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In recent years, the preparation of functional textiles based on polyphenols adhesion has received extensive attention and research. However, polyphenols are prone to peroxidation during oxidative polymerization, which can compromise the interfacial adhesion of their monomers. Reintroducing reactive functional groups after oxidative polymerization of polyphenols may potentially compensate for the lost interfacial adhesion while increasing cohesion. In this paper, L-alanine (Ala) is introduced into poly (tannic acid) (PTA) solution to generate the PTA-Ala via Michael addition and Schiff base reaction. Original cotton fabrics are modified with PTA-Ala solution to enhance adhesion strength between the fabrics and subsequent functional modifiers. A silver nanowire network is then incorporated to increase the surface roughness through tannic acid reduction. Finally, polydimethylsiloxane is applied to reduce fabric surface energy, resulting in superhydrophobic multifunctional OH-PDMS/Ag/PTA-Ala/cotton fabrics. The finished cotton fabric exhibits a water contact angle of 166.7 ± 1.9° and a rolling angle of 5 ± 0.5°. Moreover, the fabric features diverse functionalities such as oil-water separation, photothermal conversion, antimicrobial properties, water collection, and anti-icing capabilities, alongside excellent durability and self-healing properties that extend its service life. This finished cotton fabric demonstrates promising applications in oil pollution control, outdoor clothing and medical protection, highlighting its broad across various industries., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. No competing financial interests or personal relationships are disclosed by the authors., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In this work, silk was selected as the substrate, and formic acid was utilized to create a rough texture on the silk. The conductive fabrics made from AgNWs and silk were created by applying multiple layers of silver nanowire dispersion onto the textured silk fabrics (SFs). The silk was immersed in a dispersion containing polydopamine (PDA), sericin (SE), tannic acid (TA), and silver nanowire under specific temperature conditions. After being cured at 120 °C, the three silver nanowire/silk fabrics (AgNWs/SFs), PDA/AgNWs/SF, SE/AgNWs/SF, and TA/AgNWs/SF, exhibited square resistances of 7.37, 540, and 200 Ω/sq, respectively. The method used to prepare the AgNW conductive SF is straightforward, resulting in fabrics that possess excellent thermal stability and resistance to washing. These fabrics also exhibit a range of useful properties, including conductivity, electrothermal capabilities, electrochemical functionality, human body sensing, hydrophobicity, and antimicrobial properties. These characteristics make them highly promising for various applications, such as human body motion detection, electronic textiles, electrothermal textiles, and antimicrobial applications.

In cool flames, autoxidation of organic compounds forms alkyl hydroperoxides and ketohydroperoxides, and this controls the critical rate of chain branching, but there have been large uncertainties in the decomposition rate constants. We synthesized a series of hydroperoxides and measured their decomposition rate constants in pyrolysis experiments by spray-vaporization jet-stirred-reactor synchrotron vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometry. Structural variation of the hydroperoxides, including alkyl, cycloalkyl, aromatic, and heterocyclic functionalities, has only a slight effect on their decomposition rate constants. Calculated rate constants are in good agreement with the experiment. The rate constant of ketohydroperoxide decomposition was obtained by theoretical calculation of 3-hydroperoxy butanal and tested by the pyrolysis of synthesized 3-hydroperoxy-3-phenylpropionate. The rate constant of ketohydroperoxide decomposition is close to that of alkyl hydroperoxides. The new chain-branching rate constants improves the cool-flame kinetic model, which is essential for removing discrepancies in model predictions and for the design of high-efficiency and low-emission engines.

The prediction of total ionospheric electron content (TEC) is of great significance for space weather monitoring and wireless communication. Recently, deep learning models have become increasingly popular in TEC prediction. However, these deep learning models usually contain a large number of hyperparameters. Finding the optimal hyperparameters (also known as hyperparameter optimization) is currently a great challenge, directly affecting the predictive performance of the deep learning models. The Beluga Whale Optimization (BWO) algorithm is a swarm intelligence optimization algorithm that can be used to optimize hyperparameters of deep learning models. However, it is easy to fall into local minima. This paper analyzed the drawbacks of BWO and proposed an improved BWO algorithm, named FAMBWO (Firefly Assisted Multi-strategy Beluga Whale Optimization). Our proposed FAMBWO was compared with 11 state-of-the-art swarm intelligence optimization algorithms on 30 benchmark functions, and the results showed that our improved algorithm had faster convergence speed and better solutions on almost all benchmark functions. Then we proposed an automated machine learning framework FAMBWO-MA-BiLSTM for TEC prediction, where MA-BiLSTM is for TEC prediction and FAMBWO for hyperparameters optimization. We compared it with grid search, random search, Bayesian optimization algorithm and beluga whale optimization algorithm. Results showed that the MA-BiLSTM model optimized by FAMBWO is significantly better than the MA-BiLSTM model optimized by grid search, random search, Bayesian optimization algorithm, and BWO.

Based on quantum mechanically guided experiments that observed elusive intermediates in the domain of inception that lies between large molecules and soot particles, we provide a new mechanism for the formation of carbonaceous particles from gas-phase molecular precursors. We investigated the clustering behavior of resonantly stabilized radicals (RSRs) and their interactions with unsaturated hydrocarbons through a combination of gas-phase reaction experiments and theoretical calculations. Our research directly observed a sequence of covalently bound clusters (CBCs) as key intermediates in the evolution from small RSRs, such as benzyl (C 7 H 7 ), indenyl (C 9 H 7 ), 1-methylnaphthyl (1-C 11 H 9 ), and 2-methylnaphthyl (2-C 11 H 9 ), to large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) consisting of 28 to 55 carbons. We found that hydrogen abstraction and RSR addition drive the formation and growth of CBCs, leading to progressive H-losses, the generation of large PAHs and PAH radicals, and the formation of white smoke (incipient carbonaceous particles). This mechanism of progressive H-losses from CBCs (PHLCBC) elucidates the crucial relationship among RSRs, CBCs, and PAHs, and this study provides an unprecedentedly seamless path of observed assembly from small RSRs to large nanoparticles. Understanding the PHLCBC mechanism over a wide temperature range may enhance the accuracy of multiscale models of soot formation, guide the synthesis of carbonaceous nanomaterials, and deepen our understanding of the origin and evolution of carbon within our galaxy.

Many animals have pigments when they themselves cannot see colour. Perhaps those pigments enable the animal to avoid predators, or to attract mates. Maybe even those pigmented surfaces are hosts for microbes, even when the microbes do not see colour. Do some pigments then serve as a chemical signal for a good or bad microbial substrate? Maybe pigments attract or repel various microbe types? Echinoderms serve as an important model to test the mechanisms of pigment-based microbial interactions. Echinoderms are marine benthic organisms, ranging from intertidal habitats to depths of thousands of metres and are exposed to large varieties of microbes. They are also highly pigmented, with a diverse variety of colours between and even within species. Here we focus on one type of pigment (naphthoquinones) made by polyketide synthase, modified by flavin-dependent monoxygenases, and on one type of function, microbial interaction. Recent successes in targeted gene inactivation by CRISPR/Cas9 in sea urchins supports the contention that colour is more than it seems. Here we dissect the players, and their interactions to better understand how such host factors influence a microbial colonization. This article is part of the theme issue 'Sculpting the microbiome: how host factors determine and respond to microbial colonization'.

Conventional textile dyeing relies on the use of dyes and pigments, which can cause severe environmental contamination and waste a large amount of water. Structural coloring is one of the effective ways to achieve environmentally friendly coloring of textiles. In this work, three plant polyphenols with the same o-benzenetriol structure (tannic acid (TA), gallic acid (GA), and tea polyphenol (TP)) were selected as raw materials. Three plant polyphenols can quickly form nanofilms at the gas-liquid interface through a Schiff base reaction with polyethyleneimine (PEI) under mildly alkaline conditions, which were deposited to the surface of silk fabric, allowing precise control over the thickness of film by adjusting the time, resulting in various structurally colored silk fabric. This method for creating structural colors is not substrate-specific and enables the quick production of structural colors on various textile substrates. Furthermore, the structural color silk fabric based on plant polyphenol has antibacterial performance. This textile coloring method is simple, cost-effective and environmentally friendly, providing a new approach to eco-friendly textile dyeing., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest No competing financial interests or personal relationships are disclosed by the authors., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In this study, a simple, green, and low-cost room temperature synthesis of broccoli-like silver nanoflowers (AgNF) with a particle size of about 300-500 nm was developed using plant-derived caffeic acid as a reducing agent and polyvinylpyrrolidone as a dispersant under ultrasound assistance. The flower clusters covered by small nanocrystals of 20-50 nm significantly enhance the electromagnetic field signals. AgNF was deposited on the surface of silicon wafers as a surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy sensor for the detection of probe molecules such as rhodamine 6G (R6G) and malachite green with high sensitivity, homogeneity, and reproducibility. AgNF was deposited on cotton fabrics in the form of composites to catalyze the degradation of dye pollutants such as R6G, MG, and methyl orange in the presence of sodium borohydride. 0.1 g of AgNF/cotton fabric could assist 15 mmol/L NaBH 4 to achieve over 90% degradation of various dyes as well as a high concentration of dyes in 12 min with good reusability and recyclability. The AgNF synthesized in this work can not only monitor the type and amounts of pollutants (dyes) in wastewater but also catalyze the rapid degradation of dyes, which is expected to be valuable for industrial applications.

The chitosan is fixed in an amide group of activated carboxyl groups and biological primary amino groups of nonwoven PET for antibacterial properties. Uncoated materials have fewer wetting properties and are less biocompatible. The objectives of the study were to evaluate surface chemical compositions and biocompatibility, antibacterial, and hydrophilic properties of polyester fabrics grafted with chitosan oligomers and after being activated by atmospheric pressure plasmas. A 2% 14.8 mg/cm 2 uncolored PET woven fabric was dissolved in chitosan solution. Atmospheric pressure plasmas were used to activate polyester fabrics grafted with chitosan oligomers on both sides. Cell proliferation assay was performed for the biocompatibility study. The American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists method was used to measure the width of the antibacterial zone and the Japanese Industrial Standard was used to count the number of bacterial colonies. Chitosan-coated and -activated uncolored PET woven fabric showed fewer percentage free carbon (p < 0.0001), higher percentage free oxygen to free carbon ratio (p < 0.0001), higher percentage free nitrogen to free carbon ratio (p = 0.0453), and higher percentage free oxygen plus free nitrogen to free carbon ratio (p < 0.0001) than untreated PET woven fabric. The dynamic contact angle of a water droplet and the wicking time were shorter for chitosan-coated and -activated uncolored PET woven fabric than untreated PET weaved fabric (p < 0.0001 for all). Chitosan coating leads to PET woven fabric being higher biocompatible, wettable, and antibacterial than untreated PET woven fabric., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

The build-up of lactate in solid tumors stands as a crucial and early occurrence in malignancy development, and the concentration of lactate in the tumor microenvironment may be a more sensitive indicator for analyzing primary tumors. In this study, we designed a self-powered lactate sensor for the rapid analysis of tumor samples, utilizing the coupling between the piezoelectric effect and enzymatic reaction. This lactate sensor is fabricated using a ZnO nanowire array modified with lactate oxidase (LOx). The sensing process does not require an external power source or batteries. The device can directly output electric signals containing lactate concentration information when subjected to external forces. The lactate concentration detection upper limit of the sensor is at least 27 mM, with a limit of detection (LOD) of approximately 1.3 mM and a response time of around 10 s. This study innovatively applied self-powered technology to the in situ detection of the tumor microenvironment and used the results to estimate the growth period of the primary tumor. The availability of this application has been confirmed through biological experiments. Furthermore, the sensor data generated by the device offer valuable insights for evaluating the likelihood of remote tumor metastasis. This study may expand the research scope of self-powered technology in the field of medical diagnosis and offer a novel perspective on cancer diagnosis.

The proper axial length of the eye is crucial for achieving emmetropia. In this study, we present a wireless battery-free eye modulation patch designed to correct high myopia and prevent relapse. The patch consists of piezoelectric transducers, an electrochemical micro-actuator, a drug microneedle array, μ-LEDs, a flexible circuit, and biocompatible encapsulation. The system can be wirelessly powered and controlled using external ultrasound. The electrochemical micro-actuator plays a key role in precisely shortening the axial length by driving the posterior sclera inward. This ensures accurate scene imaging on the retina for myopia eye. The drug microneedle array delivers riboflavin to the posterior sclera, and μ-LEDs' blue light induces collagen cross-linking, reinforcing sclera strength. In vivo experiments demonstrate that the patch successfully reduces the rabbit eye's axial length by ~1217 μm and increases sclera strength by 387%. The system operates effectively within the body without the need for batteries. Here, we show that the patch offers a promising avenue for clinically treating high myopia., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

The interaction of fuel with NOx chemistry is important for the construction of the reaction mechanism and engine application. In this work, the reaction pathways of n C 5 H 12 + NO 2 were studied by high-level electronic structure calculations (DLPNO-CCSD(T)-F12/cc-pVTZ-F12//B2PLYPD3/cc-pVTZ). The rate constants were calculated by using the multistructural canonical transition-state theory with the Eckart tunneling method (TST/MS-T/ET). The studied condition is in a wide temperature range of 298-2400 K. The influence of MS-T anharmonicity and tunneling effect will be clarified for these site-specific H-abstraction pathways. The result reflects the large deviation introduced by the treatment of MS-T anharmonicity, especially at a high temperature. For the same type of reactions, the rate constants of H-abstraction both occurring at the secondary carbon are not almost identical. The branching ratios show that abstraction from the secondary site forming cis -HONO (R2c) contributes 36-78% to n C 5 H 12 consumption in the temperature range of 298-2400 K. The current results show that the multistructural torsional anharmonicity has a crucial influence on the accurate estimation of branching ratios.

The effective and targeted treatment of resistant cancer cells presents a significant challenge. Targeting cell ferroptosis has shown remarkable efficacy against apoptosis-resistant tumors due to their elevated iron metabolism and oxidative stress levels. However, various obstacles have limited its effectiveness. To overcome these challenges and enhance ferroptosis in cancer cells, we have developed a self-powered photodynamic therapeutic tablet that integrates a ferroptosis inducer (FIN), imidazole ketone erastin (IKE). FINs augment the sensitivity of photodynamic therapy (PDT) by increasing oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, they utilize the Fenton reaction to supplement oxygen, generating a greater amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during PDT. Additionally, PDT facilitates the release of iron ions from the labile iron pool (LIP), accelerating lipid peroxidation and inducing ferroptosis. In vitro and in vivo experiments have demonstrated a more than 85% tumor inhibition rate. This synergistic treatment approach not only addresses the limitations of inadequate penetration and tumor hypoxia associated with PDT but also reduces the required medication dosage. Its high efficiency and specificity towards targeted cells minimize adverse effects, presenting a novel approach to combat clinical resistance in cancer treatment., (© 2023 The Authors. Advanced Science published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Background: Upright positions, as a non-pharmacological, have been well documented in multiple studies to promote normal labor, facilitate favourable birth outcomes and positive childbirth experience. Yet, the application status of upright positions in China, and even globally, is unfavourable. Thus, we have developed the Program for Upright Positions in the Second Stage of Labor (UPSSL program) for the widespread application of upright positions. While there is limited research evidence on the areas of improvement and corresponding strategies for embedding the evidence into midwifery practice., Objectives: To explore perspectives of health care providers on improvement areas of upright positions in the second stage of labor, and to identify corresponding strategies in order to develop a management framework for successful implementation of upright positions., Methods: A qualitative descriptive design with semi-structured interviews was conducted in the study. The participants involving 13 midwives, six obstetricians and six department managers were selected from three hospitals in Beijing, China. ATLAS.TI 8 software was utilized to manage, identify the transcript data, and the thematic analysis method guided the data analysis., Results: A management framework of upright positions in the second stage of labor was developed based on our study, which included five improvement areas : (1) promoting the renewal of midwifery notions and the professional training;(2) strengthening maternal health education based on the "trinity" approach; (3) promoting multidisciplinary cooperation and refining the labor procedures in upright positions; (4) optimizing midwifery human resource allocation and formulating incentive policies; (5) encouraging partner involvement and improving the birth environment., Conclusions: The study findings could provide a comprehensive view to promote UPSSL Program to be utilized in practice. Our study also provided a way for midwives, obstetricians, and other healthcare providers to work together to facilitate high quality maternal care., Implications for Practice: Our findings will be useful for nursing managers to carry out the UPSSL program through several strategies, such as strengthening the professional training for assisting labor in the upright positions, reallocating midwifery human resources, and developing the childbirth education on the upright positions., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

This work reports a simple, stable, and environmentally friendly method to prepare durable superhydrophobic surfaces. First, a polydopamine coating is formed by oxidative polymerization of dopamine to form a secondary reaction platform to provide reaction sites for subsequent experiments. We applied a polydopamine layer onto a fiber surface using the Michael addition-reaction-grafted tetrakis (3-mercaptopropionic acid) pentaerythritol ester, followed by the introduction of tetraallyl silane and (mercapto) methyl siloxane-dimethyl siloxane copolymer on the polydopamine by a thiol-ene click-reaction under ultraviolet light. The resulting superhydrophobic Nylon 56 fabric exhibited a 166° static contact angle as well as excellent stability. The surface morphology of all samples was observed by field emission scanning electron microscope, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and energy dispersion spectroscopy, and the elemental composition and surface chemical state of the samples were analyzed. It also had the ability of oil-water separation. Fabric with such benefits broadens the applicability and innovation of superhydrophobic textiles for environmental and industrial applications., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2023 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

Existing research concerning the effects of the sitting birth position during the second stage of labour on maternal and neonatal outcomes remains controversial, and there is a lack of studies to explore its effect on the childbirth experience. The objective of this study is to explore whether the sitting birth position would influence maternal and neonatal outcomes, as well as the childbirth experience. The prospective cohort design was conducted in the study from February to June 2023, a total of 222 women (including primiparous women and multiparous women) were enrolled in our study, and they were divided into the sitting position cohort (n = 106) or the lithotomy position cohort (n = 116). The pre-designed questionnaire and Childbirth Experience Questionnaire (CEQ) were used for data collection during hospitalisation. Chi-square, Fisher's exact test, t -tests, or the Mann-Whitney U test were utilised to assess differences between groups. Multivariate linear regression and logistic regression were employed to control possible confounders. The study found that primiparous women in the sitting position cohort had a shorter duration of the second stage of labour, higher spontaneous vaginal birth rates, lower episiotomy rates, and a better childbirth experience ( p < 0.01). After adjusting for confounding factors through multiple linear and logistic regression analyses, the results remained consistent with those reported above. No neonate in each cohort had Apgar scores at 1 min and 5 min postpartum less than 7 or a Cord artery pH less than 7.00, regardless of parity. Based on the findings, we recommend that women could take the sitting birth position into account when giving birth for a positive childbirth experience, especially for primiparous women. The study could also serve as a reference for healthcare providers in the management of childbirth positions and the development of high-quality maternal care.

Objective: Upright positions in the second stage of labour are recommended by many international organizations. However, they have not been widely used worldwide, especially in China. One of the important factors is the absence of a practice programme based on the best available evidence. We thus developed a Practice Programme for Upright Positions in the Second Stage of Labour following the UK Medical Research Council framework. Under the guidance of the programme, whether the use of upright positions can improve the maternal birth experience is a question of great concern. This study aimed to explore the birth experience of Chinese women who adopted upright positions in the second stage of labour., Design: This qualitative descriptive study was conducted as part of an implementation study that developed an evidence-based intervention and used strategies to integrate the evidence-based intervention into routine obstetric clinical practice., Setting: The maternity department of a tertiary comprehensive hospital in Hebei Province, China., Participants: Semi-structured interviews with twelve eligible women who adopted upright positions in the second stage of labour were conducted between March and April 2022. Qualitative data were analyzed by using conventional content analysis., Findings: The average age of included women was 26.5 ± 3.5 years, and ten of them were primiparous women. Eight women adopted epidural analgesia during labour to relieve labour pain. All women gave birth in at least one type of upright position in the passive second stage of labour and adopted the semi-recumbent position in the active second stage of labour. Through conventional content analysis, we found that the use of upright positions in the second stage of labour could possibly promote an overall positive birth experience. Women giving birth in upright positions generally perceived they were more involved in their birthing process, and had greater physical and mental capacity to cope with childbirth., Key Conclusions: Women have a positive birth experience when using upright positions in the second stage of labour., Implications for Practice: This study suggests upright positions could improve women's birth experience and have the potential to be widely applied in clinical practice., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Platelets not only have hemostatic function, but can also directly or indirectly recognize pathogenic microorganisms and the signals they produce to capture and destroy them through membrane receptors. They can collaborate with various components of the body's immune system by releasing of intraplatelet particulate matter, cytokines and chemokines to perform bactericidal functions. And it can also play a bactericidal role by swallowing pathogens, releasing antimicrobial proteins and chemokines and activating and enhancing other specialized anti-inflammatory cells bactericidal effect, such as leukocytes and so on. However, the bacteriostatic composition and bacteriostatic mechanism of platelets remain unclear, so attention should be paid to the immune mechanism and bacteriostatic effect of platelets.

Flexible highly conductive fibers have attracted much attention due to their great potential in the field of wearable electronic devices. In this work, silk/PEDOT conductive fibers with a resistivity of 1.73 Ω·cm were obtained by oxidizing Ce 3+ with H 2 O 2 under alkaline conditions to produce CeO 2 and further promote the in-situ polymerization of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) on the surface of silk fibers. The morphology and chemical composition of the silk/PEDOT conductive fibers were characterized and the results confirmed that a large amount of polythiophene was synthesized and deposited on the surface of silk fibers. The conductivity and electrochemical property stability of the silk/PEDOT conductive fibers were evaluated by soaping and organic solvent immersion, and the conductive silk fibers exhibited excellent environmental stability and durability. The silk/PEDOT conductive fibers show good pressure sensing and strain sensing performance, which exhibits high sensitivity, fast response and cyclability, and have excellent applications in personal health monitoring, human-machine information transmission, etc., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus has important nutritional and medicinal value. Unfortunately, we know little of the source of active chemicals in this animal, but the plentiful pigments of these animals are thought to function in intriguing ways for translation into clinical and food chemistry usage. Here, we found key cell groups with the gene activity predicted for the color morphology of sea cucumber body using single-cell RNA-seq. We refer to these cell populations as melanocytes and quinocytes, which are responsible for the synthesis of melanin and quinone pigments, respectively. We integrated analysis of pigment biochemistry with the transcript profiles to illuminate the molecular mechanisms regulating distinct pigment formation in echinoderms. In concert with the correlated pigment analysis from each color morph, this study expands our understanding of medically important pigment production, as well as the genetic mechanisms for color morphs, and provides deep datasets for exploring advancements in the fields of bioactives and nutraceuticals.

A series of X%Cu/SAPO-34 (X = 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 6.0) catalysts were prepared by ultrasonic impregnation method for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO x with ammonia. The effect of different Cu loadings on the selective catalytic reduction of NO by molecular sieve catalysts was examined on a fixed-bed reactor. Catalyst physicochemical properties were characterized and analyzed using XRD, TEM, NH 3 -TPD, H 2 -TPR, and in situ DRIFTS. Catalysts were used in reaction kinetics studies from the perspective of transient and steady-state kinetics. Cu/SAPO-34 catalyst with 4% Cu loading had the best denitrification efficiency and wide activity window. Copper species were highly dispersed on the catalyst surface. Cu/SAPO-34 catalyst with 4% Cu loading had rich acidic sites and excellent redox performance. Cu/SAPO-34 catalysts with 4% Cu loading possess minimal activation energy and were lower than commercial catalysts. According to the results of in situ IR, transient and steady-state analysis, the Cu/SAPO-34 catalyst with 4% Cu loading in the NH 3 -SCR reaction process was mainly E-R mechanism, and there was L-H mechanism., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Hydroperoxides are formed in the atmospheric oxidation of volatile organic compounds, in the combustion autoxidation of fuel, in the cold environment of the interstellar medium, and also in some catalytic reactions. They play crucial roles in the formation and aging of secondary organic aerosols and in fuel autoignition. However, the concentration of organic hydroperoxides is seldom measured, and typical estimates have large uncertainties. In this work, we developed a mild and environmental-friendly method for the synthesis of alkyl hydroperoxides (ROOH) with various structures, and we systematically measured the absolute photoionization cross-sections (PICSs) of the ROOHs using synchrotron vacuum ultraviolet-photoionization mass spectrometry (SVUV-PIMS). A chemical titration method was combined with an SVUV-PIMS measurement to obtain the PICS of 4-hydroperoxy-2-pentanone, a typical molecule for combustion and atmospheric autoxidation ketohydroperoxides (KHPs). We found that organic hydroperoxide cations are largely dissociated by loss of OOH. This fingerprint was used for the identification and accurate quantification of the organic peroxides, and it can therefore be used to improve models for autoxidation chemistry. The synthesis method and photoionization dataset for organic hydroperoxides are useful for studying the chemistry of hydroperoxides and the reaction kinetics of the hydroperoxy radicals and for developing and evaluating kinetic models for the atmospheric autoxidation and combustion autoxidation of the organic compounds.

Self-powered wearable sensing systems have attracted great attention for their application in continuous health monitoring, which can reveal real-time physiological information on the body. Here, an innovative self-powered sound-driven humidity sensor for wearable intelligent dehydration monitoring system has been proposed. The sensor is primarily comprised of PTFE membrane, ZnO nanoarrays and Ti thin film. The piezoelectric/triboelectric effect of ZnO nanoarrays/PTFE membrane is coupled with the humidity sensing process. Sound wave can drive PTFE membrane to vibrate, and the contact and separation between PTFE and ZnO can generate electrical signals through piezoelectric/triboelectric effect. At the same time, the surface of the nanostructures can absorb the water molecules, which will influence the electrical output of the device. The device can convert sound energy into electrical output without any external electricity power supply, and the outputting voltage decreases with increasing relative humidity, acting as the sensing signal. The sensor has been integrated with data processing unit and wireless transmission module to form a self-powered wearable intelligent dehydration monitoring system, which can actively monitor the humidity of exhaled breath and transmit the information to the mobile phone. The results can open a possible new direction for the development of sound-driven gas sensors and will further expand the scope for self-powered nanosystems., (© 2023 IOP Publishing Ltd.)

The treatment of NO x has become an urgent issue due to it being difficult to degrade in air and its tremendous adverse impact on public health. Among numerous NO x emission control technologies, the technology of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) using ammonia (NH 3 ) as the reducing agent (NH 3 -SCR) is regarded as the most effective and promising technique. However, the development and application of high-efficiency catalysts is severely limited due to the poisoning and deactivation effect by SO 2 and H 2 O vapor in the low-temperature NH 3 -SCR technology. In this review, recent advances in the catalytic effects from increasing the rate of the activity in low-temperature NH 3 -SCR by manganese-based catalysts and the stability of resistance to H 2 O and SO 2 during catalytic denitration are reviewed. In addition, the denitration reaction mechanism, metal modification, preparation methods, and structures of the catalyst are highlighted, and the challenges and potential solutions for the design of a catalytic system for degenerating NO x over Mn-based catalysts with high resistance of SO 2 and H 2 O are discussed in detail., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2023 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

Melanin, which is a pigment produced in melanocytes, is an important contributor to sea cucumber body color. MITF is one of the most critical genes in melanocyte development and melanin synthesis pathways. However, how MITF regulates body color and differentiation in sea cucumbers is poorly understood. In this study, we analyzed the expression level and location of MITF in white, purple, and green sea cucumbers and identified the genes regulated by MITF using chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing. The mRNA and protein expression levels of MITF were all highest in purple morphs and lowest in white morphs. In situ hybridization indicated that MITF mRNA were mainly expressed in the epidermis. We also identified 984, 732, and 1191 peaks of MITF binding in green, purple, and white sea cucumbers, which were associated with 727, 557, and 887 genes, respectively. Our findings suggested that MITF contributed to the body color differentiation of green, purple, and white sea cucumbers through expression differences and regulation of downstream genes. These results provided a basis for future studies to determine the mechanisms underlying body color formation and provided insights into gene regulation in sea cucumbers.

Ketohydroperoxides (KHPs) are oxygenates with carbonyl and hydroperoxy functional groups, and they are generated under combustion and atmospheric conditions. Their fate is crucial for secondary organic aerosol formation in the troposphere and for the ignition processes of biofuels in advanced combustion engines. We investigated the thermodynamics and kinetics of nine hydrogen abstraction reactions from four ether KHPs by OH. We find that the rate constants are strongly affected by entropic effects whose estimation requires a consideration of higher-energy conformers of the transition state. A density functional was selected for these reactions by comparison to coupled cluster calculations, and it was used for calculations by multistructural canonical transition-state theory with multidimensional tunneling over the temperature range of 200-2000 K. We find that the effect of multistructural torsional anharmonicity is very large and quite different for the various ether KHP reactions. A leading cause of the structural dependence is the dominance of entropic factors due to the lack of hydrogen bonding in some of the higher-energy conformers of the transition states. Four of the reactions involve abstraction from the α-carbon (the carbon vicinal to the hydroperoxide group); they exhibit nonmonotonic temperature dependence with complex fuel-specific dependence. The rate constants for abstraction from a non-α-carbon of a given KHP can be faster than the ones for abstraction from an α-carbon; in two cases, this is due to entropy, and in one case, the non-α-carbon abstraction has a lower energy barrier. Tunneling and recrossing effects are also found to be important.

ABO blood groups distribution shows obvious geographical differences globally, but the reliability of the Blood data for assessing relationships between population groups is limited. This is mostly due to the lack of availability and interchange of this important data. We collected data of 23 million ABO blood group population from 34 provincial-level administrative regions in China. To ensure the reliability of the results, we standardized the 23 million data by the China seventh census data. The ranking of ABO blood groups phenotypic distribution in China is O > A > B > AB. The proportions of A, B, O and AB type in China population are 28.72%, 28.17%, 34.20%, and 8.91%, respectively. Accordingly, the frequencies of p [A], q [B], and r [O] gene at the ABO blood group are 0.211, 0.208, and 0.584, respectively. China blood phenotype is dominated by O type, but the r gene frequency is obviously lower than other countries. The distribution of ABO blood groups in China varies geographically. Clustering analysis results show that ABO blood groups divide into four regions from north to south in China, and reveal that the r [O] gene shows an increasing trend from North to South, and conversely the q [B] gene exhibited a decreasing trend at these coordinates. These analyses present interesting characteristics of the blood group distribution across the geography of China., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2022 The Author(s).)

Heat stroke that may cause acute central nervous system dysfunction, multiple organ dysfunction and even death has become a typical health problem in tropical developing countries. The primary goal of heat stroke treatment is to lower core body temperature, which necessitates physical or medical cooling in time. Here, we design a new self-powered wearable brain-machine-interface system for real-time monitoring and regulating body temperature. This system can monitor body temperature in real time and transmit neural electrical stimulation signals into specific brain regions to lower the body temperature. The whole system can work without an external power supply and be powered by the body itself through the piezoelectric effect. The system comprises a temperature detecting unit, a power supply unit, a data processing module, and a brain stimulator. Demonstration of the system with stimulation electrodes implanted in the median preoptic nucleus brain region in mice reveals an evident decrease in body temperature (1.0 °C within 15 min). This self-powered strategy provides a new concept for future treatment of heat stroke and can extend the application of brain-machine-interface systems in medical care.

This study aims to identify the relationship between blood donation and malignant and benign tumour hospitalization risk. The cohort study was constructed in Shaanxi, China, to include blood donors and match nonblood donors one-to-one by gender, age, and county of residence. The study compared the hospitalization records of two groups from 2012 to 2018. A log-binomial regression model was used to estimate the relative risk (RR) of tumour risk between donors and nonblood donors among different age groups. A total of 1,625,599 donors were recruited (including 968,823 males) and compared with the matched nonblood donor group. Significantly lower risk of malignancy in males was found among donors (adjusted RR: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.75-0.92). Lower risks for specific types of tumours among donors were observed, including liver (0.42, [0.28-0.67]), lung (0.74, [0.59-0.87]), lymphoma (0.75, [0.62-0.85]), and oesophagus (0.55, [0.41-0.72]). However, the risk of brain cancer was higher among male donors (RR 1.19 [1.06-1.29]). Among female donors, lower risk of liver (0.57, [0.42-0.79]) and oesophagus malignancy (0.73, [0.62-0.88]) was observed. For benign tumours, male donors have a lower risk of benign skin tumour (0.79, [0.62-0.94]) and hemangioma and lymphangioma (0.75, [0.51-0.89]), while female donors have a lower risk in hemangioma and lymphangioma (0.65, [0.44-0.83]). We also found that the risk decreased with age among donors in the prevalence of tumours compared to that in nonblood donors ( p < 0.05). Blood donation appears to be significantly associated with various tumour risks among both males and females. Overall, the risk of tumours decreased more substantially with age in blood donors compared with nonblood donors. Further research is warranted to investigate the impact of 'health donor effects' on these findings., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Shu Su et al.)

In this study, a superhydrophobic fabric was synthesized by modifying the fiber's surface with dopamine-containing hydroxyl functional groups. Furthermore, we introduced mercapto-based functional groups by the hydrolysis of mercaptopropylmethyldimethoxysilane (MPMDS) and finally grafted POSS and mercaptans using a thiol-ene click reaction. These processes generated a superhydrophobic fabric with a static contact and a sliding angle of 162° and 8°, respectively. The superhydrophobic fabric's compact and regular micro-nano rough structure based on POSS and mercaptans provides stable fastness and durability, as well as high resistance to organic solvents, acid-base environments, mechanical abrasion, UV rays, and washing. Moreover, it can be used for self-cleaning and oil-water separation, and it has a wide range of applications in the coating industry.

A self-powered wearable brain-machine-interface system with pulse detection and brain stimulation for ceasing action has been realized. The system is composed of (1) a power supply unit that employs a piezoelectric generator and converts the mechanical energy of human daily activities into electricity; (2) a neck pulse biosensor that allows continuous measurements of carotid pulse by using a piezoelectric polyvinylidene fluoride film; (3) a data analysis module that enables a coordinated brain-machine-interface system to output brain stimulation signals; and (4) brain stimulating electrodes linked to the brain that implement behavioral intervention. Demonstration of the system with stimulating electrodes implanted in the periaqueductal gray (PAG) in running mice reveals the great effect of forced ceasing action. The mice stop their running within several seconds when the stimulation signals are sent into the PAG brain region (inducing fear). This self-powered scheme for neural stimulation realizes specific behavioral intervention without any external power supply, thus providing a new concept for future behavior intervention.

Neonatal jaundice refers to the abnormality of bilirubin metabolism for newborns, and wearable transcutaneous bilirubin meters for real-time measuring the bilirubin concentration is an insistent demand for the babies' parents and doctors. In this paper, a self-powered wearable biosensor in a baby diaper for real-time monitoring neonatal jaundice has been realized by the hydrovoltaic-biosensing coupling effect of ZnO nanoarray. Without external power supply, the system can work independently, and the hydrovoltaic output can be treated as both the power source and biosensing signal. The working mechanism is that the hydrovoltaic output arises from the urine flowing on ZnO nanoarray and the enzymatic reaction on the surface can influence the output. The sensing information can be transmitted through a wireless transmitter, and thus the parents and doctors can treat the neonatal jaundice of babies in time. This work can potentially promote the development of next generation of biosensors and physiological monitoring system, and expand the scope of self-powered technique and smart healthcare area.

A novel self-powered wearable motion sensor for monitoring the spiking gesture of volleyball athletes has been manufactured from piezoelectric PVDF film. The PVDF film can convert body mechanical energy into electricity through the piezoelectric effect, and the flexible device can be conformably attached on the hand or arm. The sensor can work independently without power supply and actively output piezoelectric signals as the sports information. The sensor can detect the tiny and fine motion of spiking movement in playing volleyball, reflecting the skill. Additionally, the sensor can also real-time monitor the pulse changes and language during a volleyball match. The self-powered sensors can link to a wireless transmitter for uploading the sports information and building big sports data. This work can provoke a new direction for real-time sports monitoring and promote the development of big sports data.

Genetic linkage maps have become an indispensable tool for genetics and genomics research. Sea cucumber ( Apostichopus japonicus ), which is an economically important mariculture species in Asia, is an edible echinoderm with medicinal properties. In this study, the first SNP-based high-density genetic linkage map was constructed by sequencing 132 A. japonicus individuals (2 parents and 130 offspring) according to a genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) method. The consensus map was 3181.54 cM long, with an average genetic distance of 0.52 cM. A total of 6144 SNPs were assigned to 22 linkage groups (LGs). A Pearson analysis and QTL mapping revealed the correlations among body weight, body length, and papillae number. An important growth-related candidate gene, protein still life, isoforms C/SIF type 2 ( sif ), was identified in LG18. The gene was significantly highly expressed during the larval developmental stages. Its encoded protein reportedly functions as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor. These results would facilitate the genetic analysis of growth traits and provide valuable genomic resources for the selection and breeding of new varieties of sea cucumbers with excellent production traits.

Objective By investigating the distribution of ABO and Rh blood groups in Shaanxi Province, to discuss the influence of regional division and population migration on blood group distribution. Methods The data of 3 691 624 blood donors from 10 cities in Shaanxi province in the past 20 years was collected. According to the geographical characteristics of Shaanxi province, the data was divided into three regions: Northern Shaanxi, Southern Shaanxi, and Guanzhong, to statistically analyse the distribution of ABO and Rh blood groups across different regions. Heat map software was used to present the ABO blood group on Shaanxi map. The temporal and spatial characteristics of ABO blood group distribution during 2008 and 2018 were analysed and compared. Results ABO blood group distribution of Shaanxi people was O>B>A>AB, with a Rh negative ratio of 0.41%. Based on the ABO blood group distribution map of Shaanxi Province, obvious regional differences were found in ABO blood group distribution. The ABO blood group distribution in Guanzhong, Southern Shaanxi and Northern Shaanxi was B>O>A>AB, O>A>B>AB, and O>B>A>AB respectively, with the lowest proportion of type A being 26.12% in Northern Shaanxi, the lowest proportion of type B being 27.48% in Southern Shaanxi, and the highest proportion of type O being 32.60% and 32.10% in Northern Shaanxi and SouthernShaanxi respectively. Compared with 2008, the distribution of ABO blood groups in the three regions of Shaanxi province changed significantly in 2018. Conclusion The distribution of ABO blood group in Shaanxi province is O>B>A>AB in general. However, there are significant differences in blood group distribution among different regions. It was also found that population migration had an impact on blood group distribution from 1998 to 2018.

The sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus is an important economic species owing to their high nutritive and medicinal value. Body color is one of the most important traits in the cultivation, which affects taste and market price of holothurian products. Pigmentation is an important stage of sea cucumber growth and development, in addition to achieving rare and beautiful coloration. In this study, UHPLC-QTOF/MS technique was performed to analyze the metabolome of white, green and purple A. japonicus body wall during the pigmentation process. A total of 2633 metabolites were identified. OPLS-DA clearly discriminated the body wall metabolites among the three color morphs. In addition, 13 annotated metabolites that could discriminate white, green and purple A. japonicus were screened out. KEGG metabolic pathway analysis revealed that "biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids" and "fatty acid biosynthesis" were closely related in the different color morphs. Furthermore, we performed comparative analysis of polysaccharide and saponin among white, green and purple A. japonicus. The results showed that the content of polysaccharide and saponin in purple A. japonicus was the highest, while that in white A. japonicus was the lowest. This study will provide valuable information for future studies on sea cucumber and the molecular mechanism underlying pigmentation and color polymorphism, and may contribute to support the culturing of desirable color morphs., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) play a crucial role in soot inception, interstellar evolution, and nanomaterial synthesis. Although several mechanisms, such as hydrogen-abstraction acetylene/vinylacetylene addition, have previously been proposed, PAH formation and growth are not yet fully understood. We propose an alternate PAH growth mechanism wherein propargyl radical reacts with butadiyne to form larger radicals containing newly fused aromatic rings. Butadiyne is an important intermediate in hydrocarbon oxidation and carbon rich stars, while propargyl is one of the most important resonantly stabilized radicals that persists for long times. Our proposed mechanism is validated by quantum chemical calculations, elementary reaction experiments, laminar flame analysis, and kinetic modeling. Our findings challenge the conventional wisdom that radical site regeneration, being central to PAH growth, requires sequential hydrogen elimination and/or abstraction. In our proposed mechanism, PAH growth does not depend on abundant free radical consumption, and could, therefore, help explain carbonaceous nanoparticle coalescence in radical-deficient reaction environments.

The sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicas, is an important economic species with high nutritive value. In recent years, driven by significant market demand, the sea cucumber breeding industry has developed rapidly. Body color and number of papillae are important factors that determine the value and price of sea cucumbers. In this study, metabolite profiling of four sea cucumber varieties (green, white, purple and spiny) was performed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS) combined with multivariate analysis. Orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) clearly discriminated the body wall metabolites of four sea cucumber varieties. Differential metabolites included fatty acids, phospholipids, and sugars. KEGG metabolic pathway analysis revealed that carbohydrate, protein, and phospholipid metabolism were highly conserved among the varieties. These results provide a comprehensive insight into differences in the metabolite profile of four A. japonicus varieties and a deeper understanding of sea cucumber varieties breeding., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objective To detect and analyze the distribution characteristics of platelet antibodies in inpatients and explore the causes of platelet antibodies, so as to provide data support for improving the quality of blood transfusion. Methods A total of 38 840 patients were selected. The platelet-related antibodies were detected by Capture-P solid-phase detection system, and the positive rate of antibodies was analyzed statistically. Results Of the 38840 inpatients, 3989 were positive for platelet antibodies, with a positive rate of 10.27%. The positive rates of male and female patients were 8.7% and 11.5%, respectively. The positive rate of platelet antibodies in patients under 18 years old was 6.98% which was significantly lower than that in patients ≥66 years old and 18~65 years old. The positive rates of patients with pregnancy history and blood transfusion history increased significantly, which were 14.4% and 14.7%, respectively. The positive rate of patients with blood system diseases and liver cirrhosis with gastrointestinal bleeding diseases was over 20%. The positive rates of patients in the Hematology Department, Intensive Care Department and Obstetrics Department ranked the top three, with the positive rates of 15.17%, 14.97%, and 13.67%, respectively. The positive rates of platelet antibodies in patients with blood types B and AB were lower than those in patients with blood types A and O. Conclusion In clinical platelet transfusion, the influence of the patients' age, gender, hospitalized diseases, hospitalized department and other factors on platelet antibodies should be considered to reduce the occurrence of platelet transfusion refractoriness.

Oxidation chemistry controls both combustion processes and the atmospheric transformation of volatile emissions. In combustion engines, radical species undergo isomerization reactions that allow fast addition of O 2 . This chain reaction, termed autoxidation, is enabled by high engine temperatures, but has recently been also identified as an important source for highly oxygenated species in the atmosphere, forming organic aerosol. Conventional knowledge suggests that atmospheric autoxidation requires suitable structural features, like double bonds or oxygen-containing moieties, in the precursors. With neither of these functionalities, alkanes, the primary fuel type in combustion engines and an important class of urban trace gases, are thought to have minor susceptibility to extensive autoxidation. Here, utilizing state-of-the-art mass spectrometry, measuring both radicals and oxidation products, we show that alkanes undergo autoxidation much more efficiently than previously thought, both under atmospheric and combustion conditions. Even at high concentrations of NO X , which typically rapidly terminates autoxidation in urban areas, the studied C 6 -C 10 alkanes produce considerable amounts of highly oxygenated products that can contribute to urban organic aerosol. The results of this inter-disciplinary effort provide crucial information on oxidation processes in both combustion engines and the atmosphere, with direct implications for engine efficiency and urban air quality., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

We fabricated wearable perspiration analyzing sites for actively monitoring physiological status during exercises without any batteries or other power supply. The device mainly consists of ZnO nanowire (NW) arrays and flexible polydimethylsiloxane substrate. Sweat on the skin can flow into the flow channels of the device through capillary action and flow along the channels to ZnO NWs. The sweat flowing on the NWs (with lactate oxidase modification) can output a DC electrical signal, and the outputting voltage is dependent on the lactate concentration in the sweat as the biosensing signal. ZnO NWs generate electric double layer (EDL) in sweat, which causes a potential difference between the upper and lower ends (hydrovoltaic effect). The product of the enzymatic reaction can adjust the EDL and influence the output. This device can be integrated with wireless transmitter and may have potential application in constructing sports big data. This work promotes the development of next generation of biosensors and expands the scope of self-powered physiological monitoring system.

The OH radical plays an important role in combustion, and isopentanol (3-methylbutan-1-ol) is a promising sustainable fuel additive and second-generation biofuel. The abstractions of H atoms from fuel molecules are key initiation steps for chain branching in combustion chemistry. In comparison with the more frequently studied ethanol, isopentanol has a longer carbon chain that allows a greater number of products, and experimental work is unavailable for the branching fractions to the various products. However, the site-dependent kinetics of isopentanol with OH radicals are usually experimentally unavailable. Alcohol oxidation by OH is also important in the atmosphere, and in the present study we calculate the rate constants and branching fractions of the hydrogen abstraction reaction of isopentanol by OH radical in a broad temperature range of 298-2400 K, covering temperatures important for atmospheric chemistry and those important for combustion. The calculations are done by multipath variational transition state theory (MP-VTST). With a combination of electronic structure calculations, we determine previously missing thermochemical data. With MP-VTST, a multidimensional tunneling approximation, multiple-structure anharmonicity, and torsional potential anharmonicity, we carried out more realistic rate constant calculations than can be computed by conventional single-structure harmonic transition state theory or by the empirical relations that are currently used in atmospheric and combustion modeling. The roles of various factors in determining the rates are elucidated, and we show that recrossing, tunneling, and multiple structures are all essential for accurate work. We conclude that the multiple structure anharmonicity is the most important correction to conventional transition state theory for this reaction, although recrossing effects and tunneling are by no means insignificant and the tunneling depends significantly on the path. The thermodynamic and kinetics data determined in this work are indispensable for the gas-phase degradation of alcohols in the atmosphere and for the detailed understanding and prediction of ignition mechanisms of biofuels in combustion.

Yb 3+ /Tm 3+ co-doped LiNbO 3 crystals were proposed to explore the temperature sensing characteristics of non-thermally coupled levels from Tm 3+ ions. The prepared polycrystal is opaque and single crystal is transparent. Under 980 nm excitation, upconversion spectra were investigated at different temperatures changed from 323 K to 773 K. It is found the deep red ( 3 F 2,3  →  3 H 6 ) and blue ( 1 G 4  →  3 H 6 ) or red ( 1 G 4  →  3 F 4 ) emissions of Tm 3+ ions exhibit opposite temperature dependent behaviors, so their temperature sensing characteristics are studied. The results indicate the temperature sensitivity is mainly affected by crystallinity of host material and concerned energy levels of FIR (fluorescence intensity ratio). As a consequence, the maximum relative sensitivity of about 0.7% K -1 is achieved based on the non-thermally coupled levels of Tm 3+ ion in LiNbO 3 crystals. The polycrystal reveals more excellent temperature sensing properties in low temperature, and single crystal is more suitable for high temperature application. Moreover, it is discovered the stability of FIR with different powers greatly depends on the concerned energy levels. This work may contribute a feasible and expansible way to further survey the sensitivity of optical temperature sensor and promote its applications., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

A self-charging hybrid power unit has been developed by integrating a water-evaporation-induced nanogenerator with a flexible nano-patterned supercapacitor. The nanogenerator can harvest environmental thermal energy and mechanical energy through the water evaporation process, and the supercapacitor can be charged simultaneously. The former offers stable electrical power as output, whereas the Ppy-based supercapacitor shows a capacitance of 12.497 mF/cm 2 with 96.42% retention after 4,000 cycles. After filling the power unit with water as the fuel, it can be fully charged in about 20 min. The power unit can be flexibly integrated with electronic devices such as sensor nodes and wireless transmitters employing the Internet of Things. This new approach can offer new possibilities in continuous future operation of randomly distributed electronic devices incorporated in the Internet of Things., (Copyright © 2019 Science China Press. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Highly luminescent semiconductor with ultrasmall size is always desirable for biomedical applications. Here, we developed a novel solvent-directing strategy to prepare ultrasmall monodispersed Ag₂S quantum dots (QDs) with strong luminescence in the second near infrared (NIR-II) range (1000∼1400 nm). The particle size and luminescence of these Ag2S QDs could be desirably tuned by adjusting the solvents of the system. With further surface modification, the hydrophilic Ag2S QDs could be successfully utilised for cancerous cells imaging, indicating great potentials in biomedical fields.

Self-powered piezoelectric-biosensing textiles for the physiological monitoring and time-motion analysis of individual sports have been developed. The material system is composed of tetrapod-shaped ZnO nanowires on common textiles. The mechanism is based on the coupling of enzymatic reaction (LOx and lactate) and piezoelectric effect. After conformably attaching the device to the athlete, the device can monitor in real-time the moving speed, frequency, joint angle, and sweat lactate concentration of the athlete. The whole monitoring/analysis process is battery-free. The motor skills and physiological state of two athletes are investigated using the textiles, and different lactate threshold times and maximum lactate release capacities have been obtained. This technique can help them develop distinct training programs. This research is a new direction for the scientific monitoring of kinematics and may also stimulate the development of self-powered wearable sports-related systems.

Pyrolytic kinetics of indene was studied in a flow reactor at 30 and 760 Torr. Indene and its decomposition products, as well as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), were measured with synchrotron vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometry (SVUV-PIMS). Five literature models were selected to reproduce the experimental data and analyze the reaction kinetics of indene. The experimental and predicted results illustrate that an indenyl radical is the dominant decomposition intermediate and also the main contributor to the further growth of aromatic rings in the pyrolysis of indene. The indene consumption process needs further precise characterization, especially the subsequent dissociation reactions of indanyl and indenyl radicals. A self-recombination reaction of the indenyl radical and the combination reactions between indenyl and other radicals are found to be necessary for the efficient formation of large PAHs. The absence of these pathways leads to the underprediction of experimental measurements. In contrast, literature models adopting indenyl global reactions for PAH formation generally overestimate the system reactivity. Proper radical combination pathways proposed in a future model should consider not only the PAH formation efficiency but also its impact on system reactivity.

Hydroperoxyalkylperoxy species (OOQOOH) are important intermediates that are generated during the autoignition of transport fuels. A key reaction of hydroperoxyalkylperoxy radicals is a [1,5] hydrogen shift, for which kinetics data are experimentally unavailable. Here we study two typical OOQOOH reactions and compare their kinetics to one another and to a previous study to learn the effect of structural variations of the alkyl group on the competition between alternative [1,5] hydrogen shifts of hydroperoxyalkylperoxy species. We use electronic structure calculations to determine previously missing thermochemical data, and we use variational transition state theory with multidimensional tunneling, multiple structures, torsional potential anharmonicity, and high-frequency anharmonicity to obtain more accurate rate constants than the ones that can be computed by conventional single-structure harmonic transition state theory and than the empirically estimated rate constants that are currently used in combustion modeling. The calculated temperature range is 298-1500 K. The roles of various factors in determining the rates are elucidated, and we find an especially strong effect of multiple structure anharmonicity due to torsions. Thus, even though there is some cancellation between the anharmonicity of the reactant and the anharmonicity of the transition state, and even though the reactants are very similar in structure, differing only by a methyl group, the effect of multiple structure anharmonicity has a large effect on the relative rates, as large as a factor of 17 at room temperature and as large as a factor of 7 at 1500 K. This has broad implications for the estimation of reaction rates in many subfields of chemistry, including combustion chemistry and atmospheric chemistry, where rates of reaction of complex molecules are usually estimated without explicit consideration of this fundamental entropic effect. In addition, the pressure-dependence of the rate constants is modeled by system-specific quantum Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel theory for a reversible isomerization.

Pigmentation processes provide a traceable and relevant trait for understanding key issues in evolutionary biology such as adaptation, speciation and the maintenance of balanced polymorphisms. The sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus, which has nutritive and medical properties, is considered the most valuable commercial species in many parts of Asia. Compared with the green morph, the purple morph is rare and has great appeal to consumers. However, little is currently known about the molecular mechanism of body color formation in A. japonicus, even in echinoderm. Here, we employ illumina sequencing to examine expression patterns of the gene network underlying body wall development in purple and green morphs of A. japonicus. Overall, the number of down-regulated genes in the green morph was significantly more than in the purple morph during the pigmentation stage. We observed dynamic expression patterns of a large number of pigment, regulation and growth genes from the "Melanogenesis", "Melanoma", "Wnt signaling pathway", "Notch signaling pathway", "epithelium development", "epidermal growth factor receptor binding","growth factor activity" and "growth", including contrasting expression patterns of these genes in green and purple morph. This study provides comprehensive lists of differentially expressed genes during body wall development in the green and purple morphs, revealing potential candidate genes that may be involved in regulating body color formation and polymorphism. These data will provide valuable information for future genetic studies on sea cucumbers elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying pigmentation, and may support the culture of desirable color morphs., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

A new self-powered brain-linked biosensing electronic-skin (e-skin) for detecting pH value and alcoholicity of beverages has been realized based on polydimethysiloxane/polypyrrole (PDMS/Ppy) nanostructures. This e-skin (linking brain and transmitting signal to the specific encephalic region) can work as an artificial gustation system for gustatory perception substitution without an external electricity source. The sensing units on the e-skin can efficiently convert mechanical energy (human motion) into triboelectric impulse. The triboelectric output can be influenced by pH value and alcohol concentration in common beverages (acidic, alkaline or alcoholic drinks), which can be treated as the bio-chemical sensing signal. The bio-chemical sensing behavior arises from the triboelectrification/bio-chemical-sensing coupling effect. The biosensing e-skin is simply linked to the brain of a mouse at the primary motor cortex area, and the inputting signal can take part in the mouse perception, thus realizing behavior interventions, e.g., shaking of legs. This study provides a novel approach for developing artificial gustation e-skin and self-powered brain-machine interaction system with low cost.