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Objective: Psychiatric patients in general, and elderly psychiatric patients in particular, are at risk of adverse drug reactions due to comorbidities and inappropriate polypharmacy. Interdisciplinary and clinical-pharmacologist-led medication reviews may contribute to medication safety in the field of psychiatry. In this study, we reported the frequency and characteristics of clinical-pharmacological recommendations in psychiatry, with a particular focus on geriatric psychiatry., Method: A clinical pharmacologist, in collaboration with the attending psychiatrists and a consulting neurologist, conducted interdisciplinary medication reviews in a general psychiatric ward with a geropsychiatric focus at a university hospital over a 25-week period. All clinical and pharmacological recommendations were recorded and evaluated., Results: A total of 316 recommendations were made during 374 medication reviews. Indications/contraindications of drugs were the most frequently discussed topics (59/316; 18.7 %), followed by dose reductions (37/316; 11.7 %), and temporary or permanent discontinuation of medications (36/316; 11.4 %). The most frequent recommendations for dose reduction involved benzodiazepines (9/37; 24.3 %). An unclear or absent indication was the most common reason for recommending temporary or permanent discontinuation of the medication (6/36; 16.7 %)., Conclusion: Interdisciplinary clinical pharmacologist-led medication reviews represented a valuable contribution to medication management in psychiatric patients, particularly the elderly ones., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Introduction: Older patients are frequently affected by infectious diseases and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of consecutively prescribed antibiotics. Particularly within geriatric psychiatry, high rates of potentially inappropriate prescriptions (PIPs) have been described, significantly complicating pharmacological treatment. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the frequency and characteristics of antibiotic PIPs in geriatric psychiatry., Methods: Medication charts of 139 patient cases (mean age 78.8 years; 69.8% female) receiving antibiotic treatment on a geriatric psychiatric ward were analyzed. Utilizing previously published definitions of antibiotic PIPs, adequacy of the antibiotic prescriptions was subsequently assessed., Results: 16.3% of all screened patient cases (139/851) received an antibiotic treatment during their inpatient stay. 59.5% of antibiotic prescriptions were due to urinary tract infections, followed by pulmonary (13.3%) and skin and soft tissue infections (11.3%). 46.7% of all antibiotic prescriptions fulfilled at least one PIP criterium, with the prescription of an antibiotic course for more than seven days as the most common PIP (15.3%)., Discussion: Antibiotic PIPs can be considered as a frequent phenomenon in geriatric psychiatry. Especially the use of fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins should be discussed critically due to their extensive side effect profiles. Due to the special characteristics of geriatric psychiatric patients, international guidelines on the use of antibiotics should consider frailty and psychotropic polypharmacy of this patient population more closely., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Pfister, Schröder, Heck, Bleich, Krüger, Wedegärtner, Groh and Schulze Westhoff.)

Objective: Geriatric patients account for a significant proportion of the collective treated by psychiatric consultation service in hospitals. In the Emergency Department (ED), psychotropic drugs are frequently recommended, notwithstanding their extensive side-effect profiles. This study sought to investigate medication safety of geriatric patients referred to psychiatric consultation service in the ED., Methods: Medication lists of 60 patients from the general internal medicine and trauma surgery EDs referred to psychiatric consultation service were analyzed. Utilizing PRISCUS list and Fit fOR The Aged (FORTA) classification, prescriptions of potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) were assessed., Results: 84 drugs were newly prescribed following psychiatric consultations. The total number of drugs per patient was 5.4 ± 4.2 before psychiatric consultation and 6.5 ± 4.2 thereafter ( p < .001). 22.6 % of the newly recommended drugs were PIMs according to the PRISCUS list, while 54.8 % were designated as therapeutic alternatives to PIMs. 54.8 % and 20.2 % of the newly recommended drugs were FORTA category C and D drugs, respectively. An average of 1.2 ± 1.7 drug-drug interactions (DDIs) existed before psychiatric consultation and 1.3 ± 1.9 DDIs thereafter ( p = .08)., Conclusion: The majority of newly recommended drugs by psychiatric consultation service in the ED were designated as suitable therapeutic alternatives to PIMs according to the PRISCUS list, but had comparatively unfavorable ratings according to the FORTA classification, demonstrating discrepancies between these two PIM classification systems. Physicians delivering psychiatric consultation services in the ED should not solely rely on one PIM classification system.

Background: Differentiating depression and dementia in elderly patients represents a major clinical challenge for psychiatrists. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment options for both conditions are often used cautiously due to fear of adverse effects. If a clinically indicated therapy is not initiated due to fear of adverse effects, the quality of life of affected patients may significantly be reduced., Case Presentation: Here, we describe the case of a 65-year-old woman who presented to the department of psychiatry of a university hospital with depressed mood, pronounced anxiety, and nihilistic thoughts. While several pharmacological treatments remained without clinical response, further behavioral observation in conjunction with 18 F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography ( 18 F-FDG PET/CT) revealed the diagnosis of frontotemporal dementia (FTD). To counter the pharmacological treatment resistance of psychotic depression, we decided to perform electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Remarkably, ten sessions of ECT yielded an almost complete remission of depressive symptoms. In addition, the patient's delusional ideas disappeared. A follow-up 18 F-FDG PET/CT after the ECT series still showed a frontally and parieto-temporally accentuated hypometabolism, albeit with a clear regression compared to the previous image. The follow-up 18 F-FDG PET/CT thus corroborated the diagnosis of FTD, while on the other hand it demonstrated the success of ECT., Conclusions: In this case, ECT was a beneficial treatment option for depressive symptoms in FTD. Also, 18 F-FDG PET/CT should be discussed as a valuable tool in differentiating depression and dementia and as an indicator of treatment response., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Introduction: QT c prolongation carries the risk of ventricular tachyarrhythmia (Torsades de Pointes) and sudden cardiac death. Psychotropic drugs can affect ventricular repolarization and thus prolong the QT c interval. The present study sought to investigate the risk factors (pharmacological and non-pharmacological) of severe QT c prolongation in gerontopsychiatric patients., Methods: Electrocardiograms of patients on a gerontopsychiatric ward were screened for QT c prolongation. Medication lists were examined utilizing the AzCERT classification. Potential drug interactions were identified with the electronic drug interaction program mediQ., Results: The overall prevalence of QT c prolongation was 13.6%, with 1.9% displaying severe QT c prolongation (≥ 500 ms). No statistically significant differences between patients with moderate and severe QT c prolongation were identified; however, patients with severe QT c prolongation tended to take more drugs ( p  = 0.063). 92.7% of patients with QT c prolongation took at least one AzCERT-listed drug, most frequently risperidone and pantoprazole. Risperidone and pantoprazole, along with pipamperone, were also most frequently involved in potential drug interactions. All patients displayed additional risk factors for QT c prolongation, particularly cardiac diseases., Conclusion: In addition to the use of potentially QT c -prolonging drugs, other risk factors, especially cardiac diseases, appear to be relevant for the development of QT c prolongation in gerontopsychiatric patients. Pantoprazole was frequently involved in potential drug interactions and should generally not be used for more than 8 weeks in geriatric populations. As clinical consequences of QT c prolongation were rare, potentially QT c -prolonging drugs should not be used overcautiously; their therapeutic benefit should be considered as well. It is paramount to perform diligent benefit-risk analyses prior to the initiation of potentially QT c -prolonging drugs and to closely monitor their clinical (side) effects., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Schulze Westhoff, Schröder, Heck, Pfister, Jahn, Krause, Wedegärtner, Bleich, Kahl, Krüger and Groh.)

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) constitute a frequent cause of hospitalization in older people. The risk of ADRs is increased by the prescription of potentially inappropriate medications for older people (PIMs). The PRISCUS list and the FORTA classification represent established tools to detect PIMs. The aim of the present study was to examine the prevalence and characteristics of PIM prescriptions on the gerontopsychiatric ward of a university hospital in Germany. To this aim, medication charts of 92 patients (mean age 75.9 ± 7.7 years; 66.3% female) were analyzed on a weekly basis until patient discharge by utilization of the PRISCUS list and the FORTA classification. Overall, 335 medication reviews comprising 2363 drug prescriptions were analyzed. 3.0% of the prescribed drugs were PIMs according to the PRISCUS list, with benzodiazepines and Z-drugs accounting for nearly half (49.3%) of all PIM prescriptions. 30.4% of the patients were prescribed at least one PRISCUS-PIM, while 43.5% of the study population took at least one FORTA class D drug. A considerable proportion of gerontopsychiatric patients were affected by PIMs; however, the overall number of PIM prescriptions in the study population was low. Further improvements in the quality of prescribing should target the use of sedating agents such as benzodiazepines and Z-drugs. Physicians should be aware of discrepancies between the PRISCUS list and the FORTA classification., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Background: Experiences of aggression/violence influence job satisfaction and can have a long-term psychological and physical impact on employees. In the fall of 2018, the Professional Association of Ophthalmologists (BVA) and the German Ophthalmological Society (DOG) conducted a survey on experiences of aggression and violence. The first results were published in 2020. In the survey it was also possible to describe the most serious incident to date using free text fields, among others., Method: All 9411 members of the DOG and BVA were given the opportunity to complete a questionnaire online in 2018 regarding aggression and violence in ophthalmology., Results: Overall, 253 of 1508 (16.8%) ophthalmologists participating in the survey reported their most serious incident, 46.8% of which were classified as moderate and 34.3% were related to verbal violence such as insults and threats. The most serious incident was experienced by 171 (67.6%) physicians in a practice setting, 71% were specialists at the time of the incident and 74.3% of the incidents occurred during regular working hours. The main causes were intercultural conflicts, long waiting times, problems with the allocation of appointments, excessive expectations, differences in treatment and basic aggressiveness. The offenders were male in 86.3% of cases, 15.8% of the incidents were reported to the police and 21 (8.3%) physicians issued a practice reprimand or house ban., Discussion: The description of the most serious incidents illustrates situations that are sometimes hard to imagine and also which incidents were considered serious. There are large subjective variations in the assessment of the incidents. Protective measures in practices and clinics are essential., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

To achieve global hepatitis C virus (HCV) eradication, barriers prohibiting treatment access need to be overcome. We established a strategy to initiate antiviral therapy in patients with severe, refractory heroin addiction. All patients achieved sustained virological response. Outreach programs of hepatologists might be a reasonable way to overcome barriers to HCV treatment., (© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Infectious Diseases Society of America.)

Background: The media have reported an increased willingness of patients and relatives to use violence against medical personnel. So far a few studies have been carried out on this topic and the data situation is correspondingly weak. Ophthalmologists in particular have close contact with patients at the slit lamp and are often alone with patients., Methods: A questionnaire was developed based on the perception of prevalence of aggression scale (POPAS) questionnaire and the survey on aggression and violence among general practitioners. In autumn 2018, all members of the German Ophthalmological Society (DOG) and the Professional Association of Ophthalmologists (BVA) received an invitation by e‑mail to complete the questionnaire online., Results: Of the 9411 ophthalmologists contacted a total of 1508 (age 49 ± 12 years) took part in the survey (16%). Of the respondents 806 (53.7%) were female and 1139 (75.5%) participants worked in practices. A total of 1264 (83.3%) ophthalmologists had experienced aggression/violence in their work, 986 (65%) respondents had already experienced verbal assaults without threats, 363 (24.1%) doctors reported experiences with threats of physical violence and 30 (2%) participants had received medical treatment for severe physical violence. Sexual intimidation/harassment was affirmed by 322 (21.4%) of respondents, of whom 243 (75.5%) were female and 533 (47.9%) doctors felt that aggressive/violent behavior had increased in the last 5 years., Conclusion: The high number of participants indicates the high relevance of the topic. The survey produced astonishing results, which should lead to further discussion and action to improve the safety of employees.

Objective: It was the aim of this study to estimate effects of depression on permanent disability and death in a statutory health insurance population., Methods: Data from 128,001 clients were used with a mean follow up of 6.4 years. Excess risks were calculated with Cox regression models adjusted for age, gender, education and job classification., Results: Outpatient treatment for depression was associated with an elevated relative risk for permanent disability, but inpatient treatment even more so. Life table analysis suggests higher risks of early retirement for males who get ill early in life. Depression treated solely in an outpatient setting may be associated with lower mortality early in life, but this was only significant for women., Conclusions: Outpatient treatment should include an emphasis on occupational functioning, but also a gender-specific approach is needed., (© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.)

Objective: Responsiveness is a concept developed by the World Health Organisation (WHO) to evaluate health system performance. It measures how well a health system meets its users' legitimate expectations in non-medical related service aspects. Responsiveness consists of the categories "patient orientation" and "respect for persons". It is operationalised by nine (8+1) domains. This project aims to explore the responsiveness concept as a possibility to evaluate the performance of mental health care., Method: Face to face interviews with users of outpatient and hostel mental health services by means of a standardised instrument, developed by WHO were carried out., Results: Overall responsiveness in outpatient care was rated by a lower proportion of users negative than responsiveness in hostel care (15 vs. 20%). Socio-demographic characteristics were related only to responsiveness ratings in hostel care when legal guardianship was considered. Domains indicated as most important (attention, participation) in out-patient care did not perform well there. In hostel care the domains attention and respect were rated as most important. These domains performed well., Discussion and Conclusions: The results are in line with the literature and adequately reflect the realities in mental health care. The responsiveness concept offers a systematic approach for considering the categories "patient orientation" and "respect for persons" as quality criteria in mental health care. Evaluating mental health service provision using the concept of responsiveness, indicates where to launch reforms in health care., (© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.)

Aims: To elucidate the connections between individual aspects and patients' concerns and the care effort provided in a clinic for the sickest among outpatients., Methods: Clients of one health insurer were followed for six months (n = 339) in a "Institutsambulanz" or "PIA". All treatment activities, which involved roughly 100,000 working minutes, were recorded. Sociodemographic data, the diagnoses, the individual needs and idiosyncracies, symptoms and case history were noted for multivariate analysis., Results: The linear regression model with the best fit (n = 251, r (2) = 0.512, p < 0.001) included six variables. Lower efforts: living in nursing home (beta = - 0.319; p < 0.001), higher age (beta = - 0.238; p < 0.001), legal incapacity (beta = - 0.165, p = 0.006), own work income (beta = - 0.100; p = 0.044); higher efforts: inpatient stays prior to study treatment (lifetime: beta = 0.181; p = 0.001; number of days in last two years: beta = 0.193; p < 0.001). Treatment aims, functional deficits, and diagnoses did not have a significant influence., Conclusions: Younger patients who wish for an independent life despite of a grave psychiatric disorder may effectuate higher treatment efforts. Treatments administered to nursing-home inhabitants are far less complex, although these patients are even sicker. The current reimbursement mechanism may serve as a disincentive towards care administration according to individual need., (Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart. New York.)

Aim: Data from school entry examinations were used for studying the variability of judgements between physicians performing the examinations. Two diagnoses were subject to examination: 1) Obesity, because an external criterion was available for this one. The medical classifications were compared with automated classifications using an external criterion. 2) Language anomalies, because these are the most frequent diagnoses. No external criterion had been available, thus differences within the group of examining physicians were considered., Material and Methods: Data from all school entry examinations performed in the city of Hannover between 1998 and 2001 were used. Altogether 14 physicians were involved, but due to low case numbers the data of two had to be omitted. The analyses are based on 18,303 datasets. For obesity the agreement rates between physicians' and automatically generated diagnoses were ascertained by calculating sensitivity and specificity. Comparisons of differences between physicians with respect to chances of getting a diagnosis were performed using logistic regression., Results: The sensitivity of classifying body weights above the 75 (th) percentile correctly was 0.64 over all years of observation. The respective sensitivity of classifying children with body weights above the 97 (th) percentile was 0.70. Considerable differences over the four years of observation occurred. For performing logistic regressions, the diagnoses of the physician with the smallest difference from an external criterion were used as standard of comparison. The diagnoses of the physician with the largest difference yielded an OR=0.08. The overall variability within the group of examining physicians was large. With respect to language anomalies, although considerable, the within-group differences were smaller. The largest odds ratio in this case was OR=0.40., Conclusion: Diagnoses from school entry examinations vary according to the physicians involved. Thus the data should not be used for epidemiological studies. In order to improve data quality, the involved physicians should be extensively trained in using the instruments, and their instructions should be formulated more clearly in order to facilitate their application.

Objective: To bring the data from the Federal German Health report about work disability and pensioning into context with current knowledge about the course and etiology of depression., Methods: The report data about first-time recipients of a disability pension were analysed by year, illness and gender. Resulting data were interpreted and were compared with international publications., Results: The percentage of applications for disability pensions due to psychiatric illnesses have been rising steadily for two decades. Among these, depression (31%) and neurotic disorders (23%) are most frequently responsible, while most other causes of disability have been declining. Current treatment of depressive disorders does not seem to have had any effect in terms of reducing the number of disabled persons per year., Conclusions: Although the risk factors associated with developing a depressive disorder have been extensively studied, data explaining the progression into disability is scarce but essential. More research in the psychodynamics of depression and work participation might be helpful.

Background: Health systems increasingly try to make their services more responsive to users' expectations. In the context of the World Health Report 2000, WHO developed the concept of health system responsiveness as a performance parameter. Responsiveness relates to the system's ability to respond to service users' legitimate expectations of non-medical aspects. We used this concept in an effort to evaluate the performance of mental health care in a catchment area in Germany., Methods: In accordance with the method WHO used for its responsiveness survey, responsiveness for inpatient and outpatient mental health care was evaluated by a standardised questionnaire. Responsiveness was assessed in the following domains: attention, dignity, clear communication, autonomy, confidentiality, basic amenities, choice of health care provider, continuity, and access to social support. Users with complex mental health care needs (i.e., requiring social and medical services or inpatient care) were recruited consecutively within the mental health services provided in the catchment area of the Hanover Medical School., Results: 221 persons were recruited in outpatient care and 91 in inpatient care. Inpatient service users reported poor responsiveness (22%) more often than outpatients did (15%); however this was significant only for the domains dignity and communication. The best performing domains were confidentiality and dignity; the worst performing were choice, autonomy and basic amenities (only inpatient care). Autonomy was rated as the most important domain, followed by attention and communication. Responsiveness within outpatient care was rated worse by people who had less money and were less well educated. Inpatient responsiveness was rated better by those with a higher level of education and also by those who were not so well educated. 23% of participants reported having been discriminated against in mental health care during the past 6 months. The results are similar to prior responsiveness surveys with regard to the overall better performance of outpatient care. Where results differ, this can best be explained by certain characteristics that are applicable to mental health care and also by the users with complex needs. The expectations of attention and autonomy, including participation in the treatment process, are not met satisfactorily in inpatient and outpatient care., Conclusion: Responsiveness as a health system performance parameter provides a refined picture of inpatient and outpatient mental health care. Reforms to the services provided should be orientated around domains that are high in importance, but low in performance. Measuring responsiveness could provide well-grounded guidance for further development of mental health care systems towards becoming better patient-orientated and providing patients with more respect.

Aim: To assess the wishes and expectations of alcoholic patients concerning their therapy., Methods: 227 alcohol-dependent patients from three sites in two cities in Germany completed a questionnaire about their aspirations for the outcome (20 items) and their expectations about the elements (23 items) of treatment., Results: Some components of treatment were equally important to men and women (a life without alcohol, individual sessions during therapy). Women attached more importance than men to 'strengthening of self-esteem' and 'an environment of tranquillity and security'. Most patients in this study were aware of their alcohol dependence, which limits the generalizability of these results to patients at earlier stages of recovery., Conclusion: Patients request individual, patient-oriented treatment. Some differences in expectations between men and women suggest that a gendered approach in treatment could mean an increase in patients' satisfaction, and thus a decrease in drop-outs.