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Children with medical complexity (CMC) have chronic, multisystem health conditions, substantial health care needs, major functional limitations, and high resource use. They represent <1% of US children yet account for more than one-third of total pediatric health care costs. Health care systems designed for typical children do not meet the unique needs of CMC. In this special article, we describe the experience of our Comprehensive Care Program for CMC in a pediatric tertiary care center, from its launch in 2007 to its present model. We review the literature, describe our collective lessons learned, and offer suggestions for future directions., Competing Interests: POTENTIAL CONFLICT OF INTEREST: The authors have indicated they have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2020 by the American Academy of Pediatrics.)

Background and Objectives: The translation of research findings into routine care remains slow and challenging. We previously reported successful implementation of an asthma evidence-based care process model (EB-CPM) at 8 (1 tertiary care and 7 community) hospitals, leading to a high health care provider (HCP) adherence with the EB-CPM and improved outcomes. In this study, we explore contextual factors perceived by HCPs to facilitate successful EB-CPM implementation., Methods: Structured and open-ended questions were used to survey HCPs ( n = 260) including physicians, nurses, and respiratory therapists, about contextual factors perceived to facilitate EB-CPM implementation. Quantitative analysis was used to identify significant factors (correlation coefficient ≥0.5; P ≤ .05) and qualitative analysis to assess additional facilitators., Results: Factors perceived by HCPs to facilitate EB-CPM implementation were related to (1) inner setting (leadership support, adequate resources, communication and/or collaboration, culture, and previous experience with guideline implementation), (2) intervention characteristics (relevant and applicable to the HCP's practice), (3) individuals (HCPs) targeted (agreement with the EB-CPM and knowledge of supporting evidence), and (4) implementation process (participation of HCPs in implementation activities, teamwork, implementation team with a mix of expertise and professional's input, and data feedback). Additional facilitators included (1) having appropriate preparation and (2) providing education and training., Conclusions: Multiple factors were associated with successful EB-CPM implementation and may be used by others as a guide to facilitate implementation and dissemination of evidence-based interventions for pediatric asthma and other chronic diseases in the hospital setting., Competing Interests: POTENTIAL CONFLICT OF INTEREST: The authors have indicated they have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2019 by the American Academy of Pediatrics.)

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of clinical pathway implementation and quality improvement (QI) interventions to increase the percentage of infants with extremity fractures undergoing evaluation for suspected physical abuse, including skeletal survey (SS), and consultation with social work, and/or Child Protection Team., Methods: Charts were retrospectively reviewed to establish percentage of infants less than 12 months old with extremity fractures undergoing an SS and consultation during the prepathway (January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2013) and postpathway (January 1, 2014 to June 30, 2015) periods. Using an Ishikawa framework, key process drivers were identified and additional QI interventions (clinical decision support and provider education) were developed and implemented. Impact of QI interventions on study metrics during active QI (July 1, 2015 to June 30, 2016) and post-QI periods (July 1, 2016 to December 31, 2016) was monitored using statistical process control charts. Logistic regression assessed predictors of obtaining an SS, consultation use, and occult fracture detection., Results: Skeletal survey use pre- and postpathway averaged 40%, surpassing 60% on average during active QI and post-QI periods. Consultation performance averaged 46% pre- and postpathway, increasing to nearly 67% during active QI; consultation performance decreased during post-QI to 60%. A lack of trauma history and presence of femur or humerus fracture were associated with increased SS use and consultation (both P < 0.001). Overall 20% of SS revealed occult fractures.

Purpose: To describe parent perceptions of their child's quality of life (QOL) and their satisfaction with health care for a group of children with medical complexity (CMC), and to determine whether parent perceptions of child well-being are associated with QOL and health care satisfaction., Methods: Participants were parents or legal guardians of children enrolled in a novel program of intensive outpatient care for CMC. Participants completed 7-item questionnaires to ascertain their perceptions of their child's well-being, QOL and health care satisfaction., Results: One hundred and ninety-one participants completed questionnaires (response rate 100%). 85% rated their child's QOL as excellent, very good, or good. 87% reported satisfaction with their child's health care. Fair or poor mental health was associated with fair or poor QOL (OR 1.09, p= 0.0002). More pain was associated with lower QOL (OR 1.07, p= 0.0022). Fewer days of play or school attendance were associated with lower satisfaction with health care (OR 1.09, p= 0.0003)., Conclusion: Our study suggests that more pain and worse mental health are associated with parental perceptions of the quality of life for their CMC. Clinicians who care for these children and their families should carefully and repeatedly assess for these important symptoms.

Purpose: To characterize high emergency department (ED) use by children with tracheostomies and complex chronic conditions, to distinguish avoidable from unavoidable ED visits, and to describe the financial impact of avoidable visits., Methods: Children with tracheostomies in a pediatric tertiary care center with the highest ED utilization were identified via analysis of administrative data. Six experts in interdisciplinary dyads reviewed the records from all ED visits for these children, and distinguished avoidable from unavoidable visits. Hospital cost data for avoidable visits is described., Results: Among 75 children with tracheostomies and complex chronic conditions, 23 (31%) were high ED utilizers. These 23 children accounted for 74% of all ED discharges the total group of 75 children from 2008 to 2011. Four of these 23 children with high utilization were excluded, leaving 19 subjects for review. These 19 children had 312 ED visits, of which 103 (33%) were deemed avoidable. Leading reasons for avoidable visits were uncomplicated upper respiratory infections, gastrointestinal infections, and enteral feeding system problems. Avoidable visits cost the hospital {$}67,940., Conclusions: One-third of ED visits by children with tracheostomies and complex chronic conditions may be avoidable. Increased ambulatory access to interdisciplinary teams of providers familiar with these children's unique needs might reduce avoidable ED visits and improve health outcomes. Further studies on how this model of ambulatory care might affect ED utilization and total healthcare costs are needed.

Objective: Febrile infants in the first 90 days may have life-threatening serious bacterial infection (SBI). Well-appearing febrile infants with SBI cannot be distinguished from those without by examination alone. Variation in care resulting in both undertreatment and overtreatment is common., Methods: We developed and implemented an evidence-based care process model (EB-CPM) for the management of well-appearing febrile infants in the Intermountain Healthcare System. We report an observational study describing changes in (1) care delivery, (2) outcomes of febrile infants, and (3) costs before and after implementation of the EB-CPM in a children's hospital and in regional medical centers., Results: From 2004 through 2009, 8044 infants had 8431 febrile episodes, resulting in medical evaluation. After implementation of the EB-CPM in 2008, infants in all facilities were more likely to receive evidence-based care including appropriate diagnostic testing, determination of risk for SBI, antibiotic selection, decreased antibiotic duration, and shorter hospital stays (P < .001 for all). In addition, more infants had a definitive diagnosis of urinary tract infection or viral illness (P < .001 for both). Infant outcomes improved with more admitted infants positive for SBI (P = .011), and infants at low risk for SBI were more often managed without antibiotics (P < .001). Although hospital admissions were shortened by 27%, there were no cases of missed SBI. Health Care costs were also reduced, with the mean cost per admitted infant decreasing from $7178 in 2007 to $5979 in 2009 (-17%, P < .001)., Conclusions: The EB-CPM increased evidence-based care in all facilities. Infant outcomes improved and costs were reduced, substantially improving value.

Rationale: Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO2) reduced the incidence of cognitive sequelae 6 weeks after carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning compared with normobaric oxygen (NBO2). The apolipoprotein (APOE) epsilon4 allele predicts unfavorable neurologic outcome after brain injury and stroke., Objectives: To assess the effects of the epsilon4 allele on 6-week cognitive sequelae after CO poisoning., Methods: We tested APOE genotypes in 86 of 152 CO-poisoned patients from our randomized trial. Logistic regression was used to control for risk factors while testing for effects with the epsilon4 allele or interactions with epsilon4 and treatment on 6-week and 6- and 12-month cognitive sequelae., Measurements and Main Results: We enrolled 86 patients: 44 received HBO2 and 42 NBO2 therapy. A total of 31 (36%) patients had at least one epsilon4 allele. Six-week cognitive sequelae rates for patients treated with HBO2 and NBO2, respectively: epsilon4 allele absent, 11% (3/27) and 43% (12/28); epsilon4 allele present, 35% (6/17) and 29% (4/14). The epsilon4 allele was not associated with 6-week cognitive sequelae, 27% (15/55) without and 32% (10/31) with the epsilon4 allele (P = 0.323). The interaction between the epsilon4 allele and treatment was significantly associated with 6-week cognitive sequelae (P = 0.048). The interaction between the epsilon4 allele and treatment was not associated with 6- and 12-month cognitive sequelae., Conclusions: HBO2 therapy reduces cognitive sequelae after CO poisoning in the absence of the epsilon4 allele. Because apolipoprotein genotype is unknown at the time of poisoning, we recommend that patients with acute CO poisoning receive HBO2.

Rationale: Carbon monoxide poisoning is common and causes cognitive sequelae. Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO(2)) reduces cognitive sequelae incidence, but which patients may benefit from HBO(2) is unclear., Objectives: Risk factor determination for 6-wk cognitive sequelae from CO poisoning and risk modification with HBO(2)., Methods: Patients were from a randomized controlled trial, enrolling acutely CO-poisoned patients more than 15 years of age. Patients eligible but not enrolled in the randomized trial, and not receiving HBO(2), were followed during the study interval. In patients not receiving HBO(2), we performed univariate analyses including risk factors identified by randomized trial subgroup analyses. A multivariable analysis was performed using univariate results with and without HBO(2)., Measurements and Main Results: In 163 patients not receiving HBO(2), 68 (42%) manifested sequelae. Risk factors for sequelae from subgroup analyses were loss of consciousness, age of 36 years or more, and carboxyhemoglobin levels greater than or equal to 25%. By univariate analyses, risks for sequelae were age of 36 years or more (odds ratio [OR], 2.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3-4.9; P = 0.005), and exposure intervals greater than or equal to 24 hours (OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.2-4.8; P = 0.019). Including 75 patients receiving HBO(2), cognitive sequelae was reduced in patients age of 36 years or more (OR, 0.3; 95% CI, 0.2-0.6; P < 0.001). Exposure intervals greater than or equal to 24 hours are an independent risk factor for sequelae (OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.0-3.8; P = 0.046)., Conclusions: HBO(2) oxygen is indicated for patients with acute CO poisoning who are 36 years or older or have exposure intervals greater than or equal to 24 hours. In addition, subgroup analyses support that patients with loss of consciousness or higher carboxyhemoglobin levels warrant HBO(2).