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COVID-19, reduced funding and a shortage of healthcare workers has led to growing international concern about patient violence towards medical staff in medical settings. As the number of reported physical and verbal assaults increases, many medical staff are considering leaving their positions due to the resulting impact on their mental and physical wellbeing, creating a critical need to understand the causes for violence towards medical staff working on the front line. This study aims to examine the causes for patient violence towards medical staff in China during the COVID-19 pandemic. A case library was created containing twenty reported incidents of patient violence towards medical staff during the pandemic in China. Based on the Triadic Reciprocal Determinism (TRD) theory, we identify the personal, environmental, and behavioral factors, that cause incidents of violence towards medical staff. The outcome was set as 'Medical Staff Casualties', referring to whether, due to the violence experienced, the medical staff member was injured or died, or only experienced threatening or insulting behavior. Data was analyzed using Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) to clarify the relationship between the different conditions and their relationship with the outcome. The study's results reveal that Relationship Closeness is a necessary condition for patient violence in the presence of outcome. Secondly, four distinct types of causes for patient violence towards medical staff were identified: Strong Relationship Oriented Violence, Healthcare Resources and Services Mismatched Violence, Violence caused by Ineffective Patient-Physician Communication, and Ineffective Communication Superimposed Low Patient Compliance Violence. Scientific guidance is provided for the creation of measures to prevent future violence towards medical staff from occurring. Strict precautions should be taken for preventing violence to protect a healthy society and harmonious medical environment, emphasizing the need for joint governance of multiple participants., Competing Interests: Conflict of interestThe authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2023, Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.)

Objective: To study the characteristics of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis in B mode ultrasonography (BU), computerized tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) so as to increase the pre-operative diagnostic rate., Methods: The data of forty-six cases with hepatic alveolar echinococcosis who underwent operation during the period January 1984 to December 2000 were analyzed and compared with the pathological findings of the resected specimens. All of the cases were examined by BU and CT, and 12 of them were examined by MIR., Results: The imaging characteristics of the 46 cases were divided into three types: infiltration (41 cases, 89.1%), calcification (39 cases, 84.8%), and cavity with liqueficaction (37 cases, 80.4%). Nine imaging signs were found to be specific to hepatic alveolar echinococcosis and of diagnostic significance: halo belt sign, calcification sign, annual ring sign, invacuation sign, cavity with liqueficaction sign, grotto sign, peninsula sign, alveolar sign. With these signs, the diagnostic accuracy rate reached 97.7% in this series., Conclusion: There are nine imaging diagnostic signs specific to hepatic alveolar echinococcosis. They help detect the location, pathology of this disease and determine operation program. Identification of only one of them is adequate for diagnosis of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis.

Objective: To investigate the imaging characteristics of hepatic cystic echinococcosis in different imaging examinations and to formulate an imaging classification., Methods: The data of pre-operative imaging examination of 2 039 cases with hepatic cystic echinococcosis, who underwent operation during the period January 1984 to December 2000, by B mode ultrasonograohy (all cases), X-ray computed tomography (909 cases), and magnetic resonance imaging (24 cases) were analyzed, being compared with the pathological findings of the resected specimens., Results: Imaging examinations succeeded to identify not only the location, size, and form of hydatid cyst in liver, but also the typical pathomorphology of complications. The hepatic echinococcosis can be divided into seven imaging-diagnostic patterns: solitary cyst (1 625 cases, 79.70%), multiple cysts (414 cases, 20.30%), primary hydatid cyst with daughter cysts (1 114 cases, 54.63%), calcified cyst (186 cases, 9.12%), consolidated cyst (28 cases, 1.37%), cyst with infection (391 cases, 19.18%), and ruptured cyst (298 cases, 14.62%)., Conclusion: A new diagnostic system of hepatic echinococcosis has been formulated based on imaging examination and by reference to clinical manifestation. It helps select appropriate operation program.