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Soil salinization leads to significant changes in microbial communities and ecological functions, but their resistance and resilience to salinity stress are not well understood. In this study, we analyzed changes in bacterial community and ecological functions, i.e., CO 2 and N 2 O emissions, under NaCl and Na 2 SO 4 stresses, as well as after the removal of these stresses. The results showed that slight to severe NaCl and Na 2 SO 4 stresses significantly increased alpha diversity of bacterial community and altered the structure of bacterial community. In contrast, NaCl and Na 2 SO 4 stresses both linearly reduced CO 2 and N 2 O emissions, with NaCl stress exhibiting a greater suppression effect than Na 2 SO 4 stress. After salinity leaching, the bacterial community traits-diversity, richness, complexity, and stability-generally recovered, with stronger recovery observed under greater salinity stress. However, the structure of bacterial community did not recover, even for those subjected to slight NaCl and Na 2 SO 4 stresses. The CO 2 and N 2 O emission fluxes recovered in the late stage of the recovery period, particularly in the treatments that experienced moderate NaCl and severe Na 2 SO 4 stresses. Additionally, the CO 2 and N 2 O emissions were mainly dominated by the salinity-sensitive subcommunity. Generally, salinity leaching shifted the microbial community to an alternative state but facilitated the recovery of microbial diversity, complexity, stability, and functions. The findings provided implications for the management and reclamation of saline-alkali farmland., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Lignite-converted bioorganic fertilizer substantially improves soil physiochemical properties, but little is known about how lignite bioorganic fertilizer (LBF) affects soil microbial communities and how the changed microbial communities impact their stability, functions, and crop growth in saline-sodic soil. Therefore, a two-year field experiment was conducted in saline-sodic soil in the upper Yellow River basin, Northwest China. Three treatments, i.e., the control treatment without organic fertilizer (CK), the farmyard manure treatment (FYM) amended with 21 t ha -1 (same as local farmers) sheep manure, and the LBF treatment amended with the optimal rate of LBF (3.0 and 4.5 t ha -1 ), were designed in this study. The results showed that after two years of application of LBF and FYM, the percentage of aggregate destruction (PAD) was significantly reduced by 14.4 % and 9.4 %, respectively, while the saturated hydraulic conductivity (K s ) was obviously increased by 114.4 % and 99.7 %, respectively. The LBF treatment significantly increased the contributions of nestedness to total dissimilarity by 101.4 % and 156.2 % in bacterial and fungal communities, respectively. LBF contributed to the shift from stochasticity to variable selection in the assembly of the fungal community. The LBF treatment enriched the bacterial classes of Gammaproteobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, and Methylomirabilia and fungal classes of Glomeromycetes and GS13, which were mainly driven by PAD and K s . Additionally, the LBF treatment significantly increased the robustness and positive cohesions and decreased the vulnerability of the bacterial co-occurrence networks in both 2019 and 2020 in comparison with the CK treatment, indicating that the LBF treatment increased stability of bacterial community. The relative abundance of chemoheterotrophy and arbuscular mycorrhizae in the LBF treatment were 89.6 % and 854.4 % higher than those in the CK treatment, respectively, showing that the LBF enhanced sunflower-microbe interactions. The FYM treatment improved the functions mainly regarding sulfur respiration and hydrocarbon degradation by 309.7 % and 212.8 % in comparison with the CK treatment, respectively. The core rhizomicrobiomes in the LBF treatment showed strong positive connections with the stabilities of both bacterial and fungal co-occurrence networks, as well as the relative abundance and potential functions of chemoheterotrophy and arbuscular mycorrhizae. These factors were also linked to the growth of sunflowers. This study reveals that the LBF improved sunflower growth due to enhance microbial community stability and sunflower-microbe interactions through altering core rhizomicrobiomes in saline-sodic farmland., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Soil bulk density (BD) is a parameter dependent on soil texture, compositions of soil minerals and organic matter and the extent of soil compaction. Seasonal freeze/thaw in arid areas with shallow groundwater tables (AASGT) may significantly change BD and hence soil hydrothermal properties and water holding capacity. Therefore, quantifying soil bulk density changes (BDC) under freeze/thaw conditions can improve estimates of soil water-salt dynamics in AASGT. In this study, we conducted field experiments to investigate the soil water-salt dynamics under freeze/thaw conditions from three typical land-use types (i.e., farmland, woodland, and natural land) in the upper Yellow River basin, China. We proposed a method to estimate BDC, which can better describe the soil water-salt dynamics during the freeze/thaw period. Our results showed marked BDC occurred in all layers within the 0-100 cm profile in natural land, while mainly at the 20-80 cm profile in farmland. During the freezing period, BD in farmland and natural land first decreased rapidly and then remained relatively stable until the thawing period started. After that, BD gradually increased during the thawing period. The largest BDC in farmland and natural land were 0.48 g cm -3 (occurring at the 30-40 cm layer) and 0.43 g cm -3 (occurring at the 80-90 cm layer), respectively, close to 30 % of their initial values. The differences in BDC between the three land-use types were mainly owing to their differences in groundwater table depth, initial soil salt concentration, soil texture, and surface coverage conditions. Moreover, in farmland and natural land, ignoring BDC resulted in different degrees of overestimation or underestimation in soil water content, water fluxes, and soil hydrothermal properties in the selected soil layers. This study demonstrates that considering BDC can improve the accuracy of soil water-salt dynamics estimation in AASGT under freeze/thaw conditions., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

In this paper, we used the continuous time random walk (CTRW) framework to characterize the transport process in 1250-cm long one-dimensional homogenous and heterogeneous soil columns at the experiments conducted by Huang et al. [Huang, K., Toride, N., van Genuchten, M.Th., 1995. Experimental investigation of solute transport in large, homogeneous and heterogeneous, saturated soil columns. Trans. Porous Media. 18, 283-302]. The transport process was also simulated by using the advection-dispersion equation (ADE) and the spatial fractional advection-dispersion equation (FADE) for comparison. In the homogeneous soil column, the non-Fickian behavior is found at the distances less than 1000cm with beta values larger than 1.60, but less than 2, and Fickian form transport is obtained at distances larger than 1000cm with beta values larger than 2. In the heterogeneous soil column, we found the most anomalous behavior at distances from 200cm to 700cm with beta values ranging from 0.894 to 0.958, and non-Fickian transport process is observed at distances larger than 800cm with beta values in the range between 1 and 1.3. More significant non-Fickian behavior is found for transport in the heterogeneous soil column than that in the homogeneous soil column. The CTRW fits to the breakthrough curves (BTCs) have lower values of root mean square error (RMSE) and higher values of determination coefficient (r(2)), with respect to the fits of ADE and FADE. The CTRW model also is better captures the full evolution of BTCs, and especially their tails.