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Objectives: To evaluate pattern of use and clinical outcomes in pediatric/adolescent patients enrolled in the IDEAL study., Methods: This post-hoc analysis of IDEAL retrospective-prospective observational study focused on patients <18 years, 100% on prophylaxis during the entire observation period., Results: Thirteen subjects (median age 10.0 years; 61.5% ≤ 11 years) were analyzed. The infusion frequency changed from 2/week in 84.6% (N = 11) of patients with previous rFIX, to less than 1/weekly in 76.9% (N = 9) with rIX-FP and the annualized number of infusions reduced of 57% (p = .002), from a mean ± SD of 95.1 ± 22.77 to 40.4 ± 6.79, respectively. Annualized mean consumption decreased of about 56% (p = .001), from 3748.4 ± 1155.40 IU/kg with previous rFIX, to 1656.8 ± 456.63 IU/kg of rIX-FP. Mean FIX trough level changed from 3.0% ± 1.98% to 10.92% ± 3.6%. Low mean Annualized Bleeding Rate was maintained across all prophylaxis regimens (0.8 ± 1.69 vs. 0.3 ± 0.89) and zero bleeding patients moved from 69.2% (N = 9) with previous rFIX to 84.6% (N = 11) with rIX-FP (p = .63). Two adverse events, none related to rIX-FP, occurred in two patients. No inhibitors development was reported., Conclusions: The results in this pediatric/adolescent subgroup support rIX-FP prophylaxis may reduce infusion frequency, while providing high FIX trough levels, stable annualized bleeding rate and a good safety profile., (© 2024 The Authors. European Journal of Haematology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Introduction: Factor IX replacement therapy is used for treatment and prophylaxis of bleeding in haemophilia B. rIX-FP is an extended half-life albumin-fusion protein, which, in clinical studies, has demonstrated prolonged dosing intervals up to 21 days for routine prophylaxis, providing therapeutic benefit., Aims: To describe dosing frequency and consumption (primary endpoint), efficacy and safety of rIX-FP treatment during routine clinical practice in Italy., Methods: Patients with moderate/severe haemophilia B on prophylaxis with rIX-FP for ≥6 months, were enrolled in this observational study from October 2017 to February 2019 and followed-up for 2 years. Descriptive analysis included prospective and retrospective data (12 months prior to switching to rIX-FP)., Results: Data were collected from 59 male patients (median age 30.1 years) enrolled by 23 Italian centres. Of them, 50 were on prophylaxis during the entire observation period and completed the study. The infusion frequency changed from 2-3 times/week in 86.0% of patients with previous treatment, to less than once a week in 84.0% of patients treated with rIX-FP at the 2nd-year follow-up. The annual number of infusions decreased by about 70%, whereas the mean FIX activity trough level increased from 3.8% to 14.4% (mean > 10% in all the infusion regimens). Median Annualised Bleeding Rate of .0 was achieved across all prophylaxis regimens. Subjects with zero bleedings increased from 66.0% to 78.0% with rIX-FP., Conclusion: Treatment with rIX-FP reduced infusion frequency, while providing higher FIX trough levels with substantial benefit in terms of annualised bleeding rate and a good safety profile., (© 2022 CSL Behring S.p.A. Haemophilia published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Ruxolitinib, an orally bioavailable and selective inhibitor of Janus kinase 1 (JAK1) and JAK2, significantly reduces splenomegaly and disease-related symptoms in patients with myelofibrosis (MF). However, no clear survival benefit has been demonstrated, which may in part reflect suboptimal drug exposure related to lower dosages needed to minimize hematological toxicity, specifically cytopenias. Furthermore, the optimal management of specific conditions such as leukocytosis or thrombocytosis in patients under ruxolitinib therapy is still undefined. In these cases, combining ruxolitinib with a cytoreductive agent like hydroxyurea might improve hematological response. This observational multi-center study enrolled 20 adult patients with intermediate- or high-risk primary MF, post- polycythemia vera MF, or postessential thrombocythemia MF with hyperproliferative manifestations of the disease and WBC and/or platelet counts not controlled by ruxolitinib therapy. The patients received treatment with a combination of ruxolitinib and hydroxyurea. A clinical response of any type was obtained in 8 patients (40%) during ruxolitinib monotherapy and in 17 patients (85%) during ruxolitinib-hydroxyurea combination (P = 0.003). After a median duration of 12.4 months of combination therapy, 16/20 patients had a hematological response; 14/17 patients who had started combination therapy to control WBC count and 2/3 who started in order to reduce platelets count. The number of patients requiring ruxolitinib dosage reduction or discontinuations was lower during combination therapy and, at the end of follow-up the median ruxolitinib dose was increased in 50% of patients. In conclusion, the combination of hydroxyurea with ruxolitinib yielded a high clinical response rate and increased ruxolitinib exposure in patients with hyperproliferative forms of MF., (© 2019 The Authors. Cancer Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Recently, encouraging results in terms of safety and efficacy have been obtained using bendamustine-rituximab (BR) in untreated chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) patients enrolled in a phase II study. Here, we report a retrospective international multicenter study of CLL patients treated with BR as front-line therapy. The cohort included 279 patients with progressive CLL from 33 centers (29 Italian, 3 Israeli and 1 German) who received at least 1 cycle of BR as first-line treatment during the 2008-2014 period. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of BR administered as front-line therapy, outside of controlled clinical trials. Median age was 70 years (range, 43-86 years); 62.4% were males and 35.8% had Binet stage C. Forty-two patients (15.2%) were unfit (cumulative illness rating scale [CIRS] score ≥7), and 140 (50.2%) had creatinine clearance ≤70 ml/min. Fluorescent in situ hybridisation analysis, available for 192 cases, showed that 21 (10.9%) had del11q and 18 (9.4%) del17p. The overall response rate (ORR) was 86.4%, with a complete remission rate of 28%. Patients with del17p had an ORR of 66.7%. After median follow-up of 24 months, the 2-year progression-free survival (PFS) was 69.9%; CIRS ≥7, immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable-region (IGHV) unmutated status, del17p and BR dose intensity <80% were independently associated with shorter PFS. Grade III or IV neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and anaemia were observed in 25.9%, 15.4%, and 15.1% of patients, respectively. Twenty-four patients (8.6%) had severe infections. BR is also an effective and safe regimen for untreated CLL patients, outside of controlled clinical trials., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Principally located in the outer mitochondrial membrane, the translocator protein (TSPO) is an 18-kDa transmembrane protein that is a key component of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. TSPO is associated with a number of biological processes, including apoptosis, the regulation of cellular proliferation, porphyrin transport and heme biosynthesis, immunomodulation, anion transport and the regulation of steroidogenesis. Thus, numerous studies have proposed TSPO as a promising target for novel therapeutic agents, particularly for the treatment of cancer. In the present study, the response of 30 consecutive chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients to bendamustine and rituximab treatment was evaluated according to TSPO expression levels. Furthermore, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and nitric oxide (NO) levels, as well as caspase-3 activity were determined. Compared with the lymphocytes of healthy donors, the 30 consecutive CLL patients exhibited increased TSPO expression levels, decreased TBARS and NO levels and reduced caspase-3 activity. Six months after the treatment commenced, the TSPO/mitochondria ratio resembled that of the healthy controls in 24/30 CLL patients. In addition, an increase in TBARS and NO levels, two markers of oxidative stress, and a potentiation of caspase-3 activity in all responder patients was observed. Notably, the six patients who appeared to be resistant to treatment also displayed higher TSPO levels, and lower caspase-3 activity and TBARS levels. These data indicate that TSPO expression may be a molecular prognostic factor in CLL patients.

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is common in patients with cancer and its use is steadily increasing over time. We performed a multicenter survey in which the use of CAM in 442 Italian patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), the commonest form of leukemia in Western countries, was assessed. Data were collected by means of a face-to-face standardized questionnaire with several items. Mean age was 69 years; 258 patients (58%) were male and 184 (42%) female. Seventy-three patients (16.5%) were found to be CAM users. The most common CAM therapies were green tea, aloe formulations and high dose vitamins. Predictors of CAM use were female gender, younger age, higher education level, internet availability and newspaper reading. The reasons for CAM popularity among these patients are complex. Given the number of patients combining therapy with CAM and its possible drug interactions, doctor interest as well as patient education about CAM should be improved.

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) are characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis that results in peripheral cytopenias. Anemia is the most common symptom of MDS and the majority of patients become transfusion-dependent with the risk of iron overload, which may lead to cardiac, hepatic and endocrine complications. Deferasirox is an orally available iron chelator administered once-daily in transfusion-dependent patients with various chronic anemias. Its efficacy has been established in controlled clinical trials. In the present study, we describe our experience with 55 consecutive MDS patients [International Prognostic Scoring System risk score of low (n=32) or intermediate-1 (n=23)] treated with deferasirox in a routine clinical setting following Consensus Guidelines on Iron Chelation Therapy. According to WHO classifications, patients had refractory anemia (n=30), refractory anemia with ringed sideroblasts (n=16), refractory cytopenia with multilineage dysplasia (n=8) or refractory cytopenia with multilineage dysplasia and ringed sideroblasts (n=1). The median monthly transfusion requirement at baseline was 3 units. Patients received a starting dosage of 10 mg/kg/day, subsequently titrated according to serum ferritin (SF) levels which were measured monthly. Safety assessment included monitoring of liver and renal parameters and recording adverse events (AE) during treatment. At the baseline, the mean ± SD SF level was 2,362±172 ng/ml and after 24 months, the mean ± SD decrease in SF was 1,679±209 ng/ml. Sixteen patients had sustained hematological improvement meeting International Working Group 2006 criteria. One patient became transfusion-independent. No severe AE were reported. In conclusion, deferasirox therapy was effective and safe in reducing transfusional iron overload and it reduces transfusion requirement in a subset of patients.

We report four patients (mean age 65 yr; range 40-77 yr) affected by acquired pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) complicating chronic lymphoid disorders and treated with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab. Three out of four patients were given packed red cell transfusion. Steroids and recombinant erythropoietin (r-Epo) were also administered as first-line therapy without response. After a mean time of 57 d (range 23-62 d) from PRCA diagnosis, all patients received rituximab at a dosage of 375 mg/m(2)/wk for four consecutive weeks. First injection side effects of rituximab were minimal. All patients showed an increase in hemoglobin levels in response to rituximab, in one patient just after the first dose, in another patient after the second and in two other patients after the third dose. Three patients (75%) were considered in complete remission (CR) and one patient (25%) in partial remission 4 wk after the last rituximab infusion, despite a CR was obtained later (16 wk following the beginning of the therapy). Finally, at the last follow-up (mean 18.5 months, range 2-60 months), all patients were alive and in continue CR. Despite very limited in number, these results suggest that rituximab is very effective in the treatment of PRCA complicating B-cell chronic lymphoproliferative disorders.

Background: Cytotoxic regimens used in induction treatments for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) almost always include standard or high-dose cytarabine (Ara-C). During or soon after induction therapy, leukemic patients frequently develop gastroenteric complications, characterized by abdominal pain and diarrhea. The association of these symptoms with fever and melena is typical of necrotizing enterocolitis (NE), a life-threatening condition that can be documented by ultrasound abdominal scan., Patients and Methods: We analyzed retrospectively the clinical course of 169 adult patients with AML treated by standard dose Ara-C-containing induction regimens, either by continuous venous infusion (group 1) or subcutaneous injection (group 2). Ultrasonography was employed as early diagnostic tool in a majority of patients with gastroenteric complications. Bowel wall thickening was accurately measured and used to confirm the diagnosis of necrotizing enterocolitis., Results: In the first group of 115 patients (median age, 51 years), gastroenteric complications were observed in 55 patients (48%), and 10 patients (9%) received diagnosis of NE, which was fatal in four. Patients with NE had a median age older than that of patients without gastroenteric symptoms, and a more prolonged neutropenia. In the second group of 54 patients (median age, 60 years), gastroenteric events were observed in 14 patients (26%), and no case of NE was recorded., Conclusions: This retrospective analysis shows that NE is a serious complication occurring mainly in patients treated by Ara-C administered as continuous i.v. infusion.