCB properties. This study summarises the FRP usage's impact on the RCB's structural behaviour based on previous research by reviewing and discussing the experimental study and finite element analysis (FEA) results. Based on previous relevant literature reviews, the experimental investigation and FEA showed significant improvements in flexure, stiffness, young modulus, load-deflection, ultimate load capacity, fracture pattern, and failure mode when FRP was used in RCB production. This FRP composite material can be used as the external reinforcement for RCB due to its high strength capability, force, load, and corrosion resistance with adhesive and anchorage properties. Using FRP in RCB can benefit civil engineering by increasing its structural behaviour and performance, especially in construction industry., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2023 The Authors.)

The spatio-temporal variability of water quality associated with anthropogenic activities was studied for the Bertam River and its main tributaries within the Bertam Catchment, Cameron Highlands, Malaysia. A number of physico-chemical parameters of collected samples were analyzed to evaluate their spatio-temporal variability. Nonparametric statistical analysis showed significant temporal and spatial differences (p < 0.05) in most of the parameters across the catchment. Parameters except dissolved oxygen and chemical oxygen demand displayed higher values in rainy season. The higher concentration of total suspended solids was caused by massive soil erosion and sedimentation. Seasonal variations in contaminant concentrations are largely affected by precipitation and anthropogenic influences. Untreated domestic wastewater discharge as well as agricultural runoff significantly influenced the water quality. Poor agricultural practices and development activities at slope areas also affected the water quality within the catchment. The analytical results provided a basis for protection of river environments and ecological restoration in mountainous Bertam Catchment.